1 100 4936 https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/8c304354e048f382edab9e371b229bc1.jpg 6d882dca3897ca566e5c224ab991904e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Veterans Legacy Program Collection Alternative Title VLP Collection Subject Veterans--Florida Description In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Is Part Of Veterans Legacy Program Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"><a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Fifteenth Census Population for New York City, Borough of Brooklyn, 1930 Alternative Title Census, 1930 Subject Census--United States Population--United States Description The Fifteenth United States census records for Brooklyn, New York, for 1930. The census divides the population into categories of name, age, sex, race, marital status, occupants and relation to head of house, whether the home is owned or rented, value of home or rent, whether home is a farm residence, and whether the home has a radio. It also records college attendance, literacy, birthplace and birthplace of parents, citizenship status, language spoken before coming to United States, year of immigration, occupation or business, class of worker, whether they worked the previous day, military status, and the war or expedition participated in. A notable resident listed in this record is Harry Gittleman. According to the record, Gittleman and his family resided on Christopher Avenue in Brooklyn, New York. Members of Gittleman’s family include his father, Meyer, mother, Lena, and older sisters Frances and Anna. The census states that his father was from Poland and was working as a tailor in 1930. It lists his mother as having immigrated to the United States from Austria. Harry Gittleman was born in New York in 1916, and grew up with his family in Brooklyn. His parents were Jewish immigrants from Europe, who immigrated to the United States in the early 1900s. Gittleman served in the United States Army during World War II. He began his military service in March of 1943, and served until August of the same year. He eventually moved to Florida, where he owned a clothing boutique in Tamarac. Gittleman passed away in 1995, and is buried in Florida National Cemetery in Bushnell, Florida, with his wife, Anne Molly Gittleman. In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Type Text Source Digital reproduction of original census record by George Weinstraul, April 05, 1930. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/210" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Collection</a> Coverage Brooklyn, New York Creator Weinstraul, George <a href="https://www.census.gov/" target="_blank"> United States Census Bureau</a> Publisher <a href="https://www.census.gov/" target="_blank"> United States Census Bureau</a> Date Created 1930-04-05 Format image/jpg Extent 1.45 MB Medium 1 census record Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Provenance Originally created by George Weinstraul and the <a href="https://www.census.gov/" target="_blank"> United States Census Bureau</a> and published by the <a href="https://www.census.gov/" target="_blank"> United States Census Bureau</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: • reproduce the work in print or digital form • create derivative works • perform the work publicly • display the work • distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. This resource is provided here by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105">Section 5</a> of <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Donation Curator Kelly, Karen Cravero, Geoffrey Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a> <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/"> Ancestry.com</a> <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a> Source Repository <a href="https://www.archives.gov//">National Archives and Records Administration</a> External Reference Abney, Barb. "<a href="https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/" target="_blank">VA Selects UCF Historians to Archive Stories of Deceased Veterans Veterans</a>." UCF Today, March 13, 2017. Accessed August 9, 2017. https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/. Anderson, Margo J. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/931708638" target="_blank">The American Census: A Social History</a>. New Haven [u.a.]: Yale Univ. Press, 2015. 1930 United States Census Brooklyn, New York Bushnell census records Florida National Cemetery Harry Gittleman Kings County literacy military history military service National Cemetery Administration population veterans Veterans Administration Veterans Legacy Program https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/a10ccc9f68f154b943a483bb4e5ab8b4.jpg 334f22abf83ff4ba54ee1bc810f5b35f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Veterans Legacy Program Collection Alternative Title VLP Collection Subject Veterans--Florida Description In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Is Part Of Veterans Legacy Program Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"><a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Twelfth Census Population for Camden County, Georgia, 1900 Alternative Title Census, 1900 Subject Census--United States Population--United States Description The Twelfth United States Census records for Camden County, Georgia, for 1900. The census divides the population by sex, race, age, marital status, number of children, occupation, literacy, whether they owned or rented, farm or house. The census also states a resident's place of birth, and birthplace of their mother and father. If foreign born, the person provided the year they immigrated, whether they were naturalized and if they spoke English. A notable resident listed in this record is Alexander Lard Lucas (1893-1989). Born in Satilla Mills, Georgia, on June 6, 1893, Lucas moved to Jacksonville, Florida, as a teenager. By 1918, he had moved to Cleveland, Ohio, to pursue a career as a mechanic. Lucas was drafted into the United States Army on August 9, of 1918. Following his service, he worked as a tailor in Lansing, Michigan. By 1940, Lucas found a position as a shipping clerk for the Department of the Interior in Washington, DC. He lived in federal public housing attached to the North Interior Building in downtown Washington, where he worked. Between 1942 and 1989, he moved to the Miami area, where he passed away on March 2, 1989, at the age of ninety-five. Alexander Lucas is buried in the Florida National Cemetery in Bushnell, Florida. In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Type Text Source Digital reproduction of original census record by E. F. Dean, June 8, 1900. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/210" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Collection</a> Coverage Camden County, Georgia Creator Dean, E.F. <a href="https://www.census.gov/" target="_blank"> United States Census Bureau</a> Publisher <a href="https://www.census.gov/" target="_blank"> United States Census Bureau</a> Date Created 1900-06-08 Format image/jpg Extent 701 KB Medium 1 census record Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Provenance Originally created by E.F. Dean and published by the <a href="https://www.census.gov/" target="_blank"> United States Census Bureau</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: • reproduce the work in print or digital form • create derivative works • perform the work publicly • display the work • distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. This resource is provided here by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105">Section 5</a> of <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Donation Curator Connolly, Lehman Cravero, Geoffrey Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a> <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a> Source Repository <a href="https://www.georgiaarchives.org/">Georgia Archives</a> External Reference Abney, Barb. "<a href="https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/" target="_blank">VA Selects UCF Historians to Archive Stories of Deceased Veterans Veterans</a>." UCF Today, March 13, 2017. Accessed August 9, 2017. https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/. Anderson, Margo J. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/931708638" target="_blank">The American Census: A Social History</a>. New Haven [u.a.]: Yale Univ. Press, 2015. 1900 United States Census Alexander Lard Lucas Bushnell census records Florida National Cemetery military history military service national cemeteries, American National Cemetery Administration population veterans Veterans Administration Veterans Legacy Program https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/3dfb325c4bd138f2d0ffe659d419930c.jpg 7bcb35631fcc1b3ab499067d9ec450aa Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Florida Land Colonization Company Collection Alternative Title FLCC Collection Subject Sanford, Henry Shelton, 1823-1891 Sanford (Fla.) Mackinnon, William, 1823-1893 Polk County (Fla.) Sumter County (Fla.) Hernando County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Manayunk (Philadelphia, Pa.) Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/107" target="_blank">William MacKinnon Collection</a>, Henry Shelton Sanford Papers Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Sanford, Florida Manayunk Bank, Manayunk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania New York City, New York Washington, D.C. Brussels, Belgium Gingelom, Belgium Hombourg, Belgium Berlin, Germany Florida Land and Colonization Company, London, England, United Kingdom Curator Cepero, Laura Fedorka, Drew M. Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository General Henry S. Sanford Memorial Library, <a href="http://www.sanfordfl.gov/index.aspx?page=456" target="_blank">Sanford Museum</a> External Reference Fry, Joseph A. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8475473" target="_blank">Henry S. Sanford: Diplomacy and Business in Nineteenth-Century America</a>. Reno, NV: University of Nevada Press, 1982. Tischendorf, Alfred P. "<a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35894049" target="_blank">Florida and the British Investor: 1880-1914</a>." Florida Historical Quarterly 33, no. 2 (Oct. 1954): 120-129. Amundson, Richard J. "<a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4894931414" target="_blank">The Florida Land and Colonization Company</a>." Florida Historical Quarterly 44, no. 3 (Jan. 1966): 153-168. Munro, J. Forbes. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57653564">Maritime Enterprise and Empire: Sir William MacKinnon and His Business Network, 1823-1893</a>. Rochester, NY: Boydell Press, 2003. Kendall, John S. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1836396" target="_blank">History of New Orleans</a>. Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company, 1922. Description The Florida Land and Colonization Company (FLCC) was a joint-stock venture that invested in Florida land development and sales in the 1880s and early 1890s. The company was formed by Henry Shelton Sanford (1823-1891) with help from a group of British investors. The original impetus for the company's formation was Sanford's inability to continue his land acquisition and development efforts in Florida independently. In 1879, faced with financial difficulties, Sanford turned to a trusted associate in the United Kingdom, a Scottish industrialist named Sir William Mackinnon (1823-1893), to help him attract investors. The formation of the company was in large part due to the efforts of MacKinnon, whose reputation and influence helped bring investors on board. Located at 13 Austin Friars, the company was officially registered in London on June 10, 1880. With the formation of the FLCC, all of Henry Sanford's Florida properties were transferred to the company in exchange for a £10,000 cash payment and another £50,000 in company stock. The one-time cash payment was a needed reprieve for Sanford, who faced financial difficulties by the end of the 1870s. The board of directors included Mackinnon, as well as W. C. Gray and Edwyn Sandys Dawes, partners in Gray-Dawes and Company, a London-based banking and investment house. Other directors included Alexander Fraser, Anthony Norris, George A. Thomson, and Eli Lee. Sanford was named President and Chairman of the Board. In 1880, the company owned 26,000 acres scattered across Florida, including in the cities of Jacksonville, St. Augustine, and Sanford, as well as in Alachua County and Marion County. Almost from the outset, there was serious friction between the British board members and Henry Sanford. Disagreements erupted over business strategy, as Sanford frequently proposed initiatives deemed too bold for the cautious British investors. From 1882 to 1892, the company saw steady, if meager, profits. Most of its income came from the sale of lots in the city of Sanford. From 1885 until 1890, the company, while remaining solvent, continued to see declining profits. From 1886 to 1890, the profits were so modest that the company declined to pay dividends on its yearly profits. Needed improvements and developments in the city of Sanford during the late 1880s sapped much of the company's income. Following Henry Sanford's death in 1891, many of the investors lost the motivation to continue. On September 15, 1892, the various directors acted to dissolve the company. Its assets, including roughly 65,000 acres of Florida land, were divided among shareholders. Contributor <a href="http://www.sanfordfl.gov/index.aspx?page=456" target="_blank">Sanford Museum</a> Provenance Collection dontated to the <a href="http://www.chs.org/" target="_blank">Connecticut Historical Society</a> after 1901. Collection loaned to the <a href="http://www.tn.gov/tsla/" target="_blank">Tennessee State Library and Archives</a> for processing until June 1, 1960. Collection acquired by the General Henry S. Sanford Memorial Library, <a href="http://www.sanfordfl.gov/index.aspx?page=456" target="_blank">Sanford Museum</a> in 1960. Rights Holder The displayed collection items are housed at the General Henry S. Sanford Memorial Library, <a href="http://www.sanfordfl.gov/index.aspx?page=456" target="_blank">Sanford Museum</a> in Sanford, Florida. Rights to these items belong to the said institution, and therefore inquiries about items should be directed there. <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> has obtained permission from the <a href="http://www.sanfordfl.gov/index.aspx?page=456" target="_blank">Sanford Museum</a> to display this item for educational purposes only. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Letter from E. R. Trafford per William Beardall to Henry Shelton Sanford (February 29, 1884) Alternative Title Letter from Trafford to Sanford (Feb. 29, 1884) Subject Sanford (Fla.) Real estate--Florida Description A letter from E. R. Trafford per William Beardall to Henry Shelton Sanford, dated February 29, 1884. In the brief letter, Trafford acknowledges receipt of four signed deeds, as previously requested. Trafford was a company agent for the Florida Land and Colonization Company (FLCC) from 1882 to 1886. He served as the company’s local representative, managing the company office in Sanford, Florida. He was selected by the board of the FLCC, despite resistance from the President and Chairman of the Board, Henry Shelton Sanford. Unlike his predecessor, James Ingraham, Trafford provided Henry Sanford with little confidential, first-hand information about events in Florida. As a result, Sanford regularly advocated for Trafford’s replacement. However, the company’s other board members, distrustful of Henry Sanford’s business acumen, retained Trafford precisely because his first loyalties remained with the company in London and not Henry Sanford. His tenure as FLCC agent is reflective of the often tense relationship between Henry Sanford and his fellow board members as well as the increasingly limited influence Sanford had in company affairs. William Beardall, meanwhile, was an Englishman who worked for the FLCC at its local office in Sanford, Florida. He served as an assistant to the company agent, E. R. Trafford. He worked previously for the Scottish industrialist Sir William MacKinnon before joining the FLCC. The FLCC was a joint-stock venture that invested in Florida land development and sales in the 1880s and early 1890s. The company was formed by Henry Shelton Sanford with help from a group of British investors. Located at 13 Austin Friars in London, the company was officially registered in London on June 10, 1880. With the formation of the FLCC, all of Henry Sanford's Florida properties were transferred to the company in exchange for a ₤10,000 cash payment and another ₤50,000 in company stock. Sanford was named President and Chairman of the Board. In 1880, the company owned 26,000 acres scattered across Florida, including in the cities of Jacksonville, St. Augustine, and Sanford, as well as in Alachua and Marion counties. Almost from the outset, there was serious friction between the British board members and Henry Sanford. Disagreements erupted over business strategy, as Sanford frequently proposed initiatives deemed too bold for the cautious British investors. As a result of consistently meager profits from its inception, following Henry Sanford's death in 1891 many of the investors lost the motivation to continue. On September 15, 1892, the various directors acted to dissolve the company. Its assets, including roughly 65,000 acres of Florida land, were divided among shareholders. Type Text Source Original letter from E. R. Trafford per William Beardall to Henry Shelton Sanford, February 29, 1884: box 54, folder 18, subfolder 54.18.21, Henry Shelton Sanford Papers, General Henry S. Sanford Memorial Library, <a href="http://www.sanfordfl.gov/index.aspx?page=456" target="_blank">Sanford Museum</a>, Sanford, Florida. Is Part Of Box 54, Folder 18, Henry Shelton Sanford Papers, General Henry S. Sanford Memorial Library, <a href="http://www.sanfordfl.gov/index.aspx?page=456" target="_blank">Sanford Museum</a>, Sanford, Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/98" target="_blank">Florida Land Colonization Company Collection</a>, Henry Shelton Sanford Papers Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. References "<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/items/show/4267" target="_blank">Letter from E. R. Trafford per William Beardall to Henry Shelton Sanford (February 21, 1884)</a>." RICHES of Central Florida. https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/items/show/4267. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original letter from E. R. Trafford per William Beardall to Henry Shelton Sanford, February 29, 1884. Coverage Florida Land and Colonization Company Office, Sanford, Florida Creator Trafford, E. R. Beardall, William Date Created 1884-02-29 Format image/jpg Extent 95.3 KB Medium 1-page handwritten letter Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Provenance Originally created by E. R. Trafford and William Beardall. Donated to the <a href="http://www.chs.org/" target="_blank">Connecticut Historical Society</a> after 1901. Loaned to the <a href="http://www.tn.gov/tsla/" target="_blank">Tennessee State Library and Archives</a> for processing until June 1, 1960. Donated to the General Henry S. Sanford Memorial Library, <a href="http://www.sanfordfl.gov/index.aspx?page=456" target="_blank">Sanford Museum</a> in 1960. Rights Holder The displayed collection item is housed at the General Henry S. Sanford Memorial Library, <a href="http://www.sanfordfl.gov/index.aspx?page=456" target="_blank">Sanford Museum</a> in Sanford, Florida. Rights to this item belong to the said institution, and therefore inquiries about the item should be directed there. RICHES of Central Florida has obtained permission from the <a href="http://www.sanfordfl.gov/index.aspx?page=456" target="_blank">Sanford Museum</a> to display this item for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Curator Fedorka, Drew M. Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository General Henry S. Sanford Memorial Library, <a href="http://www.sanfordfl.gov/index.aspx?page=456" target="_blank">Sanford Museum</a> External Reference Fry, Joseph A. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8475473" target="_blank">Diplomacy and Business in Nineteenth-Century America</a>. Reno, NV: University of Nevada Press, 1982. Munro, J. Forbes. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57653564">Maritime Enterprise and Empire: Sir William MacKinnon and His Business Network, 1823-1893</a>. Rochester, NY: Arredondo Grant E. R. Trafford FLCC Florida Land and Colonization Company Henry Shelton Sanford Heth Canfield investments J. B. Cole Lack Limpson Nan Jackson real estate Richard Forkert Sanford William Beardall https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/719d2f1c6a214cfdef26f5845341b10f.pdf 2ed74c217e2ef65413dff53aac55a256 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Orlando Gay Chorus Collection Alternative Title Gay Chorus Collection Is Part Of Orlando Gay Chorus Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"> </div> Subject Orlando (Fla.) Music--Florida Dance--United States Gay culture--United States Description The Orlando Gay Chorus (OGC) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit arts and humanitarian organization, and part of the Gay and Lesbian Association (GALA) of Choruses. Founded on Valentines Day 1990, OGC is not only one of the largest mixed gay choirs in the United States at over 100 members, but they also boast four smaller ensembles that perform annual concerts, cabarets, and a host of community events, such as Come Out With Pride, Orlando Museum of Art’s Festival of Trees, and World AIDS Day memorial services. In 2017, the group performed at over 105 events, including 15 performances for the first anniversary of the Pulse Nightclub tragedy. Members come from all walks of life and all sexual and gender orientations, including straight allies. OGC lives by the motto “Singing the World to a Better Place” and strives to use music to change attitudes and build a stronger community. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer Campbell, Tyler Interviewee Strack, Joel Bit Rate/Frequency 128kbps Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Oral History of Joel Strack Alternative Title Oral History, Strack Subject Orlando (Fla.) Music--Florida Mass shootings Memorials--Florida Gay culture--United States Description An oral history interview of Joel Strack, one of the founding members of the Orlando Gay Chorus. The interview was conducted by Tyler Campbell in the conference room at the Center for Humanities and Digital Research (CHDR) at the University of Central Florida (UCF) in Orlando, Florida, on September 26th, 2016. Some of the topics covered include founding the Orlando Gay Chorus, naming the chorus, the initial community reaction, women in the chorus, the evolving relationship with the community, becoming a mixed vocal group, hearing about the shooting at Pulse nightclub, vigils, outreach events and fundraisers, coping and seeking counseling, the Gay and Lesbian Association of Choruses (GALA) Festival, the Orlando community’s response to the Pulse tragedy, the long-term impact on the Gay Chorus and the Orlando community, and an increase in membership. Table Of Contents 0:00:00 Founding the Orlando Gay Chorus 0:05:27 Directors and accompanists 0:08:17 Initial community reaction 0:11:16 Women in the chorus 0:12:23 Evolving relationship with the community 0:14:11 Becoming a mixed vocal group 0:16:16 Mass shooting at Pulse nightclub and its aftermath 0:24:12 Gay and Lesbian Association of Choruses Festival 0:27:20 Community response to Pulse tragedy 0:30:12 Long-term impact on the Gay Chorus and the Orlando community 0:33:50 Final remarks Abstract Oral history interview of Joel Strack. Interview conducted by Tyler Campbell in Orlando, Florida, on September 26, 2016. Type Moving Image Source Strack, Joel. Interviewed by Tyler Campbell, September 26, 2016. Audio record available. <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>, Orlando, Florida. Requires Multimedia software, such as <a href="http://www.apple.com/quicktime/download/" target="_blank"> QuickTime</a>. <a href="http://www.adobe.com/products/reader.html" target="_blank">Adobe Acrobat Reader</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/206" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus Collection</a>, LGBTQ+ Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Has Format Digital transcript of original 36-minute, and 26-second oral history: Strack, Joel. Interviewed by Tyler Campbell. Audio record available. <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>, Orlando, Florida. Coverage GALA Choruses Festival, Denver Performing Arts Center, Denver, Colorado GLBT Community Center of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida Joy Metropolitan Community Church, Orlando, Florida Orlando, Florida Orlando Museum of Art, Orlando, Florida Pulse, Orlando, Florida Valencia College, Orlando, Florida Creator Strack, Joel Campbell, Tyler Publisher <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> Contributor Campana, Kayla Cravero, Geoffrey Date Created 2016-09-26 Date Copyrighted 2016-09-26 Format video/mp4 application/pdf Extent 234 MB 188 KB Medium 36-minute and 26-second audio recording 13-page digital transcript Language eng Mediator History Teacher Humanities Teacher Music Teacher` Provenance Originally created by Joel Strack and Tyler Campbell, published by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>, and transcribed by Geoffrey Cravero. Rights Holder <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> Accrual Method Item Creation Curator Cravero, Geoffrey Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference Ahlquist, Karen. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62281651" target="_blank">Chorus and Community</a>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2006. Page, Robert, Louise Greenberg, and Fred Leise. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43552259" target="_blank">The Chorus Handbook: Chorus 101 : the How-to Book for Organizing and Operating a Professional or Volunteer Choral Ensemble</a>. Washington, D.C.: Chorus America, 1999. Boedeker, Hal. "<a href="http://www.orlandosentinel.com/features/os-orlando-gay-chorus-25-years-20150611-story.html" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus marks 25 years</a>." Orlando Sentinel, October 18, 2016. Accessed October 18, 2016. http://www.orlandosentinel.com/features/os-orlando-gay-chorus-25-years-20150611-story.html. Ogles, Jacob. "<a href="http://www.advocate.com/pride/2016/10/06/pride-orlando-will-take-new-meaning" target="_blank">Pride in Orlando Will Take on New Meaning</a>." The Advocate, October 6, 2016. Accessed October 18, 2016. http://www.advocate.com/pride/2016/10/06/pride-orlando-will-take-new-meaning. Hyman, Jamie. "<a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/2016/06/16/community-rises-mass-shooting-orlando-gay-nightclub-kills-49/" target="_blank">Community rises up after mass shooting at Orlando gay nightclub kills 49</a>." Watermark, June 16, 2016. Accessed October 18, 2016. http://www.watermarkonline.com/2016/06/16/community-rises-mass-shooting-orlando-gay-nightclub-kills-49/. Click to View (Movie, Podcast, or Website) <a href="https://youtu.be/VuV-MWPkf0A" target="_blank">Oral History of Joel Strack</a> Transcript Campbell It’s September 26th, 2016. My name is Tyler Campbell and I am conducting an oral history with Joel Strack of the Orlando Gay Chorus. The interview’s being conducted in the conference room at the Center for Humanities and Digital Research at the University of Central Florida in Orlando, Florida. Um, can you start by, uh, telling us your name and how you came to be associated with the Orlando Gay Chorus? Strack Yeah, my name is Joel Strack, and, um, I actually have the distinct position of being one of the founding members of the [Orlando] Gay Chorus, and even sort of, um, uh, before the Gay Chorus, when it was still in its, uh, idea state, I had a—I had a gay cousin—still have a gay cousin, Nardy, and Nardy sang with the Boston Gay Men’s Chorus, and the Boston Gay Men’s Chorus was going to a GALA Festival. GALA is the Gay and Lesbian Association of Choruses, and they do a—they did at that point a festival about every three years, and so they were doing their GALA Festival in Seattle, and Nardy asked if I wanted to join him so he had somebody to hang out with while they were in Seattle, and I said, “Sure,” um, got set up, um, with tickets and everything, and as I sat there watching these choruses from throughout the U.S. perform, I said, “We’ve got to have this in Orlando. This would be something”—and I started saying that out loud to people, you know? “O—Orlando’s gotta have something like this,” and, um, along the way, someone said, “Oh, you need to talk to David Schuler. David Schuler sings with the River City Gay Chorus—or Mixed Chorus—and, um, he’s moving to Orlando, and he wants, you know—it’s one of his dreams, because he was an executive with the River City Chorus—to be, um—to have a chorus here in Orlando.” So David and I met on the steps outside of one of the concert halls. I remember standing there in my overalls, ‘cause that was fashionable of—at the time, and, um, chatting with David about, you know, how this might work out. I was sitting on the Board of Directors here in town for what was then, uh, GCS—the Gay Community Services. Now it’s The Center,<a title="">[1]</a> and so I was sitting on the board at GCS, and I went to the board, um, when I got home and said, “Wo—would the board be willing to set aside a certain amount of money as seed money for this organization—this new organization to get its legs under itself?” And the board, um, did set aside $500, which was a pretty big chunk of money back then, for the group, um—for us to be able to do a seed concert, and David sort of took over the helm, because he’d been part of the GALA choruses already, contacted the South Florida Gay Men’s Chorus and the Gay Men’s Chorus of Tampa, who came in and actually did the f—initial concert at Valencia College, and, um, so we had our—our first, uh, concert, and everybody who came was given the opportunity to sing up if they were interested in getting more information about the potential of starting a gay chorus here in Orlando. We ended up with about 65 people that signed the list. When we had our first gathering and contacted the people, about 30 people showed up, which was a pretty good ratio considering, and, um,—and that’s sort of when it started happening, um, and that’s how I became involved, um… Campbell And w—what year was that? Strack This would have been 1991 or ’90. ’90 would have been the seed concert and the meeting. Um, and then we actually incorporated, um, on February 14th—on Valentine’s Day in 1991—was the incorporation of the Orlando Gay Chorus, and I remember those first meetings as we were m—moving towards incorporation, w—what’s—what’s your name gonna be? What’s our name gonna be? And we—is it gonna be “Gay” first or is it gonna be “Orlando” first? ‘Cause there was lots of, you know, “The Gay Chorus of New York” and the “Gay Chorus of Boston,” uh, and—and are we gonna use the word “Men’s” in our title or is it just gonna stand alone, “Gay?” And it got pretty, um, um, intense as people were talking about why they thought a different placement of words, what words—are we “The Gay Chorus of Central Florida?” Are we “Greater Orlando?” Are we just “Orlando?” All of those things were part of the discussion, and, um, one of the founding members was Penny [Jo] Chessmen, and so having a woman singing a tenor part with us led a number of us to say, “Well, we can’t disqualify her by choosing ‘Men’ as part of our name,” and, um—and she was pushing—or not pushing. She’s—the suggestion came up that it would be the “Gay and Lesbian Chorus of—of Orlando” or “Central Florida” or whatever. Anyway, that was—that was a—a[sic] interesting lead-in to actually becoming incorporated, and David, uh, became the first president of the chorus. Um, through a sort of a behind-the-scenes search, Charlie Callahan, who was the, um, uh, Composer-in-Residence at Rollins College, was contacted, and he became our first, uh, director, which was a coup for us. Um, his—he was a classic music person, uh, that was world-renowned for his organ music. He—he would go and travel through Europe playing organ concerts. Um, interestingly enough, because of that and not working with vocals so much, his style of directing [laughs] was a little bit different than what we currently got[sic] and what we had since then. Um, the first, uh, accompanist was Terry Thomas, and he then became our—when Charlie left, I believe he became our second, um, director, and then he also—Terry came back and became our emergency director at one point. Um, uh, one of the directors had decided, “I’m done” or they had to move or whatever reason. We were—we needed, uh, a director on the fly, and Terry came back to us and actually—and so he’s sort of our little angel savior, uh, director, and over the course we’ve probably had 9 to 12 different directors over our 27 year history. Um, a—a broad variety of individuals with m—m—many different skill sets that they brought to the table, and I think it’s one of the things that made the chorus really strong—was that this person, um, uh, Aubrey [Connelly-Candelario]—Aubrey, um, focused on production. He came from a musical theater background. So suddenly we were doing costumes and sets and—and surprise moments, and not just standing and singing. Um, Absalon, uh, Figueroa came to us, and he was an accompanist, but he was sort of a New Age-y, um, uh, guru-type guy from Canada. Uh, he was living here, um, with his—later to be his husband. Uh, they m—moved to Canada because he—his husband couldn’t stay here, or he couldn’t stay here. So they both moved to Canada. Now they live in Hawaii… Campbell [laughs]. Strack Happily married. I love how things change in the world, um—but Absalon brought, uh, a healing, um, and a—an empowerment sort of spirit to the chorus that was needed at that time because we’d had a[sic] unfortunate experience with a director just prior to Absalon. So every—every director sort of brought in their own gift and made the chorus that much better. Campbell Um, how was the—the chorus received in the community in the first—in that early period? Strack [laughs] Um, initially, we were sort of, uh, th—th—the arts community didn’t want to have anything to do with us. We actually, um, uh—there was an arts magazine that was published quarterly, and we, um, contacted them to get an advertisement put in about our next—our upcoming holiday concert, and, uh, they refused it because it was too controversial. That—it wasn’t the name of the holiday concert. It was that it was a gay chorus, and they just didn’t want us—anything to do with it. Uh, Valencia College, where we did our first seed concert—we went back to them to try to rent out that same auditorium for our concerts and they refused us, because we weren’t a student organization—was their reasoning, or—or, uh, representing the students of Valencia, and so, uh, we’ve had a number of, um, eh, prickly, uh, unwelcoming experiences during those early years. Now, th—the—the gay community, the G—GLBT community, was, uh—we were—when we went onstage the first—for our first concert in, um, June of ’91—would have been—yeah—June of ’91, we went onto the stage at the [Orlando] Museum of Art in Orlando—Orlando Museum of Art in their theater, and all of us were like, “W—how is this gonna play in Orlando?” You know? Y—we couldn’t have been more loved. It was—it was just a really, really intense—almost like—almost like the audience had been waiting for something that was that uniquely geared to them that was public and accessible, and it was—the—the—the energy in the room w—we’re—we’re singing and the energy is flowing off the stage, and the audience is there sending it all back at us. It was just—it was really cool, and we still get a lot of that feeling today, but that first one, because we didn’t know—you know, there were people onstage that thought that, you know, somebody’s gonna, uh, do a false alarm or a bomb threat or—and, you know, that, uh—to make sure that this concert didn’t happen, and there—so there was a lot of fear, and there were individuals in the chorus that would not put their names into the program. Even though they were standing there publicly, to have it written down somewhere that somebody could pass onto a boss or onto a principal of a school, eh, or, you know—they just didn’t have their names printed or they used aliases. Campbell Mmhmm. Strack So those were the early years. Um, it was, uh—we all sang, uh, men’s voice parts even though there were always females in the chorus. From Penny on, we never did a concert without a female or several females onstage with us, but we sang, um, tenor one, tenor two, baritone and bass, and so, most of the women that joined us would sing senor one. Sometimes they’d sing it up an octave. Ironically, um, in our last concert—no, not the last one—the one before, um—one of our bass twos—the low bass parts—was a female—Linda—Linda Knutson. Yeah, I was a section leader at the time and sitting next to her during, uh, rehearsal, and, um, I—I took a bass two part because they—we were just shorthanded, and so I said—and I’m sitting next to Linda and I’m like, [laughs] “You hit those notes way better than I do. Have you ever considered joining the bass two section?” She’s like—she’s like, “Well—well, okay.” So she became our—our low bass—one of our low basses. Campbell Um, how have you, uh, kind of—if you can kind of describe the—the—the change—maybe the reception of the community over the course—from when you first started to maybe this year. Um, has that relationship with the community changed and kind of in what ways? Strack Yeah, um, definitely changed, and part of it was that, um, as the gay and lesbian community in Orlando came out, um, the arts community started recognizing us not as a key element or a gem within, but part of a tapestry of art organizations here in Florida. Um, the audiences—interestingly enough, our audiences are—uh, when they do the demographics studies, um, our largest segment of audience members are straight women over the age of 60, and in—again, I think it’s due to the outreach and then the changing nature of how people perceive the gay and lesbian community. Um, we’ve gone through—depending on who the director is— we’ve gone through different phases of being a little more campy or a little more serious, um, and I—I think that that adds to the totality of what people perceive us to be, and that’s not just, you know—we—we will do the number of “Men in Tights” with—with the sugar plum fairies being the big ol’ bears coming across the stage, dancing th—in their tutus, but it’s one piece within the whole concert. So we’ll—we’ll be self-defacing and joke and be campy, but it’s not all we have to offer, and—and I think the—the community’s responded. Strack Probably the biggest change we had during that time was going from being a men’s vocal, uh, group to a mixed vocal group, which we are now. It’s, um, soprano, alto, tenor, bass, and, um, because we kept promoting females joining the chorus, um, one of our presidents, Rob Noll—it became his mission to have more women in the chorus, and so he did a lot of artreach[sic]—outreach and effort to try to get more women, but at certain point[sic], I mean, how can you have women that normally sing soprano having to sing tenor? You know, it’s—it’s hard. It’s not enjoyable for them, and so, w—the—the chorus leadership after Rob, very—uh, I—I won’t say strategically, but very carefully—we started having more and more music where the women starting singing soprano and alto, and, you know, it was two pieces in this concert and there was[sic] four pieces in the next concert, and then pretty soon, it was all the pieces in the concert, and it was never like any—nobody put a stake in the ground and said, “We’re becoming an SATB chorus”—and that’s soprano, alto, tenor, bass. It just—the leadership knew that’s where they wanted to end up and they slowly brought this massive group of unique individuals into that reality, and by the time it happened, anybody[?] who[?] went, “All the music’s SATB?” You know, it’s like, “Yeah, it is.” [laughs] You know, it’s just—it’s sort of a matter of fact now, and p—and there were people that left. There were men that left because that went against their reason for wanting to sing, um, but few—few and far between, and it expanded the number of women that we had, so—because suddenly they were a—a—actually able to sing soprano and alto. Um, one of the other—eh, back to the question about the community and how the community responded, um, huge, huge, um—the Pulse massacre was probably one of the biggest, um, or—or the most impactful moments for the chorus to take its position within not just the arts community, but the whole… Campbell I—I—I kind of want to get into that a little bit more. Um, just you on a personal level, um. How did you—how did you hear about the shooting happen[sic]? Strack Mm, um, I am retired, and so I was sleeping in on that Sunday morning, and it was probably 10:30 or so, and, um, I turned off my phone when I went to bed, because my friends have a habit of deciding to send pictures and comments at, you know, 12 at night and one in the morning, and so I had the phone off, and I turned my phone on and there was just a rolodex of—of folks that had sent text messages to me, and, you know— “Are you okay?” “Are you there?” “Is there”—and I—This is really odd. Why in the world—and then, as I started, um—some of ‘em started getting a little more specific. “I just wanted to check to make sure you weren’t, uh, at—at Pulse last night or, um, d—eh, that you weren’t injured.” “I just want to hear from you,” and I went, What? Eh—eh, and then I did, um, my Google search and went, Holy mackerel, and I became part of the web of—“I haven’t heard from you. Is”—my friend Rob, that[sic] I mentioned that was the president, I—I called an, uh, he—nobody answered at his house, and he’s the type of person that might go out to that, uh—Pulse on a whim. Um, me—it’s—it’s not a club I normally would go to. Um, it’s—the crowd is way younger than the people I would be hanging with, but Rob might do that just on a whim, and we couldn’t get a hold of him. He wasn’t answering his cell phone and he wasn’t answering the house phone, but I had his roommate, Sherry[sp]—so I called Sherry’s phone, and she was out walking the dog. I said, “Sherry, I just want to check to make sure Rob’s at home. Is Rob—Rob there?” She goes, “Well, yeah. He was sleeping this morning when I got up.” I’m like, “Okay, just—just wanted to check,” but that was happening everywhere, and to—to spend an hour, hour and a half, two hours checking to see if your friends are alive was really mind blowing. It was so, um—what’s the w—a word that I wanna use for it? It was, eh, eh—it was just unimaginable that—that this could be part of my world now, so—but that’s how I found out—was through people checking in to make sure I was okay, and then I’d reached out to people that might be concerned about me—my parents, family and friends outside of the Orlando area—to make sure they knew I was okay. Campbell Hm, um, when was the first time that you got in touch with—that the chorus, uh, decided to maybe have a meeting or anything about th—the actual shooting? Did you guys get together that day, or… Strack Um… Campbell Any time soon? Strack The Sounds of Freedom Band [and Color Guard] by chance was doing their concert, um, i—in Loch Haven Park at the theater there, eh—The REP,<a title="">[2]</a> and so a number of us got together to go and be with the community, and then the next night, um, we did our first vigil, as I recall. Eh, it was at the Joy Metropolitan Community Church, and the word just spread to the chorus. It wasn’t—there was, you know—“Alright, we’re gonna meet. Here’s what we’re gonna wear,” and we’d done outreaches before, but nothing on this short of a notice. So, uh, we got together and did the—that vigil, and, uh, some of the—some of the tapes went international from that night, and then we’ve probably done an average of three to five a week ever since. Campbell And can you just explain a little bit, like, uh, how those experiences were and anything that sticks out to you in particular? Strack Um, for me personally, I think, uh, it was so, um, fulfilling and, um, comforting to have a task, so that I couldn’t go into my own head. I, you know—there was this to get done. We were gonna go perform at the, um, uh, [AIGA Orlando’s] Love by Design today. Tomorrow, we’re doing this. Um, th—there were people in the chorus that started carrying their chorus wardrobe in their cars in case an event—an outreach event or a vigil or something—a fundraiser came up during that they that they could jump into their clothes—drive straight to the event and—and have their clothes with them, um, but it—i—it was—I—I—I went through probably, um, three days of just totally numb, sort of zombielike experience. Um, anything could make me cry. I al—I wear my emotions on my sleeve anyway [laughs]. So this just was like, “Oh, good. I’m brushing my teeth and just sobbing,” you know, um, but, uh, those three days went by and I took advantage of The [LGBT] Center [of Central Florida]’s, um, counseling that they were offering—free counseling to people, and so I went in and talked to a—a woman for about 15 minute[sic], and I think—well, I’ll share with you what I shared with her. Eh, my—my big internal issue was that I’m—by nature, I’m a Pollyanna. I—I like making people happy. I like—I like keeping things i—in a positive space, and it was hard for me—whenever there was even an inkling of—like looking at the chorus and going, This is gonna bring us closer together. This is gonna be such a good emotional, um, outcome for us as a—as a[sic] organization, and then I’d—and then I’d go into my, How can you say there’s something good that comes out of this? And so that’s what I had to talk with her—with the counselor about—is I feel guilty trying to find the silver linings, and, um, she—she did a nice job, and by the time I walked out, I—my head was back on square again and I was able to move on—still numb, but much more myself again. So that was—that was pretty big. Probably, um, continued to have that, um, out-of-body sort of feeling for about three weeks, and then it—then it subsided and I started getting my legs under me, and we—we traveled to the, um—the festival in Denver in, uh, first part of July. So we went to the Gay and Lesbian Association of Choruses big festival, and, um, we as a chorus [laughs]—you know, the 6,000 people—singers—and they’d been sending us videos for the last like week and a half, three weeks. “W—We Stand with Orlando.” Singing songs that were significant to them, reflecting ‘em on the Pulse ex—um, tragedy, and they would s—you know, “We’re with you, Orlando,” and a lot of it, because it was chorus-to-chorus, was directed right at us—not just the community, but to our singers—and so when we got there to Denver, the outpouring of affection and, um—I made the joke. I said, “At this point we could go onstage and all of us burp in unison [laughs] and the crowd’s gonna go crazy,” [laughs] you know, ‘cause w—we just—we could do no wrong at this point, um, and that wasn’t necessary in the end, uh, but to be there was so healing to so many of us I think, ‘cause it—it was—it was such a, um, uh, clear program that had been put out for us. You know, you can ten—attend this block of s—concerts or this block, and—and this is where we’re gonna get together for this party, and—and every—you—you got to focus on that instead of on doing another vigil. We did get our wonderful moment onstage, and it was amazing. It was amazing, yeah—and, uh, our director, James [A.] Rode, uh, did a little speech in the mid—in—towards the end of it, um, that described sort of what our experience was as a chorus, and, uh, then wrapped it up with inviting the—the—the theaters weren’t big enough to hold everybody, so there was—you’d have concerts running simultaneously, but we had probably three thousand people in the theater we were in, and James invited ‘em to join us. Um, our final piece was, uh, “You’ll Never Walk Alone” from Man of La Mancha, and so, you know, three thousand other singers—and even they—some of them wrote on—on the webpage for the GALA Choruses their experience, and—and shaking and feeling weak in the knees, and, um, the emotional—that if they hadn’t been there with their brothers and sisters in song, help and hold them up, they would’ve crumbled. Campbell Um, how do you feel that the—did you feel that the shooting has changed th—the—the group’s relation to the community in Orlando? Strack Tremendously, yeah, um, and I—because of our exposure, I think as any—as much as anything else—I mean, we—we went and sang at the, um, Orlando City Soccer [Club] game and the, um, organizers contacted the, uh, ticketholders and invited them—if you’re sitting in sections 17 through 29, wear green, and so we ended up with this rainbow around the stadium, um, and these are people that probably had never—many of them probably never even knew the Orlando Gay Chorus existed in Orlando, and yet, because of the tragedy, um, they—they stepped up as members of Orlando’s community, supporting, um, the gay community as well. Um, one of the other things I—I found really exciting during this—is I think the Latin community, um, stepped up in a way, connecting with the gay community that hadn’t been as, um, easygoing or as—as generous, and, um—and likewise. I think the gay community felt for the Latin community—not just those people that got killed, but the—the hurt and the pain wasn’t just ours, and which—to me, I think that’s what’s made—that’s the silv—that’s the big silver lining, you know, that the Orlando—the City of Orlando, um, proved itself to be a community that could face some really wicked tragedy without the response being anger or hatred, um, or scapegoating—that, uh, from the city leaders all the way down to grandma and grandpa in their house, you know, on my street that put out their “Orlando United” sign in front. It was such a wonderful thing to see that this is—this is where I live. Campbell Um, and that kind of brings me to my next question. Where do kind of see the relationship between, uh, the Orlando Gay Chorus and the community going moving forward? Strack Um, we’re already seeing it, I think, to a degree. We are—we’re getting invited to be a part of events that normally, um—that wouldn’t reach out as far as the Gay Chorus. It would have been these church choirs and that high school choir and th—the community chorus of Orlando—that’d be the group they’d put together for this event, and now, we’re on that list. Now we’re a—a prominent piece of that invitation, um, to a point where I think there’s consciousness of, uh—“And we can’t leave them out,” you know? “They’re—they’re such a significant part of our community,” and because of the exposure we’ve had—excuse me—uh, the exposure we’ve had over the last few months, um, we’ve—people know that we’re pretty good, you know, [laughs]—that, uh, as a musical group, we’re not a flash in the pan, and you—i—if you want to give them money for your ticket, but you don’t go, “You’re not missing anything.” It’s not that way, you know, um, and like to—yesterday, which would have been the 25th of September, we, um, worked with the Second Harvest Food Bank [of Central Florida]. They provided the food, we provided all the entertainment—atmospheric as well as a concert—at the Second Harvest Food Bank to raise funds for these two very disparate non-profit organizations, and I—that never would have happened, I don’t believe. You know, maybe—maybe I’m—maybe I just have my blinders on, but I think that that’s one of the things that, as we move forward, we’re getting those opportunities, um, and bringing our story to the, you know—the general public in a way that we never had a chance to do before. Campbell And, uh, what did—did your membership change any a—after you started g—getting more, um, uh—I don’t want to say screen time— but more—more visibility in the community? Did people want to communicate with you all and—and maybe join the chorus? Or have your numbers kind of stayed the same throughout? Strack Um, we definitely saw a bump. I know that the interest—again, it’s probably twice the number of people that actually came to audition, um, but we’re over a hundred, and we were down to about 80, um, prior to, um, the Pulse massacre, be—and partly I think it’s because people just didn’t even know we were there, and partly I think it was because, um, some people wanted to step up and say, “I—I need to be a part of this forward motion that’s happening in Orlando,” and so—yeah. It, um—the demographics are about the same as far as age and, um, sexuality. We’ve—we’ve got[sic] a lot of, uh, straight allies that are part of our—our, uh—to[?] women’s section. We got our first male straight guy that’s gonna be—hopefully, he’ll be singing with us if—he just joined the chorus, um, but the general population percentages are about the same as they were before. Campbell Um, is there anything else, uh, about the chorus or about, um, the chorus’ response to the—to the shooting that you’d like to talk about today? Strack Hm, I think—well, this is gonna—I, uh, was at a point in my history with the chorus after having sung with them in every concert for 26 years, I was ready to quit. Um, I just—you know, I s—there were things going on that I didn’t necessarily all[sic] agree with, um, and I just had decided to myself, you know, sometimes, you just need to move on for your own—and for the organization’s, you know, benefit, but when—and th—there was another person in the chorus I know for a fact was in that same space, um, and after becoming such a valuable entity in the community as a chorus, and doing the vigils and doing the fundraisers, and, um, help—we—we started using that—the, um—“Love, Hope, and Healing”—“the Ambassadors of Love, Hope, and Healing,” and so, as that transpired and I got to watch that in re—in real time, I said, Uh, maybe—maybe I need to stick around, because this—this has really refocused us back to what I feel the chorus was supposed to be about, you know? It was—it’s more than just doing a concert and standing onstage. It’s—it’s building people’s pride. It’s being—yeah—more than a musical group. I was—I’ve said it’s three things. It’s music, it’s socialization, and it’s, um, political. Just the fact that we gave “gay” in the name makes us a political organization, and the socialization within the chorus members is so significant to my happiness, and then, of course, the music. You have to do—have musical excellence to be able to get an audience in the seats, um, and—and it’s really—it’s brought me back to the chorus again ever since, so another silver lining. Campbell Well, thank you so much for talking with us today and—and for participating in this program. Strack It’s my pleasure. <div> <div> <a title="">[1]</a> GLBT Community Center of Central Florida. </div> <div> <a title="">[2]</a> Orlando Repertory Theatre. </div> </div> 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting Absalon Figueroa AIGA Orlando’s Love by Design American Institute of Graphic Arts Aubrey Connelly-Candelario Boston Gay Men's Chorus Center for Humanities and Digital Research Charlie Callahan CHDR chorus choruses David Schuler fundraisers GALA Choruses Festival gay Gay and Lesbian Association of Choruses Gay Community Services Gay Men’s Chorus of Tampa GCS GLBT GLBT Community Center of Central Florida gun violence hate crimes Hispanics homosexuality homosexuals James A. Rode Joel Strack Joy Metropolitan Community Church Kayla Campana Latinas Latinos LGBT LGBT Center of Central Florida LGBTIQ LGBTQ Linda Knutson Man of La Mancha mass shootings Men in Tights mixed vocal group music nightclubs orlando Orlando City SC Orlando City Soccer Orlando City Soccer Club Orlando Gay Chorus Orlando Museum of Art Orlando Repertory Theatre Orlando United outreach events Penny Jo Chessmen Pulse Pulse massacre Pulse memorial Pulse nightclub shooting rainbows River City Mixed Chorus Rob Noll Rollins College SATB chorus Second Harvest Food Bank of Central Florida Soprano Alto Tenor Bass chorus Sounds of Freedom Band and Color Guard South Florida Gay Men’s Chorus terrorism terrorist attacks terrorists Terry Thomas The Center The REP tributes Tyler Campbell UCF University of Central Florida Valencia College vigils You'll Never Walk Alone https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/9c860166ad137a06a0838273e32484f3.pdf fbf68a2af501f3fa2fc6f078f82b5872 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Oviedo Historical Society Collection Alternative Title Oviedo Historical Society Collection Subject Oviedo (Fla). Description The Oviedo Historical Society Collection encompasses historical artifacts donated for digitization at the Oviedo Historical Society's History Harvest in the Spring semester of 2015. The Oviedo Historical Society was organized in November 1973 by a group of citizens. The society is a 501(3) non-profit organization. Its purpose is to help preserve the community identity of Oviedo by collecting and disseminating knowledge about local history, serve as a repository for documents and artifacts relating to Oviedo history, promote the preservation and marking of historic sites and buildings in the Oviedo area and foster interest in local, state, national, and world history. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/128" target="_blank">Oviedo Collection</a>, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Oviedo, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://oviedohs.com/" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society</a> <a href="http://history.cah.ucf.edu/staff.php?id=304" target="_blank">Dr. Connie L. Lester</a>'s Introduction to Public History course, Spring 2015 Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://oviedohs.com/" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society</a>." Oviedo Historical Society, Inc. http://oviedohs.com/. Adicks, Richard, and Donna M. Neely. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5890131" target="_blank">Oviedo, Biography of a Town</a>. S.l: s.n.], 1979. Robison, Jim. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/796757419" target="_blank">Around Oviedo</a>. 2012. "<a href="http://www.cityofoviedo.net/node/68" target="_blank">History</a>." City of Oviedo, Florida. http://www.cityofoviedo.net/node/68. "<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/audio/Ep41-Oviedo.mp3" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries, Episode 41: Oviedo, with Dr. Richard Adicks</a>." RICHES of Central Florida. http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/audio/Ep41-Oviedo.mp3. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 127-page book Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Lawton Family History Alternative Title Lawton Family History Subject Oviedo (Fla.) Description The family history the Lawtons of the Summer Oaks plantation in Thomas County, Georgia. This family history centers around Alexander Benjamin Lawton (1809-1861) and his wife, Narcissa Melissa Lawton (1817-1883). Together, the couple had seven children: Alexander Cater Lawton (1841-1921), Winborn Theodore Lawton (1843-1892), Clara J. Lawton (b. 1845), Robert W. Lawton (b. 1847), Benjamin F. Lawton (ca. 1848-ca. 1853), Thomas J. Lawton (b. 1851), and Emma Lenora Lawton (1853-1907). Lawton also had three children from his previous marriage to Elizabeth Brisbane Lawton (1808-1839): Mary Jane Lawton (b. 1832), Martha S. Lawton (b. 1834), and Eusebia Lawton (ca. 1836-ca. 1850). Part I on the book focuses on the Lawton family background, highlighting William Lawton, Joseph Lawton, Benjamin Themistocles Dion Lawton, and Winborn Asa Lawton. Part II details the immediate family of Alexander Benjamin Lawton and his family while living in South Carolina, while Part III discusses the family's migration to the Summer Oaks plantation in Georgia. Part IV describes the location of Summer Oaks and Part V discusses theories about the location of Alexander Benjamin Lawton's resting place. Part VI details the descendants of the Lawtons of Summer Oaks. This family history was compiled by the great-great-great granddaughter of Alexander Benjamin Lawton and Narcissa Melissa Lawton, Stacey Allene Church and her father, Gerald Marshall Church. Many of the descendants of the Lawtons migrated to Oviedo, Florida. Type Text Source Original book by Stacey Allene Church and Gerald Marshall Church: Private Collection of Bettye Reagan. Requires <a href="http://www.adobe.com/products/reader.html" target="_blank">Adobe Acrobat Reader</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/147" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society Collection</a>, Oviedo Collection, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original book by Stacey Allene Church and Gerald Marshall Church. Coverage Edisto Island, South Carolina Mulberry Grove Plantation, Walterboro, South Carolina Black Swamp, Robertville, South Carolina Lawtonville, South Carolina Bluffton, South Carolina Summer Oaks Plantation, Thomas County, Georgia Oviedo, Florida Monticello, Florida Caddo Parish, Louisiana Creator Church, Stacey Allene Church, Gerald Marshall Contributor Reagan, Bettye Jean Aulin Date Created ca. 1984 Date Copyrighted ca. 1984 Format application/jpg Extent 26.4 MB Medium 127-page book Language eng Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally created by Stacey Allene Church and Gerald Marshall Church. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by Stacey Allene Church and Gerald Marshall Church, and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="http://oviedohs.com/" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository Private Collection of Bettye Reagan External Reference Johnston, Coy K. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4930219" target="_blank">Two Centuries of Lawtonville Baptists, 1775-1975</a>. 1975. Lawton, Edward P. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1634384" target="_blank">A Saga of the South</a>. Ft. Myers Beach, Fla: Island Press, 1965. Rogers, William Warren. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1441638" target="_blank">Ante-Bellum Thomas County, 1825-1861</a>. Tallahassee: Florida State University, 1963. Rogers, William Warren. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1395550" target="_blank">Thomas County During the Civil War</a>. Tallahassee: Florida State University, 1964. Rogers, William Warren. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/658147" target="_blank">Thomas County, 1865-1900</a>. Tallahassee: Florida State University Press, 1973. A. B. Lawton A. B. Lawton and Company A. C. Lawton Abraham Lincoln Adam Fowler Brisbane African Americans Albany, Georgia Alex Lawton Alexander Benjamin Lawton Alexander Cater Lawton Alexander J. Lawton Alexander James Lawton Alexander Robert Lawton Allen Hagen American Civil War. American Revolution American Revolutionary War Anderson Peeler Andrew Aulin, Sr. Anglicanism Anglicans Anna Lawton Annie Elizabeth Miller Annie Narcissa Lawton Long Arcadia Archibald T. McIntyre Asa Lawton B. F. Porter B. S. Fuller Baker County, Georgia Baptists Battle of New Orleans Benjamin F. Lawton Benjamin Lawton Benjamin T. D. Lawton Benjamin Themistocles Dion Lawton Benny Lawton Beulah Lawton Hughes Birdie Lawton Grogan Black Swamp Academy Black Swamp Company Black Swamp, South Carolina Bluffton, South Carolina Bobby Lawton C. J. Lawton C. J. McDonald Caddo Parish, Louisiana Carolyn L. Harrell Cassandra C. Tillman Charlotte Ann Lawton Charlotte Esther Lawton Peeples Chattahoochee Cheshire churches Clara Curtis Lawton Lienhard Clara Isabella Lawton Wheeler Clara Isabelle Lawton colonial colonies colonists colony Confederacy Confederate Army Confederate States of American Confederates corn Coy K. Johnson Cuthbert David Montague Laffitte Dower E. H. Peeples E. Haviland Hillman E. L. Lawton Edisto Island Plantation Edisto Island, South Carolina Edward P. Lawton Edward Peeples Elizabeth Mary Brisbane Emma Lenora Lawton Emma Lenora Lawton Aulin Episcopalians Eusebia Lawton farmers farms Francis McLeod Friske Frog Legel, Louisiana Gary Lawton Grogan George Mossee Georgia Cavalry Regiment Gerald Marshall Church GloriAnna Lawton Brisbane Godfrey Grooverville, Georgia Hanahan's Hector Irving Cook Henry Carter Henry Clay Henry Clay, Sr. Hepsibah Baptist Church Hernando County Hilton Head Island, South Carolina I. Clayton Ramsey Inabinett, E. L. indigo Isadore Perry Lawton J. A. Malette J. A. Mallett J. L. Simkins J. T. Herring James Clark James Connell James K. Polk James Knox Polk James Stoney Lawton James Tillman Grogan James Tillman Grogan, Sr. James Wilburn Grogan Jane Ann Grogan Church Jane Mosse Lawton Jared Everitt Jefferson County Jefferson Davis Jefferson Finis Davis Jeremiah Clark Jeremiah Lawton Joe Lawton John C. Cochran John Calder John Grimball Ann Grimball Robert John Hanahan John Hughes John Lawton John N. Dugger John Seabrook John Sealy John Sheffield John T. Lyons John Thomas Wheeler Joseph James Lawton Joseph Lawton Joshua B. Everette Josiah A. Everette Josiah A. Flournoy Josiah Everett Josiah Flournoy Josiah Lawton Josie Adams Judson Lawton Kathryn Lawton Lawton and Allied Families Association Lawton, Dowell, and Company Lawtonville Baptist Church Lawtonville Cemetery Lawtonville, South Carolina Lebanon Cemetery Leonard Tuggle Liberty Baptist Church Lona Lawton Lona Lawton Aulin Louisiana Purchase Lucina Walker Lawton Lucinda Walker Landrum Macon, Georgia Margaret Grogan Martha Lawton Martha S. Lawton Martha S. Lawton Gwynn Mary Ann Mosse Mary Ann Whaley Lawton Mary Cater Lawton Mary Cater Rhoades Mary Cater Rhodes Mary Clarke Lawton Mary Edla Laffitte Mary Elizabeth Lawton Mathews Mary Gwynn Lawton Mary Hannah Aulin Grogan Mary Harris Mary Jane Lawton Mary Jane Lawton Laffitte Mary Lawton Mary Martha Grogan Lundy Mary Mathews Lawton Mary Stone Fickling Mary Stone Grimball Lawton Mary Winborn Lawton Mattie Lawton May River Baptist Church Monticello Moses Linton Mulberry Grove Plantation My Husband My Little Daughter Clara N. Dudley N. M. Lawton Narcissa Melissa Lawton Nine Mile Post Road Oglethorpe, Georgia Oliveros On the Death of Littly Benny orange county Oviedo Oviedo Cemetery Pages Home Place pastors Paul Grimball Phoebe Norton Mosse Phoebe Sarah Lawton Willingham Pierre Robert pioneers Pipe Creek Church plantations planters poems poetry preachers Presbyterians Prince William's Parish Providence Grimball Mikell R. W. Lawton rice Robert E. H. Peeples Robert Hurst Robert Lauder Robert Themistocles Lawton Robert William Lawton Robertville, South Carolina Ruth Miller Thomas Ruth Thomas s. Manning Samuel Fickling Samuel J. Ray Samuel L. Dowell Samuel Perry Sanford Bason Sarah A. Godfrey Lawton Sarah Lawton Sarah Mathews Sarah Roberts Lawton Sarah Seabrook SavAnnah River Association Savannah, Georgia settlers slavery slaves South Carolina Militia St. John's Parish St. Marks St. Peter's Parish Stacey Allene Church Steamboat Landing Road Summer Oaks T. Willingham The Death Bed The Georgia Telegraph The Lawtons of Summer Oaks The Level The Southern Enterprise Theodore Dehon Mathews Thirza Lawton Polhill Thomas A. Bailey Thomas County Historical Museum Thomas County, Georgia Thomas Grimball Thomas Hill Thomas J. Lawton Thomas O. Lawton, Jr. Thomas Polhill Thomas Rhodes Thomas Willingham Thomas Winborn To My Babe To My Old Album Tom Cobbs Tom Lawton Tommie Lawton Tommy Lawton Two Sister's Ferry U.S. Census of 1860 Union W. A. Cumming W. J. Lawton W. S. Lawton W. T. Lawton Walker Gwynn Walter Gwynn Wiley Blewet William Henry Brisbane William Henry Lawton William Hilliard William Lawton William Lawton, Jr. William Mathews William Peeler William S. Lawton William S. Lawton and Company William Seabrook William Seabrook Lawton William Stegall William Tilly William Warren Rogers Winborn Asa Lawton Winborn Benjamin Lawton Winborn Joseph Lawton Winborn Lawton Winborn Lawton, Jr. Winborn Theodore Lawton Winnie Lawton Winny Lawton https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/1ca827ca8e174aaf63a15de8e7bc8474.pdf ef468a34407354438fc3a413f2ab5e7f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Jesse Cutler Collection Alternative Title Cutler Collection Language eng Curator Cravero, Geoffrey Description Collection of digital images, documents, and oral histories depicting the life and work of Jesse Cutler. Cutler has spent an illustrious career, beginning at age 12, as a musician, composer, actor, producer, and entrepreneur. Starting in New York City in the 1960s and then in Los Angeles from the early ‘70s through the late ‘90s, Jesse performed with his bands and in the original cast of Godspell on Broadway, made records that saw Billboard’s Top 100, formed his own companies and appeared on TV and radio and in national print. Subject Music--Florida Winter Park (Fla.) Godspell (Motion picture) Type Collection Coverage Winter Park, Florida Los Angeles, California New York, New York Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository Personal Collection of Jesse Cutler External Reference "<a href="http://cityofwinterpark.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">City of Winter Park</a>." City of Winter Park, Florida. http://cityofwinterpark.org/. "<a href="http://www.wphistory.org/explore-history/winter-park/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WINTER PARK HISTORY</a>." Winter Park History Museum, Winter Park Historical Society. http://www.wphistory.org/explore-history/winter-park/. Cutler, Jesse. "<a href="https://search.worldcat.org/title/268957223" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Starlust : The Price of Fame</a>. Garden City, N.Y.: Morgan James Publishing. 2008. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/140" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Central Florida Music History Collection</a>, RICHES. Moving Image A series of visual representations that, when shown in succession, impart an impression of motion. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Oral Memoirs of Jesse Cutler (Part Two) Alternative Title Oral History, Jesse Cutler (Part Two) Subject Music--Florida Winter Park (Fla.) Godspell (Motion picture) Description Part Two of an oral history of Jesse Cutler conducted by Geoffrey Cravero at Trevor Colbourn Hall at the University of Central Florida on February 23, 2024. Cutler has spent an illustrious career, beginning at age 12, as a musician, composer, actor, producer, and entrepreneur. Starting in New York City in the 1960s and then in Los Angeles from the early seventies through the late nineties, Jesse performed with his bands and in the original cast of Godspell on Broadway, made records that saw Billboard’s Top 100, formed his own companies and appeared on TV and radio and in national print. Some of the topics covered include getting starstruck meeting Marvin Gaye in the R & B Room of the Shrine Auditorium at the Grammy Awards, repackaging his album and forging a relationship with Quincy Jones, putting a band together and touring the West Coast, composing new songs, beginning a new romantic relationship, and developing Disco Diet, meeting Richard Simmons, creating and distributing the Eddie Rabbitt Mask, recording with Alice Cooper’s and Aretha Franklin’s Bands, forming his childhood band, The Young Executives, being managed by his father, performing for celebrities, signing to Mercury Records, charting a single, being on television, experiencing success and the breakup of the group, attending preparatory school in Queens and becoming involved in the Broadway musical Godspell, leaving Godspell, finding a manager and the importance of management and agency to a successful music career, repackaging his music and re-releasing it, moving to Winter Park, recording an album inspired by the city, getting re-married, recording a 12-album set of music inspired by astrology and marketing it through eclectic sound pallets, advice for aspiring entertainers, running a marketing company, writing his autobiography and finding a publisher, his closing remarks and future goals. Table Of Contents 0:00:00 Getting starstruck meeting Marvin Gaye in the R&B Room of the Shrine Auditorium at the Grammy Awards 0:03:12 Repackaging his album and forging a relationship with Quincy Jones 0:08:51 Putting a band together and touring the West Coast 0:09:35 Composing new songs, beginning a new romantic relationship, and developing Disco Diet 0:13:57 Meeting Richard Simmons 0:15:14 Creating and distributing the Eddie Rabbitt Mask 0:18:07 Recording with Alice Cooper’s and Aretha Franklin’s Bands 0:20:40 Forming his childhood band, The Young Executives, being managed by his father, performing for celebrities, signing to Mercury Records, charting a single, being on television, experiencing success and the breakup of the group 0:24:11 Attending preparatory school in Queens and becoming involved in the Broadway musical Godspell 0:26:37 Leaving Godspell, finding a manager and the importance of management and agency to a successful music career 0:30:46 Repackaging his music and re-releasing it 0:33:53 Moving to Winter Park, recording an album inspired by the city, getting re-married, recording a 12-album set of music inspired by astrology and marketing it through eclectic sound pallets 0:40:56 Advice for aspiring entertainers 0:41:39 Running a marketing company, writing his autobiography and finding a publisher 0:46:05 Closing remarks and future goals Abstract Oral history interview of Jesse Cutler. Interview conducted by Geoffrey Cravero on February 23, 2024. Type Moving Image Source Cutler, Jesse. Interviewed by Geoffrey Cravero, February 23, 2024. Audio record available. <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RICHES</a>, Orlando, Florida. Requires Multimedia software, such as <a href="http://www.apple.com/quicktime/download/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> QuickTime</a>. <a href="http://www.adobe.com/products/reader.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Adobe Acrobat Reader</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/227" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jesse Cutler Collection</a>, <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/140" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Central Florida Music History Collection</a>, RICHES. Coverage The Shrine Auditorium, Los Angeles, California New York, New York Highland School Preparatory, Jamaica, New York Winter Park, Florida Creator Cutler, Jesse Cravero, Geoffrey Publisher <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RICHES</a> Date Created 2024-02-23 Date Copyrighted 2024-02-23 Format video/mp4 application/pdf Extent 6.49 GB 345 KB Medium 47-minutes and 20-seconds video recording 20-page digital transcript Language eng Mediator History Teacher Music Teacher Provenance Originally created by Jesse Cutler and Geoffrey Cravero and published by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RICHES</a>. Rights Holder <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RICHES</a> Accrual Method Item Creation Curator Cravero, Geoffrey Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RICHES</a> External Reference Cutler, Jesse. "<a href="https://search.worldcat.org/title/268957223" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Starlust : The Price of Fame</a>. Garden City, N.Y.: Morgan James Publishing. 2008. "<a href="http://www.wphistory.org/explore-history/winter-park/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WINTER PARK HISTORY</a>." Winter Park History Museum, Winter Park Historical Society. http://www.wphistory.org/explore-history/winter-park/. "<a href="http://cityofwinterpark.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">City of Winter Park</a>." City of Winter Park, Florida. http://cityofwinterpark.org/. Click to View (Movie, Podcast, or Website) <a href="https://youtu.be/Qj4TGWAxw68?si=fKLUNGakZRycjgm3">Oral History of Jesse Cutler (Part Two)</a> Transcript Cutler Alright. I’m ready. Cravero This is Geoffrey Cravero and I’m conducting the second part of an oral history with Jesse Cutler . The interview’s being conducted in Trevor Colbourn Hall at the University of Central Florida on Friday, February 23rd, 2024. Mr. Cutler, thank you for coming back and speaking with us again today. We left off with a story about meeting one of your heroes, Marvin Gaye . I believe you were just about to introduce yourself to him if you’d like to start off there. Cutler Well, what happened was I was at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles. And, uh, a friend of mine, who happened to be, uh, the mistress of Berry Gordy , who had four children for him, seemed to be like the princess of the area. And she goes, “Who do you want to meet in the R&B Room?” And I went to her, “Anybody?” She goes, “Yeah. Anybody.” “I’d love to meet Marvin Gaye.” And she literally walked me over. I had, uh, two or three of my vinyl albums on United Artists under my arm. And she goes, “Marvin, this is Jesse Cutler. He’s a recording artist, too.” And I looked at him. And I went like that. I got starstruck. And that was the only time in my life that I ever—he was a lot taller than I thought, also. And, uh, I go, “Marvin, this is an honor. And I’d like to give you one of my albums.” And I pulled a sleeve out, which on that particular album, I had top musicians. Lee Ritenour , Jay Graydon , people from Steely Dan . I mean great backup singers. And, uh—and it was produced by Joe Renzetti , who won the Oscar for The Buddy Holly Story , which I happen to be in, uh, the last ten minutes. I’m in the band at the end. Uh [taps table], Marvin looked at me and I pulled a sleeve out and it read in the liner notes, “This album is dedicated to Lord God my Creator, to my mother and father, and to Marvin Gaye.” And he looked at me. He goes, “You put me next to God and your parents?” I go, “Well, Marvin, you’re Marvin [laughs].” And he hugged me. And—and—and I could look around the room. I—it was Diana Ross , Lionel Richie , and, uh—and Smokey Robinson . They all kind of giggled because I acted like [imitates himself] —like this. And, uh, my friend, who introduced us—and she goes, “You know you’re blushing, Jesse.” And, uh, you know. And he hugged me. And, uh, he said, “Would you autograph the album?” Marvin Gaye is asking me to autograph my album. I go, “absolutely.” I pull my pen out. “To—to Marvin. My musical hero. Jesse Cutler. Blessings forever.” And he looked at it. And he hugged me again [knocks table]. And I went like [imitates himself] [laughs]. That was a great, great moment. And that was at the Grammy Awards . And they—they had private—they had the Rock and Roll Room. And the R&B Room. And the Country Room. Said[sic] literally, if you were on the inside you could walk into those rooms and meet the biggest stars in every genre. So that was—that was a good—a good feeling. And then—and—and by the way, I repackaged that album, which was released by United Artists . Uh, I, uh, took possession of it. And I renamed it Soul Wood. And these are trees. The—these are guitars like trees growing in the forest. The forest of guitars. And, uh, I wrote on it, “Every guitar has a soul waiting to be mastered.” Because, as you know, anyone who’s listening or watching, when you play an instrument, if you’re really serious about it, you want to master that instrument. You want to become the master. And eventually, what you’d probably like to do if you wanted a career in music is you have to create your own sound. And your own style. And your own melodies. That’s the bottom line. After that, uh—that great experience, I was lucky enough to meet Michael Jackson and Mar—and, uh, Barry White . I lean personally—I don’t know particularly why, but I lean towards R&B. And, uh, because I was still a rock musician, I played, you know, electric guitar. Uh, like my Stratocasters and my different more rock-oriented guitars [knocks table]. I always liked the sound of strings. Violins and cellos coming in to smooth it all out. Even though it had a rock sound on it. So, I left New York when I was 22 years old. I had a contract with Fabergé . They opened up Brut Records . I was the first artist. It was me, Michael Franks and Robert Klein , the comedian. And so, I was seduced by Quincy Jones’s daughter . “You belong in L.A. Not New York.” Well, I—I challenge myself, eh, whether I made the right or wrong decision. But when I got out to California, living in Quincy Jones’s house, not realizing Quincy was like at the top of the top level in the music business—in fact, he was the first Black executive in the music business for Mercury Records . And it was at some time I was in China at a private party with my girlfriend at the time. I’m in Beijing and Quincy’s there. And I walked over and put my arm around him. Gave him a little kiss. I go, “You know, you stole my music.” He goes, “What are you talking about?” I go, “Well, you called up my contractor for my album for UA . And, uh, all the musicians on my album ended up on Michael’s first solo album called…” Uh, uh, what’s it called? The—I can’t think right now. It was his first album. And the reason why was because I came from New York with a more New York rock sound, but an R&B twist to it. And that sound, he transferred on to Michael. Because he wanted Michael leaving the Jackson 5 to cross more into the white audience. So my sound was perfect for him. And I said to him, “You know, Q, you stole my music.” He goes, “Oh. It took you that long to figure it out?” I go, “No. The contractor called me up and told me you called them up and got everybody off my album.” I go, “Well, in a way it’s a big compliment.” But, you know, Off the Wall was the title of the album. Off the Wall, that was Michael Jackson’s first solo album. So, when I met Michael at [taps table]—at some point, it was really amazing. Because my birthday is August 28th, and Michael’s Jack—Michael Jackson’s birthday is August 29th. So, in a way, I was absorbed into him through Quincy Jones. And because I was on that level, I got the privilege of meeting everybody. I mean anybody I wanted to meet. And I always leaned toward the Black artists. When Quincy met me, I had a big afro. And it kind of looked like, uh—it kind of looked like that. It was even bigger than that. And, uh, uh, when Quincy met me, he goes, “What’s your blood?” I go, “What do you mean?” He goes, “What are you?” I go, “Well, I’m actually 100% Sicilian.” He goes, “Sicilian? The Moors invaded Sicely from Africa. You Black.” And he went like this with my hair and hugged me. And his daughter got all happy that he accepted me. And, uh, on the way out of his house, uh—he lived in Bel Air at the time with Peggy Lipton from the Mod Squad . She was the star. And I was thrill—I was a little starstruck meeting her. She was very pretty, quiet, and only four years older than me. So that means I was 22, she was 26, and Quincy was 40 at the time. Nonetheless, on the way out of his house, he goes—he whispers in my ear. He goes, “If you didn’t have the blood, I’d kick your ass out of the house.” I go, “But, Q. All your wives are white.” He goes, “Well, that has nothing to do with it.” [laughs]. So, I’ve had interesting experiences. I didn’t marry his daughter. We were too young. I was 22, she was 21. It was a little too early. And I stayed in LA for about a year. I actually put a great band together. And I ended up starring at the Whisky a Go Go , the Roxy , and all the top clubs. The Ice House. And I—I toured up and down the West Coast. And, uh, I’ll never forget the owner of one was a really, uh, popular big bar area with a stage. He came over to me. He goes, “You guys aren’t a bar band. You’re a—you’re a—you’re a concert act.” I mean that was a compliment. He goes, “You could finish playing here, but you—you belong in a concert arena.” I thought that was odd for a second I—that he said that to me. But that’s what I kept doing. After about a year and a half in LA, I went back to New York and went down to see my family down in Hollywood Beach, Florida. And every day, I went to the piano. I’m really a guitarist, but I can play pretty good. And I wrote maybe 30, 40 new songs. And I was motivated to go back to LA. I go back on Valentine’s Day in 1976, and I stop at a recording studio that I met the owner. And his wife said to me, “Uh, you like busty girls?” I go, “Well, who doesn’t?” She gives me a phone number. I get to my friend’s condo. I’m outside with two guitars, two suitcases, and a briefcase. And a girl comes walking down the block with two guys. And she goes, “Do you need any help?” Remember it’s Valentine’s Day. I go, “That would be nice.” So, she takes my briefcase, the guys bring my luggage, and I take my guitars. And we get in the elevator. I go, “What’s your name?” She goes, “Oh. Randi.” I go, “That’s funny.” I pulled a slip of paper out that the girl from the studio gave me. I go, “What—what’s your phone number? Is this your phone number?” It was a million to one sh—billion to one shot that I get in an elevator a few miles away, and I’m holding the telephone number of the girl that the woman at the other studio told me I should meet. And there she was, standing in an elevator again. That was the best relationship I ever had. Within six, seven months uh, we live—we moved in together. Uh, because of her—she introduced me to somebody. I got my contract with United Artists. And from that point on, I did that album, I launched music, uh—I launched, uh, Disco Diet. I had a concept. And this is where I’ll lead with that. I saw in the late seventies that people were getting more into exercise and working out. And I came up with the idea of, uh, Disco Diet. Because disco was big at that time. The late seventies. It was called Disco Diet: Dance Yourself Slim. And I was—I sat in somebody’s office for five days at the anteroom when you walk in the door. I sat there. I had breakfast, lunch, and dinner right there every day. And the owner, whose name was Cecile Barker , would walk by me with his accountant named Doug Dick. That was his name. With two checkbooks. And he’d be walking back and forth. And then, on a Friday, the fifth day, he looks at me. He goes, “You’re not leaving. Are you?” I go. “I’ll give you ten minutes.” I went into his office. And I said, “Mu—in the eighties, it’s going to be all about exercise. Working out. Walking. You know? Running. Jogging. And I have a great idea.” When I left his office, I walked out with a check for $175,000. And that’s from s—which means that whatever idea you have, you—if you pursue it and believe in it, it will attract and magnetize someone who will tune in with you. And you’ll be fortunate enough to get the financing. So, bottom line, that was one project. And we—I ended up hiring Young & Rubicam in, uh—in, uh—in L.A. Their office in L.A. And we bought full-page ads in People Magazine, T.V. Guide, Diet and Exercise, Slimmer, Playboy, Playgirl. That’s full [taps table] page [taps table] ads on [taps table] every newsstand [taps table] coast to [taps table] coast. And it was very successful. At my post office, when I went in to get it, we had bags full of orders. And we—we grossed millions of dollars. And during that time, a good friend of mine said, “You know, somebody wants to meet you.” I go, “What’s his name?” “Well, he’s—he’s got an exercise studio here. Um, he, uh, helps women in Beverly Hills. He’s got a salad bar.” His name was Richard Simmons. Now, you might have heard of him. But, uh, he loved my Disco Diet, which was a beautiful package. A box that opened up like that. It had a 28-page diet and exercise booklet. It had three giant posters that you would put up on the wall and follow it. And—and, uh, the music. I hired Chaka Khan’s band, Rufus. And they were great. And a—and an arranger named Barry Fasman , who got famous doing Melissa Manchester re—records. She got pretty big. Melissa Manchester. Anyway, [sings] “Don’t cry out loud. Don’t want to be…” That was [knocks the table] her big hit. Anyway, he did a great job. And, uh, Richard Simmons begged me to talk to his manager. So, he picked my brain. And next thing you know, Richard Simmons became the guru. But it was really based on my Disco Diet at the time, and the amount of uh, exposure I had. So, uh, now, remember I’m with the girl that I met in the elevator. We—we’re living together now. I did [taps table] United Artists. I did [tabs table], uh, Disco Diet. And then one day, I meet a woman who made masks. And I called her up. I saw a picture of theses masks. I call her up. And I was lucky enough to call the manager up of, uh—of, uh, what’s his name? Eddie Rabbitt. He managed, uh, Dolly Parton , Eddie Rabbitt, Leif Garrett. And I convinced him to let me bring them to this girl to make what they call “death masks”. In other words, they put—they lied down, and they put this stuff on your face. And they literally lift up this mask. And they make a mold. And I go to a factory. And I made 10,000 Eddie Rabbitt masks the first time around. And we would sell them l—like t-shirts or hats. It was the first time masks—so you could be in the audience looking at your favorite star, wearing his mask. So that would be a trip. I remember heading[sic] Barry, uh—Barry White. I met him on a plane going from, uh, L.A. to New York. And his manager was sitting next to him. And his wife, Glodean . And, uh, uh, I told him—I showed him an Eddie Rabbitt mask. He goes, “You mean I’ll be sitting at the piano, [sings] Whoah. Doing that. And everybody out there was going to have my face?” “Well, it could happen. But you get a percentage of all the sales. Like t-shirts and, uh, merchandise.” So, uh, we did that. And I was on my way to New York. I ended up on the front cover of the New York Post with—on Park Avenue, with a group of people wearing Eddie Rabbitt masks. And my arm and his arm. And me and Eddie Rabbitt were like this. And the next picture was Dolly Parton at Studio 54 wearing an Eddie—walking with an Eddie Rabbitt mask. I have all that. I think you’ve seen it. Um, um, so that was kind of fun. So, we did United Artists. Uh, that album was Jesse Cutler. Then Music of, um—Disco Diet. I called the mask company “Mask”. M-a-s-q dash A dash Raves. R-a-v-e-s. Masq-A-Raves. And [taps table] the, uh—and the distributor said, “You—you should go to like Thailand or, uh, the Philippines. They can manufacture it at like 20 cents apiece. Because I was paying probably around $1.59 per mask. Says, “You can get it for like 15, 25 cents. But I was a little afraid to fly all the way to—at that time to the Philippines. Because I’d never been there talking to somebody in a factory. So, I let that go. Well, then after that, uh, what else did I do? Oh. So, because I was always primarily a guitarist, songwriter and singer, I kept going at that. Oh. And then, I had my piano. And I came up with this idea called “Rockula”. R-o-c-k-u-l-a. The o—the other day, I’m looking at the word. It’s “Rock You L.A.”. But I didn’t think about that ‘til like years later. Rockula was about the, uh—the coming of like the Christ. The new spiritual image for the youth of the world. And it was a kind of a goth-rock kind of musical. And I actually got a—a—I went in the studio, and I hired, uh, uh, Alice Cooper’s band. And they were great. Uh, not Alice Cooper, but his band. And, uh, the tracks came out great. And as while I’m talking, you could hear everything that I’m saying on Spotify, Apple, Google, iHeart Media. Just about every music platform. You could hear all this very interesting music. I have to say, I was very blessed to be able to get the musicians on the level—top level. And that’s going from when I signed with Brut Records in New York. When I walked in, the studio band was Aretha Franklin’s band. It was Chuck Rainey , uh, on bass. And Cornell Dupree on guitar. And Bernard Purdie , which was known as “Pretty” Purdie, on drums. And I got the best compliment of my life. I was 21 years old. And when we were just going through the—the three singles that I made for Brut Records. The first one was called “Sympathy”, and it would go [imitates song]. So, now we’re rehearsing it. And “Pretty” Purdie comes over to me. He goes, “For a white boy, you got perfect timing.” And, to me, that was the greatest compliment I ever had anywhere. Because all those Aretha Franklin hits, if you listen to the drums and the hits on the snare and the symbol and bass and everything and tom toms, it’s “Pretty” Purdie. And he compli-[knocks table]-mented me. You know, going back for a moment, I was born in Brooklyn, New York. And I lived there ‘til I was five or six years old. And, uh, I lived on Grove Street in Ridgewood. And I was a little boy. But when I watched TV, I got always excited seeing musical people on television. And because I pretty much was alone—I had an older sister, seven years old. So, she was in her own world. I was a little kid, and TV became my friend. And I got lost watching, uh, American Bandstand . Not knowing that my father built a house on Long Island, and that I would be living there. And by the time I was in the first year of junior high, I befriended a fellow named Rick Shutter, who’s been honored in the, uh, Modern Drummer magazine. Two-page article about him. It’s a little picture of me, too. He introduced me. I—I—I asked him to be in my band. A guy—a kid was riding down the street with a guitar, and I go, “Is that a guitar?” He goes, “No. It’s a bass.” I go, “Listen. Let me hear you play.” I put a band together. It was called The Young Executives. My father came down the basement. Now, remember I’m 12 years old. And he goes, “You guys are pretty good.” He says, “I think I’ll manage you.” Within a year, we wore derbies, custom made suits. I had a wall full of, uh, big amplifiers. He bought us all top equipment. My—my favorite Strat—Stratocaster. My Fender. Next thing you know, we’re playing parties for The Beatles , The Rolling Stones , Barbra Streisand , Anthony Newley . I met everybody by the time I was 14. And we got signed to Mercury Records. So, as a flashback, here we were the youngest band in history on the Billboard charts. Our first record was called “Everybody Do the Duck”, which was a dance—dance routine. And we were booked on all the big shows. Merv Griffin , Clay Cole Show . And we—the biggest thrill was we were on “Rate-a-Record” on Bandstand. Now, remember, as a little boy, I watched Bandstand. Dick Clark . And now, I’m watching our record, “Everybody Do the Duck”, in competition with a famous British band called The Searchers . And our record won the “Rate-a-Record”. We beat out The Searchers. I mean, this is a—amazing. And so, uh, from that point, I turned 14. And we were doing concerts. We opened up at the Commack State Stadium in Long Island for Gary Lewis & the Playboys and The Troggs . [sings] Wild thing [imitates song]. And, uh, that was life. And then one day, when we were booked on Merv Griffin, uh, the bass player, Steve Wagner, his father says, “Oh. Steve can’t make it. He has a dentist appointment.” And my mother goes, “That’s it. That’s the end of the band.” She couldn’t believe that he would make a deal out of a dentist appointment when we were ready to break out in front of 25 million people on the Merv Griffin Show. That was the end of that. And so, I turned 14. I was put into a—a—a yeshiva. A Jewish—very expensive Jewish prep school in Jamaica Estates in Queens, Long Island. Eh, well, Queens. And, uh, for the next three years, I became the head of the music department. And I put on the shows at the assembly. I got to play my guitar again. But I was back in Normalville. I was in the normal zone. And then, when, um, I was in my second year of college, Rich Shutter calls me up. He said, “Somebody just walked in who, uh, wrote a play. And he’s looking for, uh, some musicians.” He says, “Bring your guitar over.” I go, “I’m not interested. I’m going to go to NYU to become and entertainment lawyer.” I thought I could help a lot of people. And that would be fun. So, I—he convinced me. I came over there with my guitar. And in walks a fellow named Stephen Schwartz . He goes to the piano and he plays all these songs. I go, “What do you call that?” He goes, “Godspell”. “What do you mean? Like gospel?” He goes, “Yeah. Something like that.” I go, “That’s guitar music.” And I’m able to listen and play back instantly. That was a lucky thing of—that I could do mentally. And I play back. He says, “Man. I was you in the show. I want you to—I want —I want you to be my guitarist.” And I told my dad about it. I go, “This guy named Stephen Schwartz asked me to be in his play.” My father goes, “Those plays close in two weeks.” Godspell ran for 12 years on Broadway. I did 8—800 shows. Eight shows a week for 18 months. Recorded the original cast album. I got my first Grammy. I was the lead guitarist, and I invented all the parts, actually. Because Schwartz put a chord chart down. So, there were all the chords. But when it came to the solos, I made them all up. And the album went to the Top 10. In the—that—number one in the world. And it’s still going. It’s still going. It’s playing in Tampa, I just read, for, uh, a week or ten days in March. Uh, into March. Like it starts late February into March 2024. Uh, nonetheless, I ended up signing with Brut Fabergé because I just came out of a hit show, and I had some managers. So, I’m going to get into the—more structure. So, at the time I left Godspell, I had e—enough of it. And I picked up my guitar and I walked around Manhattan, knocking on doors. And said, “I write my own songs. I play guitar. I’m all compact. I’m—I’m everything. I sing. I play. And I write ‘em.” And, uh, first one was, uh, somebody—they offered me $10,000 to sign with one company. But I didn’t feel right at that time. And I kept knocking on doors. And finally, I knocked on the door of one of these managers, not knowing that the partnership—one fellow’s name was Bob Bregman. I didn’t know it, and I should have known it, but his brother was Martin Bregman , who produced all the Al Pacino movies. And strangely enough, Al Pacino is 100% Sicilian, like me. And 11 years older. And I would—20. I had a good look at the time. I would have ended up in all those movies. But I—which I—whoever is watching this, think twice before you make a move. Before you leave something. Because you’ll look back and years later, that—how did I make that mistake? But I didn’t know Bob Bregman was Martin Bregman’s brother. Because that’s—here’s my point. If you really want to be—if you want a job as an entertainer, and you want to make a living at it, and you want to write songs, make records, and go on tour, be signed to an agency, you need a top manager. I’ve said this to everybody in L.A., I—which I lived over 20 years. Tell me who your manager is, and I’ll tell you how far you’re gonna go. How does a Snoop Dogg get on a Katy Perry album? Think about it. I mean, they just pick up the phone and they go like this. “Hey, Bob. It’s John. Listen. We want to move Snoop more into the white market. Let’s put him on Katie’s album.” “Now, that’s a good idea.” That’s how it works. Just like that. So, if you’re dreaming about stardom, the only way that you could really make it and do television and videos and be on tour, remember it’s a business. It’s the business of showbiz. And it’s a business. Managers take anywhere from 15 to 20%. Although with Elvis and Colonel Parker , he had 50%. They were 50/50. But look what he did. A—agents generally take 10%. Maybe 15%. Like big agencies like William Morris or GAC . Those are the big ones. So, if you have a top manager and a top agent, you got a shot. Because the record company, if it’s that good, will promote it. And you’ll go on tour. And you’ll make money on tour. And, uh, if you have a tight little band that’s good, you’ll have a bus. You’ll be a tour bus. And you—that’s your life. And if you have a certain knack for acting, at some point, you be—you move as you get older—when I’m watching Steve Harvey on the $100,000 Pyramid —I looked him up. I couldn’t believe he’s totally bald now with a big mustache. He was a handsome guy with a full head of hair. I just saw him yesterday. But I watch that show every night. I’m addicted to gameshows. Meanwhile, my point before I end this thought: management, agency is the key to success. There’s no other way. Period [taps table]. In the meantime, as a quick review [knocks table], uh, this album, let’s see, for United Artists, which I re—redid. I repackaged. Then one day, I took the music from Disco Diet, which was really good. At the time, I put my girlfriend I—on it. And I repackaged the album. And I called it her last name: Yú, which in Chinese means “fish”, believe it nor not. And I repackaged it. And it gets a lot of airplay. Great sound. It’s all instrumental. Then at one point, I had so many tracks of sound—I made a lot of demos. Before we would go in and make a s—final album, you have to demo your stuff. So, I went in. I actually have 22 tracks on this particular album called Test of Time. And it’s a great title because it still sounds really good. And I have all kinds of musicians on here, as I mentioned, with—with Bernard Purdie and Chuck Rainey. He’s on here with me. And I have, uh, Alice Cooper’s band on here. I even have on Track 18, Live On, Don Ellis , one of the greatest trumpet players in the world that I was fortunate to meet. When we had—Randi, my girlfriend I mentioned earlier. That was Randi Pitch. After we broke up, she ended up marrying the vice president of Warner Brothers. And he went on to ma—to manage, uh, uh, the—the fellow, uh, who married, um—he was Australian. Keith—Keith Urban . Keith Urban came from Australia as a rock and roll guy. But because he landed in Nashville, they put some slide strings behind him to give him that country sound. But he’s really a rock and roll cat. He married, uh—what’s her name? Uh, famous actress. Uh, [taps table] It’s funny. I say her name all the time. But anyway, he married a famous actress with blonde hair. And, uh, Randi was married to the vice-president who went on to manage him. And, uh, I guess Randi was very lucky. Because of her—I met her on every Valentine’s Day. I would look around like, “Who am I going to meet today?” Because I met this girl named Shirley on Valentine’s Day in 2008. I met Randi, who was instrumental in connecting me with the producers with this, on Valentine’s Day in 1996. So how many year[sic] difference is that? That’s, uh, 12 years? Yeah. Is that 12 years? 12 years. I went from this to this in 12 years. And it happened again. So, I’m like in the 12 years cycle. Then I moved to, uh, uh, Orlando. And I love Winter Park, which is a great place. It’s the nicest place in Orlando. Sort of like somewhat of the Beverly Hills or Brentwood of—of Florida. And I was so taken by Winter Park and all the restaurants and the park itself—they have concerts—that I decided to make an album called “Music of Winter Park”. And I named it “Heart”. And it was a dedication album as an homage to the City of Winter Park. And it sold out. Then I got married. And my wife’s family owned one of the biggest radio stations in Orlando—I was lucky—called, uh, uh, WLOQ, which they coined the phrase “smooth jazz”. And they had all the top artists come into Orlando. And they would play in Winter Park at the park. And have a concert scene. They still do that today. And that was 1998. 1999. I met her. Her name was Elizabeth. And for three years, we had a great time. And she—and at that time I was going to go into real estate. And we got married. And I bought six acres. And, uh, she had two little kids. And I built a treehouse. And I walked around the neighborhood saying, “If you want to sell your house, call me first.” And, uh, [knocks table] one day she said to me, “You know, you should make a new album.” I go, “Who needs another Jesse Cutler album?” I go, “Let me think about that.” Saying that to me is like telling an ex-drug addict, “Oh. There’s some heroin over there.” You know? Like music to me was—I do no drugs, by the way. Music is my drug. My passion. My magic. Music completely—I listen to music. And I’m driving every day. All—all—most of the day. Everyday. And I’m—I’m blessed. Because when I have Spotify on, all of a sudden, my face pops up. And my music’s coming through there. What a gift. But that’s from hard work. That’s from really moving around. And if that happens to you, you’ll remember what I’m saying. Well, after we got divorced, I gave her the property. And I got an apartment. And during my marriage, I came up with the idea—when she said, “Why don’t you make a new album?” That was like kind of the worst thing she could have ever told me. Because after I thought about it, instead of making one album, I made [knocks table] 12 albums. I came up with the concept of scoring every astrological sign. And in my head, because I’m a marketing person, every human being on Planet Earth is one of these signs. So, the marketplace is 100% consumable. 100%. Everybody is one of these. And that means you could buy for yourself, or you could buy one [knocks table] as a birthday gift. And so, my target was Hallmark . And it—when you opened them, not only did I have music, but I had all the information about each particular astrological sign. I get to throw some of my pictures in there. And it was a—a little—little something here about me. And so, this was—this is because she says, “Why don’t you make another album?” And this was very expensive [knocks table]. That’s—that’s [knocks table] 12 albums, but I actually made 13. I made a sampler. I took one track from each album, and I made a sampler. And so, [knocks table] I packaged 78 in a—a beautiful custom box. With 78 albums. And we placed them in stores. I didn’t get Hallmark, which I—I’m s—was shocked because it was perfect for them. But I sold out. And so, after we [hits table] got divorced, I [taps table] got my apartment. And I’m thinking, “Hm.” Well, I was advertising “Music of the Stars” in New Age Retailer magazine. I was buying full-page ads to promote this. And I befriended the head of advertising. I came up with an idea. I saw all these people advertising their musical albums, so I held the magazine to my head. I didn’t hear anything. In other words, just having a picture of an album is one thing. But imagine if you could hear it. So, I came up with the idea of ESP: eclectic sound pallets. In other words, I would put 16 or 17 people on this album, and make a deal with a New Age retailer, which went to three continents, to put this on the front cover of the magazine with a poly bag around it, with a full-page color ad, and a website that showcased each—each artist with a clip and a biography. And it would connect to them. So, it’s interconnecting. I took all three things: music distribution, magazine full-page ad, and the website. Now, I’m not the smartest guy in the world, but after you do this many albums, and p—and play with that many people, and that many producers and agents [thumps table], you start to see things in a different way. This was probably one of the greatest things I ever did. And I managed to make 10 New Age albums and two albums for Latin Beat Magazine on the front cover. I even got, uh, what’s his name? Uh, the most famous conga player. I—I got his son. I can’t think of it now. But, uh—but, uh, I got a lot of top artists. Spanish. And because I couldn’t speak Spanish—Habla un poquito español—my friend, Tony, spoke fluently five languages. So, I made him a producer. And he got all happy about it because his name went on every album, and on the full-page ads. Anthony Hattenbach [taps table]. Anyway, that’s a little bit of that. I think that, uh, the bottom line is all these products that I’ve made, and all the experiences I’ve had, I’m saying to you if you’re dreaming about having a career in show business, get a—get a—make your demos. Get a manager. You’re going to need a publisher, and you’re going to need an agent [taps table]. Then you’re set. Then you may have a career. And on your tax form, it says “vocation”. You put “entertainer” [taps table]. And that’s how you do it. You set up a corporation, and that’s the bottom line. Meanwhile, these days [rubs table] I think about—at one point, I said, “You know, I should write a book.” And, uh, in 1989, I was running a big marketing company that published all these little magazines that were distributed through Walgreens, Eckerd’s, Rite Aid. Everywhere at the cash register. And I thought that was a good idea. And I sold advertising. And I became a manager. Then I became the east coast director. Then I became the national director over 38 states. But if I hadn’t done all that I’ve done, that would never have happened. Because now it’s all about communication, and channeling whatever it is that you’re doing to the right audience. Well, one day, I decided—I told my girlfriend, uh, “I’m going to write a book for the benefit of all dreamers wanting to be in show business. It’s called Starlust: The Price of Fame.” And starlust means lusting for stardom. That’s what that means. And, uh, I was fortunate enough to get Joe Renzetti , who won the Oscar for The Buddy Holly Story , to bless my book on the back cover. Stephen Schwartz, who wrote Godspell, Pippin , The Magic Show , and Wicked , signed the back cover. My friend, Ezra Kliger, who I spoke to this morning, was the conductor for Marc Anthony , Neil Diamond and just about everybody, as a top violinist. First violinist. Then he became a conductor. And I’m pushing him to write a book called, uh—what is it? I gave him some ideas. Uh, I keep pushing him. But—so, my girlfriend at the time in 1989 would drop me off at the library, starting on Jan [taps table] uary 1st, from [taps table] 9:00 in the morning to [taps table] 6:00 at night. [taps table] Five [taps table]days a [taps table]week. And [taps table] all [taps table] I [taps table] did for [taps table]seven [taps table]months was [taps table] write [taps table] every [taps table] day. You got be disciplined. On July 31st, a girlfriend of mine’s birthday—I’m godfather to her daughter—calls me up. She says, “Come meet us at, uh, Maria’s Café.” I go, “You know what? I just finished my book. It’s your birthday. So, it’s sort of a birthday for my book, too. Yeah. I’ll come.” We get—we get there. And, well, I wrote a book. But let me tell you, you have to have that—I wrote everything on a yellow pad. I had stack[sic] of yellow pads. Handwriting. I had to hire somebody to convert it into text. Which I did. Now you got[sic] to get a publisher. Well, to be honest, it took—I figured it out. I finished July 31st, 1989. It wasn’t published until 2008. So, that—what is that? 19 years? Or 18 years. It took about 18 years to finally publish it. How did I get it? Because I was in advertising, I met two fellows. I said, “Oh. Is this your company? Do you have a trademark?” I go, “I’ll do that for you. And, uh, 750 each.” So, I did two trademarks. And one of the fellows, I d—delivered the trademark. I got it for him. And I had one spot left on my advertising booklet. And I go, “Why don’t you take the last spot here? It’s fi—it's 1,500. I’ll give it to you for 1,000.” And he—he paid me cash. And after, I went to print and brought him a copy. I go, “You know, Michael. You know I could really use a partner. I have a book I’d love to publish.” And there, God struck lightning again. “[taps table] How much you need?” “I don’t know. 35. 40,000.” He goes, “Meet me at the bank tomorrow.” And it happened just like that. And my book went on. It’s all over the world. It’s distributed worldwide on Amazon and Barnes & Noble. And I went on a book tour. So, if you’re listening to all this stuff that I’m telling you, it all started when I was 13 years old with my little band of Long Islands. And my father was the manager. And he was great. So, your manager, again, is the key—na[sic], but I continued on and on and on. And I’ve had my ups and downs. But I kept going. And today, my goal is to take Starlust: The Price of Fame and make a movie based on my book about the climb as a child, whose dream was to perform and make it as a star in life to the world globally. And that’s my next challenge. And I’m going back to California to do that in a few months. And that’s where I’ll leave it right there. Starlust: The Price of Fame. Cravero Mr. Cutler, thank you so much again for sharing your time and speaking with us today. I really appreciate it. Cutler My pleasure. Cravero Alright. Well, this has been Geoffrey Cravero with Jesse Cutler at the University of Central Florida on February 23rd, 2024. Alice Cooper American Bandstand Aretha Louise Franklin astrology Barry Eugene Carter Barry White Bernard Lee “Pretty” Purdie Berry Gordy III Cecile D. Barker Chaka Khan Charles Walter Rainey III Cornell Luther Dupree Diana Ross Disco Diet eclectic sound pallets Eddie Rabbitt Edward Thomas Rabbitt Everybody Do the Duck Fabergé Geoffrey Cravero Godspell guitar Jay Jospeh Graydon Jesse Cutler Joe Renzetti Jolie Jones Levine Lee Mack Ritenour Lionel Brockman Richie Jr. Los Angeles Louis-Milo Gibaldi Margaret Ann Lipton Marvin Pentz Gaye Jr. Masq-A-Raves Mercury Records Michael Jospeh Jackson Milton Teagle “Richard” Simmons music music industry musician New York Quincy Delight Jones Jr. R&B music Randi Pitch recording industry Richard Simmons Rockula Roxy Theatre Rufus Shrine Auditorium Soul Wood Starlust: The Price of Fame Steely Dan Stephen Lawrence Schwartz United Artists Records Whisky a Go Go William Robinson Jr. Winter Park Young & Rubicam Young Executives https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/ddb261919f1a57c313882c1af5fb2a02.pdf 019d7ccaffb5c870dd40258f52ce4550 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Watermark Collection Alternative Title The Watermark Collection Subject Gay culture--United States Description Since 1994, The Watermark has been the cornerstone source of LGBTQ+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, Queer/Questioning, and others) centered news for the Central Florida region. Founded by Tom Dyer in Orlando, the publication began generating bi-weekly issues beginning August 31, 1994. Since then, The Watermark has consistently published newspaper style issues every other Thursday. Gaining traction, the publication expanded in 1995 to include Tampa and, in 1997, The Watermark became a permanent piece of LGBTQ+ culture when the publication initiated the first large-scale Gay Days Weekend event, the Beach Ball at Disney’s Typhoon Lagoon. Before 1999, the publication printed 20,000 copies every week, distributing them to over 500 locations between its two major cities. Following 1999, the publication launched watermarkonline.com shifting to an online publication style. In 2016, Rick Claggett purchased The Watermark. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/" target="_blank">RICHES Program</a> Type Collection Contributing Project <a href="http://www.floridalgbtqmuseum.org/%20" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/">The Watermark</a> Curator Smith, Robert Cepero, Laura O'Neal, Rhiannon Hearn, Nikki Greene, Quintella Rodriguez, Sharon Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.floridalgbtqmuseum.org/%20" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/" target="_blank">About/Contact</a>." WatermarkOnline.com, accessed July 11, 2016. http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title The Watermark, Vol. 12, No. 17, August 25-September 7, 2005 Alternative Title Watermark, Vol. 12, No. 17 Subject Gay culture--United States Description The seventeenth issue in the twelfth volum of The Watermark was published on August 25, 2005 Since 1994, The Watermark has been the cornerstone source of LGBTQ+ centered news for the Central Florida region. Founded by Tom Dyer in Orlando, the publication began generating bi-weekly issues beginning August 31, 1994. Since then, The Watermark has consistently published newspaper-style issues every other Thursday. Gaining traction, the publication expanded in 1995 to include Tampa and, in 1997, The Watermark became a permanent piece of LGBTQ+ culture when the publication initiated the first large-scale Gay Days Weekend event, the Beach Ball at Disney’s Typhoon Lagoon. Before 1999, the publication printed 20,000 copies every week, distributing them to over 500 locations between its two major cities. Following 1999, the publication launched watermarkonline.com shifting to an online publication style. In 2016, Rick Claggett purchased The Watermark. Type Text Source Original 80-page newspaper: <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">The Watermark</a>, Vol. 12, No. 17, August 25-September 7, 2005: Watermark Publishing Group, Orlando, Florida. Requires <a href="http://www.adobe.com/products/reader.html" target="_blank">Adobe Acrobat Reader</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.https//richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/203" target="_blank">The Watermark Collection</a>, LGBTQ+ Collection, RICHES. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original 80-page newspaper: <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">The Watermark, </a> , Vol. 12, No. 17, August 25-September 7, 2005. Coverage Orlando, Florida Tampa, Florida Daytona Beach, Florida Sarasota, Florida St. Petersburg, Florida Key West, Florida Kansas City, Kansas Conway, Arkansas Lansing, Michigan Stockholm, Sweden Washington, D.C. London, England Santa Ana, California Wichita, Kansas Tallahassee, Florida Lakeland, Florida Creator Dyer, Tom Wiethop, Dave Hartlage, Kirk Blanchard, Steve Siyufy, Adele Buck, Lisa Baber, Keith Crescitelli, Jim DeJesus, Edwin Jenkins, Georgia Leiner, Victor Kundis, Ken Masters, Billy Middour, Bryan L. Murray-Parker, Karen S. Nolan, Margaret Paull, Anthony Roehr, Bob Triggs, Greg Wiggins, Jayelle Wilde, Diane Bechdel, Alison Maniscalco, Rex Moore, Travis Eckert, Tom Nutt, Brian Publisher <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">Watermark Media</a> Date Created ca. 2005-08-25 Date Issued 2005-08-25 Date Copyrighted 2005-08-25 Format application/pdf Medium 80-page newspaper Language eng Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally published by <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">Watermark Media</a>. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">Watermark Publishing Group</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Curator Hearn, Nikki Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">Watermark Media</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/" target="_blank">About/Contact</a>." WatermarkOnline.com, accessed January 26, 2018. http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Adele Siyufy Aimee Mann Alison Bechdel Anthony Paull anti-gay policy Beth Adele Long Billy Masters bisexual Bob Roehr Brian Nutt Bryan L. Middour bullying Buycott Dave Wiethop Daytona Beach Debbie Oliver Diane Wilde domestic partnerships Don Williams Dragness of God and the Naked Holy Ghost Edwin DeJesus Evangelical Lutheran Church of American Fall Arts Preview gay Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Descrimination Gay Days Tampa Gay Lesbian Bisexual Transgender gay marriage gay panic gay-bashing Georgia Jenkins Greg Triggs hate crimes homosexuality homosexuals human immunodeficiency virus Jayelle Wiggins Jen Foster Jim Crescitelli Jim Verraros Jimmie Rice John Granstrand John Walldorf Jonathan Sexauer Karen S. Murray-Parker Ken Kundis Kevin Thornton Kieth Barber King of Peace MCC Kirk Hartlage Larry Hermann Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender lesbians LGBTQ+ Lisa Buck Lorraine Brock Maitland Art Center Margaret Nolan Mark Dickerson Michigan Women's Music Festival Misty Smeltzer Nancy Wilson Neil G. Giuliano orlando Pride Q Television queers questioning Rex Maniscalco Rick Claggett Rivendell Media, Inc. same-sex Sarasota Sarasota Gay and Lesbian Film Festival sexual harassment Spacecoast St. Petersburg Steve Allen Steve Blanchard Steve Davis Suncoast Theatre Tampa The Ladies of Eola Heights The Watermark Tom Dyer Tom Eckert Tom Murray trans transgender Travis Moore Trina Gregory Victor Leiner Virgil Wanzie and Company https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/1b0ca7b267bd0da0c01d9e5851bf9f56.pdf 657461cfd74c12dc2ae5114fd8e4527d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Oviedo Historical Society Collection Alternative Title Oviedo Historical Society Collection Subject Oviedo (Fla). Description The Oviedo Historical Society Collection encompasses historical artifacts donated for digitization at the Oviedo Historical Society's History Harvest in the Spring semester of 2015. The Oviedo Historical Society was organized in November 1973 by a group of citizens. The society is a 501(3) non-profit organization. Its purpose is to help preserve the community identity of Oviedo by collecting and disseminating knowledge about local history, serve as a repository for documents and artifacts relating to Oviedo history, promote the preservation and marking of historic sites and buildings in the Oviedo area and foster interest in local, state, national, and world history. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/128" target="_blank">Oviedo Collection</a>, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Oviedo, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://oviedohs.com/" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society</a> <a href="http://history.cah.ucf.edu/staff.php?id=304" target="_blank">Dr. Connie L. Lester</a>'s Introduction to Public History course, Spring 2015 Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://oviedohs.com/" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society</a>." Oviedo Historical Society, Inc. http://oviedohs.com/. Adicks, Richard, and Donna M. Neely. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5890131" target="_blank">Oviedo, Biography of a Town</a>. S.l: s.n.], 1979. Robison, Jim. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/796757419" target="_blank">Around Oviedo</a>. 2012. "<a href="http://www.cityofoviedo.net/node/68" target="_blank">History</a>." City of Oviedo, Florida. http://www.cityofoviedo.net/node/68. "<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/audio/Ep41-Oviedo.mp3" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries, Episode 41: Oviedo, with Dr. Richard Adicks</a>." RICHES of Central Florida. http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/audio/Ep41-Oviedo.mp3. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer Dossie, Porsh Interviewee Boston, Ida Location Oviedo, Florida Original Format 1 audio/video recording Duration 15 minutes and 38 seconds Bit Rate/Frequency 127kbps Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Oral History of Ida Boston Alternative Title Oral History, Boston Subject Oral history--United States Oviedo (Fla.) Education--Florida Schools Churches--Florida Baptists--Florida Segregation--Florida Cemeteries--Florida Graveyards Civil rights--Florida Description An oral history of Ida Boston, conducted by Porsha Dossie on April 18, 2015. Boston is a resident of Oviedo, Florida, and a retired school bus driver for the Seminole County Public Schools. In 1956, she married her husband, Russell Boston, who is the grandson of Prince Butler Boston, a leading figure in Oviedo's black community. In this oral history, Boston discusses the legacy of Prince Butler Boston, establishing a colored cemetery, funding colored schools in the Oviedo area, and the Antioch Missionary Baptist Church. Boston also discusses black life in Oviedo, including membership in the Oviedo Citizens in Action Committee (OCIAC), which desegregated public places in Oviedo and fought for integration of Oviedo's schools. Table Of Contents 0:00:00 Introduction 0:01:08 Prince Butler Boston and the Boston Family 0:04:17 Married life 0:05:46 History Harvest 0:07:51 Oviedo Citizens in Action Committee 0:10:47 Black life in Seminole County 0:13:24 Boston Hill Cemetery and Antioch Missionary Baptist Church 0:15:20 Closing remarks Abstract Oral history interview of Ida Boston. Interview conducted by Porsha Dossie at the <a href="http://oviedohs.com/" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society</a> in Oviedo, Florida, on April 18, 2015. Type Moving Image Source Boston, Ida. Interviewed by Porsha Dossie, April 18, 2015. Audio/video record available. Oviedo History Harvest, <a href="http://oviedohs.com/" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society</a>, Oviedo, Florida. Requires <a href="http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/" target="_blank"> Adobe Flash Player</a> <a href="http://java.com/en/download/index.jsp" target="_blank"> Java</a> <a href="https://get.adobe.com/reader/" target="_blank">Adobe Acrobat Reader</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/147" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society Collection</a>, Oviedo Collection, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Has Format 10-page digital transcript of original 15-minute and 38-second oral history: Boston, Ida. Interviewed by Porsha Dossie, April 18, 2015. Audio/video record available. Oviedo History Harvest, <a href="http://oviedohs.com/" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society</a>, Oviedo, Florida. Coverage Oviedo Colored School, Oviedo, Florida Antioch Missionary Baptist Church, Oviedo, Florida Home of the Boston Family, Oviedo, Florida Home of Prince Butler Boston, Oviedo, Florida Boston Hill Cemetery, Oviedo, Florida Creator Boston, Ida Dossie, Porsha Publisher <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> Date Created 2015-04-18 Date Copyrighted 2015-04-18 Format video/mp4 application/pdf Extent 462 MB 141 KB Medium 15-minute and 38-second audio/video recording 10-page digital transcript Language eng Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally created by Ida Boston and Porsha Dossie and published by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Rights Holder <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> Accrual Method Item Creation Contributing Project <a href="http://oviedohs.com/" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society</a> Curator Dossie, Porsha Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference Robinson, Jim. "<a href="http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1989-02-02/news/8902030156_1_oviedo-grove-boston" target="_blank">Boston's dedication bears fruit in community, citrus industry</a>." The Orlando Sentinel, February 2, 1989. http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1989-02-02/news/8902030156_1_oviedo-grove-boston. "<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/audio/Ep41-Oviedo.mp3" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries, Episode 41: Oviedo, with Dr. Richard Adicks</a>." RICHES of Central Florida. http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/audio/Ep41-Oviedo.mp3. Adicks, Richard, and Donna M. Neely. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5890131" target="_blank">Oviedo, Biography of a Town</a>. S.l: s.n.], 1979. Robison, Jim. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/796757419" target="_blank">Around Oviedo</a>. 2012. "<a href="http://www.cityofoviedo.net/node/68" target="_blank">History</a>." City of Oviedo, Florida. http://www.cityofoviedo.net/node/68. Click to View (Movie, Podcast, or Website) <a href="https://youtu.be/iUjvhmIEORY" target="_blank">Oral History of Ida Boston</a> Academy Place African American agriculture Alexander Atkinson Antioch Missionary Baptist Church Baptist barber barbershop Boston Alley Boston Hill Cemetery Boston Street bus bus driver Butler Boston Project Canterbury Retreat carpenter cemetery church citrus City of Oviedo civil rights Civil Rights Movement desegregation Division Street doctor drugstore education equal rights farmer farming First United Methodist Church of Oviedo graveyard grower Henry Jackson Ida Boston integration Jackson Heights Elementary School Jackson Heights Middle School James Bordy Joseph Boston Julia Boston Lake Gem Lindsay Lane Little Red School House nonviolent resistance OCIAC OHS oral history orange Oviedo Oviedo Citizens in Action Oviedo Colored School Oviedo High School physician plantation Porsha Dossie Prince Butler Atkinson Prince Butler Boston protest race relations racism Russell W. Boston Sanford school SCPS segregation Seminole County Seminole County Public Schools sit-down sit-in https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/2b8a11d96bfa9cc226953a904ba8a367.pdf d85821d7b62801905e463b3e7cbfe894 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Watermark Collection Alternative Title The Watermark Collection Subject Gay culture--United States Description Since 1994, The Watermark has been the cornerstone source of LGBTQ+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, Queer/Questioning, and others) centered news for the Central Florida region. Founded by Tom Dyer in Orlando, the publication began generating bi-weekly issues beginning August 31, 1994. Since then, The Watermark has consistently published newspaper style issues every other Thursday. Gaining traction, the publication expanded in 1995 to include Tampa and, in 1997, The Watermark became a permanent piece of LGBTQ+ culture when the publication initiated the first large-scale Gay Days Weekend event, the Beach Ball at Disney’s Typhoon Lagoon. Before 1999, the publication printed 20,000 copies every week, distributing them to over 500 locations between its two major cities. Following 1999, the publication launched watermarkonline.com shifting to an online publication style. In 2016, Rick Claggett purchased The Watermark. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/" target="_blank">RICHES Program</a> Type Collection Contributing Project <a href="http://www.floridalgbtqmuseum.org/%20" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/">The Watermark</a> Curator Smith, Robert Cepero, Laura O'Neal, Rhiannon Hearn, Nikki Greene, Quintella Rodriguez, Sharon Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.floridalgbtqmuseum.org/%20" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/" target="_blank">About/Contact</a>." WatermarkOnline.com, accessed July 11, 2016. http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title The Watermark, Vol. 7, No. 1, January 6-19, 2000 Alternative Title Watermark, Vol. 7, No. 1 Subject Gay culture--United States Description The ninth issue of The Watermark was published on January 6-19, 2000, and focuses on community issues with the LGBTQ+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, Queer/Questioning, and others) movement. The main topics covered in this issue include a letter from the editor the Supreme Court of Vermont's decision on same-sex marriages the Millennium March on Washington (MMOW) BeachFest in Daytona Beach, the closing of the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual Community Center (GLBCC) the resignation of Charles Albrecht, executive director of the Tampa AIDS Network (TAN) the anti-gay comments of Lee County Sheriff John McDougall regarding Matthew Shepard, a young, homosexual man who was brutally tortured and murdered in Wyoming an increase in hate crimes against minorities members of the LGBTQ+ community who have hearing impairments legal and medical issues related to human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) the Gay Financial Network's (GFN) first annual list of the 25 Most Influential Gay and Lesbian Corporate Executives fundamentalism and the LGBTQ+ community New Year's resolutions to improve gay culture gay choruses in Orlando and Tampa Bay being single in the upcoming year gays and lesbians in sports aerobics and authenticity breast augmentation and astronomer and gay rights activist Frank Kameny (1925-2011). This issue also includes various advertisements, film reviews, a calendar of events, organizations and meetings, an astrology section, and personal classifieds. Finally this issues includes The Waterfront supplement, which featured articles about Parliament House, The Factory at Garage, and the sale of Viagra on the black market, as well as a gossip column, a nightlife column, music reviews, comics, maps of LGBTQ+ businesses in various Florida cities, and a sex talk column. Since 1994, The Watermark has been the cornerstone source of LGBTQ+ centered news for the Central Florida region. Founded by Tom Dyer in Orlando, the publication began generating bi-weekly issues beginning August 31, 1994. Since then, The Watermark has consistently published newspaper-style issues every other Thursday. Gaining traction, the publication expanded in 1995 to include Tampa and, in 1997, The Watermark became a permanent piece of LGBTQ+ culture when the publication initiated the first large-scale Gay Days Weekend event, the Beach Ball at Disney’s Typhoon Lagoon. Before 1999, the publication printed 20,000 copies every week, distributing them to over 500 locations between its two major cities. Following 1999, the publication launched watermarkonline.com shifting to an online publication style. In 2016, Rick Claggett purchased The Watermark. Type Text Source Original 32-page newspaper: <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">The Watermark</a>, Vol. 7, No. 1, January 6-19, 2000: Publications Collection, <a href="http://glbthistorymuseum.com/joomla25/index.php?lang=en" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a>, Orlando, Florida. Requires <a href="http://www.adobe.com/products/reader.html" target="_blank">Adobe Acrobat Reader</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.UCF.edu/omeka/collections/show/203" target="_blank">The Watermark Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original 32-page newspaper: <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">The Watermark</a>, Vol. 7, No. 1, January 6-19, 2000. Coverage Parliament House, Orlando, Florida Vermont Washington, D.C. Daytona Beach, Florida Lee County, Florida Tampa Bay, Florida Creator Dyer, Tom Peterson, Keith Cavilla, Derek Simmons, Todd Martinez-Padilla Smith, Scott Johnson, Carl A. Worth, Ken Rennels, Sam Smirnow, Vic Pritchard, Casie Sullivan, John Smith, Nadine Wilde, Diane Crescitelli, James A. Adams, Stacey A. Kundis, Ken Thomas, Clive Triggs, Greg York, KimBoo Masters, Billy Wiggins, Hayelle Varnell, Paul Harris, L. Paul Dittman, Earl Schwartz, Harriet L. Hartlage, Kirk Carson, Kelly Holbdy, Philip Sheppard, Simon Huisman, Mark J. Bechdel, Alison Orner, Eric Porter, Jill Fernandez, Victor Pabon, Algieri Maniscalco, Rex Reynolds, Christine E. Warner, Tom Francesca Roehr, Bob Wiggins, Jayelle Alvear, Michael Siegel, Randy Bianco, David Jack the Lad Sheppard, Simon Publisher <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">Watermark Media</a> Date Created ca. 1994-12-21 Date Issued 12/21/1994 Date Copyrighted 12/21/1994 Format application/pdf Extent 652 MB Medium 32-page newspaper Language eng Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally published by <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">Watermark Media</a>. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">Watermark Publishing Group</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.UCF.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="http://glbthistorymuseum.com/joomla25/index.php?lang=en" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> Curator Smith, Robert Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.UCF.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://glbthistorymuseum.com/joomla25/index.php?lang=en" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/" target="_blank">About/Contact</a>." WatermarkOnline.com, accessed July 11, 2016. http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/. A. J. Mclean A. Johnson Abercrombie Abercrombie & Fitch Albrecht Algieri Pabon Alison Bechdel Allan Gilmour Altamonte Springs Andrew Tobias Andy Dick Andy Kaufman Ann Heche Annie Russell Theatre Anthony Evans Bain Barry Newman Becky Baker Bennett Bergstrom Berliner Bill Bradley Bill Schumacher bisexuals Bo Clements Bob Witeck Bowles Boynton Beach Bradley Brandon Gold Brunner Busch Gardens Cameron Diaz Carey Carter Cecil Beaton Charles Albrecht Christine E. Reynolds Christmas Clark Clements Clive Thomas Conway Copello Crumley Dale Mabry Danny Devito Darden David Bohnett David Brunner David Geffen David Killiam David Killlam David Lynch Daytona Daytona Beach Daytona Beach Business Guild Dennis Enos Diana Ross Diane Wilde Diaz Donald Granatstein Doris Humphrey Drennen Edgewater Edmund White Egmont Key Eisner Ellen DeGeneres Everett Forman Fort Lauderdale Frank Kameny Fred Berliner G. Elliott Barber gay Gebhardt Greater Daytona Beach Business Guild Hadar Namir Hall Helen Bean Homer homosexuality homosexuals Hottinaer J. Edgar Hoover Jack Miller James Jacob Jayelle Wiggins Jeb Bush Jeffrey Gaines Jeffrey L. Newman Jill Porter Jim Carey Jim Roth Jimmy Josun Jimmy Stewart Joan Baez Joan Garry Joey Brooks John Carpenter John Curley John Cusack John Malkovich John Sullivan Jose Limon Joy Metropolitan Community Church Judy Shepard Julian Bain Kameny Karen Ann Edwards Kathy Levinson Keener Kelley Ken Kundis Kimberly Bowles Lambda Lance Armstrong Latka Gravis Laurie Leiber Leigh Shannon lesbians LGBT LGBTQ+ Longstreth Longwood Madonna Mahaffey Theater Maitland Art Center Makoma Malkovich Mandy Carter Mark McGwire Mary Mellstrom Matthew Shepard Maxwell C. King Center McCain Megiddo Michael Eisner Michael Freeman Michael Fritts Mickey Didn Miller Milos Forman Nadine Smith Nathanson New Port Richey Nickerson orlando Pacillla Simmons Pamela J. Helton Pete Sampras Peter Pan queers questioning Rainbow Endowment Randy Siegel Rick Cirillo Rick Sprengiteld Risa Steinberg Rob Owen Robert Morgan Rocker Rosen Russ Crumley same-sex Sarasota Schumacher Scooby Doo Scott Bessent Scott Kramer Seminole Serena Williams Shepard Shlomo Benizri Simon Sheppard Sonny Southerlin Sonny Sutherland Southern Voice St. Petersburg Stacey A. Adams Steffi Graf Stephanie Shippae Stephen K. Friedman Steve Fuchs Steven Fallon Steven Rivera. Sunshine Rainbow Alliance Susan M. Murray Tampa Tampa Bay Terry L. Harden Tesche The Watermark Todd Martinez-Padilla Todd Meyer Tom Sadler Toni Collette Tony Danza trans transgender Victor Fernandez W. Swann Walgreens Wayne Stayskal Whitney Houston Will and Grace William Cunningham William Orbit Willie Nelson https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/fd31296325e31836da3e2617590ede99.pdf 40467b57837f2023d78fda2079632458 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Watermark Collection Alternative Title The Watermark Collection Subject Gay culture--United States Description Since 1994, The Watermark has been the cornerstone source of LGBTQ+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, Queer/Questioning, and others) centered news for the Central Florida region. Founded by Tom Dyer in Orlando, the publication began generating bi-weekly issues beginning August 31, 1994. Since then, The Watermark has consistently published newspaper style issues every other Thursday. Gaining traction, the publication expanded in 1995 to include Tampa and, in 1997, The Watermark became a permanent piece of LGBTQ+ culture when the publication initiated the first large-scale Gay Days Weekend event, the Beach Ball at Disney’s Typhoon Lagoon. Before 1999, the publication printed 20,000 copies every week, distributing them to over 500 locations between its two major cities. Following 1999, the publication launched watermarkonline.com shifting to an online publication style. In 2016, Rick Claggett purchased The Watermark. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/" target="_blank">RICHES Program</a> Type Collection Contributing Project <a href="http://www.floridalgbtqmuseum.org/%20" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/">The Watermark</a> Curator Smith, Robert Cepero, Laura O'Neal, Rhiannon Hearn, Nikki Greene, Quintella Rodriguez, Sharon Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.floridalgbtqmuseum.org/%20" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/" target="_blank">About/Contact</a>." WatermarkOnline.com, accessed July 11, 2016. http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title The Watermark, Vol. 2, No. 2, January 25, 1995 Alternative Title Watermark, Vol. 2, No. 2 Subject Gay culture--United States Description The second issue of volume two of The Watermark was published on January 25, 1995, and focuses on community issues with the LGBTQ+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, Queer/Questioning, and others) movement. The main topics discussed in this issue are Iran's persecution of gay nightclub patrons, West Palm Beach voters' defeat of a proposal that sought to remove gay rights protections from municipal law, the Metropolitan Business Association's (MBA) Second Annual Expo, a federal court's ruling allowing a veterans group to bar the LGBTQ+ community from marching in Boston's St. Patrick's Day Parade, and Scott Laurent Galleries. This issue also includes letters to the editor, theater and film reviews, restaurant reviews, and comic strips, as well as culture, artful living, travel, marketplace, and classifieds sections. Since 1994, The Watermark has been the cornerstone source of LGBTQ+ centered news for the Central Florida region. Founded by Tom Dyer in Orlando, the publication began generating bi-weekly issues beginning August 31, 1994. Since then, The Watermark has consistently published newspaper-style issues every other Thursday. Gaining traction, the publication expanded in 1995 to include Tampa and, in 1997, The Watermark became a permanent piece of LGBTQ+ culture when the publication initiated the first large-scale Gay Days Weekend event, the Beach Ball at Disney’s Typhoon Lagoon. Before 1999, the publication printed 20,000 copies every week, distributing them to over 500 locations between its two major cities. Following 1999, the publication launched watermarkonline.com shifting to an online publication style. In 2016, Rick Claggett purchased The Watermark. Type Text Source Original 32-page newspaper: <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">The Watermark</a>, Vol. 2, No. 2, January 25, 1995: Publications Collection, <a href="http://glbthistorymuseum.com/joomla25/index.php?lang=en" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a>, Orlando, Florida. Requires <a href="http://www.adobe.com/products/reader.html" target="_blank">Adobe Acrobat Reader</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.UCF.edu/omeka/collections/show/203" target="_blank">The Watermark Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original 32-page newspaper: <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">The Watermark</a>, Vol. 2, No. 2, January 25, 1995. Coverage Bahia Shrine Temple, Orlando, Florida Iran West Palm Beach, Florida Walt Disney World, Lake Buena Vista, Florida Boston, Massachusetts Duke University, Durham, North Carolina Denver, Colorado United Kingdom Kansas City, Missouri Gaborone, Botswana Daytona Beach, Florida Scott Laurent Galleries, Winter Park, Florida Creator Kudis, Ken Bartsch, Carol Sheehan, Patty Dyer, Tom Johnson, D. J. Brenner, Harmony Anderson, Mark Maines, Ted Bray, Dan Gustetter, April Peterson, Keith Emmer, Sarah Kilgore, Michael L. Fowler, G. K. Schultz, Nan Toscas, Dimitri Crescitelli, Jim A. Newsman, Leslea Badal, Sharon De Matteis, Stephen Sloan, Rosanne Saran, Joe Almeida, David Provencher, William André Dean, Brandon Bruin, Patrick Wilde, Diane Vassel, Yvonne C. T. Hartman, Keith Bechdel, Alison Orner, Eric Porter, Jill Vangelys, Gabriel Holland, Robert Messmer, Katie Kenney, Tera Williams, Mike Publisher <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">Watermark Media</a> Date Created ca. 1994-11-23 Date Issued 1994-11-23 Date Copyrighted 1994-11-23 Format application/pdf Extent 282 MB Medium 32-page newspaper Language eng Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally published by <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">Watermark Media</a>. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">Watermark Publishing Group</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.UCF.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="http://glbthistorymuseum.com/joomla25/index.php?lang=en" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> Curator Smith, Robert Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.UCF.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://glbthistorymuseum.com/joomla25/index.php?lang=en" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/" target="_blank">About/Contact</a>." WatermarkOnline.com, accessed July 11, 2016. http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/. activism activists Alachua County Alan Bruun Amnesty International Anderson Andre Provencher Andrews Sisters Anne Waldron Anthony Fauci Audrey Hepburn Bahia Shrine Auditorium Barbie Bart Zarcone Bennett Klein bisexuals Bob Spears Brad Houghton Bruce Jenner capital punishment Carl S. Simon Carol Bartsch Cheryl Griggs Chris Lynde Christine Robison Chuck Almand Clermont Cloutier Dade David Almeida David Caton David Geffen David Ho David Roberson David Schwartz Daytona Daytona Beach De Matteis Diana Ross Diane Wilde Dimitri Toscas Disney Don Dias Douglas Battawa Eddie Hilliard Eleanor Roosevelt Elgan Elke Martin Enyart Epcot Eric Overmyer Eric Rollings Erica Rand Finn Fowler Gail Bird gay Georg Ketelhohn George Coscia George M. Shaw Glenda Hood Graham Gus Van Sant Harold Fong HOMAN homosexuality homosexuals Ian Russell Iran Islamic Penal Law James Bybee James S. Koopman Jamie P. Still Jay Boyar Jay Levy Jim Crescitelli Joel Strack John Doe John McCombs John Rose John Travolta Johns Hopkins Johnson Johnston Jonathan Bamford Jonathan Hollingshead Judy Davis Katie Messmer Keanu Reeves Keith Baber Keith Bergstrasser Keith Bergstrasser & Company, Inc Keith Brodie Keith Morrison Keith Peterson Ken Kundis Keohane Kim Jones Lambda Center Laurence Mark Laurent Nicastro Leonard Cohen lesbians Lesbigay Coalition Leslie Bennet LGBT LGBTQ+ Life Care Resources Linda Chapin Lou Baio Lucy Carney Lyman Maitland Maitland Civic Center Marcia Gay Harden Margaret Reinfeld Margarethe Cammermeyer Mario Pabon Marlene Bernstein Martha Stewart Martin Martin Scorsese Mary Jess Mary Linger Menino Metropolitan Business Association Miami Michael Dunn Michael Hodges Michael Jackson Miller Moonstruck Natural Born Killers Newman Nicastro orlando Orlando Public Library Palm Beach Palm Beach County Paradise Island Patrick Bruin Patty Sheehan Phil Donahue Phillips queers questioning Rainbow Democratic Club Richard Cloutier Richard Giorgio Robert Deniro Robert Holland Robert Sean Leonard Robin Buhrke Ron Carnival Ronald Reagan Rosalind Russell Rosanne Sloan Saidi Sirjani Sam Shepard same-sex Sandie Swift Sandy Fink Sarah Emmer Sarah Nuckles Sarano Saviz Shafaie Schwartz Scott Alles Sean Astin Sharia law Sharon Badal Shepard Somers Stephan Likosky Steve Rheaume Steve Roberts Susan Sarandon Tampa Tampa Bay Tampa Bay Gay Men's Chorus Ted Maines Tera Kenney The Client The Lambda Center The Watermark Tim Huskins Tom Dyer trans transgender Val Stevens W. Thomas Dyer Watermark Media, Inc. West Palm Beach William F. Weld William Finn Wilson Winslow Winter Park Yolanda Clark https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/9a7111f2ac83a86f2412b2559779f87a.mp3 340ac851720e91dc1ed484e4cf44b3c7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Jazz Collection Alternative Title Jazz Collection Subject Music--United States Jazz--United States Orlando (Fla.) Description Collection of digital images, documents, and other records depicting the history of jazz in Florida. Series descriptions are based on special topics, the majority of which students focused their metadata entries around. The roots of jazz music began in the fields of the American South, as African-American slaves sang “call-and-response” work songs and “spirituals” to help them get through the brutal hours of forced labor. As Europeans immigrated to American cities in the late 19th century, they brought their musical traditions with them, and soon African-American musicians, such as Ernest Hogan and Scott Joplin, combined these styles with polyrhythmic African music, creating ragtime. New Orleans was an especially diverse cultural melting pot and became a place for musical experimentation by the early 1910s. European music merged with blues, folk, marching band music, and ragtime, creating a new genre called “jazz.” By the 1920s, the First Great Migration brought millions of African Americans to the urban Northeast and Midwest. Young, white Americans became enamored with jazz and blues music and the genre was soon being played on radio stations, at dancehalls, and in homes across the country. New York City, Kansas City, and Chicago began to establish their own styles of jazz. Big band swing became the most popular style of American music in the 1930s and 1940s. The most definitive feature of jazz is improvisation. The Great Depression forced many bands to cut down in size, leaving more space for intricate melodies and room for exploration. Bebop, which emerged in New York in the early 1940s, was aimed at a listening audience, rather than a dancing one, and became known as “musician’s music.” Bebop paved the way for Afro-Cuban and Latin jazz in the 1950s, when musicians, such as Dizzy Gillespie and Duke Ellington, incorporated Latin rhythms by playing with Cuban musicians in New York. The popularity of rock music in the 1960s and 1970s led to jazz-rock fusion, which combined improvisation with rock rhythms and amplified instruments. By the 1980s, smooth jazz emerged, creating a commercial form of the genre that drew criticism from many purists, who felt that the musicians were more concerned with making money than creating art with substance. Although Florida might not be as closely associated with jazz as cities like New Orleans, Chicago, and New York City, it has made significant contributions nonetheless. Afro-Cuban jazz developed simultaneously in New York City and Havana in the early 1940s, and Florida’s Cuban immigrants had a profound cultural impact on areas like Miami and Tampa. Since its foundation in 1979, the annual Jacksonville Jazz Festival has become one of the most popular jazz festivals in the country, featuring some of the top names in the genre, such as Dizzy Gillespie, Miles Davis, Count Basie, George Benson, and Herbie Hancock. The Clearwater Jazz Holiday began around the same time and has also evolved into a major international jazz festival. In addition to the legendary Sam Rivers, who moved to Orlando in the early 1990s and continued to perform until his death in 2011, Florida has been the home to a number of prominent jazz musicians, including Cedric Wallace, Ira Sullivan, George Tucker, Nathen Page, Alfred “Pee Wee” Ellis, Jackie Davis, Rich Matteson, Jeff Rupert, and the University of Central Florida’s Jazz Professors. Contributor <a href="http://wucf.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">WUCF-FM</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/140" target="_blank">Central Florida Music History Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Type Collection Coverage Arturo Sandoval Jazz Club, Deauville Beach Resort, Miami Beach, Florida DeLand, Florida Young Musicians Camp, University of Miami, Miami, Florida WUCF-TV, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Cravero, Geoffrey Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference Alkyer, Frank. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/319491298" target="_blank"> DownBeat--the Great Jazz Interviews: A 75th Anniversary Anthology</a>. New York: Hal Leonard, 2009. Gioia, Ted. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36245922" target="_blank">The History of Jazz</a>. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. Ward, Geoffrey C., and Ken Burns. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42404676" target="_blank">Jazz: A History of America's Music</a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000. Sound/Podcast A resource whose content is primarily intended to be rendered as audio. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title "One Note Samba" by the John Whitney Trio Alternative Title "Samba de Uma Nota Só" by John Whitney Trio Subject Orlando (Fla.) Music--United States Jazz--United States Description An audio recording of "One Note Samba," composed by Antônio Carlos Jobim (1927-1994) with Portuguese lyrics by Newton Mendon, and performed by the John Whitney Trio live on-air on WUCF-FM on January 4, 2000. John Whitney served as director of both orchestral studies and the University of Central Florida Jazz Lab band during his 20 years with the university. Whitney also led the UCF Jazz Lab band in invited performances at Montreux Jazz Festival in Switzerland and North Sea Jazz Festival in Holland. He established himself as a conductor, performer, composer, arranger, and teacher in both classical and jazz arenas, founding and directing the Southern Tier Symphony in Allegany, New York, in 2003, until his death in 2014. "One Note Samba" is a jazz standard in a bossa nova rhythm, which was made popular on the 1963 Grammy-winning, number one album, Jazz Samba. It has been recorded by numerous artists, including Quincy Jones (b. 1933), Frank Sinatra (1915-1998), Barbra Streisand (b. 1942), and Ella Fitzgerald (1917-1996). Type Sound Source Original 5-minute and 35-second audio recording: Antônio Carlos Jobim and Newton Mendon. "One Note Samba," by the John Whitney Trio: <a href="http://wucf.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">WUCF-FM</a>, Orlando, Florida, January 4, 2000. Requires Multimedia software, such as <a href="http://www.apple.com/quicktime/download/" target="_blank"> QuickTime</a>. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/141" target="_blank">Jazz Collection</a>, Central Florida Music History Collection, RICHES of Central Florida Coverage WUCF-FM, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida Southern Tier Symphony, Allegany, New York Creator Jobim, Antônio Carlos Mendon, Newton Publisher <a href="http://wucf.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">WUCF-FM</a> Contributor John Whitney Trio Date Created 2000-01-04 Date Issued 2000-01-04 Date Copyrighted 2000-01-04 Format audio/mp3 Extent 5.12 MB Medium 5-minute and 35-second audio recording Mediator History Teacher Humanities Teacher Music Teacher Provenance Originally created by Antônio Carlos Jobim and Newton Ferreira de Mendon, performed by the John Whitney Trio, and published by <a href="http://wucf.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">WUCF-FM</a>. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by Antônio Carlos Jobim and Newton Ferreira de Mendon and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Curator Cravero, Geoffrey Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://wucf.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">WUCF-FM</a> External Reference "<a href="http://wucf.ucf.edu/about.php" target="_blank">John Whitney - Music Director</a>." Southern Tier Symphony. http://www.southerntiersymphony.org/John_Whitney_Biography.htm (accessed March 17, 2015). Antônio Carlos Brasileiro de Almeida Jobim Antônio Carlos Jobim Axel Stordahl bossa nova Brazilian music CAH College of Arts and Humanities conducting conductors jazz jazz ensembles Jazz Lab Jazz Samba jazz standard John Whitney John Whitney Trio musicians National Public Radio Newton Mendon NPR One Note Samba orlando Paul Weston Public Broadcasting Service Samba de Uma Nota Só Sammy Cahn Tom Jobim UCF UCF Jazz Lab band University of Central Florida WUCF-FM https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/b04816d49be28e9a8bd4764275639c87.pdf 3b4ca33d66e21c6afb4584f654d4d835 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title UCF Community Veterans History Project Collection Description As part of RICHES of Central Florida, UCF intends to record, archive, and make accessible oral history interviews of Central Florida veterans. Diversity is a main focus for this project since there are many different subgroups under the group veterans, all with important stories. While the histories will be largely archived and made available through the UCF library, a portion will be contributed to the ongoing Veterans History Project based out of the Library of Congress. Contributor <a href="http://library.ucf.edu/about/departments/special-collections-university-archives/" target="_blank">Special Collections and University Archives</a>, University of Central Florida Libraries, University of Central Florida Alternative Title CVHP Collection Subject Veterans--Florida United States. Army Army United States. Navy Navy United States. Air Force Air Force United States. Marine Corps Marine Corps Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Jacksonville, Florida Orlando, Florida Honolulu, Hawaii Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Great Lakes, Illinois Long Island, New York Newport, Rhode Island Norfolk, Virginia Germany Qaasuitsup, Greenland Keflavik, Southern Peninsula, Iceland Azores Islands, Portugal Mediterranean Sea Contributing Project <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/veterans/" target="_blank">UCF Community Veterans History Project</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/VET" target="_blank">UCF Community Veterans History Project</a>, UCF Digital Collections, University of Central Florida <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/VET" target="_blank">UCF Community Veterans History Project</a>, UCF Digital Collections, University of Central Florida External Reference "<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/veterans/" target="_blank">About the Project</a>." UCF Community Veterans History Project, RICHES of Central Florida, University of Central Florida. http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/veterans/. Has Part <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/109" target="_blank">Lone Sailor Navy Memorial History Project Collection</a>, UCF Community Veterans History Project, RICHES of Central Florida. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer Johnson, Taylor Interviewee Wheeler, Terry W. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Oral History of Terry W. Wheeler Alternative Title Oral History, Wheeler Subject Veterans--Florida Army Description An oral history interview of Terry W. Wheeler (b. 1959), who served in the U.S. Army, during the Cold War. Wheeler was born in Fort Lee, Virginia, in 1959. He joined the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) and was commissioned into the Army on December 28, 1981. He earned the rank of Captain, as well as several awards and commendations: the Army Service Ribbon, the Overseas Service Ribbon, the Army Achievement Medal, and the Army Commendation Medal. Wheeler served in Fort Knox, Kentucky, Schweinfurt, West Germany, and Fort Benning, Georgia. This interview was conducted by Taylor Johnson at the University of Central Florida (UCF) on November 13, 2014. Interview topics include training at Fort Knox, duties as an Armor Officer, assignment in West Germany, Fort Benning, duties as a Tank Company commander, combat simulations, resigning from the Army and attending graduate school, and employment in the private sector. Table Of Contents 0:00:00 Introduction 0:00:32 Background 0:01:52 Enlistment 0:02:25 Training and duties as an Armor Officer 0:05:41 Germany 0:07:16 Inner German border and gunnery 0:08:47 Interaction with Germans and most memorable day 0:10:39 Free time, contacting family, and fellow servicemembers 0:12:00 Fort Benning, Georgia 0:13:46 Tank Company Commander and combat simulations 0:16:22 Resignation and graduate school 0:17:57 Awards and most memorable aspect of service 0:18:41 Post-Army career 0:19:27 Effect of service on civilian life 0:20:21 Closing remarks Abstract Oral history interview of Terry W. Wheeler. Interview conducted by Taylor Johnson at the University of Central Florida in Orlando, Florida, on November 13, 2014. Type Moving Image Source <a href="http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/VET/id/433/rec/1" target="_blank">Wheeler, Terry W.</a> Interviewed by Taylor Johnson, November 13, 2014. Audio/video record available. Item DP0016010, UCF Community Veterans History Project, Special Collections and University Archives, University of Central Florida Libraries, Orlando, Florida. Requires <a href="http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/" target="_blank"> Adobe Flash Player</a> <a href="http://java.com/en/download/index.jsp" target="_blank"> Java</a> <a href="https://get.adobe.com/reader/" target="_blank">Adobe Acrobat Reader</a> Is Part Of <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/veterans/" target="_blank">UCF Community Veterans History Project</a>, Orlando, Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/24" target="_blank">UCF Community Veterans History Project Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Has Format 15-page digital transcript of original 21-minute and 11-second oral history: <a href="http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/VET/id/433/rec/1" target="_blank">Wheeler, Terry W.</a> Interviewed by Taylor Johnson, November 13, 2014. Audio/video record available. Item DP0016010, UCF Community Veterans History Project, Special Collections and University Archives, University of Central Florida Libraries, Orlando, Florida. Conforms To Standards established by the <a href="http://www.loc.gov/vets/" target="_blank">Veterans History Projects</a>, Library of Congress. Coverage Fort Knox, Kentucky Schweinfurt, Lower Franconia, Bavaria, Germany U.S. Army Infrantry School, Fort Benning, Georgia Creator Wheeler, Terry W. Johnson, Taylor Publisher <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> Date Created 2014-11-13 Date Issued 2015-01 Date Copyrighted 2014-11-13 Format application/website application/pdf Extent 181 MB 166 KB Medium 21-minute and 11-second DVD/MP4 aduio/video recording 15-page digital transcript Language eng Mediator History Teacher Civics/Government Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally created by Taylor Johnson and Terry W. Wheeler and published by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Rights Holder <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> Accrual Method Item Creation Contributing Project <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/veterans/" target="_blank">UCF Community Veterans History Project</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/VET" target="_blank">UCF Community Veterans History Project</a>, UCF Digital Collections, University of Central Florida <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference Hawkins, John Palmer. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44713137" target="_blank">Army of Hope, Army of Alienation: Culture and Contradiction in the American Army Communities of Cold War Germany</a>. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 2001. Click to View (Movie, Podcast, or Website) <a href="http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/VET/id/433/rec/1" target="_blank">Wheeler, Terry W.</a> Transcript Johnson Today is November 13th, 2014. I’m interviewing Terry [W.] Wheeler, who served in the Army from 1981 to 1990. I’m Taylor Johnson. Mr. Wheeler served during the Cold War era. He spent time in Fort Knox, Kentucky; Schweinfurt[, Lower Franconia, Bavaria], Germany; and [U.S. Army Infantry School] Fort Benning, Georgia. My name’s Taylor Johnson, again. We’re interviewing Mr. Wheeler as a part of the UCF [University of Central Florida] Community Veterans History Project. We’re recording this interview at the University of Central Florida in Orlando, Florida. So my first question is: where were you born? Wheeler I was born in Fort Lee, Virginia. Johnson And when were you born? Wheeler 1959. Fort Lee is a military post, and that is the—that is the Army hospital on post[?]. Johnson So you—sorry. Wheeler That’s okay. Johnson So you grew up on a military post? Wheeler My dad was in the military, and we grew up—I grew up in, uh, location to location, across the United States and Europe, until he retired in 1971. Johnson So what did your father do for the military? Wheeler He was a logistics officer. He was a ward officer [clears throat], and, uh, he—he spent, uh, time in WWII [World War II], Korea[n War], and three tours in Vietnam [War]. Johnson So what did your mother do for a living? Wheeler She was a housewife, Uh, up until about the time my dad retired, and then she came back into the workforce. Johnson Do you have any siblings? Wheeler No, I don’t. Johnson So what did you do before you entered the service? Wheeler I was in college. I was a ROTC [Reserve Officers’ Training Corps] cadet at Gonzaga University, and so I was a college student. Johnson What did you study? Wheeler I was a business major. Johnson Um, so do you have any other family members that served in the military? Wheeler Um, uncles. My—my dad’s oldest brother was killed during World War II. Uh, his old—his younger brother served in the Navy. His other younger brother served in the Air Force, and then I have cousins who have served in the military also. Johnson So what prompted you to enter the military? Wheeler It’s a—it’s a very easy decision to make, if you grew up in a military family. Uh, it was just a logical progression of what I would like to do to serve, and so I made that decision—when I was in high school—that I was gonna serve. Johnson Um… Wheeler [clears throat]. Johnson So how did your family members feel about you entering the service? Wheeler Uh, they were very supportive. They were not, uh, overly pushing me towards that decision. It was my own decision to make. Uh, my mother was not as happy with that decision as she would’ve been if I had stayed in the civilian side, uh, but that’s the way it turned out. Johnson Um, so what were your first days in the service like? Wheeler I came in at the end of December 1981, and came on active duty, and went to my basic qualification course at Fort Knox. I was an Armor Officer, and so, for the next four and a half months, I spent time at Fort Knox learning how to be a platoon leader—a second Lieutenant, and then I was assigned to Germany after that. Johnson So what did you do as an Armor Officer? Wheeler Well, sp—the position that I was in was, uh, a cavalry position. That is a sub-branch of the armor—a subsection of the armor. Uh, Cavalry is a screen unit—a—a scout unit, if you will, that works in a divisional or regimental level. Basically, the cav’s mission is to, uh, screen and be the leading edge of a, uh—of the unit, uh, in the advance, to screen the flanks to make sure there are no surprises. So it’s very, very light, very, very fast reconnaissance. Johnson Um, so what was your initial training like? Wheeler Four and a half months of learning everything, from personnel actions to vehicle repair to how to employ the weapons systems on all the vehicles that we are going to be assigned, Radio communications. I mean, the entire gamut that you would expect to serve in that posi—in a ge—in that position as a leader. Uh, second lieutenant platoon leader is an entry-level position for combat arms. Um, Basically, uh, you’re in charge of about 38 soldiers and about—at that—at that point in time [sighs]—let me count vehicles real quick—about 13 vehicles. Johnson Um,okay. Wheeler [clears throat]. Johnson So what do you remember most about your time in training? Wheeler Time in training? Johnson Mmhmm. Wheeler Fort Knox, in the wintertime, is very cold. As Germany is very cold. Um, it was a lot of fun. We learned a lot in a very short amount of time, and, uh, long days, long nights, and it was a really good building experience. Uh, the people that you meet, in that same course, are people that[sic] you serve with in the military throughout your career, and it is a boomerang-type effect, because you come back together. They’re sent to units, you’re sent to units, you run into them for training exercises or operational deployments. You come back together for training over time, and so you’re building a cohort of—of people that you serve with throughout the rest of your career. Johnson Um… Wheeler [clears throat]. Johnson What type of advanced training did you receive, if any? Wheeler Um, really, advanced is not key to this, at that point. Um, basically, you know, eh, for the armor side, you come in, you’re given, uh, the tra—the base training, and you go out and be a platoon leader, and you spend a couple years doing that. If you’re selected for the advanced course, then you come back as a ju—a senior lieutenant or a junior-grade captain, and go through another six-month type course, where they lear—they—you need to learn how to be an effective commander of a small unit—a Company Commander. At the end of that, then you go out and serve a utilization tour, being a leader at that level. So it’s, you know, two grades up, and then, at that point, then you—you split off in your career, and pull the secondary career, and so you split off into another area, and so, at that point then—rom that point forward in your career you, flip flop between your primary and your secondary specialty. So I really didn’t have advanced training, other than the fact that I went through the career course as a Captain, and then commanded a unit. Johnson Okay, um… Wheeler [clears throat] Excuse me. Johnson So when did you find out that you were going to Germany? Wheeler Um, April 1982. Right at the end—I received orders for that, right as I was finishing up my qualification course. Johnson And how did you react to that news? Wheeler I was very happy. I had spent two years in Germany as a child. I already spoke fluent German, and so it was not a huge, life-changing experience to go over there. Um, usually what you walk as a—as an American, when you walk into Germany—not having served there, not having any background to it—you go through a couple weeks of qualif—uh, of familiarization, where you learn rudimentary language, and I was not—I was able to just bypass that and mainstream right in. Johnson Um, so what was, uh—what was a routine day like during your assignment in Germany? Wheeler Well, [clears throat] I can give you a routine—a, uh, better description than that. For the first year that I was there as a platoon leader, we were in the field 280 days out of 365 days that year. We would deploy out for a, uh—a 30-day session on a border camp, where we would patrol the East German<a title="">[1]</a> interzonal border. From that, we would get on the train and go to a gunnery—three or four weeks of tank gunnery, and from that, we would deploy to a field exercise, go home for two weeks, and then go back to the border for 30 days. So we spent most of our time out actually doing our real world mission, at that point. Um, up at six in the morning, uh, some pu—some, uh—in effect, through midnight—one in the morning. I mean, it was a very, very, very dynamic, high stress, long day environment. Johnson So what did you do in each of those three sort of positions? Wheeler At the border camp, we were responsible to patrol a section of border of—of the East German interzonal border. This was still when the [Berlin] Wall was up. between 2nd ACR [Armored Calvary Regiment] and 11th ACR, we had this—this—this piece of the border that had to be actually manned, and stood ready to—to announce that any—any incursion had come across the border. We were fully combat-loaded. We were deployed there 30 days at a time. We spent 10 days, eh, in a steady reaction state of walking around, with full gear loaded on, helmets in our hands, ready to walk out the gate with five minutes notice to go to our general positions and fight a war. Okay? We spent 10 days in training. We spent 10 days doing actual patrols in jeeps up and down the interzonal border. Uh, it is the—It was the—other than Korea—at that point, it was—we were one of the most forward-deployed units in the Army, at that time. All the vehicles were fully uploaded with the ammunition and ready to go. Johnson So what did you do at the gunnery? Wheeler Gunnery was—there’s a—there’s a—a full qualification session that you have to—to do in tanks to maintain proficiency, and you do that more than two to three—four times a year, and so you would go, and there were actually exercises that you run, shooting live guns, live ammunition at the range, and you qualify as a tank crew, as a section of two, platoon of four, and a company of 12, and so it is, basically, you know, move and shoot, and communicate, and prov—proving proficiency that you can do that. Johnson What did you think of the Germans? Wheeler Well, uh, where we were stationed in Germany, it was in—it was in the very northern end of Bavaria. Germans were very, very polite people. Uh, very welcoming. Um, I’m not so sure that the Germans really enjoyed being occupied still after 40 years of—after the end of the [World] War [II], but, uh, they were very nice. Uh, they—if you spoke German, or at least tried to fit in and blend in, you get a lot further than being an ugly American, and, uh, it was a very pleasant place, and we saw a lot of it riding in the back of a military vehicle. Johnson What was your most memorable day during that assignment? Wheeler Give me a second. Um, [clears throat] we had a soldier that died in a training accident, and the aftermath of that was really hard to deal with. Uh, It was not his—it was not a—a—a, uh—a safety issue that was the direct cause. It truly was an accident. Uh, The tank that he was riding in, uh, went over, uh—now, in Germany—back in the Germany, uh, the train—a lot of the trains and some of the streetcars would run with electricity, and they had these high tension wires overhead, and he was riding in a tank, and the—the antenna on his tank, uh, snapped loose and the antenna went up and hit the top of the—of the high voltage wire, and it arced electricity through the vehicle, and the vehicle basically exploded, and three of the—of the four crew were able to get out, and he was unable to get out, and he passed away. So that was very difficult to deal with. Uh, seeing the aftermath of that [clears throat], having to pull the tank apart, trying to take his remains out, you know, that kind of thing. So that—that was a very memorable day. Johnson Um, what did you do with your free time, while you were in Germany? Wheeler Traveled. Johnson Uh, can you tell me about that? Wheeler A—again, we were deployed most of the time. So when there was a free couple of day—a week—a weekend, or a free three- or four-day event, we would get in the car and disappear. Drove all over Bavaria, uh, spent time in France [clears throat], spent some time, uh, in Northern Germany. Um, basically just enjoying the, uh—the countryside and the people. Johnson Um, so how did you stay in touch with your family while you were overseas? Wheeler We didn’t have email, at that time. Computers were still brand new [clears throat]. So it was by post. Uh, Telephone calls were very expensive, so telephones didn’t really get figured into that, so letters. Johnson And what do you remember about the people that you served with, while you were there? Wheeler I still have friends that I’ve stayed in contact with, after all these years. That was, uh, 1982-1983-1984 timeframe. I still stay in touch with a few of ‘em. Uh, Very dedicated group of people, um, very like-minded. Uh, you find in the military that not just the clothes you wear make you the same. Very, very similar backgrounds, characteristics, views on the world, and, uh, it was a very, very good time to be a young officer, at that point. Johnson Um, and what was it like when you came back to the U.S.? Wheeler They call the flight from Germany to the United States the “freedom bird” for a reason. Uh, everyone’s happy to come home. Uh, it is a great feeling of—of, uh, assimilation back into society [clears throat], into the culture that you—you are in. It—and, you know, it is—it is—it wasn’t different, at that point in time. It was Europe, and different language, different money, different feel. It was—it was coming home. So it was very nice to come back to the States. Johnson Um, and what do you remember about Fort Benning? Wheeler [clears throat] Benning is the home of the Infantry [Branch]. Uh, It is—it is a[sic], uh, Infantry training center. Ranger School’s there, Airborne School, Pathfinder [School]. Um, I was assigned to the 2nd Battalion, 69th Armor [Regiment], at that—at that point, and we went and we were part of a round—we were part of a—a, uh, brigade that was a round-out element for the, uh, rapid deployment force—XVIII Airborne Corps. So we were, again, fairly—fairly well getting ready to be on, you know—on a couple hours’ notice, ready to deploy into the world, but, uh, it was—it was a great training opportunity. We were the only armor unit on post. So we would get tagged for a lot of fire demonstrations and combined arms demonstrations, when the—when the—when the, uh, senior, uh, officers would come—come into town [clears throat], and so we spent a lot of time working with the Infantry. We really refined the—the union—the union of the true mechanized team, at that point. So it was not armor pure. It was that combined arms element that we really struggled to, uh, put in place, and it was really, really great training opportunity. Johnson Did you receive any advanced training for your job as a Tank Company Commander? Wheeler Yeah, I went through the advanced course. That was, ah—so coming back from Germany, I spent six months again at Fort Knox, going through the next phase of that course and came out, eh, eh, basically ready to be a Company Commander. So when I was—I was deployed to Benning, I spent the next, uh, 16 months as a Maintenance Officer for a battalion, and then was assigned as a Company Commander, and spent, uh, [sighs] another probably 18 to 20 months, I guess, as a Tank Company Commander. Johnson Um… Wheeler [clears throat]. Johnson So what can you tell me about your job with combat simulations—the combat simulations branch? Wheeler At the end of my command time, uh, I picked my secondary specialty as Operations Research and Systems Analysis, and there was a group that was doing that type of work attached to the Infantry center, and so I went in, and I was a—an Executive Officer for this small group that used computers—which were very, very, uh, elementary, as compared to what we have now—to do war gaming, to look at how new equipment inserted into a battlefield would make a differential change. So basically, you would take the characteristics of—of a new weapon system, and you would deploy that with—so you’d run simulations without that weapon system and you would run simulations with that weapons system, and look for the differentials that you could achieve and how much more advantage it gave you. It was part of the co—cost and operational effectiveness analysis for getting those systems to be brought online. Johnson Um, so—I lost my place. Um, what was a routine day like while you were in Georgia? Wheeler Um, at—at the—at the, uh—at the armor group job? Or in the, uh—the simulations job? Johnson Um, either one. Wheeler Armor job—realistically, almost every line unit almost has the exact same type of training as—same type of day. Uh, up in the morning, depending on, you know—three days a week you run PT [physical training] from six o’clock to seven o’clock, have a shower, be back at—at work at—at eight for formation. Going through the day, whether training, or maintenance, or what have you, and are usually done by six o’clock at night, Uh, Back home to families. Um, the—the Executive Officer’s job is—at the branch, we would spend the day doing the same thing. We would do PT a couple days a week, and then, um, go into what was more of an office-style environment to do those simulations. Um, we had a staff of about eight members—both soldiers and civilians—that worked that group, and we would do these simulation exercises on the computers. Johnson So what was it like when your service ended? Wheeler Um, [clears throat] I made the decision to—to, uh, resign my commission and come out of active duty, uh, in early spring of 1990. Um, my secondary priority[?]—I had already worked at my secondary specialty for two years, and was unable to get the Army to agree to send me to grad[uate] school for a funded grad program, and I had watched officers who had gone through the Army non-funded program and the funded grad program, come out and see how effective they were in that job, and the ones that[sic] were coming out, not having gone to grad school, were not being retained, and I was not selected to go through the grad program, so that basically was the de—deciding point [clears throat] that, if I couldn’t do that and retain my time—because I figured, at that point, I would not be able to continue. I elected to resign and get out, and then I, uh, applied for grad school and went to grad school. Um, My ETS [Expiration Term of Service] was June 30th, 1990, and the Army froze all separation actions July 15th, for the [Persian] Gulf War. So that was immediately—I mean, it was—it days before the Gulf War jumped from there, almost. Johnson Um, so what did you study when you went to grad school? Wheeler I studied information systems, and, uh, spend 18 months in grad school. Johnson Um, What can you tell us about the awards that you received from the Army? Wheeler Very, very common, uh, awards that people, you know—you spend eight years doing that. Um, nothing—nothing major. Um, you know, Army Achievement Medals for stuff, and, uh, that’s pretty much it. Nothing major. Johnson Um, and what was the most memorable thing overall about your time in the service? Wheeler You know, as I alluded to earlier, uh, it is a—it is a great pleasure to spend time with people of a like mind. Okay? I found a lot of the people, that[sic] I spent time with, had the same values, same views on the world, politics, that I did, and so it was a brotherhood, and just the—the people that[sic] I—and the friendships, I guess, that I had—had gained, and the relationships from work that I had from that group of people is what I retained from that. Johnson Um, and what was your job after you left the service. Wheeler When I came out I went to grad school and finished grad school at Syracuse [University], and, uh, [clears throat] I went to work for IBM [International Business Machines Corporation] as an intern, did that for about nine months, and then came into the private sector. Johnson Um, and what are you doing now? Wheeler I am currently the director of IT [information technology] services for the Student Development and Enrollment Services division here<a title="">[2]</a> on campus. Johnson So what can you tell me about that? Wheeler Basically, SDES is the largest division on campus. We have about 2,400 staff that we maintain computer action for servers for, so desktop, laptop, database, uh, web design, and that’s what we encompass. So basically, I run the services side of that group. Johnson Um, and how has your time in the military affected your life since then? Wheeler There hasn’t really been an effect since then. It was a—any time you transition from the military to the ci—the civilian sector, it can create a period of—of, uh, change, I guess you would say. Uh, going from the major activities, and the mindset, and the—the guidelines that we do into what the civilian world does not encompass. Um, it took about a year—a year and a half—to go through that and actually transition the mindset away. Johnson And do you belong to any veterans groups? Wheeler No, I do not. Johnson What do you do with your free time since you left the service? Wheeler Uh, I have—I have children. So pretty much now it’s just work and—and, you know, time with family and Boy Scouts [of America]. Johnson Um, and what would you say to someone who is contemplating enlisting or becoming a commissioned officer today? Wheeler Military service is an honor, and, uh, it’s a calling that, if you’re called to do, you really want to without any real reason to explain why, and it’s a very, very honorable thing to do, and if that is—if that is a design that is something that interests someone to do, I encourage them fully to accept that and enjoy. Johnson Um, is there anything that we haven’t talked about that you would like to talk about? Wheeler No, ma’am. Johnson Alright. Well, thank you for your time, and for coming to talk with me today, and thank you for your service. I appreciate your participation, and we will be in touch with you once we have a copy of your interview. Wheeler Thank you. Johnson Thank you. <div> <div> <a title="">[1]</a> German Democratic Republic (GDR). </div> <div> <a title="">[2]</a> At the University of Central Florida. </div> </div> 11th ACR 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment 18th Airborne Corps 2nd ACR 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment 2nd Battalion 2nd Lieutenant 69th Armor Regiment Achievement Medal ACR advanced training Airborne Corps Armor Officer Armor Regiment Armored Cavalry Regiment basic training Bavaria, Germany Berlin Wall Blachorse Regiment cavalry COEA cold war combat simulations Community Veterans History Project Company Commander cost and operational effectiveness analysis CVHP deployments East Germany Eighteenth Airborne Corps Eleventh Armored Cavalry Regiment enlistment Executive Officer Federal Republic of Germany Fort Benning, Georgia Fort Knox, Kentucky Fort Lee, Virginia Free State of Bavaria freedom birds FRG German Democratic Republic Germans Germany Infantry Branch information technology inner German border IT lieutenants Maintenance Officer military training Operations Research/Systems Analysis ORSA rapid deployment force Reserve Officers' Training Corps ROTC Schweinfurt, Germany scouts SDES Second ACR Second Armored Cavalry Regiment Second Battalion Second Lieutenant simulation training Sixty-Ninth Armor Regiument Student Development and Enrollment Services Tank Company Commander Taylor Johnson Terry W. Wheeler U.S. Army U.S. Army Infrantry School, Fort Benning, Georgia UCF UCF SDES UCF Student Development and Enrollment Services veterans weapon systems West Germany XVIII Airborne Corps https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/dd904d974435b166f49f6a24c6eb6eda.mp3 883f9095759b35d7d658b528e3c842ad Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Jazz Collection Alternative Title Jazz Collection Subject Music--United States Jazz--United States Orlando (Fla.) Description Collection of digital images, documents, and other records depicting the history of jazz in Florida. Series descriptions are based on special topics, the majority of which students focused their metadata entries around. The roots of jazz music began in the fields of the American South, as African-American slaves sang “call-and-response” work songs and “spirituals” to help them get through the brutal hours of forced labor. As Europeans immigrated to American cities in the late 19th century, they brought their musical traditions with them, and soon African-American musicians, such as Ernest Hogan and Scott Joplin, combined these styles with polyrhythmic African music, creating ragtime. New Orleans was an especially diverse cultural melting pot and became a place for musical experimentation by the early 1910s. European music merged with blues, folk, marching band music, and ragtime, creating a new genre called “jazz.” By the 1920s, the First Great Migration brought millions of African Americans to the urban Northeast and Midwest. Young, white Americans became enamored with jazz and blues music and the genre was soon being played on radio stations, at dancehalls, and in homes across the country. New York City, Kansas City, and Chicago began to establish their own styles of jazz. Big band swing became the most popular style of American music in the 1930s and 1940s. The most definitive feature of jazz is improvisation. The Great Depression forced many bands to cut down in size, leaving more space for intricate melodies and room for exploration. Bebop, which emerged in New York in the early 1940s, was aimed at a listening audience, rather than a dancing one, and became known as “musician’s music.” Bebop paved the way for Afro-Cuban and Latin jazz in the 1950s, when musicians, such as Dizzy Gillespie and Duke Ellington, incorporated Latin rhythms by playing with Cuban musicians in New York. The popularity of rock music in the 1960s and 1970s led to jazz-rock fusion, which combined improvisation with rock rhythms and amplified instruments. By the 1980s, smooth jazz emerged, creating a commercial form of the genre that drew criticism from many purists, who felt that the musicians were more concerned with making money than creating art with substance. Although Florida might not be as closely associated with jazz as cities like New Orleans, Chicago, and New York City, it has made significant contributions nonetheless. Afro-Cuban jazz developed simultaneously in New York City and Havana in the early 1940s, and Florida’s Cuban immigrants had a profound cultural impact on areas like Miami and Tampa. Since its foundation in 1979, the annual Jacksonville Jazz Festival has become one of the most popular jazz festivals in the country, featuring some of the top names in the genre, such as Dizzy Gillespie, Miles Davis, Count Basie, George Benson, and Herbie Hancock. The Clearwater Jazz Holiday began around the same time and has also evolved into a major international jazz festival. In addition to the legendary Sam Rivers, who moved to Orlando in the early 1990s and continued to perform until his death in 2011, Florida has been the home to a number of prominent jazz musicians, including Cedric Wallace, Ira Sullivan, George Tucker, Nathen Page, Alfred “Pee Wee” Ellis, Jackie Davis, Rich Matteson, Jeff Rupert, and the University of Central Florida’s Jazz Professors. Contributor <a href="http://wucf.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">WUCF-FM</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/140" target="_blank">Central Florida Music History Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Type Collection Coverage Arturo Sandoval Jazz Club, Deauville Beach Resort, Miami Beach, Florida DeLand, Florida Young Musicians Camp, University of Miami, Miami, Florida WUCF-TV, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Cravero, Geoffrey Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference Alkyer, Frank. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/319491298" target="_blank"> DownBeat--the Great Jazz Interviews: A 75th Anniversary Anthology</a>. New York: Hal Leonard, 2009. Gioia, Ted. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36245922" target="_blank">The History of Jazz</a>. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. Ward, Geoffrey C., and Ken Burns. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42404676" target="_blank">Jazz: A History of America's Music</a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000. Sound/Podcast A resource whose content is primarily intended to be rendered as audio. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title "Tenderly" by Jeff Rupert + Dirty Martini Alternative Title "Tenderly" by Jeff Rupert + Dirty Martini Subject Orlando (Fla.) Music--United States Jazz--United States Description An audio recording of "Tenderly," composed by Walter Gross (1909-1967) with lyrics by Jack Lawrence (1912-2009), and performed by Jeff Rupert + Dirty Martini live on-air on WUCF-FM on April 23, 2007. Jeff Rupert (b. 1964) is a freelance tenor saxophonist, Director of Jazz Studies and professor at the University of Central Florida (UCF), founder of Flying Horse Records, composer, and Yamaha performing artist. He has recorded with numerous artists, including Maynard Ferguson (1928-2006), Sam Rivers (1923-2011), Mel Tormé (1925-1999), and Benny Carter, whose 1992 album, Harlem Renaissance, Rupert appeared on, won a Grammy award. He has recorded and performed with his own bands as well, including Jeff Rupert + Dirty Martini and The Jazz Professors. "Tenderly" is a jazz standard first published and recorded in 1946. Sarah Vaughan's early recording was a hit in 1947, but the best-known version was by Rosemary Clooney in 1952. Type Sound Source Original 5-minute and 48-second audio recording: Gross, Walter, and Jack Lawrence. "Tenderly," by Jeff Rupert + Dirty Martini: <a href="http://wucf.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">WUCF-FM</a>, Orlando, Florida, April 23, 2007. Requires Multimedia software, such as <a href="http://www.apple.com/quicktime/download/" target="_blank"> QuickTime</a>. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/141" target="_blank">Jazz Collection</a>, Central Florida Music History Collection, RICHES of Central Florida Coverage WUCF-FM, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida Brazil Creator Gross, Walter Lawrence, Jack Publisher <a href="http://wucf.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">WUCF-FM</a> Contributor Jeff Rupert + Dirty Martini Date Created 2007-04-23 Date Issued 2007-04-23 Date Copyrighted 2007-04-23 Format audio/mp3 Extent 5.32 MB Medium 5-minute and 48-second audio recording Mediator History Teacher Humanities Teacher Music Teacher Provenance Originally created by Walter Gross and Jack Lawrence, performed by Jeff Rupert + Dirty Martini, and published by <a href="http://wucf.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">WUCF-FM</a>. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by Walter Gross and Jack Lawrence and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Curator Cravero, Geoffrey Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://wucf.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">WUCF-FM</a> External Reference "<a href="http://musicians.allaboutjazz.com/jeffrupert" target="_blank">Jeff Rupert</a>." All About Jazz. http://musicians.allaboutjazz.com/jeffrupert (accessed March 18, 2015). Click to View (Movie, Podcast, or Website) <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/dd904d974435b166f49f6a24c6eb6eda.mp3" target="_blank">"Tenderly" by Jeff Rupert + Dirty Martini</a> CAH College of Arts and Humanities Dirty Martini Flying Horse Records Jack Lawrence jazz jazz ensembles jazz music jazz standard Jazz Studies Jeff Rupert Jeff Rupert + Dirty Martini music musicians National Public Radio NPR orlando PBS Public Broadcasting Service Tenderly tenor saxophones tenor saxophonists UCF University of Central Florida Walter Gross WUCF-FM Yamaha https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/c9db4670b286d9527757033660db756c.mp3 e7daca2c9bb29aee49a98aee1bf39e29 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title RICHES Podcast Documentaries Collection Alternative Title RICHES Podcast Collection Subject Podcasts Documentaries Description RICHES Podcast Documentaries are short form narrative documentaries that explore Central Florida history and are locally produced. These podcasts can involve the participation or cooperation of local area partners. Contributor <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a> Cassanello, Robert Language eng Type Collection Coverage Altoona, Florida Apopka, Florida Astor, Florida Barberville, Florida Brevard County, Florida Bushnell, Florida Clermont, Florida Cocoa, Florida Cocoa Beach, Florida College Park, Orlando, Florida Coral Gables, Florida Daytona Beach, Florida DeLand, Florida Disston City, Florida Eatonville, Florida Eau Gallie, Melbourne, Florida Fort King, Florida Fort Lauderdale, Florida Geneva, Florida Goldenrod, Florida Groveland, Florida Hannibal Square, Winter Park, Florida Holly Hill, Florida Hontoon Island, DeLand, Florida Indian River, Florida Jacksonville, Florida Key Biscayne, Florida Key West, Florida Kissimmee, Florida Lake Apopka, Florida Lake Buena Vista, Florida Lake County, Florida Lake Mary, Florida Marion County, Florida Merritt Island, Florida Mims, Florida Mount Dora, Florida Newnans Lake, Gainesville, Florida New Smyrna, Florida New Smyrna Beach, Florida Ocala, Florida Ocklawaha River, Florida Ocoee, Florida Orlando, Florida Ormond Beach, Florida Osceola County, Florida Oviedo, Florida Parramore, Orlando, Florida Reedy Creek, Florida Sanford, Florida Silver Springs, Florida St. Augustine, Florida St. Cloud, Florida St. Johns River, Florida St. Petersburg, Florida Tampa, Florida Titusville, Florida Vero Beach, Florida Weirsdale, Florida Winter Garden, Florida Winter Park, Florida Ybor City, Tampa, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a> External Reference "<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a>." RICHES of Central Florida. http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php. Has Part <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/137" target="_blank">A History of Central Florida Collection</a>, RICHES Podcast Documentaries Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES</a>. Rights Holder <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES </a> Sound/Podcast A resource whose content is primarily intended to be rendered as audio. Original Format 1 audio podcast Duration 15 minutes and 45 seconds Bit Rate/Frequency 320kbps Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title RICHES Podcast Documentaries, Episode 15: Calvary Assembly and Benny Hinn, Part 2 Alternative Title Calvary Assembly and Benny Hinn Podcast Subject Podcasts Documentaries Hinn, Benny Evangelicalism--United States Churches--Florida Televangelism Assemblies of God--United States Orlando (Fla.) Description Episode 15, Part 2 of RICHES Podcast Documentaries: Calvary Assembly and Benny Hinn. RICHES Podcast Documentaries are short form narrative documentaries that explore Central Florida history and are locally produced. These podcasts can involve the participation or cooperation of local area partners. Episode 15 explores the impact of mega-church Calvary Assembly of God, located at 1199 Clay Street in Winter Park, Florida, and evangelical Benny Hinn. This podcast includes narratives by Dr. Michael Hammond, Jack Norman, Gene Polino, and Debbie Carey. Hinn was born in Jaffa, Israel, on December 3, 1952, and raised in the Eastern Orthodox Church. He immigrated to Toronto, Canada, and later to Orlando, where he founded the Orlando Christian Center in 1983. He is best known for his "Miracle Crusades" and his television program, This is Your Day. Abstract This two-part podcast explores the impact of perhaps the most controversial and widely known evangelicals in Central Florida, the charismatic Benny Hinn. Dr. Michael Hammond, Jack Norman, Gene Polino, and Debbie Carey provide an enlightening narrative on Benny Hinn and Calvary Assembly, the mega-church that has profoundly influenced the Central Florida region. Type Sound/Podcast Source Original 15-minute and 45-second podcast by Joseph Francis Corbett II and Rustin "Rusty" Lloyd, September 20, 2011: "RICHES Podcast Documentaries, Episode 15: Calvary Assembly and Benny Hinn, Part 2." <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a>, Orlando, Florida. Is Part Of <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a>, Orlando, Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/70" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Coverage Jaffa, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel Toronto, Ontario, Canada Orlando Christian Center, Orlando, Florida Creator Corbett, Joseph Francis II Lloyd, Rustin "Rusty" Publisher <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> Contributor Hammond, Michael Norman, Jack Polino, Gene Carey, Debbie Date Created ca. 2011-09-20 Format audio/mp3 Extent 14.9 MB Medium 15-minute and 45-second podcast Language eng Mediator History Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally created by Joseph Francis Corbett II and Rustin "Rusty" Lloyd and published by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Rights Holder <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> Accrual Method Item Creation Contributing Project <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.bennyhinn.org/biography/" target="_blank">About Pastor Benny...</a>" Benny Hinn Ministries. http://www.bennyhinn.org/biography/. "<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/2467" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries, Episode 15: Calvary Assembly and Benny Hinn, Part 2</a>." RICHES of Central Florida. https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/2467. Marsden, George M. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22710248" target="_blank">Understanding Fundamentalism and Evangelicalism</a>. Grand Rapids, Mich: W.B. Eerdmans, 1991. McDonald, Larry S. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45092419" target="_blank">The Trinity and the Charismatic Revival An Examination of Pastor Benny Hinn and Theologian J. Rodman Williams.</a> 1999. Click to View (Movie, Podcast, or Website) <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/files/original/c9db4670b286d9527757033660db756c.mp3" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries, Episode 15: Calvary Assembly and Benny Hinn, Part 2</a> Date Copyrighted 2011-09-20 Date Issued 2011-09-20 Requires Multimedia software, such as <a href="http://www.apple.com/quicktime/download/" target="_blank"> QuickTime</a>. Assemblies of God Calvary Assembly Calvary Assembly of God Carey, Debbie Christian Christian Life Magazine Christianity church Clattenburg, Alex Corbett, Joseph Francis II documentary Eastern Orthodox Church evangelical evangelicalism festival fundamental Christianity fundamentalism fundamentalist Hall, John Hammond, Michael Harthern, Roy healer healing healing ministry Hinn, Benny Hinn, Toufik "Benny" Benedictus Jaffa, Israel Jesus Festivals Kuhlman, Kathryn Johanna Lloyd, Rustin "Rusty" mega-church Mills, Lisa Miracle Crusades Norman, Jack orlando Orlando Christian Center Orlando Gospel Tabernacle picket podcast Polino, Gene Prosperity theology protest religion RICHES Podcast Documentaries Rutland, Mark supernatural supernatural healing televangelical televangelism televangelist The Rock House This is Your Day Toronto, Canada Winter Park youth ministry Zink, Dale https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/31fcc2c6632cab8eb06c3c011920d33b.pdf 9ba02efad082f484a8ff009640e7ab03 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Watermark Collection Alternative Title The Watermark Collection Subject Gay culture--United States Description Since 1994, The Watermark has been the cornerstone source of LGBTQ+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, Queer/Questioning, and others) centered news for the Central Florida region. Founded by Tom Dyer in Orlando, the publication began generating bi-weekly issues beginning August 31, 1994. Since then, The Watermark has consistently published newspaper style issues every other Thursday. Gaining traction, the publication expanded in 1995 to include Tampa and, in 1997, The Watermark became a permanent piece of LGBTQ+ culture when the publication initiated the first large-scale Gay Days Weekend event, the Beach Ball at Disney’s Typhoon Lagoon. Before 1999, the publication printed 20,000 copies every week, distributing them to over 500 locations between its two major cities. Following 1999, the publication launched watermarkonline.com shifting to an online publication style. In 2016, Rick Claggett purchased The Watermark. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/" target="_blank">RICHES Program</a> Type Collection Contributing Project <a href="http://www.floridalgbtqmuseum.org/%20" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/">The Watermark</a> Curator Smith, Robert Cepero, Laura O'Neal, Rhiannon Hearn, Nikki Greene, Quintella Rodriguez, Sharon Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.floridalgbtqmuseum.org/%20" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/" target="_blank">About/Contact</a>." WatermarkOnline.com, accessed July 11, 2016. http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title The Watermark, Vol. 12 No. 23, November 17-30, 2005 Alternative Title Watermark, Vol. 12, No. 23 Subject Gay culture--United States Description The twenty-third issue in the twelfth volume of The Watermark was published on November 17, 2005, and covers relevant news in the LGBTQ+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, Queer/Questioning, and others) community. The cover story features the cast of RENT, a film based on the musical of the same name. Other stories include the trial of Steven Lorenzo, a man accused of nine accounts of date rape and the murder of two Tampa Bay men, the recent developments in adoption laws, festivities and holiday support groups, St. Petersburg city council elections, and the impact of Hurricane Wilma. The issue features interviews with Dolly Parton, Eartha Kitt and the cast of RENT. It also provides information on discrimination laws and recent development in AIDS home testing. This issue of The Watermark deals heavily with the concept of gay culture, social injustice and its lasting impact on LGBTQ+ individuals. Since 1994, The Watermark has been the cornerstone source of LGBTQ+ centered news for the Central Florida region. Founded by Tom Dyer in Orlando, the publication began generating bi-weekly issues beginning August 31, 1994. Since then, The Watermark has consistently published newspaper-style issues every other Thursday. Gaining traction, the publication expanded in 1995 to include Tampa and, in 1997, The Watermark became a permanent piece of LGBTQ+ culture when the publication initiated the first large-scale Gay Days Weekend event, the Beach Ball at Disney’s Typhoon Lagoon. Before 1999, the publication printed 20,000 copies every week, distributing them to over 500 locations between its two major cities. Following 1999, the publication launched watermarkonline.com shifting to an online publication style. In 2016, Rick Claggett purchased The Watermark. Type Text Source Original 76-page newspaper: <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">The Watermark</a>, Vol. 12, No. 23, November 17-30, 2005: Publications Collection, <a href="http://glbthistorymuseum.com/joomla25/index.php?lang=en" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a>, Orlando, Florida. Requires <a href="http://www.adobe.com/products/reader.html" target="_blank">Adobe Acrobat Reader</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/211" target="_blank">The Watermark Collection</a>, RICHES. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original 76-page newspaper: <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">The Watermark</a>, Vol. 12, No. 23, November 17-30, 2005. Coverage Orlando, Florida Tampa, Florida Sarasota, Florida St. Petersburg, Florida Seminole Heights, Tampa, Florida Lakeland, Florida Jacksonville, Florida Miami, Florida Key West, Florida Tallahassee, Florida Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Washington D.C. Cincinnati, Ohio Augusta, Maine Atlanta, Georgia Fort Lauderdale, Florida Creator Dyer, Tom Wiethop, Dave Hartlage, Kirk Blanchard, Steve Carballo, Charlie Buck, Lisa Baber, Keith Burton, Greg Crescitelli DeJesus, Edwin Jenkins, Georgia Kundis, Ken Masters, Billy Middour, Bryan L. Murray-Parker, Karen S. Nolan, Margaret Paull, Anthony Roehr, Bob Triggs, Greg Wiggins, Jayelle Wilde, Diane Bechdel, Alison Maniscalo, Rex Moore, Travis Eckert, Tom Publisher <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">Watermark Media</a> Date Created ca. 2005-11-17 Date Issued 2005-11-17 Date Copyrighted 2005-11-17 Format application/pdf Medium 76-page newspaper Language eng Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally published by <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">Watermark Media</a>. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">Watermark Publishing Group</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="http://glbthistorymuseum.com/joomla25/index.php?lang=en" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> Curator Rodriguez, Sharon Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://glbthistorymuseum.com/joomla25/index.php?lang=en" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/" target="_blank">About/Contact</a>." WatermarkOnline.com, accessed January 23, 2018. http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/. 11th Annual Hurricane Showdown Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome AIDS AIDS Memorial Park Amy Gail Lilley BDSM Bella Café bondage, discipline, submission Campaign to End AIDS Carol Jean Hart Cdc Celebration of Diversity Festival censorship Centers For Disease Control Chandler Minter Tagliabue Chapter 22 Charlie Boyd Chris Joseph Columbus Cincinnati Police Department Citrus County Clay County Schools Coalition for Fair Adoption Concerned Women for America Dante Spencer Darden Rice David Reeve Mills Dignity/Orlando discrimination Dolly Rebecca Parton domination Don Muszalski Drew Tagliabue Earnest Williams Eartha Mae Kitt Equality Florida Family Research Council FDA First Baptist Church at the Mall First United Methodist Church of Germantown Florida Marriage Protection Amendment Florida4Marriage Food and Drug Administration gay adoption Gay Day at Dollywood Gay Games gay marriage George Walker Bush GHB GLBCC GLBT Catholics GLBT students HAART Herman Terrell Hart Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy HIV human rights ordinance Hurricane Wilma Iraq War Irene Elizabeth "Beth" Straud James "Jim" Crescitelli James Paul McCartney Jason Galehouse Jaymee Wallace Jennifer Harris Jonathan David Larson Joseph Wayne "Joe" Saunders Joy MCC Katie Thompson King of Peace MCC Lady Lions Lecanto High School lesbian Living with AIDS… What a Drag: Divas After Dark Madonna Louise Ciccone Maine Manatee County masochism Michael Slaymaker Michael Wachholtz National Center for Lesbian Rights National Football League National Gay and Lesbian Task Force OADO Orlando Anti-Discrimination Ordinance Committee Orlando Coalition for Fair Adoption Orlando County Charter Review Commission Orlando Gay Parents group Pamela Dorothy "Pam" Iorio Panther Prints Parents, Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays Paul John Tagliabue Paula homosexuality Penn State women's basketball PFLAG Philecia Barnes Phillip Barnes Proposition 2 QueerTampa.com Rene Portland Rent Reverend Jay Dennis Richard "Rich" Crotty Ridgeview High School Ronald O. Valdiserri Rosario Isabel Dawson S&M sadism sadomasochism Sarasota Seminole Heights Stay Close Individual Leadership Award Steve Kodsi Steven Lorenzo Suncoast Resort Swan Park Inn syphilis Tampa Bay Tampa Bay Bears Tampa Bay Bondage Club Tampa Metro Diversity Center The Watermark Toni Ann McCabe Tracie Nicole Thoms transsexuals Wharton High School World AIDS Day https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/31fb4532f476182b304e5a3c758f2651.pdf e442f3e6067d334573d048ad86fdf3f6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra Collection Alternative Title Orlando Philharmonic Collection Subject Philharmonic orchestra series Orchestras Music--Florida Musicians--United States Orlando (Fla.) Description Collection of digital images, documents, and other records depicting the history of the Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra. Series descriptions are based on special topics, the majority of which students focused their metadata entries around. The Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra, located at 812 East Rollins Street Suite 300 in Orlando, was inspired by the closing of the Florida Symphony in 1993. The orchestra performs in more than 125 concerts each season. In June of 2013, the Philharmonic made plans to purchase the Plaza Live, located at 425 North Bumby Avenue in downtown Orlando, for office space, a rehearsal hall, a music library, and a music hall. Contributor <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a> Language eng Type Collection Coverage Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra, Orlando, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a> Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a> External Reference "<a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a>." Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra. http://orlandophil.org/. "<a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/TheOrlandoPhil" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a>." YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/user/TheOrlandoPhil. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/140" target="_blank">Central Florida Music History Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/145" target="_blank">Classical Collection</a>, Central Florida Music History Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by the <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Curator Cepero, Laura Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewee Lane, Andrew Duration 4 minuets and 2 seconds Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Oral History of Andrew Lane Alternative Title Oral History, Lane Subject Orlando (Fla.) Philharmonic orchestra series Orchestras Music--Florida Anniversaries Conductors (Music)--United States Horn players Musicians--United States Description Episode in the Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra's 20th Anniversary video series, chronicling the orchestra's history in Central Florida. This episode features an interview with Andrew Lane, who is a horn player, one of the orchestra's founding members, former Principal Pop, and current Resident Conductor. Topics in the video include the closing of the Florida Symphony, the creation of a new orchestra, how the orchestra obtained funding, trombonist and general manager Mark Fisher, an early concert in Kissimmee, and Lane's proudest accomplishment. Andrew Lane began his career with the United States Navy Band in Washington, D.C. Following his resignation in 1986, Lane performed as a freelancer with the American Chamber Orchestra, Washington Chamber Orchestra, Kennedy Center Orchestra, and National Gallery Orchestra. He joined the Florida Symphony in 1990 and the Florida Symphony Orchestra of Orlando in 1991. Other past positions held by Lane include: music director of the Florida Symphony Youth Orchestra from 1994 to May 2005; principal conductor of the Southern Ballet Theatre, presently called the Orlando Ballet; and guest conductor for the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, Rochester Philharmonic, Naples Philharmonic, and the Florida Orchestra. As of the fall of 2002, Lane is currently the conductor of the Florida West Coast Symphony Youth Philharmonic and the principal conductor of the Florida West Coast Symphony Youth Orchestra Program. The Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra, located at 812 East Rollins Street Suite 300 in Orlando, was inspired by the closing of the Florida Symphony in 1993. The orchestra performs in more than 125 concerts each season. In June of 2013, the Philharmonic made plans to purchase the Plaza Live, located at 425 North Bumby Avenue in downtown Orlando, for office space, a rehearsal hall, a music library, and a music hall. Table Of Contents 0:00:00 Introduction 0:00:13 Closing of the Florida Symphony 0:00:31 Starting a new orchestra 0:01:01 Funding and recruiting musicians 0:02:10 Mark Fisher and concert in Kissimmee 0:03:16 Lane's proudest accomplishment 0:03:47 Closing credits Abstract In celebration of the Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra's 20th Anniversary season, this video series chronicles the orchestra's two decades of history in Central Florida. In this episode, founding member and former Principal Pops & Resident Conductor Andrew Lane talks about the beginning of the orchestra. This video was produced by Joe Gennaro, Timothy G. Brown and Lisa Mills with the guidance of Stella Sung and Emily Lindahl. Type Moving Image Source Original 4-minute and 2-second video by Joe Gennaro, Timothy G. Brown, and Lisa Mills: "<a href="http://youtu.be/_8UV_UUR9Rg" target="_blank">The Orlando Phil's 20th Anniversary | Andrew Lan</a>." <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a>, October 3, 2012: Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra, Orlando, Florida. Requires Multimedia software, such as <a href="http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/" target="_blank"> Adobe Flash Player</a>. Application software, such as <a href="http://java.com/en/download/index.jsp" target="_blank"> Java</a>. Coverage Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra, Orlando, Florida Creator Gennaro, Joe Brown, Timothy G. Mills, Lisa Publisher <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a> Contributor Lane, Andrew Lindahl, Emily Lindahl, Emily Date Created 2012 Date Copyrighted 2012-10-03 Format video/mp4 application/pdf Medium 4-minute and 2-second video Language eng Mediator History Teacher Humanities Teacher Music Teacher Provenance Originally created by Joe Gennaro, Timothy G. Brown, and Lisa Mills and published by the <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a>. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by the <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Loan Contributing Project <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a> External Reference "<a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a>." Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra. http://orlandophil.org/. "<a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/TheOrlandoPhil" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a>." YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/user/TheOrlandoPhil. "<a href="http://orlandophil.org/biographies/andrew-lane/" target="_blank">Andrew Lane</a>." Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra. http://orlandophil.org/biographies/andrew-lane/. Carpenter, Marilyn D. "<a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LGFhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6YQEAAAAIBAJ&dq=orlando-philharmonic%20andrew-lane&pg=6059%2C3117607" target="_blank">Patriotic Music Highlights Concert</a>." The Sarasota Herald-Tribune, May 18, 2007. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LGFhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6YQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6059,3117607&dq=orlando-philharmonic+andrew-lane&hl=en. Click to View (Movie, Podcast, or Website) <a href="http://youtu.be/_8UV_UUR9Rg" target="_blank">Oral History of Andrew Lane</a> Transcript Before the Florida Symphony, um, went outta business it was difficult for a lot of people. It was difficult for the concert-goers, certainly the musicians. I was chairman of the orchestra committee, uh, French horn player in the Florida Symphony. Um, and we were just exhausted when the orchestra went out of business. It was a very difficult time and, at the time, I never imagined that we would start a new orchestra so soon. And the reason we did that—the reason we tried to—to build something back quickly, uh—there were a lot of fine musicians in the area that have lost their jobs. We wanted to keep them in the area. And, um, of course we wanted to go back to the supporters of the Florida Symphony and say, “Look, you know, we’re gonna try to do something new here—something that works for our community.” So we did exactly that, but what we found out was people who had contributed a lot of money to the Florida Symphony were not ready to contribute to another orchestra. They were concerned about how it would be managed and we learn that very quickly and it was a very difficult learning process. We didn't start from scratch in the sense that there were—there was a core group of musicians in town. Um, and—but what the challenge was they had other options. They had family they had to feed, you know. They had to do everything that they could. So going to them and saying, “Hey, look. Donate your time to us and we'll create this orchestra again,” you know, really wasn't gonna fly. We had to find funding to put this together an, um, you know, the—the artistic integrity of the organization was first and foremost on our mind. And so that was that was another big challenge we have to find the funds to put together a concert series that would keep these musicians involved and I think, you know—looking back on it I think that work pretty well. The story that I think dates back the furthest in an organization, that I kinda chuckle about every now then, had to do with Mark Fisher, who’s now general manager and principal horn of the orchestra. When we were first starting the orchestra, we were doing everything we could to get support. I mean, everything we could. And we were fortunate enough to be asked by the City of Kissimmee to do a concert at a local park in Kissimmee. And with the concert was really well attended. it was really great for the organization to do it. The problem was that we didn't have a lot of money to produce this concert. So I conducted the concert, and Mark played French horn in the concert. But we are also stage crew and, you know, we had to get out hours before the event. we had to set up the entire orchestra. The orchestra performed. We had to tear down the orchestra, put everything back on the truck, and drive all the way back to Orlando, unloaded the truck. Mark and I—we were exhausted and we sat down on the kind of the lift on the track and it was about one o'clock in the morning. And Mark looks at me and he says, “I hope we don't ever talk about this as the good old days.” When I think about the accomplishment, I think how lucky I am that I even got to do it and it was really by default. The orchestra needed somebody to conduct for a concert. I had had conducting classes in college, had always had an interest in it, um, and I have my opportunity to do it. So I’d really have to say my proudest accomplishment was the first time I did it for the Orlando Philharmonic [Orchestra], because, as I said, these musicians fabulous and all I had to do was get up there and be concerned about myself and they took care of the rest. Date Issued 2012-10-03 Has Format Original 4-minute and 2-second video by Joe Gennaro, Timothy G. Brown, and Lisa Mills: "<a href="http://youtu.be/_8UV_UUR9Rg" target="_blank">The Orlando Phil's 20th Anniversary | Andrew Lane</a>." <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a>, October 3, 2012. http://youtu.be/_8UV_UUR9Rg. Is Part Of <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a>, Orlando, Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/140" target="_blank">Central Florida Music History Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Extent 105 KB 20th Anniversary City of Kissimmee conductor Fischer, Mark Florida Symphony Florida Symphony Orchestra horn player Kissimmee Lane, Andrew music musicians OPO orchestras orlando Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra philharmonic orchestra Principal Pop Resident Conductor Rollins Street Twentieth Anniversary https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/03a88ca58a56dab47b91cb25405eb5a6.pdf 58f3f272d87e37d0e5b10fbf884c9fdb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra Collection Alternative Title Orlando Philharmonic Collection Subject Philharmonic orchestra series Orchestras Music--Florida Musicians--United States Orlando (Fla.) Description Collection of digital images, documents, and other records depicting the history of the Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra. Series descriptions are based on special topics, the majority of which students focused their metadata entries around. The Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra, located at 812 East Rollins Street Suite 300 in Orlando, was inspired by the closing of the Florida Symphony in 1993. The orchestra performs in more than 125 concerts each season. In June of 2013, the Philharmonic made plans to purchase the Plaza Live, located at 425 North Bumby Avenue in downtown Orlando, for office space, a rehearsal hall, a music library, and a music hall. Contributor <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a> Language eng Type Collection Coverage Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra, Orlando, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a> Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a> External Reference "<a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a>." Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra. http://orlandophil.org/. "<a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/TheOrlandoPhil" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a>." YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/user/TheOrlandoPhil. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/140" target="_blank">Central Florida Music History Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/145" target="_blank">Classical Collection</a>, Central Florida Music History Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by the <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Curator Cepero, Laura Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewee Shillhammer, David Duration 5 minutes and 47 seconds Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Oral History of David Schillhammer Alternative Title Oral History, Schillhammer Subject Orlando (Fla.) Philharmonic orchestra series Orchestras Music--Florida Anniversaries Conductors (Music)--United States Composers--United States Musicians--United States Music education Description Episode in the Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra's 20th Anniversary video series, chronicling the orchestra's history in Central Florida. This episode features an interview with David Schillhammer, Executive Director since 2010. Topics in the video include performing at the Grand Opening of Universal's Wizarding World of Harry Potter, being conducted by John Williams, sales and programming, the concert experience, the involvement of musicians on the Board, the Orlando Philharmonic's track record of fiscal responsibility, and educational programs offered by the orchestra. David Schillhammer was born and raised in Burlington, Vermont, and received his Bachelor of Music in Bassoon Performance from the Eastman School of Music. He has also served as the executive director of the San Antonio Symphony, general manager of the Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra, and production and education coordinator for the Rochester Philharmonic. On April 30, 2010, Orlando Mayor Buddy Dyer declared April 30th to be "David Schillhammer Day." The Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra, located at 812 East Rollins Street Suite 300 in Orlando, was inspired by the closing of the Florida Symphony in 1993. The orchestra performs in more than 125 concerts each season. In June of 2013, the Philharmonic made plans to purchase the Plaza Live, located at 425 North Bumby Avenue in downtown Orlando, for office space, a rehearsal hall, a music library, and a music hall. Table Of Contents 0:00:00 Introduction 0:00:13 Grand Opening of Universal's Wizarding World of Harry Potter 0:01:54 Sales and programming 0:03:06 Involvement of musicians on the board 0:03:49 Fiscal responsibility 0:04:05 Educational programs 0:05:40 Closing credits Abstract In celebration of the Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra's 20th Anniversary season, this video series chronicles the orchestra's two decades of history in Central Florida. In this episode, Executive Director David Schillhammer talks about his history with the orchestra. This video was produced by Joe Gennaro, Timothy G. Brown and Lisa Mills with the guidance of Stella Sung and Emily Lindahl. Type Moving Image Source Original 5-minute and 48-second video by Joe Gennaro, Timothy G. Brown, and Lisa Mills: "<a href="http://youtu.be/t7b_mapVRfQ" target="_blank">The Orlando Phil's 20th Anniversary | Executive Director David Schillhammer</a>." <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a>, October 25, 2012: Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra, Orlando, Florida. Requires Multimedia software, such as <a href="http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/" target="_blank"> Adobe Flash Player</a>. Application software, such as <a href="http://java.com/en/download/index.jsp" target="_blank"> Java</a>. Coverage Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra, Orlando, Florida Universal's Wizarding World of Harry Potter, Orlando, Florida Creator Gennaro, Joe Brown, Timothy G. Mills, Lisa Publisher <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a> Contributor Shillhammer, David Sung, Stella Lindahl, Emily Date Created 2012 Date Copyrighted 2012-10-25 Format video/mp4 application/pdf Medium 5-minute and 48-second video Language eng Mediator History Teacher Humanities Teacher Music Teacher Provenance Originally created by Joe Gennaro, Timothy G. Brown, and Lisa Mills and published by the <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a>. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by the <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Loan Contributing Project <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a> External Reference "<a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a>." Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra. http://orlandophil.org/. "<a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/TheOrlandoPhil" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a>." YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/user/TheOrlandoPhil. "<a href="http://orlandotheater.wordpress.com/2010/04/30/hope-youre-celebrating-its-david-schillhammer-day/" target="_blank">Hope youre celebrating: Its David Schillhammer Day</a>." Orlando Theater, April 30, 2010. http://orlandotheater.wordpress.com/2010/04/30/hope-youre-celebrating-its-david-schillhammer-day/. "<a href="http://theparkpress.com/orlando-philharmonic-orchestra-to-purchase-the-plaza-live/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra To Purchase The Plaza Live</a>." The Park Press, June 6, 2013. http://theparkpress.com/orlando-philharmonic-orchestra-to-purchase-the-plaza-live/. Click to View (Movie, Podcast, or Website) <a href="http://youtu.be/t7b_mapVRfQ" target="_blank">Oral History of David Schillhammer</a> Transcript Schillhammer In my 13 years with the Orlando Philharmonic [Orchestra], there are so many great stories, but I think one of the really great highlights and one of the great honors bestowed upon the Orlando Philharmonic was the opportunity to play for the grand opening of Universal [Studios Florida]’s Wondrous—Harry Potter's Wondrous World.<a title="">[1]</a> And that, in of itself, was an honor enough, but we were conducted by the great John Williams, who of course has composed all of that great music and is truly, you know, um, America's genius. As soon as he picked up his baton and started conducting, it transformed the sound of the Orlando Philharmonic. The conductor can have that. It was so inspiring for the musicians of the Orlando Philharmonic—for those of us who were there to witness it—to see the kind of music making that he could bring to the Orlando Philharmonic. He had put his foot down. He wanted either the London Symphony [Orchestra] or the Boston Pops [Orchestra], and they were going to have to fly in these orchestras from either London[, England, United Kingdom] or Boston[, Massachusetts], and, uh, that was, those were his demands and once we sent him recordings of the orchestra and once, uh, some people from Universal came to the concerts, they knew they had a prize-winning, award-winning orchestra right here in their backyard. And he penned the most genuinely, kind, sincere complimentary letter, um, that we have ever received. He didn’t have to do that. And, um, I get goose bumps right to this day thinking about what a great thrill it was performing with John Williams. We have had incredible success with ticket sales. It is an enormous increase. we've had double-digit growth increase in subscription sales each and every year during what has been the worst [Great] Recession in American history since the—since the Great Depression. and people have remained passionate about the programming of the Orlando Philharmonic. Our mantra is “exciting programming marketed well.” You have to have both. We have to have exciting programming and we have to tell the story about why it’s exciting programming. I like to think and I—I do believe that every Orlando Philharmonic concert is an event. And the musicians are some of the best in the country, if not the world. I mean, our performances are as good as any American orchestra. I’ll put us up against anybody. And, uh, uh, people respect and appreciate that and they come in record numbers. We elevated the musicians from what is generally the bottom of the totem pole and put them at the top of the totem pole, equal setting with the—with the community board of directors. Our bylaws mandate that 25 percent of the positions on the board of directors be filled by musicians in the orchestra—unheard of to this day. Most American officers have no musicians on the board on purpose. Uh, some might have one or two. Um often, they’re non-voting, and they're never on executive committee, where the real decisions are made and we break down all those barriers. We have a musician who serves on the five-member executive committee, and we talk about things open and honestly at every level, no matter how difficult it is. Well, we have a tremendous track record of fiscal responsibility. I really give credit to the founders and to the Board of Directors. We all work together to ensure financial equilibrium each and every year. We've never had a penny of red ink. Unidentified Okay, now if I take that down a half step [plays trumpet]. Schillhammer Our educational programs are something for which we’re very proud. Our young people's concerts—every year we perform 28 young people’s concerts for close to 60,000 elementary school students in Orange, Seminole, and Osceola Counties. It’s one of the largest of its kind in the country. We also have “Tiny Tots” for daycare centers we have “Notes in Your Neighborhood” that goes into the school, primarily in those critical after school hours. We have our young composers challenge which is also very special. It started out as the Orlando Young Composers Challenge and now it's the National Young Composers Challenge. I think that you'll find this event has all drama of a spelling bee combined with the passion of great music making. We have adult classes. We have, uh—it’s called “Sounds of Music in Adult Music Appreciation” class we have about a hundred people who sign up every year. They want to know more. They go to the concerts and there’s mysteries about symphony orchestras. They want to know this information and when they know this information they can enjoy the performances more. They become more passionate supporters. And, uh yeah. So our adult music appreciation classes have been really great. So we’re—we’re out there as much as we possibly can, nurturing people’s interests and passion for symphonic music. <div> <div> <a title="">[1]</a> Correction: Universal's Wizarding World of Harry Potter. </div> </div> Date Issued 2012-10-25 Has Format Original 5-minute and 48-second video by Joe Gennaro, Timothy G. Brown, and Lisa Mills: "<a href="http://youtu.be/t7b_mapVRfQ" target="_blank">The Orlando Phil's 20th Anniversary | Executive Director David Schillhammer</a>." <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a>, October 25, 2012. http://youtu.be/t7b_mapVRfQ. Is Part Of <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a>, Orlando, Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/140" target="_blank">Central Florida Music History Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Extent 114 KB 20th Anniversary Boston Pops Orchestra composer conductor executive directors Great Recession London Symphony Orchestra music music education musicians Notes in Your Neighborhood OPO orchestra orlando Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra Orlando Young Composers Challenge philharmonic orchestra Rollins Street Schillhammer, David Sounds of Music Tiny Tots Twentieth Anniversary Universal Studios Universal Studios Florida Williams, John Wizarding World of Harry Potter Young Composers Challenge Young People's Concert https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/db4f6a929f30cfad8278db2ca869bd87.pdf 8cb2851f140442d3b56d8ea9188f22b4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra Collection Alternative Title Orlando Philharmonic Collection Subject Philharmonic orchestra series Orchestras Music--Florida Musicians--United States Orlando (Fla.) Description Collection of digital images, documents, and other records depicting the history of the Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra. Series descriptions are based on special topics, the majority of which students focused their metadata entries around. The Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra, located at 812 East Rollins Street Suite 300 in Orlando, was inspired by the closing of the Florida Symphony in 1993. The orchestra performs in more than 125 concerts each season. In June of 2013, the Philharmonic made plans to purchase the Plaza Live, located at 425 North Bumby Avenue in downtown Orlando, for office space, a rehearsal hall, a music library, and a music hall. Contributor <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a> Language eng Type Collection Coverage Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra, Orlando, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a> Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a> External Reference "<a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a>." Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra. http://orlandophil.org/. "<a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/TheOrlandoPhil" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a>." YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/user/TheOrlandoPhil. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/140" target="_blank">Central Florida Music History Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/145" target="_blank">Classical Collection</a>, Central Florida Music History Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by the <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Curator Cepero, Laura Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewee James, Caroline James, Hugh Duration 1 minute and 51 seconds Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Oral History of Hugh and Caroline James Alternative Title Oral History, James Subject Orlando (Fla.) Philharmonic orchestra series Orchestras Music--Florida Anniversaries Patrons, Music Description Episode in the Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra's 20th Anniversary video series, chronicling the orchestra's history in Central Florida. This episode features an interview with Hugh James and Caroline James, patrons of the orchestra. Topics in the video include how the James got involved with the orchestra, working with the people and musicians of the OPO, the Philharmonic's relationship with patrons, the orchestra's role in the community, and ticket sales and subscribers. Hugh and Caroline are members of the Friends of the Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra, an organization dedicated to supporting the Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra. The Orlando Philharmonic Guild first met in February of 1996 and changed its name to the Friends of the Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra in July of that same year. They held their first invitational fundraiser, "The Holiday Pops Dinner Gala," at the Hyatt Regency Hotel in December of 1996. The Friends celebrated its 15th anniversary in October of 2011, and continues to host fundraising events focused on garnering financial and community support of the OPO. The Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra, located at 812 East Rollins Street Suite 300 in Orlando, was inspired by the closing of the Florida Symphony in 1993. The orchestra performs in more than 125 concerts each season. In June of 2013, the Philharmonic made plans to purchase the Plaza Live, located at 425 North Bumby Avenue in downtown Orlando, for office space, a rehearsal hall, a music library, and a music hall. Table Of Contents 0:00:00 Introduction 0:00:13 How the James got involved with the orchestra 0:00:21 Working with the people and musicians of the OPO 0:00:44 The Philharmonic's relationship with patrons 0:01:06 The orchestra's role in the community 0:01:45 Closing credits Abstract In celebration of the Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra's 20th Anniversary season, this video series chronicles the orchestra's two decades of history in Central Florida. In this episode, Caroline and Hugh James talk about why they are Friends of the Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra. This video was produced by Joe Gennaro, Timothy G. Brown and Lisa Mills with the guidance of Stella Sung and Emily Lindahl. Type Moving Image Source Original 1-minute and 51-second video by Joe Gennaro, Timothy G. Brown, and Lisa Mills: "<a href="http://youtu.be/L1JWf8Cnnuk" target="_blank">The Orlando Phil's 20th Anniversary | Hugh & Caroline James</a>." <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a>, October 24, 2012: Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra, Orlando, Florida. Requires Multimedia software, such as <a href="http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/" target="_blank"> Adobe Flash Player</a>. Application software, such as <a href="http://java.com/en/download/index.jsp" target="_blank"> Java</a>. Coverage Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra, Orlando, Florida Creator Gennaro, Joe Brown, Timothy G. Mills, Lisa Publisher <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a> Contributor James, Caroline James, Hugh Sung, Stella Lindahl, Emily Date Created 2012 Date Copyrighted 2012-10-24 Format video/mp4 application/pdf Medium 1-minute and 51-second video Language eng Mediator History Teacher Humanities Teacher Music Teacher Provenance Originally created by Joe Gennaro, Timothy G. Brown, and Lisa Mills and published by the <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a>. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by the <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Loan Contributing Project <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a> External Reference "<a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a>." Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra. http://orlandophil.org/. "<a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/TheOrlandoPhil" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a>." YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/user/TheOrlandoPhil. "<a href="http://www.friendsorlandophil.org/about.htm" target="_blank">About the Friends</a>." Friends of the Orlando Philharmonic. http://www.friendsorlandophil.org/about.htm. Click to View (Movie, Podcast, or Website) <a href="http://youtu.be/L1JWf8Cnnuk" target="_blank">Oral History of Hugh and Caroline James </a> Transcript Caroline I was retired. He was still working. Uh, so I dragged him in slowly but surely it's well. Hugh If you sort of had to ask, “What is the nicest thing about working with the OPO[ Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra]?” It's the people. it's the people. Um, especially, in some ways, the musicians. They’re not people in fancy suits across there on the stage. They’re regular folks and they are just nice people. They’re all such nice people. Caroline The Philharmonic really reaches out to its patrons and wants every patron to know they are the most important person in that auditorium. And we, um—we have post-concert receptions, where you get to meet the musicians, the staff, guest artists, fellow patrons. And there’s a real mixing and mingling and you feel like you're part of a big family. Hugh The Philharmonic has become an integral part of the community. Um, both with its concerts, with its presentations, with its opera, and with all the things that it's doing for young people. So, um, I think the recognition in the community is far, far higher than it was 10 years ago. With each concert, we have less general seating tickets to sell. That’s the bad news [laughs]. The good news is that’s because they are full of subscribers. Date Issued 2012-10-24 Has Format Original 1-minute and 51-second video by Joe Gennaro, Timothy G. Brown, and Lisa Mills: "<a href="http://youtu.be/L1JWf8Cnnuk" target="_blank">The Orlando Phil's 20th Anniversary | Hugh & Caroline James</a>." <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a>. http://youtu.be/L1JWf8Cnnuk. Is Part Of <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a>, Orlando, Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/140" target="_blank">Central Florida Music History Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. 20th Anniversary Friends of the Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra James, Caroline James, Hugh music OPO orchestra orlando Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra patron philharmonic orchestra Rollins Street subscribers Twentieth Anniversary https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/8e236d9890987bd86e16b0a0d718f46b.pdf a437e74e9da71bed4e3d27e5917bca64 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra Collection Alternative Title Orlando Philharmonic Collection Subject Philharmonic orchestra series Orchestras Music--Florida Musicians--United States Orlando (Fla.) Description Collection of digital images, documents, and other records depicting the history of the Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra. Series descriptions are based on special topics, the majority of which students focused their metadata entries around. The Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra, located at 812 East Rollins Street Suite 300 in Orlando, was inspired by the closing of the Florida Symphony in 1993. The orchestra performs in more than 125 concerts each season. In June of 2013, the Philharmonic made plans to purchase the Plaza Live, located at 425 North Bumby Avenue in downtown Orlando, for office space, a rehearsal hall, a music library, and a music hall. Contributor <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a> Language eng Type Collection Coverage Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra, Orlando, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a> Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a> External Reference "<a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a>." Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra. http://orlandophil.org/. "<a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/TheOrlandoPhil" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a>." YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/user/TheOrlandoPhil. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/140" target="_blank">Central Florida Music History Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/145" target="_blank">Classical Collection</a>, Central Florida Music History Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by the <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Curator Cepero, Laura Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewee Brodie, Lyman A. Duration 3 minutes and 49 seconds Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Oral History of Lyman Brodie Alternative Title Oral History, Brodie Subject Orlando (Fla.) Philharmonic orchestra series Orchestras Music--Florida Anniversaries Musicians--United States Trumpeters Trumpet players--United States Music education Description Episode in the Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra's 20th Anniversary video series, chronicling the orchestra's history in Central Florida. This episode features an interview with Lyman Brodie, Principal Trumpet and board member. Topics in the video include an anecdote about outdoor concert, the earliest days of the OPO, educational programs, venues, performing with John Williams and other experiences with the orchestra, music played by the Philharmonic, and the role of orchestra members as community members. In addition to the Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra, Lyman A. Brodie performs for the Dallas Wind Symphony and the Black Music Repertory Ensemble. He also is the Associate Dean of the College of Arts and Humanities and a Professor of Music at the University of Central Florida (UCF). Previous positions that Brodie has held at UCF include Chair of the Department of Music and President of the University Wide Counsel of Chairs and Chairmen of the Campus Review for the Strategic Planning Initiative. Additionally, Brodie has served as a national grant review panelist for the National Endowment for the Arts Music Program, an elected board member of Chamber Music Directors of the Orlando Philharmonic, an Advisory Board member of the Arts Presenters, and a voting member of the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. The Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra, located at 812 East Rollins Street Suite 300 in Orlando, was inspired by the closing of the Florida Symphony in 1993. The orchestra performs in more than 125 concerts each season. In June of 2013, the Philharmonic made plans to purchase the Plaza Live, located at 425 North Bumby Avenue in downtown Orlando, for office space, a rehearsal hall, a music library, and a music hall. Table Of Contents 0:00:00 Introduction 0:00:13 Trumpeter Lyman Brodie performing 0:00:46 Anecdote about outdoor concert 0:01:25 Earliest days of the OPO 0:01:40 Educational programs and venues 0:02:28 Performing with John Williams and other experiences with the orchestra 0:02:53 Music played by the Philharmonic 0:01:45 Closing credits Abstract In celebration of the Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra's 20th Anniversary season, this video series chronicles the orchestra's two decades of history in Central Florida. In this episode, Principal Trumpet and board member Lyman Brodie talks about his role in the orchestra. This video was produced by Joe Gennaro, Timothy G. Brown and Lisa Mills with the guidance of Stella Sung and Emily Lindahl. Type Moving Image Source Original 3-minute and 49-second video by Joe Gennaro, Timothy G. Brown, and Lisa Mills: "<a href="http://youtu.be/v04lmXY0TtM" target="_blank">The Orlando Phil's 20th Anniversary | Lyman Brodie, Principal Trumpet</a>." <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a>, October 3, 2012: Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra, Orlando, Florida. Requires Multimedia software, such as <a href="http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/" target="_blank"> Adobe Flash Player</a>. Application software, such as <a href="http://java.com/en/download/index.jsp" target="_blank"> Java</a>. Coverage Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra, Orlando, Florida Creator Gennaro, Joe Brown, Timothy G. Mills, Lisa Publisher <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a> Contributor Brodie, Lyman A. Sung, Stella Lindahl, Emily Date Created 2012 Date Copyrighted 2012-10-03 Format video/mp4 application/pdf Medium 3-minute and 49-second video Language eng Mediator History Teacher Humanities Teacher Music Teacher Provenance Originally created by Joe Gennaro, Timothy G. Brown, and Lisa Mills and published by the <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a>. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by the <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Loan Contributing Project <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a> External Reference "<a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a>." Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra. http://orlandophil.org/. "<a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/TheOrlandoPhil" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a>." YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/user/TheOrlandoPhil. "<a href="http://music.cah.ucf.edu/staff.php?id=10" target="_blank">Lyman Brodie</a>." Music Department, College of Arts & Humanities, University of Central Florida. http://music.cah.ucf.edu/staff.php?id=10. Click to View (Movie, Podcast, or Website) <a href="http://youtu.be/v04lmXY0TtM" target="_blank">Oral History of Lyman Brodie</a> Transcript Brodie We were doing a—an outdoor concert—a park concert. And I honestly can't remember exactly where it was, but the interesting thing about it was it started raining. I mean, downpour. And, uh, instead of us stopping the program, uh—I remember Andy Lane<a title="">[1]</a> was conducting the concert and he invited the audience to come under the tent [laughs]. And so we had the entire audience that was out there. Instead of being in the rain, they were under the tent with the orchestra. And we continue playing the concert [laughs].’ The, um—the early days, of course, um, were pretty tough, uh, because we didn't have a home. Um, we did concerts in various venues around the city. Um, we, um, started of course by doing programs to—of educational quality. Both for young people's concerts, and for the opera, and for the ballet. And, um—and we started by doing those kinds of service-related kinds of things and then programs that were, uh, basically, um fee-based. So we weren't doing subscription programs as such at the very beginning. And, um, as we grew, we start doing more those kinds of things, but the venues changed quite a bit for the first three years. I think it was not until the third or fourth year that we actually were able to mount a problem in the performing arts center—Bob Carr [Performing Arts Centre]. Performing with John Williams for the opening of the Harry Potter theme park, you know, was a real thrill. There have been many, many, many great experiences performing with the Orlando Philharmonic. The, uh—the same music that we look at in Orlando is the same music that the performers look at a New York [City, New York] in Chicago[, Illinois], and Dallas[, Texas], and Los Angeles[, California], in Berlin[, Germany], and Vienna[, Austria]. Um, when we perform [Gustav] Mahler, or [Johann] Strauss, or [Sergei] Prokofiev, or [Dmitri] Shostakovich, those are the same parts everyone are performing all over the world. The members of the orchestra are members of the community. Um, we’ve been able to, fortunate enough to told a number of additions and—and bring in some really, really good performers, so we're really fortunate for that. And all of those people have become part on the community as well. <div> <div> <a title="">[1]</a> Andrew Lane. </div> </div> Date Issued 2012-10-03 Has Format Original 3-minute and 49-second video by Joe Gennaro, Timothy G. Brown, and Lisa Mills: "<a href="http://youtu.be/v04lmXY0TtM" target="_blank">The Orlando Phil's 20th Anniversary | Lyman Brodie, Principal Trumpet</a>." <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a>, October 3, 2012. http://youtu.be/v04lmXY0TtM. Is Part Of <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a>, Orlando, Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/140" target="_blank">Central Florida Music History Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. 20th Anniversary board members Bob Carr Performing Arts Centre Brodie, Lyman Harry Potter Lane, Andrew Mahler, Gustav music music education musicians OPO orchestra orlando Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra philharmonic orchestra Principal Trumpet Prokofiev, Sergei Rollins Street Shostakovich, Dmitri Strauss, Johann trumpet trumpet player trumpeter Twentieth Anniversary Universal Studios Florida Unviersal's Wizarding World of Harry Potter Williams, John Wizarding World of Harry Potter https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/569d7aa0ce04d7aa0e7fbea083fa6860.pdf db2938f2ec3bbc34e40e828831fe9781 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra Collection Alternative Title Orlando Philharmonic Collection Subject Philharmonic orchestra series Orchestras Music--Florida Musicians--United States Orlando (Fla.) Description Collection of digital images, documents, and other records depicting the history of the Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra. Series descriptions are based on special topics, the majority of which students focused their metadata entries around. The Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra, located at 812 East Rollins Street Suite 300 in Orlando, was inspired by the closing of the Florida Symphony in 1993. The orchestra performs in more than 125 concerts each season. In June of 2013, the Philharmonic made plans to purchase the Plaza Live, located at 425 North Bumby Avenue in downtown Orlando, for office space, a rehearsal hall, a music library, and a music hall. Contributor <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a> Language eng Type Collection Coverage Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra, Orlando, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a> Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a> External Reference "<a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a>." Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra. http://orlandophil.org/. "<a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/TheOrlandoPhil" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a>." YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/user/TheOrlandoPhil. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/140" target="_blank">Central Florida Music History Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/145" target="_blank">Classical Collection</a>, Central Florida Music History Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by the <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Curator Cepero, Laura Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewee Fischer, Mark Duration 2 minutes and 37 seconds Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Oral History of Mark Fischer Alternative Title Oral History, Fischer Subject Orlando (Fla.) Philharmonic orchestra series Orchestras Music--Florida Anniversaries Musicians--United States Horn players Seaquest DSV (Television program) Description Episode in the Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra's 20th Anniversary video series, chronicling the orchestra's history in Central Florida. This episode features an interview with Mark Fischer, General Manager and Principal Horn. Topics in the video include the orchestra's performance for the television program Seaquest DSV and community involvement in the OPO. Mark Fischer received his education in music from the University of South Florida and studied the horn with the Philadelphia Orchestra and the New York Philharmonic. From 1975 to 1993, Fischer performed as Second Horn and Fourth Horn for the Florida Symphony. A founding member of the OPO, Fischer has been serving on the Orlando Philharmonic Board of Directors since its inception. He was also appointed to the position of Principal Horn in 1995 and the position of General Manager in 1997. Finally, he has performed with the Minnesota Orchestra, the Grand Teton Festival Orchestra, the St. Paul Chamber Orchestra, the Jacksonville Symphony, the Naples Philharmonic, and the Florida Orchestra. The Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra, located at 812 East Rollins Street Suite 300 in Orlando, was inspired by the closing of the Florida Symphony in 1993. The orchestra performs in more than 125 concerts each season. In June of 2013, the Philharmonic made plans to purchase the Plaza Live, located at 425 North Bumby Avenue in downtown Orlando, for office space, a rehearsal hall, a music library, and a music hall. Table Of Contents 0:00:00 Introduction 0:00:13 The orchestra's performance for the television program seaQuest DSV 0:01:35 Community involvement in the OPO 0:02:28 Closing credits Abstract In celebration of the Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra's 20th Anniversary season, this video series chronicles the orchestra's two decades of history in Central Florida. This video was produced by Joe Gennaro, Timothy G. Brown and Lisa Mills with the guidance of Stella Sung and Emily Lindahl. Type Moving Image Source Original 2-minute and 37-second video by Joe Gennaro, Timothy G. Brown, and Lisa Mills: "<a href="http://youtu.be/JuWfWsuguCE" target="_blank">The Orlando Phil's 20th Anniversary | Mark Fischer, General Manager & Principal Horn</a>." <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a>, October 3, 2012: Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra, Orlando, Florida. Requires Multimedia software, such as <a href="http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/" target="_blank"> Adobe Flash Player</a>. Application software, such as <a href="http://java.com/en/download/index.jsp" target="_blank"> Java</a>. Coverage Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra, Orlando, Florida Lake Eola Bandshell, Downtown Orlando, Florida Creator Gennaro, Joe Brown, Timothy G. Mills, Lisa Publisher <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a> Contributor Fischer, Mark Sung, Stella Lindahl, Emily Date Created 2012 Date Copyrighted 2012-10-03 Format video/mp4 application/pdf Medium 2-minute and 37-second video Language eng Mediator History Teacher Humanities Teacher Music Teacher Provenance Originally created by Joe Gennaro, Timothy G. Brown, and Lisa Mills and published by the <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a>. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by the <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Loan Contributing Project <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a> External Reference "<a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a>." Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra. http://orlandophil.org/. "<a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/TheOrlandoPhil" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a>." YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/user/TheOrlandoPhil. "<a href="http://www.floridahornfest.com/artists" target="_blank">Mark Fischer - Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a>." Florida French Horn Festival. http://www.floridahornfest.com/artists. Click to View (Movie, Podcast, or Website) <a href="http://youtu.be/JuWfWsuguCE" target="_blank">Oral History of Mark Fischer</a> Transcript Fischer Well I think one of the—one of the events that stands out as we started out as an orchestra was, uh, a result of our willingness to do almost anything. And, um, Andy Lane, <a title="">[1]</a> who was the manager at the time, uh, received a call from a production company wanting to use an all-male orchestra dressed in, uh, boxer shorts to film a dream sequence for the, uh—um, the television show seaQuest [DSV]. We, uh, performed in the Lake Eola Bandshell, with the actor Roy Scheider on the podium. And, uh, Mr. Scheider was watching Andy Lane, who was behind the orchestra—not one camera—and was mirroring his motions as a conductor. And so we played the music and, um—and eventually it made it on to the dream sequence that was part of, uh, Roy Scheider’s character, uh, in the television show. And when we did that I thought, Okay. Well, we just moved the boundary a little bit, and I think, um, we’ll see what comes next. And, you know, there—there are no boundaries apparently. I think what amazes me most about the success of the Orlando Philharmonic [Orchestra] over the years is the extent to which it’s been embraced by people in the community. People have, uh—members of the friends of the Philharmonic would volunteer as board members, have really gone the extra mile over the years to help sustain this organization, and to see to it that even in hard economic times that it can—it can flourish. When—when musicians see that kind of commitment to the organization it makes them also more committed. Um, it, uh, gives one a sense of—of well-being. And, uh, that what—what we do as musicians is important. And, uh, and it’s considered indispensable to the community. <div> <div> <a title="">[1]</a> Andrew Lane. </div> </div> Date Issued 2012-10-03 Has Format Original 2-minute and 37-second video by Joe Gennaro, Timothy G. Brown, and Lisa Mills: "<a href="http://youtu.be/JuWfWsuguCE" target="_blank">The Orlando Phil's 20th Anniversary | Mark Fischer, General Manager & Principal Horn</a>." <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a>, October 3, 2012. http://youtu.be/JuWfWsuguCE. Is Part Of <a href="http://orlandophil.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra</a>, Orlando, Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/140" target="_blank">Central Florida Music History Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Extent 107 KB 20th Anniversary board of directors Fischer, Mark General Manager Lake Eola Lake Eola Bandshell Lane, Andrew OPO orchestra Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra Principal Horn Rollins Street SeaQuest Sheider, Roy Twentieth Anniversary https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/2ede11035b08f37e307f9444c768c148.mp3 0e326aea7ef9b98c728bae17ff81ce35 https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/ba180b1e1d8dd7ec76a9409da8627c45.pdf 48968f809e182ddd69bacc587ef4161d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Celery Soup: Florida's Folk Life Play Collection Alternative Title Celery Soup Collection Subject Sanford (Fla.) Community theater--United States Theater--United States Description The Celery Soup: Florida’s Folk Life Play Collection encompasses photographs, artifacts, and oral histories related to the production of Creative Sanford, Inc.'s and Celery Soup's play Remade - Not Bought, performed at the Princess Theater in 2013. Many of the items in this collection were collected by Dr. Scot French's Tools in Digital History Seminar Graduate Class during the Fall 2013 semester at the University of Central Florida. Contributor Dingle, Cathy Lee Delgado, Natalie Fedorka, Drew M. Ford, Nancy Harris French, Scot A. Kelley, Katie Lee, Luticia Gormley Maliczowski, Linda Lee Maples, Marilyn Miller, Mark Reisz, Autumn Thompson, Trish Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/44" target="_blank">Seminole County Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/16" target="_blank">Sanford Collection</a>, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Celery Soup: Florida’s Folk Life Play, Sanford, Florida Creative Sanford, Inc., Sanford, Florida Princess Theater, Sanford, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/" target="_blank">Creative Sanford, Inc.</a> <a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/" target="_blank">Celery Soup: Florida’s Folk Life Play</a> Dr. <a href="http://history.scotfrench.com/" target="_blank">Scot A. French</a>'s Tools in Digital History Seminar Graduate Class, Fall 2013 at the <a href="http://www.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">University of Central Florida</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com//about" target="_blank">WHO IS CREATIVE SANFORD, INC?</a>" Celery Soup. http://www.celerysoupsanford.com//about. "<a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/about/" target="_blank">About: History and Purpose</a>." Celery Soup. http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/about/. "<a href="http://www.communityperformanceinternational.org/sanford-florida" target="_blank">Sanford, Florida: How do you make Celery Soup? Add stories, then stir</a>." Community Performance International. http://www.communityperformanceinternational.org/sanford-florida. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer Miller, Mark Interviewee Newman, Peter Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Oral History of Peter Newman Alternative Title Oral History, Newman Subject Sanford (Fla.) Theater--United States Doctors Physicians--Florida Race relations--United States Description Oral history told by Peter Newman, playwright, director, and board member of Creative Sanford, Inc., a non-profit organization created to manage Celery Soup: Florida's Folk Life Play community theater productions. Celery Soup's first production was Touch and Go, a play about how the people of Sanford overcame obstacles throughout their history. This interview, conducted by Mark Miller, deals with topics such as the history of Creative Sanford, and Celery Soup, Newman's playwriting process, the Florida highwaymen, scripts that Newman wrote, the use of history as inspiration for plays, the importance of authenticity, the story of Dr. George H. Starke, dealing with sensitive issues and race relations, the interviewing process, and the community's reaction to Celery Soup's plays. Table Of Contents 0:00:00 Introduction 0:00:22 History of Creative Sanford, Inc. and Celery Soup 0:05:39 The fireman and Barbara Farrell 0:07:17 RECORDING CUTS OFF 0:07:17 The fireman and Barbara Farrell 0:07:53 How Newman got involved with Creative Sanford 0:09:13 Using history as an inspiration for community theater 0:11:49 Fire at the Holy Cross Episcopal Church 0:14:05 Importance of authenticity 0:16:08 How Celery Soup chooses topics 0:19:56 Luticia Lee's rolling pin 0:20:52 Dr. George H. Starke 0:25:13 Dealing with sensitive issues and race relations 0:27:45 Uncle Dieter 0:30:25 The interviewing process 0:31:51 Community feedback 0:34:35 Collecting history 0:35:45 Background in theater 0:38:04 Future Celery Soup plays 0:40:09 Closing remarks Abstract Oral history interview of Peter Newman. Interview conducted by Mark Miller. Type Sound Source Newman, Peter. Interviewed by Mark Miller. Audio record available. <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Requires Multimedia software, such as <a href="http://www.apple.com/quicktime/download/" target="_blank"> QuickTime</a>. <a href="https://get.adobe.com/reader/" target="_blank">Adobe Acrobat Reader</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/82" target="_blank">Celery Soup: Florida’s Folk Life Play Collection</a>, Sanford Collection, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Has Format Digital transcript of original 40-minute and 19-second oral history: Newman, Peter. Interviewed by Mark Miller. Audio record available. <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Coverage Celery Soup, Sanford, Florida Princess Theater, Sanford, Florida Creative Sanford, Inc., Sanford, Florida Swamp Gravy, Colquitt, Georgia Naval Air Station (NAS), Sanford, Florida Holy Cross Episcopal Church, Sanford, Florida Mayfair Country Club, Sanford, Florida Creator Miller, Mark Newman, Peter Publisher <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> Date Created 2013 Date Modified 2014-04-08 2014-05-07 Format audio/mp3 application/pdf Extent 407 MB 206 KB Medium 40-minute and 19-second audio recording 18-page digital transcript Language eng Mediator History Teacher Humanities Teacher Theater Teacher Provenance Originally created by Mark Miller and Peter Newman, and published by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Rights Holder <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> Accrual Method Item Creation Contributing Project <a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/" target="_blank">Creative Sanford, Inc.</a> <a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/" target="_blank">Celery Soup</a> Dr. <a href="http://history.scotfrench.com/" target="_blank">Scot French</a>'s "Tools in Digital History Seminar", Fall 2013 at the <a href="http://www.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">University of Central Florida</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com//about" target="_blank">WHO IS CREATIVE SANFORD, INC?</a>" Celery Soup. http://www.celerysoupsanford.com//about. "<a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/about/" target="_blank">About: History and Purpose</a>." Celery Soup. http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/about/. "<a href="http://www.communityperformanceinternational.org/sanford-florida" target="_blank">Sanford, Florida: How do you make Celery Soup? Add stories, then stir</a>." Community Performance International. http://www.communityperformanceinternational.org/sanford-florida. "<a href="http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2010-10-20/entertainment/os-celery-soup-sanford-20101020_1_oral-histories-swamp-gravy-celery-soup" target="_blank">Tales of Sanford's resilience are the stars of 'Touch and Go'</a>." The Orlando Sentinel, October 20, 2010. http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2010-10-20/entertainment/os-celery-soup-sanford-20101020_1_oral-histories-swamp-gravy-celery-soup. "<a href="http://mysanfordherald.com/view/full_story/12128828/article-Young-dancer-helps-put-spark-in--Touch-and-Go" target="_blank">Young dancer helps put spark in 'Touch and Go'</a>." The Sanford Herald, March 2, 2011. http://mysanfordherald.com/view/full_story/12128828/article-Young-dancer-helps-put-spark-in--Touch-and-Go. "<a href="http://swampgravy.com/about-us/" target="_blank">About Us</a>." Swamp Gravy: Georgia's Official Folk-Life Play. http://swampgravy.com/about-us/. Transcript Miller Very nice. You look good. Okay. Well, I’m Mark Miller, with a graduate student with UCF [University of Central Florida]. And I’m here with Peter Newman, uh—director, writer, everything to do with Celery Soup[: Florida’s Folk Life Play], and, uh, and a powerhouse behind Creative Sanford[, Inc]. So we’re here for an interview. So have you been, uh, with the project from the beginning—Creative Sanford and, um, Celery Soup, or anything? Newman Creative Sanford actually started, um, probably three years before we actually put on the first, uh, [clears throat]—the first performance. Um, it was based on, um, Swamp Gravy[: Georgia's Official Folk-Life Play], uh, which started in Colquitt in Georgia. And Jeanine Taylor, who runs the, um, gallery across the way there, was really the, uh—the, uh—the, uh, fountain of it. Um, and she came back from seeing Swamp Gravy and decided she wanted to do the same here in. And, uh—I think, um—I mean, she will be able to tell you the story better than I can. But somebody I believe gave her either a check or cash—$200—and said, “There you go. Let’s start it.” Um, they ran, uh, three to four years with the, um, funding within the community doing things like the Celery Ball primarily, and other things like that, before they actually, uh, pushed the boat out and, um, got a hold a company up North, that actually also helped to create Swamp Gravy. And they came down here and they did the first show. They, um—they were, um, helping with the “Tea and Tells,” which is where the community stories were obtained. And then, uh, they have, uh, various professional people, like a playwright—and she took the stories, put them together and produced the play. Then they had professional directors, choreographers, lighting, and all the rest of it. And, um, they came together and they produced, um, the first Touch and Go. Um, it’s called Touch and Go,because, as you probably know, there was an Air Force—no.it was Navy base [Naval Air Station (NAS) Sanford] here. They—they flew aircraft. Anyhow, Um, the—it was Navy, because the “touch and go” was practicing carrier landings, so what they’d come is—they’d come down in their jets, touch the tarmac, and then take off again, so hence the “touch and go.” That’s what we used to call it. And, uh, one of the, uh, people who was associated with it very early on, he had a story about watching the planes do that when he was, uh, young in the Second World War— just after. Um, but we—we felt that, um, after we had done Touch and Go—and, I mean, it was a success. There’s no doubt about it, but after that, um—that we could, you know, really, uh, kind of run with it ourselves. I mean, you know there were[sic] a nice enough bunch of people used to doing it, But, uh, they charged an arm and a leg, so you know you can only sustain that for so long. Particularly in a place like this. So, you know, Colquitt, Georgia, is an amazing place, uh, and if you go up there to watch Swamp Gravy, it is the only show in town. And people come from mile[sic]—I mean, it is unbelievable when you go up there to see that hundreds of people that come to it. They come from all over. Whereas here, um, on any one night that we’re putting on something by Celery Soup, you can guarantee that there are between perhaps four to ten other live shows going on in theaters within perhaps a 30 mile radius. And I believe that that is primarily due to the number of people here that are associated with [Walt] Disney [World]. And of course, you know that helps with the whole creative process when it comes around to theater and all its, uh, associated performing arts. So we’ve been going now for about four years with Celery Soup. And we’ve went through a number of iterations. We went through, um, Touch and Go.And we put it on for—well, it was quite a timeactually. We put it on over a period of, um, I think it was 18 months to two years we put it on. And we just repeated it basically, though with different directors. So it’s like a different show, but mainly it was, uh—and to be honest with you, we got reasonable audiences. Um, But I—I—you know, the time came when we had other stories to tell. and the first story that, uh—that I wrote, uh—to be honest with you, I got a little—and a lot of people did—got a little fed up with doing the same thing. I performed, uh, Touch and Go for 47 performances. I’ve never ever done that with any show throughout my entire life before that. Newman So I then picked up on this, um, story about the haunted fire station. Of course, it was just around the corner from the theater .and it was such a wonderful story and very easy to tell. It almost—you know, I sat in the middle of the theater—I think it was one Saturday afternoon—and I—it just kind of wrote itself, you know. Uh, very easy to do and Barbara [Farrell] had given us, uh, her story—there were various other sources that I could use like local books., and then when I wrote it, uh, I actually sent it to Barbara and said, “Look. You know you were right with this.” And she said, “The only thing I want to change in it is that…” Uh, the friend who comes to visit her from Coconut Grove, where Barbara first came from—she wanted her to be called Sue, because that was the name of the name of her friend. Miller Right [laughs]. Newman Okay. So we try. It’s interesting, you know, that you do these things. And when you first look at them, uh, they’re words on a piece of paper, and you don’t really necessarily fully appreciate what there is behind that, but, um, when the—when the word is Barbara Farrell, you know—Barbara’s alive. I went out and met the lady. Very, very nice lady. Very charming lady. And, um, these people are sitting in the audience, so you know you’re actually, um… Miller Okay. We’re back after the vacuum break. Newman Okay. So, as I say, you know, um, Barbara was, uh, an excellent source. A very nice person. Um, the story was easy to tell, and it didn’t take much research, because it was just really all there. Uh, the only thing that we had to do was really knit together the story of the fireman and the story of Barbara, and then just push them together. Newman And really, um—you know, I know you want me… Miller Well… Newman To talk about how I got involved in this but—but—but, this is it, you see? Uh, I kind of got fed up with doing, uh, Touch and Go. I said to myself, Peter, if you’re gonna do anything, you’ve gotta to write it yourself. So I sat down and wrote this story and I passed it to the board of Creative Sanford—said, “Look, I’ve written a story.” We then had a meeting. I think I wrote this—I can’t remember the exact dates, but I want to say I perhaps wrote this story in late November—in December. They had a meeting to discuss the next, uh, Touch and Go—whatever—whatever it was going to be called—by Celery Soup. And I sat there in the audience, and, um, they said, “Oh, the director’s going to be X and the choreographer’s going to be Y.” And—and this and that. And—and then we got two playwrights. One is Laura Donaldson and the other is Peter Newman. And that is the first time I ever realized that I was a—a playwright for Creative Sanford. So it was, you know—they say, you know, “Some people seek greatness. Others have it thrust upon them.” Mine was well and truly thrust upon me. So, you know, I—I came away from that realizing that I really had to, um—but it’s interesting you, know, because with, with that sort of thing, you know, you’ve got to start somewhere. And get from A and get to B. Miller Well this brings up, um, uh—why do you do history? I mean, you know, part of this whole process—I guess Swamp Gravy, and all—how come you do history for this sort of thing? Newman Well, uh, because that’s what it’s about. It’s about bringing out the stories that local people have of, uh—of what they’ve done. And turning that into—into some type of play that you can perform in public. You know, we have—and I’ve sat through hours and hours and hours of these tapes and—and read and read, you know, people’s reports on, on their lives. And a lot of them are the same. Uh, you know, “I—I was born here. I was raised here. My mom and dad were strict with me when I was young. I went to school. Got a job. I got married, had kids, had grandkids. And now here I am and I’m talking to you about it.” And that might be over the course of three hours, you get something like that. The secret with all of these things, Mark [Miller], is not, um, merely to put a recording device in front of somebody. What you have to do is actually drag out of them almost the interesting stories that they have. and there are very, very few people that come to us that have—that really have interesting stories kind of laid out in front of you. We have two very notable exceptions there. And one is the family that tells us about Uncle Dieter. And the other is the family that tells us about Elmer Baggs. And the stories about those two individuals—and, uh, individuals they were—are an absolute legion. Uh, you know, we have quite a few of them. But some of the rest you really, really have to, you know, start digging and, uh— and—and—and trying to get at it. And the history of it, of course, comes from the fact that, you know, history is really, uh, dependent upon how you define it. And for, uh, community theater such as this, we’re looking at, uh, contemporary history. So we’re not going back 65 million years to dinosaurs. We’re not going back 65,000 years. We’re going back 65 years. We’re looking at people’s life spans at what they’ve actually done. People who can remember going back into the 1910s, the 1920s. And, you know, sometimes… Miller Collective memory? Newman It’s—it’s—it is very much a collective memory. Um, the—the— the story that I wrote about the fire station starts with a fireman coming back from a fire in 1923 at the Holy Cross [Episcopal] Church, when it actually burned to the ground. Um, fondly enough we also have the story. Um, and—I can’t remember who for the life of me who it is just off the top of my head. But, um, it’s obviously a—a—an older, uh, guy, saying, you know—telling his story and whatever. And somebody says, “Oh yeah. Tell him about how you burnt the Holy Cross Church down.” [laughs] And apparently this—this—this person was the knave[?] at the Holy Cross fire. He was baptized. And he always thought that it was a candle that they left after his baptism service that actually was responsible for burning the church down. But it just struck me as being, you know, very fascinating that—that here I’ve got the Holy Cross Episcopal Church. Over here is the guy who’s giving his story that actually—that actually relates to that burning down. So, you know, some of the things that we could tell instead of being snip-its could be much, much, longer. But of course, you know, you have to bear in mind what it is, know who you’re dealing with, and, uh, you have to have an eye to the, uh—the consumption of what you’re actually producing, rather than just producing for producing’s sake. It’s not something that is, um—it’s not an academic exercise. You know, what you’re dealing with. You’re dealing with living history, with real people. You’re dealing with their lives. It has to stand up to their own scrutiny. So if you tell me your tale, and I turn it into a play, I—I could look you fairly in the squarely in the eye and say, “Look, Mark,” you know, “Your story that you were telling in front of all of these people.” And you would be happy with that, as opposed to taking kind of mangling it around and producing all sorts of other things there to make it a little more interesting. I’m sure you have lots of interesting stories, but that’s nonetheless the way we have to have that in the back of our mind all the time. Miller So authenticity—that’s something that is very important? Newman Authenticity is very important. I mean, you—you can take it, um, to a degree. I mean, what—what you deal with, for example, you—you might—it’s I—I—I guess it’s like, um—it’s like a, um—a pudding. Uh, uh, and, in that pudding, you’ve got raisins, and those raisins are the bits of authenticity. And then you sort of, uh, really pad other stuff in. You— you can’t be authentic 100 percent of the time. Um, the last story that—that I wrote, um, for the, uh—for, uh, Remade - Not Bought, was a story about a lady called Arthurene[sp] Wood[?], who worked in the tax office. And this is just a little story—she had about been almost locked in there one night. And, uh Arthurene actually came and—and said—Arthurene and Mona—that was her friend and that was absolutely authentic. But onto the end of it, I grafted this huge story about somebody writing a, uh, check on the side of a cow, which was, uh—was not authentic at all. It was just a, uh—a story, that’s what it was. But it, you know—it made for good theater. So you always have to have, um, an eye to what—what I say what the audience is. The audience will not sit there and listen to somebody going on about their childhood or anything like that, because it is not interesting. And you’re asking these people to pay money to come and listen to what we are producing at Creative Sanford. And you—you’ve got to have something that they are interested in, because, otherwise there’s no point in doing it. Because you’re asking them to pay and—and, otherwise, they go away grumbling and say, “Well, it’s not worth it,” and all the rest of it. You might be alright for that show, but, when it comes around to doing another show, then you find you’ve shot yourself in the foot, and have a much bigger mountain to climb, when it comes around to producing the audiences for a show like that. Miller Well, how do you pick your topics then? Uh, uh, apparently, uh, from what we’ve heard, there are, um, a few key words or something that you might—might choose to sort of build stories around? Newman To a large extent, it depends on the sort of, um, grist[?] that you have for your mill. Um, and it’s not something that you have as a sort of, uh, list of—of topics that you may or may not choose. It’s something that just stands up and hits you out of—soft of—like, for example, when I wrote, um, the highway man. That was something that, um, the, uh—the Sanford council or Seminole County, uh, lawyer. Uh, a guy called Doug[las] Stenstrom. And, uh, he gave his story. And, you know, uh, a very long, actually very entertaining, uh, set of reminiscences. And, out of this, there was[sic] a couple of lines about, um, the—uh, was it the paintings or did he actually mention the highway men? The—the, uh, Florida Highwaymen who painted these paintings, in the [19]50s and the ‘60s and sold them. And, um, one of the guys that was originally associated with Celery Soup—a guy called Perry Eschelberg, who actually lives over in Serenity Towers—Bram Towers, as it was then. So I went and talked to Perry, and he said, “Yeah. We’ve got them here.” And he showed me all the Al Newton paintings that are there in the foyer, and you can still see this old one that was screwed to the wall. And so I thought then, This is such a—and fondly[?] enough at that time, um, from something of the public radio that they were talking about that something of the highwaymen. And then I saw something else on the local TV—they were talking about the highway men. So I thought, Right. I’m gonna get home and do— do my bit first. So I wrote this story so the only really, um, catch I could find in it. So to make it more interesting was they took all the highwaymen down, when they renovated the building, uh, a number of years ago and then they put them back up. Originally, I—I entitled it The Mystery of the Missing Highway Men Mystery. But, I mean, it was a nice story I—I felt, that kind of made it a—a little more interesting. Um, but, you know, the actual history of the highwaymen is— is fascinating. I believe, that over the next three or four years, that you’ll perhaps see a lot more people coming out with stories about the highwaymen more than—than what there’s been to date. So, you know, how does anything stand up it? It—it—it just does, you know. We got, um— we got—at least I got—I got a story about, uh, somebody who used to have the land lease for the Mayfair Golf Club.<a title="">[1]</a> And, um, I— kind of researched it and then looked at it, and I didn’t—it took me a long time to actually find the angle that I wanted. But, um, I—I wrote what—what I consider to be a funny piece. but it’s, uh—we couldn’t put it on, because there’s this court case going through between the, uh, people who have the lease to the golf course and Seminole County, who actually own the land. And, um, it was about who designed the golf course. So I wrote this story about who designed the Mayfair golf course. So if you come to see next time, hopefully that story might be in there. Miller [inaudible] Newman Yup. Miller Well, we did see two that that we were interested—that we’re sort of focusing on. Um, one of them is about the rolling pin. And the other story is about Dr. [George H.] Starke. And, um, uh, we’re interested in how you picked those and how you approached them. Newman Well, first of all the—the—the rolling pin now—when we did this iteration of, uh—of, uh, Celery Soup, there were two—as I said before, there were two of us writing. One was Laura Donaldson, and the other was me. Now Laura actually found the story about the rolling pin. Again, uh, she got it from somebody,<a title="">[2]</a> who came in and told the story about the cannon, and—and its wheels, and what have you. And she produced a really nice little story about, you know, the rolling pin, the kids, and the—and the mother, and how they use to roll it out. And, you know, they were using a bit of history with that. Um, Dr. Starke, um—that we used to have a lady,<a title="">[3]</a> uh, who was—she—she was in the original Touch and Go, and now she moved on to the Board of Creative Sanford. She’s, uh, um—she used to be a—a professor at the Seminole, uh, Community College.<a title="">[4]</a> And she said, um—talked to me about this—this, uh—Dr. Starke. And, um, she had a lot of, um, uh, information on him, which she gave to me. And, you know, uh, you read all this stuff. And, uh, Starke’s interesting, because he was there. If you go down to the Orlando museum<a title="">[5]</a> in Downtown [Orlando], you’ll see they’ve got a big display about [George] Henry Starke, and—and the bombing in Mims, and—and in 1951. You know, when they killed the NAACP [National Association for the Advancement of Colored People] local secretary.<a title="">[6]</a> Um, so that’s all pretty graphically laid out. I went down there to have a look at that. And then [George] Henry Starke’s son—I think his name’s George [Starke]—he was, um—he became a lawyer and he’s a—he’s a—he’s a very well-known financer. He lives up there in New York, but I’ve never gotten a hold of him. But, uh, he’s still around. But the—the story about Starke—I mean, it’s a really good story. There’s a lot of detail there. It affects a lot of people. Um, it was really how do you, you know, tell it—a story like that? And I—I noticed, when I was going through it, there’s a little time—a little footnote—that said that, when the original researchers were producing all of this information, you know, it said, uh, “As told to us by his—daughter,<a title="">[7]</a>” uh, “in a restaurant in” 1964, or whenever it was. So that—I—I—I kind of took that. That’s how I got the idea of the, uh—the restaurant and kind of bringing it in like that, which I felt was a, you know, uh—a good way of telling, and putting it in—in—in some sort of context. But it was interesting that, um, I, uh, you know—I’m not probably, uh, uh, a native of Sanford, but, um… Miller Live here, work here, play here. Newman [laughs] But, um, when, uh, we did the original Touch and Go, uh, there—there was a guy called Will Saunders, and his brother Tommy [Saunders]. Uh, they’re both, uh—black guys. And Will is, uh—really, really nice guys, they were. Will was, um—he used to be on the board of—of Creative Sanford, as well. but he said he preferred to, uh—it was a toss-up between Creative Sanford and watching his football. He preferred to watch his football, so, you know, that—that’s fine. But—but Will’s a great one for photography, you know. He’s taken thousands and thousands of photos of the, uh, Touch and Go shows over the years. In fact, I believe they’re his photos that they are there down there at the [Princess] Theater. But, um, he came to the, um, uh—the—the Starke—when we first did the—the, uh, Starke play. And he came down and said to me—what was it he said to me? He said, “Dr. Starke.” He said, “He actually delivered me and Tommy.” So I, you know—it— it’s little things like that—that, you know, just make you realize that you’re not dealing with just words on a piece of paper. This is actually community. there are people that—even the lady, uh—Nancy [Harris] Ford, who’s in the show—I think, uh, uh—she was delivered by Dr. Starke, as well. So, you know, there, uh—obviously a very, very well-known guy, uh, and you know, uh, such a—such a, you know, uh—he—he—his attitude towards people was unbelievable. it really was. You know, uh, this—this string of humanity kind of pours out of the fellow, you know. And to appear twice in Time magazine is—is—is—shows he’s no slouch either. So, interesting guy. Miller Well, how do you deal with, uh, counter-narrative or, say, gaps in your story, or maybe sensitive areas? Um… Newman Well, um, sensitive areas—uh, of course, you know, it’s Sanford. Um, there was, uh, uh— there was segregation here obviously, uh, um, until obviously the mid-70s. and I was actually, um, going to write, um, a story about the segregation of the schools, which you could, um—between Crooms [High School]<a title="">[8]</a> and, uh, uh, uh, Sanford, and—and, uh, the [Seminole] High School, uh, which was in 1972-[19]73. There’s, uh, uh, a friend of mine was there. Nancy Ford was there at that time, as well. And they both had their particular stories to tell. But then, of course, we had the—the whole Trayvon [Benjamin] Martin and George [Michael] Zimmerman thing. And, uh, the board really felt that, you know, you could wade around in this ‘til the cows come home, but they didn’t really feel that it was something that we really necessarily wanted to—to overplay. Uh, and, in fact, you know, there is obviously, um—there’s a black element to this and there’s a white element to this. Um, and really—I mean, personally, I’d like to see the—the things be a little close together, you know. It—it’s very difficult to, uh, write the stories that we’ve got, um, if you’ve—if you’re not confident that you’ve got the people—you know, the—the—the black people—to come and play the parts. I mean, luck—you know, luckily, we had some really good people., but it’s, you know—it’s—it’s particularly men, um, in the sort of 30 to 50 age range—whether they’re black, white, or whatever color. You know, you just can’t just go tell them that this is not the sort of thing that, you know, really does very much for them. So you—you’ve got to always bear that in the back of your mind. But certainly, you know, we are conscious of the fact that Sanford has, uh, perhaps—I don’t know whether it’s an unenviable reputation, because of what’s happened in the past. Um, and you—you don’t have to look very far to find it either. In terms of other things, um, if you look at something like Uncle Dieter, uh—I mean, when I first saw that, they actually asked me to play Uncle Dieter in Touch and Go, which I did. Um, I—I was a little cherry about it, because, of course, you know, he was, uh—wasn’t quite an idiot savant, but very much this sort of, um, like, um, the play<a title="">[9]</a> Rain Man. you know, It’s—it’s—and it’s true that, you know, you could give him your birthdate and he would [snaps] tell you just like that what day of the week it was. You know, he—he—he kind of, you know, lived life to his own beat of the drum. You know, he—he would do things in his own particular way that—that nobody else would think of doing. Um, he had this, uh—perhaps you didn’t see Touch and Go—but he had this, uh, rooster that he use to carry around with him that had no legs. And, uh, the—the—the joke was, of course, well, uh, “Where do you find a rooster with no legs?” Where do you find a rooster with no legs? Exactly where you left it. But apparently that—what we— we found out the reason why this rooster had no legs is because, uh, the rooster caught, um—I think it was some sort of parasite—something like that. And, uh, they advised Dieter to bathe the rooster’s legs in gasoline. I mean, and this would be like sort of, you know, like putting, um, gas—gasoline on a cloth and just rubbing it down—something like that. But he stuck this bird in the gasoline for hours. And, of course, eventually it lost its legs. Because of the effect of the gasoline. So he used to carry the rooster around, you know. Just—just a man very much following his own light. And, you know, with people like that, it’s very easy to—to write stories about them. With people like that, you know, you’re not demeaning them or doing anything like that. And I think really, when it comes around to looking and—and, I mean, it’s not just here. It’s anywhere, you know. Uh, we’ve got a mix of cultures. You’ve got a mix of people. You know some are old. Some are young. So long as you don’t demean them, or run them down, which is totally unnecessary. Not what were about at all. Then I think you can legitimately tell their story to any audience that you care to invite through the door. Miller Very good. Alright. Um, so you’re telling stories about ourselves to ourselves? Newman Exactly. Miller Alright. [inaudible]. Newman I mean, let’s be honest. I mean, you know, you have a story. You might think, Well, I mean, Okay. Fine. But, I mean, you have a story. You’ve got more than one. You’ve got a lot of stories. And, uh, it’s really up to the person who’s doing the interviewing just to kind of drag that story out of the person who is the interviewee. I mean, you know, not everybody sits down and goes on and on and on and on, like I do. You know, sometimes it’s very, very difficult to just bring the person back and say, “Well, you said about this and what about that?” But that is the only way that you can do it to get hold of information from them that you can’t get from a thousand other people. Because you’re not talking about their lives per se. you’re talking about their lives in Sanford and how they interacted within the environment and the community. And, of course, that’s not what everybody does around here, because some people live in Longwood. Some people live in Tallahassee. Some people live in Nigeria. You know, they’re—they’re all born and raised in a family, and perhaps go to school, and have kids ,and da de da de da de da. But it’s the environment that—that really makes the person and the way that they interact with the environment of the people. That’s what makes the interesting story. Miller How does the community react to your play and to your writing? Newman Well, generally speaking, we—we haven’t—well, we’ve had, um—it’s true to say that, as soon as you put anything on, and hold it up as being— here is a spectacle for somebody to look at and you’re asking them to pay money to come and see it. Um, it holds its self up to ridicule, criticism—call it whatever you will. And we’ve had our fair share of criticism. People criticize that it’s, uh—there’s[sic] too many stories about black people, or there’s[sic] not enough stories about white people, or, you know, this or that or—or whatever. But, to me, that is just healthy criticism. If somebody came along and said, you know, “My name is Mrs. X. and my mother gave you this story. And that you’ve just done with my mother’s story, I think is just awful.” I would be very, very, upset about that. And I would want to know why this had happened, but, you know, touch wood. We’ve never had anything like that. Nobody has ever said, um, you know, that—that—that what you’ve done is terrible to the story. That, in fact, um—when I played, uh, Elmer Baggs in the first show, Marlene Baggs came up and said, um, you know, that “I— I really enjoyed it.” I got the same thing from, um, Uncle Dieter and, uh, one of his nieces. She said that she enjoyed it as well, because, you know, we—we didn’t demean the person. You know, we told the story. And, if we added a twist of humor to it, as well, or a twist of mystery, you know, it doesn’t take a thing beyond the realms of—of probability. Then that’s—that’s really what you have to do, you know, when you’re telling all of these things. You know, if the people have die—uh, died, and—and you tell the story about the founding of Sanford, or something like that, you go back to Colonel<a title="">[10]</a> [Henry Shelton] Sanford, you know—there were two of them. Him and a general. And they kind of tossed up to see what it was gonna be called and all the rest. They weren’t really proper Army generals, and you can do that. But—and it is history. But if—if you’re trying to be sort of faithful to the idea of a community—a historical performance—then it’s—as much as you possibly—if can, use live testimony opposed to something you get out of a history book, then I believe that that’s what you should be aiming to do. Miller Well, how do you go about collecting these histories? Newman Same way as you do with, uh—we’ve—we’ve done “Tea and Tells.” And these little recorders here are a godsend, because you just put them on the, uh, table and people talk into them. And, uh, you know, sometimes you go to sit and listen to them. Sometimes they’re transposed onto, uh, paper or something like that, so you can sit there and read them. But, you know, it— it’s, um—it’s an art, I think. Interviewing people and getting what you need to get out of them is an art. But generally speaking, um, there are very, very few people who don’t want to come in and talk about themselves, you know, not everybody, but, you know generally speaking, people aren’t resistant to talk about their lives, once you kind of start the ball rolling. It’s, you know—it’s a fascinating subject. You can sit and talk about yourself all night long if you really think about it. Miller Do you have writing background? Plays? Newman Um… Miller Plays? Newman Personally, no. The only writing that I—I mean, I was, um, associated with a theatrical group in the UK [United Kingdom] for a long, long time. And I did all sorts of stuff there, including writing. Um, but I’ve never actually sat down and, um, and written a book, or written a play, or anything like that. It’s just—it’s just kind of dabbling here and there. And this one is as—is as good a place to dabble as any other, because you’re—you’re just looking at, um, little bites that you—that you’re performing. You know, nothing is more than five or six minutes long. Um, it’s, uh—you—you—you try to build the characters to make them interesting. And I—I know how these things should work, because I’ve had so much experience of doing it in the past. But, uh, you can’t afford—I—I—I mean, you can’t afford of subtle nuances. You know, we’re not talking Broadway Theater. And, uh, and people who are going to the theater every, you know—every week or something like that. What you’re doing is you are producing mass entertainment. And that’s such—it has to be pitched at a certain level. So, you know, it’s—it’s not a question of using complicated plot lines that go on for half an hour, or spending 20 minutes trying to work, uh, you know—work out how a person’s psyche is actually affecting everybody within the—the play. No. You’ve got to have something that’s quick, that’s lively, that keeps people’s attention. And people have a very short attention span for things like this, generally speaking. So it’s gotta be that—it’s got to be—it’s gotta have a certain amount of “razzmatazz” that has to go with it. At the end of the day, you’ve got to produce a commercial article, because that’s what you’re going to—to go out and sell. So yeah. You know, I mean, when—when I first wrote the—the fireman, you know, it had all sorts of stuff in it and, uh—but it was severely cut down, because, of course, it was just, uh—it was just not required. So you’ve got to be careful of these things. Miller Well, what do we have to look forward to in the future? Newman Well, it’s more of the same. Um, you know, we have got some, uh, uh, more stories here. I’ve got, um, three that I’ve written. Uh, there’s—there’s the one about the golf course. There’s the one about, uh, a policeman’s dog that used to go and, uh, and test door handles by itself. And then I also wrote one about, um, uh, a fight. It—it was when, uh—again, this was going back to the schools’ integration—and it was a story that a, uh, lady gave us. And I wrote, uh, uh, about that. So, you know, that’s a bit of a kernel there, and then we’ve got other things. And I believe that, um, UCF also has a library of things, because it—it might well be that we’ve tried to kind of keep it to Sanford. Um, but, you know, perhaps we’ll extend it to Seminole County, or something like that. But there is still a lot of people here. I mean, even during the last show, one of the guys who plays, um—he played one of the firemen, and—and he was also the, um, uh, the president of the—of the Sanford, uh, local business society, right at the end there. His name’s Mike. [clears throat] He said that he knew a guy. Uh, I think this guy rented him a house, or sold him a house. He said that this guy’s father, uh—he used to brew moonshine, over there at the other side of Lake Monroe there. And, you know, the stories that he could tell. So, you know, you—you’ve gotta kinda keep your ears open for something like this. You know, just—just follow up on them. Like, if it’s something interesting like that. so, you know, we’ll look, uh—look and see if we can’t get something that’s light and entertaining next time. Miller Alright. Well, thank you very much. Newman I hope I’ve been light and entertaining Miller Yes. You have. Dramatically so. Newman Thank you. Miller [laughs] Thank you. Newman Alright. Miller I do appreciate it. <div> <div> <a title="">[1]</a> Correction: Mayfair Country Club. </div> <div> <a title="">[2]</a> Luticia Lee. </div> <div> <a title="">[3]</a> Dr. Annye Refoe. </div> <div> <a title="">[4]</a> Present-day Seminole State College. </div> <div> <a title="">[5]</a> Orange County Regional History Center. </div> <div> <a title="">[6]</a> Harry T. Moore. </div> <div> <a title="">[7]</a> Helen Starke. </div> <div> <a title="">[8]</a> Present-day Crooms Academy of Information Technology. </div> <div> <a title="">[9]</a> Correction: film. </div> <div> <a title="">[10]</a> Correction: General. </div> </div> Click to View (Movie, Podcast, or Website) <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/files/original/2ede11035b08f37e307f9444c768c148.mp3" target="_blank">Oral History of Peter Newman</a> 1st Street A. Newton African Americans Barbara Farrell Bram Towers Celery Bowl Celery Soup: Florida's Folk Life Play Coconut Grove Colquitt, Georgia community theaters Creative Sanford, Inc. Crooms Academy Crooms High School doctors Douglas Strenstrom Downtown Orlando Elmer Baggs First Street Florida Highway folk plays George H. Starke George Michael Zimmerman George Zimmerman Harry T. Moore Harry Tyson Moore Henry Shelton Sanford highwayman highwaymen Holy Cross Episcopal Church Jeanine Taylor Lake Monroe Laura Donaldson Luticia Lee Mark Miller Marlene Baggs Mayfair Country Club moonshine NAACP Nancy Ford Nancy Harris NAS Sanford National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Naval Air Station Sanford OCRHC Orange County Regional History Center Perry Eschelberg Peter Newman physicians playwrights playwriting Princess Theater race relations Rain Man Remade - Not Bought rolling pins Sanford SCC segregation Seminole Community College Seminole County Seminole High School Seminole State College Serenity Towers SSC Swamp Gravy: Georgia's Official Folk-Life Play Tea and Tell theaters theatre Time Magazine Tommy Saunders Touch and Go Trayvon Benjamin Martin Trayvon Martin UCF University of Central Florida Walt Disney World Will Saunders https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/2f6f13de17b31f38bb88abbcd8bf342e.pdf 3fd21184a638b5ece8e29b4a043116aa Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Watermark Collection Alternative Title The Watermark Collection Subject Gay culture--United States Description Since 1994, The Watermark has been the cornerstone source of LGBTQ+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, Queer/Questioning, and others) centered news for the Central Florida region. Founded by Tom Dyer in Orlando, the publication began generating bi-weekly issues beginning August 31, 1994. Since then, The Watermark has consistently published newspaper style issues every other Thursday. Gaining traction, the publication expanded in 1995 to include Tampa and, in 1997, The Watermark became a permanent piece of LGBTQ+ culture when the publication initiated the first large-scale Gay Days Weekend event, the Beach Ball at Disney’s Typhoon Lagoon. Before 1999, the publication printed 20,000 copies every week, distributing them to over 500 locations between its two major cities. Following 1999, the publication launched watermarkonline.com shifting to an online publication style. In 2016, Rick Claggett purchased The Watermark. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/" target="_blank">RICHES Program</a> Type Collection Contributing Project <a href="http://www.floridalgbtqmuseum.org/%20" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/">The Watermark</a> Curator Smith, Robert Cepero, Laura O'Neal, Rhiannon Hearn, Nikki Greene, Quintella Rodriguez, Sharon Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.floridalgbtqmuseum.org/%20" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/" target="_blank">About/Contact</a>." WatermarkOnline.com, accessed July 11, 2016. http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title The Watermark, Vol. 1, No. 1, August 31, 1994 Alternative Title Watermark, Vol. 1, No. 1 Subject Gay culture--United States Description The inaugural issue of The Watermark was published on August 31, 1994, and focused on several hot topics that were abuzz in the LGBTQ+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, Queer/Questioning, and others) community. Hit topics included the cover story interviewing Married… With Children co-star Amanda Bearse (b. 1958) who was promoting her new special Out There II, an all LGBTQ+ comedy special. Similar topics of LGBTQ+ public exposure are scattered throughout the issue, including Fran Pigone, a pro-LGBTQ candidate for Orange County Commission Chairman, "Florida’s Freshest Fruit," an all LGBTQ improv troupe, and Brian Fagan, a gay man and one of Orlando’s premier runners. This first issue also included national LGBTQ+ news stories such as California’s Spousal Rights Bill, Yale’s same-sex partner health care plans, and Maine’s anti-gay initiatives. Another major component of the issue was discussion about Orlando’s LGBTQ+ nightlife locations and opportunities. In this issue, it was discussed that Tracks, a prominent bar had closed, and that Boxcars had opened in its place. Boxcars subsequently published a full page ad on the final page of the issue. Since 1994, The Watermark has been the cornerstone source of LGBTQ+ centered news for the Central Florida region. Founded by Tom Dyer in Orlando, the publication began generating bi-weekly issues beginning August 31, 1994. Since then, The Watermark has consistently published newspaper-style issues every other Thursday. Gaining traction, the publication expanded in 1995 to include Tampa and, in 1997, The Watermark became a permanent piece of LGBTQ+ culture when the publication initiated the first large-scale Gay Days Weekend event, the Beach Ball at Disney’s Typhoon Lagoon. Before 1999, the publication printed 20,000 copies every week, distributing them to over 500 locations between its two major cities. Following 1999, the publication launched watermarkonline.com shifting to an online publication style. In 2016, Rick Claggett purchased The Watermark. Type Text Source Original 24-page newspaper: <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">The Watermark</a>, Vol. 1, No. 1, August 31, 1994: Publications Collection, <a href="http://glbthistorymuseum.com/joomla25/index.php?lang=en" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a>, Orlando, Florida. Requires <a href="http://www.adobe.com/products/reader.html" target="_blank">Adobe Acrobat Reader</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/203" target="_blank">The Watermark Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original 24-page newspaper: <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">The Watermark</a>, Vol. 1, No. 1, August 31, 1994. Coverage Orlando, Florida Winter Park, Florida Augusta, Maine Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut Sacramento, California Boxcars, Casselberry, Florida Creator Bach, R. A. Dyer, Tom Fowler, G. K. Kilgore, Michael L. Liebman, Marvin Maines, Ted O'Lay, Lola Schultz, Nan Sheldon, Laurence Singhaus, Sam Publisher <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">Watermark Media</a> Date Created ca. 1994-08-31 Date Issued 1994-08-31 Date Copyrighted 1994-08-31 Format application/pdf Medium 24-page newspaper Language eng Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally published by <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">Watermark Media</a>. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">Watermark Publishing Group</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="http://glbthistorymuseum.com/joomla25/index.php?lang=en" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> Curator Smith, Robert Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://glbthistorymuseum.com/joomla25/index.php?lang=en" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/" target="_blank">About/Contact</a>." WatermarkOnline.com, accessed July 11, 2016. http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/. Transcript FLORIDA'S DISTINCTIVE GAY AND LESBIAN PUBLICATION. VOLUME 1, NUMBER 1 AUGUST 31,1994 AMANDA’S OUT THERE! Amanda Bearse is well known as the flighty, flaky Marcy D’Arcy on TV’s Married.. .With Children. Many also know that she’s very comfortably out as a lesbian. In the past she has stated, “I feel no shame about being a homosexual. I live my life in the light. The more we stand up and be counted, the harder it will be to discount our community. We need to put a face on gay America.” She was an active participant in this summer’s gay pride festivities in New York, and she will host Comedy Central’s upcoming gay and lesbian comedy special. Many don’t know, however, that Amanda grew up right here in Central Florida, attending Winter Park High School and acting at the Central Florida Civic Theater. Her sister still lives in Winter Park. In conversation, Amanda is funny, upbeat, intelligent, articulate, and clearly committed to gay equality. Her comedy special, “Out There II”, will begin airing on Comedy Central on National Coming Out Day, October 11. Would you talk a little about your role in the television series Married...with Children? We’re starting our ninth season. Doing a show for 8 years, all of the characters have evolved in different directions. All of the women on the show are portrayed as sort of overly sexed, aggressive “types”. Our show isn’t something you could call positive when it comes to female role models, but then I don’t know that it’s positive about male role models either (laughs). Everybody has their faults...[they are] very visible to the audience at home...and that’s where we try to get the comedy from. What about Marcy? My character is probably the most polar opposite from the lead character A1 Bundy and that makes for a lot of good conflict; we just have to find excuses for us to be in the same room at the same time. I like Marcy very much [although] we’re not really that much alike. We have the same eye color (laughing)...and the same legs, which they make fun of, usually on a weekly basis! What about the future of Mar? I’ll be with the show as long as they’ll have me. I plan on going down with the ship. [Not only] because it’s been a great job, but also because of the group of people I’ve been working with. It’s really sort of a family situation and I’m not quick to say goodbye to those folks. Although I do hope there’s life after Married with Children. Since you came out publicly, what has been the response of other cast members? We know each other very well...and the cast knew that I was gay before I made that sort of “professional” political statement last year. They were very supportive of the fact interviewed by Nan Schultz that I did what I did by making such a public statement. That support continues to this day. What about being out in your personal life? I’ve been out of the closet for many, many year s, and as people come to know me, they come to know that about me. It’s not something that I wear as a badge or on my sleeve or anything. It’s definitely a part of who I am, [although] it’s not all of who I am. It’s more like a one-on-one relationship that I have with people. As you make new friends, you get AMANDA BEARSE HOSTS COMEDY CENTRAL’S SECOND ALL GAY AND LESBIAN COMEDY SPECIAL, “OUT THERE II”, DEBUTING OCTOBER 11. to know one another, and certainly that’s something to know about me. Do you feel that shows like “Out There II” are good public relations for gays and lesbians? Well, most definitely, but it’s not limited to that. That’s what was so wonderful about the success of the first one, “Out There”. Yes, it was a gay lineup of talent, both men and women, and a lot of their material is oriented toward the fact that these are gay people, but they had great success in crossing over into the heterosexual audience. Comedy Central had great response to that show both from a gay and a straight audience So, is it important in some larger context? Yes, I think it’s important first of all to put more faces to the gay community because the more of us who are visible and out there, the harder it is to sort of pass us by. Gay people are really good at being invisible and what our movement is about is putting that visibility out there so that we cannot be discriminated against. It’s easier to discriminate against something you don’t Know. So, I think in that way, to show that these are people who are talented, who are funny, who are working professionally, and who are successful at what they do, [and] who also happen to be gay, I think it’s an important statement to make. I understand you’re going to host the show. Yes, we taped the show at the Stonewall celebration in New York City this summer. It went very well; it was an exciting week to be in New York and be a part of the Gay Games, as well as the Stonewall event. They deliberately chose that venue to tape this special. The first “Out There” was taped on National Coming Out Day in San Francisco and shown later, so it’s nice that this one will be aired for the first time on Coming Out Day. You also participated at the Gay Games this summer. How did that feel? I was very busy with the work that I was doing for “Out There II” so I didn’t get to go to any of the sporting events. But I did get to participate in the closing ceremonies at Yankee Stadium. I got to walk out onto the field at Yankee Stadium all by myself. It was awesome to look up at the thousands and thousands of people, mostly gay, and have them respond to me because of who I am and what I’ve done. And the Stonewall activities? I marched and I got to be onstage at the rally. I hosted an hour at the grandstand in Central Park. Just to look out over all those people...unified with one purpose. To say simply, “Yes. We’re here. Don’t count us out.” It was a very powerful experience. You graduated from Winter Park High School. What impressions do you still carry from there? I had a wonderful childhood growing up in Winter Park. It was a wonderful place to grow up...a very safe place for me so I have a lot of good memories. The strongest one in terms of high school is that I really got a lot of direction in my life from one of my teachers there, a woman by the name Continued Page 3 WATERMARK / August 31, 1994 2 Mm (407) 644-7111 JUST NORTH OF LEE ROAD ON 17-92 / V * FRED BERLINER Serving Central Florida's Family Since 1985 Flexible Financing, Sales and Leasing 6 Consecutive Years' Membership in Ford's Top 2% Sales Se Habla Espariol ALL FORDS ARE CREATED EQUAL. DON REID FORD MAKES THE DIFFERENCE 111 t CO DC A N c/=? DON rofc RE,D XI FORD ^21 CM MAITLANDJ 111 LEE ROAD | $ I /iwiriSN WINTER PARK tt ni jui%iti/ii\i% # rvu^udi ji, j 77t NEWS FRAN PIGNONE TELLS US WHAT IT’S ALL ABOUT by Tom Dyer Talking with Fran Pignone is like playing a good video game. Both are stimulating, unpredictable, and difficult to quit. She has intelligent, often unexpected opinions, expressed with none of the conversational reticence endemic to politicians. Fran Pignone wants to be Orange County’s next Chairman; responsible for 8000 employees and a $2 billion budget. She faces an uphill battle against incumbent Linda Chapin, who has raised twice the money and is spending it as the election draws closer. But Pignone has adopted a bold “take me as I am” approach to the election, Preferring to lure voters with her candor rather than tiptoeing through the campaign mine field without setting off any voting blocks. Pignone is outspoken in her belief that the present county administration has attended to growth and development while neglecting quality of life issues. A longtime Orange County resident, she asserts that, “Since I’ve been a child, two things have always been left behind; the declining school system and the lack of a rich cultural life.” She’s quick to point out the paradox. “The stellar landmarks for attracting new business to a community are the quality of your education system and the quality of your cultural richness.” Pignone is also outspoken about the loss of our symphony. “It takes political leadership. I was one of the few who voted for that last $50,000 to try and keep the symphony alive because I knew intuitively that its easier to try and keep something alive than to recreate it.” She also faults present local government for not addressing the issue of a performing arts center. “I’ve been in Bob Carr when the sound was so distorted that it was a worthless experience.” She faults current leaders for not sufficiently tapping some conspicuous local revenue sources; Orlando’s mega-tourist destinations. “We’re like a third world country. The conquerors have arrived to extract the riches, then they go home. Disney, Universal, Anheuser Busch...they make their money here, but none of them have their headquarters here. Each provides enormous support for the arts in what they perceive as their home community.” Inevitably, Pignone has run into a few mines during the course of her high energy campaign. Pignone has been criticized by many for her support of the gay and lesbian community and participation in June’s Gay Pride Parade. According to Pignone, some of this criticism has come from her peers on the county commission. But Pignone firmly asserts that, “Political campaigns ought to be about what’s going on in the community. And among other things, government ought to be about access and diversity.” Pignone’s opinions are often punctuated by personal experience. “I’ll tell you what I found to be the most extraordinary thing. Last summer my son and I were at a museum in New York on a Sunday and we ran into their Gay Pride Parade. We stayed there on the sidewalk absolutely spellbound for three full hours. I’ve never seen such an enormous diversity ©f people and such a tremendous feeling of good will, among the paraders, the police, the spectators. I was absolutely transfixed.” When asked whether politicians had been present, Pignone nods. “Yes. Every candidate and elected official was walking in the parade, and probably would have been considered somehow derelict in their duties if they didn’t. Quite different from what people in Orange County apparently expect.” Refreshingly, few of Pignone’s opinions are restricted to sound bytes. “Some in our community try to preach a certain moral and ethic, while at the same time the whole community is changing. These people want to keep their blinders on. We say out of one side of our mouth, ‘Move here.. .come here and have your vacation.. .all of you of every culture, race and experience’...and these people would say, ’Come here but only be a certain kind of person.’” It is rare that a politician and elected official in Central Florida openly accesses the gay and lesbian community. But Pignone is clearly not campaigning on this issue; she is simply being true to her value system. “I mean it sincerely. Regardless of how the election turns out, I don’t want to look back at my life and say, ‘Gee.. .these folks asked me to do something and the first thing I thought about was my political future, and not what it felt like or whether it was congruent with who I am.’” Note: Watermark requested an interview with all candidates for County Chairman prior to the September 8 primary election. Linda Chapin declined, citing scheduling difficulties. Tom Dorman did not respond to our request. TONY CHILDRESS & ROCKY WARD SPEAK WITH REPORTERS MARRIAGE APPLICATION REFUSED On any given day, dozens of couples apply fora marriage license, and hence, a change in their legal status. They become presumed heirs and guardians. They can file taxes as a unit. They gain access to insurance coverage. And perhaps most importantly, their love is made legitimate. On August 12,1994, Rocky Ward and Tony Childress sought this status for their committed relationship. Accompanied by TV and radio news crews, they walked up to the county clerk’s office and asked to apply for a marriage license. A clerk directed them to another clerk, this one with an office, who referred them to Florida Statute 741.041. “No clerk of the circuit court shall issue a license for marriage unless.. .one party is a male and the other party a female.” Ward and Childress are the third same sex couple to apply for a marriage license in Orange County. Like one female couple before them, they have decided to challenge this statute. The American Civil Liberties Union is representing both couples. Ward and his companion took this step because, “every individual should have access to the same benefits as citizens. Tony and I are as much a couple as most men and women who get married.” After widespread news coverage, Ward says, “We’ve received all kinds of cards and letters of support” One threatening caller also left this message: “You fucking faggots deserve to die just like the abortion doctor.” Ward and Childress have notified law enforcement. AMANDA BEARSE Front Page 1 my life from one of my teachers there, a woman by the name of Ann Derflinger. She passed away in the early 80’s at far too young an age...she was only 44. She was the director of the theater department, and she was one of the strongest mentors I had in my life. So you began your association with acting and theatre at Winter Park High? I was immersed in the theatre department, which was a very safe place for someone like me. You can be who you are. You can be different and you can be creativeand there doesn’t seem to be the judgement that can accompany other cliques, other circles. However, I did have friends outside of the theater department. My brother was a “surf rat”, so I knew a lot of the beach-types. Plus I grew up, in Winter Park, so I went to elementary and junior high with all the same people. Did you identify yourself as gay while you were there? No, I wasn’t out of the closet. I mean those terms weren’t even defined then. As far as I knew, I was the only gay woman anywhere. At some point in time, I started sleeping with other women. Even then you still sort of feel like you’re very much alone in it. I identified myself in terms of what was inside myself...my own feelings. It was a part of me that I was already beginning to explore. I also explored dating boys, and I knew there was something else going on...something beyond that for me. So what effect did being gay have on your personal life, your social life? Well, I didn’t go to Winter Park’s Prom! I didn’t do a lot of the, I guess “traditional” things one might do. My time was occupied by doing theater. Not only did I do the theaterat the high school, but also I worked at the Central Florida Civic Theater, the Edyth Bush Theater. I was very active in that direction. I didn’t feel like I was missing out on anything, my life was very full. But I felt like I was doing something subversive, something that wasn’t going to be generally accepted, so I was closeted. But my first job out of acting school was on ’’All My Children”. I played a high school kid...a very straight high school kid, so I got to go to the Prom in Pine Valley! I got to date boys...that sort of thing so, I sort of made up for it. What about your current relationship to Central Florida? Well, I still have strong ties to that community because my sister lives in Orlando. I actually spent a couple of weeks down there this summer with her and her family. I brought my daughter and we just had a nice, easy time. We did Park Avenue, and hung out at Cocoa Beach . In closing, could you tell us a little about the recent adoption of your child? Zoe, my daughter, is now 16 months old. I have always been somewhat ambivalent about carrying a child. Some women know biologically, physiologically, that this is something they want to do with their bodies in this lifetime. I’ve gone back and forth about it. The fact that I’m the wage-earner in my family also factored into this. You never know how you’re going to feel with a pregnancy. If I had to go to bed for three months, it would certainly affect my job, my income. Doing what I do for a living it’s so very public. And being lesbian... it was just too precious of an event to have it exposed in that way. And so you began looking into adoption? The more I read, the more seminars I attended, the morespiritually “right” this decision became for me. I knew that if and when I made a match with the birth parent, this was going to be the child I was supposed to raise. I’m very providential that way. I did make a match with a young woman who was in her sixth month of pregnancy. We had the opportunity to make a connection which we hold onto to this day. Despite the fact that we live in different states and her life is hers, there’s still a very strong bond...one that I don’t think will ever go away. I hope that my daughter has the opportunity to know this woman and her family because it’s a wonderful heritage. That’s terrific! Yeah! I think it’s important for a child to know who they look like and where they come from. It was a highly emotional ex- perience...I’m sure a very difficult decision for this young woman...to place her child [for adoption]. But she had the maturity to know that she wasn’t ready to parent at this time in her life. She said to me that she definitely wants to be a parent some day. I think she feels very good about the home, the family, that Zoe has. Life is good; life is really good. I feel very lucky. WATERMARK / August 31,1994 4 CENTRAL FLORIDA NEWS In memoriam of our founder Cecil Ray deLoach 1952-1991 HIV+? YOU CAN BE IN CONTROL ADVANCE CASH BENEFITS PROGRAM $$ CASH NOW $$ FOR YOUR LIFE INSURANCE / You submit only one application. / We have seven exclusive benefactor groups. / We process any size policy. / Our plans allow you to keep your health insurance and disability income. / We are the largest and oldest advocate for the insured. / You get personal attention. A principal of the company is available 24 hours a day to discuss your needs. The Medical Escrow Society 1-800-422-1314 Founding Member National Viatical Association ORLANDO LESBIAN REGAINS CUSTODY OF CHILDREN An Alabama judge has ruled that three children would be better off in the stable Orlando home of their lesbian mother than in the troubled and sometimes abusive home of their heterosexual father. Family Court Judge Sandra Ross, citing the lack of expert evidence on such cases, awarded custody of the children to Gretchen Chateau even though she lost custody six years ago because she physically abused them. Fred Chateau said he never expected a judge to put the children with his ex-wife since she openly lives with another woman. “Judge Ross has sent a message to my children that homosexuality is OK,” Chateau said. “Two young girls going into puberty and putting them with two lesbians in a gay neighborhood. Is that smart?” Ms. Chateau admitted she thought her chances were “pretty slim.” “My main concern was they are three very bright, intelligent kids who deserve to be cultivated for their adult life and that’s not going to happen with my ex-husband,” she said. Ms. Chateau’s ex-husband conceded that other than her lifestyle, which he disapproves of, she has overcome her past problems and become a good and stable person. He also admitted having used harsh discipline in the past, that the house had been disheveled and had little furniture, and that two of the children slept on the floor. The children - a 9-year-old boy and girls 12 and 14 - had been living in Chateau’s home near Columbiana, 20 miles south of Birmingham, until the judge ruled in May. All three children testified they wanted to live with their mother. DISNEY WINS AIDS CONFIDENTIALITY CASE An Orange County Judge has rejected a former Disney employee’s claim that his supervisors violated Florida law by disclosing his AIDS status. The former Disney employee, listed as John Doe, alleged that he informed his supervisor of his medical status to facilitate absences from work. Doe claimed that his supervisor then disclosed his medical condition to others, worsening his medical condition and forcing him to quit his job. Circuit Court Judge Gary L. Formet found that, if anything, Doe’s supervisor only confirmed suspicions already held by fellow employees. “Because it is commonly known that the plaintiff was a gay male, a number of witnesses speculated he had AIDS after he took medical leave.” Formet ruled that Florida Statute 760.50, which requires confidentiality of employee medical records and information, is not applicable “when that information is given to [the employer] by [the employee] for reasons other than administration of health and life insurance benefits.” Doe’s attorney, Jonathan Holingshead, feels this construction of the statute is unfortunate. “The kind of disclosure alleged in this case is exactly what the legislature hoped to prevent. Employees with AIDS should not be afraid to share this information with their employer for fear that it will be gossiped about.” HOPE & HELP OPENS NEW CENTER The Hope & Help Center dedicated their new Winter Park facility on Sunday, August 14. Winter Park Mayor Gary Brewer was among hundreds, including new neighbors, who welcomed the AIDS resource center to its suburban location. Located off Lakemont Avenue near Winter Park High School, the new center doubles their available space. According to development director Michael Fuchs, Hope & Help needed more room. “We’ve grown from 7 employees when we moved downtown, to 23 employees now.” Hope & Help has an annual operating budget of approximately $ l million. Hope & Help’s major fund raising event, the outrageous, elegant, and wildly popular “Headdress Ball”, will be held Saturday, September 17 at the Hilton Walt Disney World Village. For tickets call (407) 645-2577. ADMINISTRATIVE CHANGES AT GLCS The Board of Directors at Gay and Lesbian Community Services has created a new administrative position, appointing Bart R. Zarcone as Center Director. Mr. Zarcone will have overall responsibility for management of the GLCS Center. Lyle Miller will continue as Office Manager. GLCS is also reconvening a young adults group for gays, lesbians and bisexuals between the ages of 18 and 25. Called the “Rainbow Connection”, this group will begin Thursday meetings on September 8th at 7:30 PM. Jeffrey A. Miller Attorney at law Personal Injury Litigation Congratulations to Watermark on Your Premier Issue 25 SOUTH MAGNOLIA AVENUE • POST OFFICE BOX 552 • ORLANDO, FLORIDA 32802 TELEPHONE (407) 872 -1610 TELECOPIER (407) 422 - 0998 CANDIDATES IN PRIMARY ELECTION SUPPORT GAY ISSUES do not deserve die same civil rights as Pickman (D) - State House Dist. 35; everyone else and I will do whatever I Linda Chapin - County Chairman; Fran Florida House Dis The primary election will be held on Thursday, September 8 this year to avoid conflicts with a late Labor Day weekend. Several candidates warrant special attention by the gay and lesbian community. In the race for Governor, Republican candidates Jeb Bush, Ken Connor, and most notably, Ander Crenshaw, have each made statements suggesting a lack of support for gay and lesbian issues. One of many “Family Values” candidates in this election, Crenshaw has specifically stated, “Homosexuals Pigrione - County Chairman; Thomas Tempia - Orange County Commission Dist. 4; Mable Butler - Orange County Commission Dist. 6; Roger McDonald - Circuit Judge Group 28; Deborah B lechman - County Judge Group 5. Five of these candidates warrant rec-ognition for their consistent and outspoken support of gay and lesbian equality. ban to stop them.” trict 35 candidate Bob Brooks, Republican, is also suspect. In varying degrees, however, the following candidates have expressed or demonstrated support for lesbians and gays: Lawton Chiles (D) - Governor (see article at right); Art Simon (D) - Comptroller; Karen Gievers (D) - Insurance Commissioner; Doug Jamerson (D) -Education Commissioner, Gary Siegel (R) - State Senate Dist. 14; Susan Karen Gievers Insurance Commissioner Roger McDonald Circuit Judge Group 28 Susan Pickman State House Districe 35 Deborah Blechman County Judge Group 5 Look At The Company We Keep !! Drs, Goodgame &. Hopkins FAMILY MEDICINE/INTERNAL MEDICINE 340 N. Maitland Ave., Maitland. Fl. 32751 (407) 647-6000 GOVERNOR PLEDGES NON-DISCRIMINATION Governor Lawton Chiles has agreed, in writing, to a Rainbow Democratic Club Candidate’s Pledge reading: sexual orientation of an individual shall not be a consideration in hiring, promoting, or terminating of an employee in my elected office, and shall be so stated in my personnel policies and procedures. ” All Candidates for public office in Orange County are being asked to sign the pledge, regardless of the contested position. To date, all Democratic candidates for the Cabinet, U.S. Senate, U.S. House, State Senate and House have signed, with the exception of State Representatives Bob Sindler and Alzo Reddick, and Bill Nelson, candidate for Insurance Commissioner. Thinking About Real Estate? Call the Realtor who understands your perspective and can address your concerns. DENISE LEHEUP, REALTOR COLDWELL BANKER 170 W. Fairbanks Avenue Winter Park, Florida 32789 407.628.3199 ♦ Business 407.896.5494 ♦ Residence Expect the Best.’ Accept no Lessl 23 24 43 55 16 20 Tulane - Duke Vanderbilt - Brown UCLA - UCSF Cedars-Sinai Johns Hopkins Georgetown Lukes/Roosevelt We are one of 68 Research Sites in the Westat DATRI (Division of AIDS Treatment Research Initiative) program. Fran Pignone Orange County Chairman STATE NEWS WATERMARK / August 31, 1994 6 NATIONAL & INTERNATIONAL NEWS The Hope and Help Center’s 5th Annual The Hilton at Walt Disney World® Village Saturday, September 17, 1994 6:30 pm Cocktails 8:00 pm Dinner/Auction 9:30 pm Show and Competition ********* O^cfcJ- $5,000 $2,500 ******** Llty PaX $1,000 Individual Tickets - $75.00 Corporate tables from $750.00 cobalt ^ For Tickets call 645-2577 MAINE ANTI-GAY INITIATIVE ADVANCES AUGUSTA, Maine (AP) - Leaders of a referendum drive to ban protections for gays under Maine human rights laws turned in petitions Monday which they said will ensure their proposal will go to a statewide vote next year. Leaders of the petition drive submitted 10 cartons containing nearly 66,502 voters’ signatures - nearly 62,000 of them already certified by municipal officials - to the Secretary of State’s office. At least 52,308 signatures must be certified in order to force a statewide vote in November 1995. “Shall a wealthy special interest group achieve the status and benefits equal to those of legitimate, needy, civil rights classes?” Concerned Maine Families leader Carolyn H. T. Cosby said. “Shall we... literally rewrite the civil rights code in our nation to now include self-proclaimed groups that can only be identified by their mere say-so?” The proposal would restrict the classifications of people who can be protected by state and local anti-discrimination laws. People could be protected on the basis of race, color, sex, disabilities, religion, age, ancestry, national origin, family and marital status. But no protections on the basis of sexual orientation would be permitted. Passage would scuttle Portland’s gay rights ordinance. The Legislature last year sent a gay rights bill to Gov. John R. McKernan, but he vetoed it. CALIFORNIA SPOUSAL RIGHTS BILL PASSES SENATE SACRAMENTO (AP) - A bill to give unmarried couples some of the same rights as spouses is one step from the governor’s desk after conservative lawmakers failed to bottle it up in the Senate. Final approval by the Assembly, which passed an earlier version of the legislation in May, will send the bill to Gov. Pete Wilson. The bill would give unmarried “domestic partners” who registered with the state the right to visit their partners in the hospital and would make it easier for them to be selected as a conservator for an incapacitated partner. To register with the state, domestic partners would have to maintain a common primary residence, agree to share basic living expenses, not be married or related by blood in a way that would prevent them from marrying and be over age 18. Also, they could not have been a member of another domestic partnership in the previous six months unless that relationship ended with the death of the other member. YALE OFFERS HEALTH CARE TO SAME SEX PARTNERS NEW HAVEN, Conn. (AP) - Yale University is offering health care coverage to same-sex domestic partners of graduate and professional students. Yale extended full spousal health benefits to partners of gay and lesbian faculty members, administrators and managerial staff in October. Those interested must show evidence of joint residence and economic interdependence. Other universities offering health coverage to same-sex partners of graduate students include Stanford University, the University of Chicago, the University of Iowa and the University of Oregon. More companies are offering benefits to gay employees and their partners because fear of high costs have proved largely unfounded, and it gives some companies another edge in the recruiting game. YOUR ROAD FROM HERE TO INFINITE.. BEGINS WITH RE/MAX METRO PROPERTIES AND SOUTHERN STATES FUNDING Dreams really CAN come true — Call Lew Brooks with RE/MAX METRO PROPERTIES at 1 -800-USR-EMAX Doug Butler with SOUTHERN STATES FUNDING at 407-645-4848 Putting it all together for YOU! 440 • rv___, servile is vjur Business” mi i LAND TITLE INSURANCE of Citrus County, Inc. • Winter Springs Office Land Title Insurance is proud to announce the opening of our beautiful new Winter Springs office. We are proud to offer: □ The most competitive rates in the area □ Closings in your office or ours □ 24 to 48 hour turnaround on most searches □ After hour and/or weekend closings for your convenience We are excited about our new central Florida location and look forward to working with you. 207 Moss Road North * Suite 105 • Winter Springs, Florida 32708 (407) 397-9990 • Fax (407) 397-7338 i TANNER & SHEA “Specializing in Distinctive Properties of Call John K. Tanner and David W. Shea, REALTORS® ERA AIRPORT REALTY 407-677-1177 H OPPORTUNITY REALTOR* Celebrate Florida Living in this newly renovated bungalow with pool in desirable Colonialtown. Features hardwood floors, fireplace, cabana, sprinkler system, central air and heat with heat pump, lush landscaping and more situated on brick street. Offered at $105,900. ^Kissimmee cfCo/ust WATERMARK / August 31, 1994 8 HEALTH & HIV NEWS LOCAL PHYSICIANS REPORT ON INTERNATIONAL AIDS CONFERENCE b; Laurence Sheldon Contrary to reports of doom and gloom coming from the Tenth International Conference on AIDS, there are some promising therapies now in place, and others being presently pursued are worth noting. Dr. Jeff Goodgame attended the conference in Japan and presented news and findings to an enthusiastic audience at the Radisson Plaza Hotel Orlando on Thursday, August 25. At the conference, noted French researcher, Dr. Luc Montagnier, advanced a global therapeutic approach in which antivirals, antibiotics, antioxidants, and vaccines involving Interluken 2 are all ap-plied simultaneously to curb HIV replication. Along with Dr. Lynn Hopkins, Dr. Goodgame also reported that new antiviral drug strategies are being created to overcome the problems of drug resistance. One of these strategies is a class of drugs called Protease Inhibitors, which attempt to stop viral replication within cells. Dr. Hopkins described some of the new therapies that are constantly being studied and examined. The most promising include gene therapy, which seeks to create a gene that would interrupt viral replication, and immune based therapy using Interluken 2 (and potentially 12). Dr. Eileen Wright presented an explanation of psycho-neuro-immunology. She gave numerous examples of case studies involving mind-body interactions. This particular field of medicine originated thousands of years ago, and is based on the theory that thoughts, emotions, and the central nervous system are intrinsically linked. Looking to the future, Dr. Goodgame described three major challenges: 1) curb the alarming spread of AIDS in the third world; 2) prioritize and expand research; and 3) provide the best possible care and treatment for HIV patients. According to Dr. Goodgame, about 4 million people worldwide have developed full blown AIDS in the last 10 years. 3000 women are infected each day by HIV; tragic proof that AIDS has never been confined to specific populations. Drs. Goodgame and Hopkins are currently involved with 11 clinical studies and have 4 more pending necessary approvals. Any HIV infected man or woman interested in participating in one of these clinical trials is urged to contact their Maitland office at (407) 647-6000. HALF WITH HIV GET NO TREATMENT SAN JOSE, Calif. (AP) - A study believed to be the first of its kind in California found that more than half the people in Santa Clara County with the AIDS virus don’t receive any treatment. “They don’t necessarily know they’re infected,” said Dr. Marty Fenstersheib, the county’s acting health officer. “They may be spreading the illness and not know it.” The study by the county public health department estimated that 4,100 residents have the human immunodeficiency virus but that as many as 2,500 aren’t being treated. Health officials, who released the survey results on Thursday, called for an education program to fight the spread of AIDS. The survey also found that HIV infections are increasing the fastest among blacks and that the percentage of women with the virus also has increased. The department’s survey was conducted at 29 hospitals and clinics that reported AIDS cases over the past two years. MINERAL MAY PLAY ROLE IN DEVELOPMENT OF AIDS ATLANTA (AP) - University of Georgia researchers published a theory in Friday’s Journal of Medicinal Chemistry suggesting that HIV produces proteins that consume the body’s supply of selenium. Although the proteins have yet to be found, scientists are trying to prove their existence. According to the researchers’ theory, HIV needs selenium, which preserves the elasticity of body tissue and slows the aging process, to trigger its growth. Once the virus exhausts the selenium in an infected cell, it breaks out in search of more, spreading the infection to new cells. Many AIDS patients lack selenium and have taken supplements on their own. For several years, a number of researchers and doctors have encouraged selenium as part of the patients’ dietary supplement. It was thought that AIDS patients had trouble absorbing the nutrient from food, but the new work suggests the disease actually depletes the mineral from the body. “If this is true, then selenium biochemistry may be the key to understanding the control of the life cycle of HIV and perhaps some of the pathology of AIDS,” said Will Taylor, who headed the research team at Georgia College of Pharmacy. He said the length of time it takes to deplete the body’s stores of selenium could help account for HIV’s latency period, which can last for years. “This suggests that nutritional status may be a factor in some HIVpositive long-term survivors,” Taylor said. SUNDAY: CHURCH SERVICE 10:30 AM WEDNESDAY: ALL-MESSAGE SERVICE 7:30 PM ($5.00) Healing Services H2 hour before all Church services PUBLIC WELCOME TO ATTEND ALL ACTIVITIES VISIT OUR BOOKSTORE Area’s largest Book and Tape inventory, plus many interesting gifts from Nature and around the world. HOURS: Monday thru Saturday 9:30-5:00, Sunday Noon-5:00 1112 Stevens St. • P.O. Box 319 • Cassadaga, FL 32706 • (904) 228-2880 b the financial strains I illness... me can give pur life insurance policy. There are many reasons why people sell their life insurance policies.but your reason is the most important one! Dealing with a life-threatening illness is difficult enough without worrying about financial matters. When these concerns overtake your lifestyle and your life, turn to Life Care Resources. We provide quick, completely confidential service, with instant payment after approval, at no cost to you. Before selling your policy to just anyone - contact Life Care Resources. We are committed to paying you the highest price for your policy. Life Care Resources donates a portion of all proceeds to charities and research dedicated to providing support to the terminally ill, including AIDS, cancer, and hospices. If you have needs... Life Care Resources is there. 1-800-563-0018 :de 'fipawe cAteaeuweeti, Q$rw. diyy/nttty w not onAiy in, wAat wo din' wAeit we wndewitwnd. WATERMARK / August 31,1994 9 BUSINESS TRACKS DERAILS — BOXCARS OPENS If it seems like gay bars in Orlando open and close like railroad crossing bars, August was no exception. In early August, Tracks on Lee Road in Winter Park ceased operations. The venerable Tampa bar hoped to reproduce their success in what was perceived as a similar market. That was not the case, according to Operations Manager, Barry Barlow. “In Tampa, the bars network and work together to benefit each other and the community, too,” said Barlow. “Orlando was a completely different world.” Barlow has alleged that competing bars such as The Club, The Edge and Southern Nights authorized removal of Tracks’ advertising from publications distributed at their locations. Barlow also thinks Orlando has a more conservative climate than Tampa. He cited difficulties using the words “gay and lesbian” in advertising, and speculated that gays in Orlando were unused to going to a bar not “hidden away or in some sleazy part of town.” Barlow stated that, “No one in Orlando wanted to work with me, but I learned some things while I was there. I thought your Pride Parade was great, even though almost none of your local politicians participated.” Meanwhile, Boxcars opened on August 12 in Fern Park, across from the Jai Alai fronton. The grand opening is scheduled for Labor Day weekend. Boxcars is located in the unique railroad car building that housed two gay bars in the 70s and 80s, Old Plantation and then Central Station. Owner Chris Dahn, who is gay, stated that it has long been his dream to open a gay bar in greater Orlando, particularly on the north side of town. Dahn is from Indiana, but he was stationed at the Naval Training Center in the early 80s and has wanted to relocate here ever since. Dahn hopes to fill a void with Boxcars. “I think people in Orlando want to dance and be entertained, but they also want to sit, relax, talk and hear each other,” he Says. For that reason, Boxcars sound and light system will be focused primarily on the dance floor. Dahn states that Boxcars welcomes both lesbians and gay men. PRUDENTIAL CHAIRMAN TAKES STAND AGAINST DISCRIMINATION Robert C. Winters, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of The Prudential, has taken a bold stand against discrimination based on sexual orientation. In a letter to all Prudential associates, dated June 30, 1994, Winters stated: “The Prudential’s policy of nondiscrimi- nation has included sexual orientation for some time, but recent letters to the Leader (Prudential’s in-house newsletter) suggest that a reiteration of this policy is necessary. The Prudential is committed to fostering an environment which encourages all individuals to contribute and grow to their fullest potential. It is therefore of utmost importance to show respect toward all associates and to treat them fairly. Please read our policy statement.. .carefully. All associates have the right to a work environment that is free of any kind of discrimination. Discrimination based on sexual orientation will not be tolerated at The Prudential in any form or at any rank.” MBA PLANS FUTURE GROWTH. ERIN SOMERS SPEAKS. At their annual retreat in August, board members for the Metropolitan Business Association made plans for more activities and increased membership. According to President Debbie Simmons, MBA has 172 members and hopes to break the 200 barrier during 1995. Plans also call for MBA to expand their annual business expo in February, to be held this year at the Bahia Shrine Auditorium in Maitland. Following the success of their Flirtations concert and Rob Eichberg program, MBA will also feature more nationally known speakers and special events in the coming year. Speaking September 1 at 6:30 PM at the Radisson will be Erin Somers, host of “Passion Phones” on 104.1 FM. Dr. Mel White, former religious right ghostwriter and author of Stranger At The Gate: To be Gay and Christian In America, has been contacted for an upcoming speaking appearance. President Debbie Simmons and Program Director Tom Dyer recently met with Mayor Glenda Hood, and she has also promised to address MBA in the future. A concert and lawn party have been proposed for the Spring. Not As Long As It Is Properly presented. cKigsimmoo cf{o/ti8t Kissimmee 846-4113 Orlando 828-8005 Buena Ventura Lakes 348-4033 WATERMARK / August 31,1994 10 VIEWPOINT WINNING: THE GREAT AMERICAN PASTIME by Michael L Kilgore iBl * • w Chicago cubs fans are walking by the open window where I write. From the roars I’d heard over the past few hours and now from the animated cadence of their conversations, I gather it was one of those rare events in Wrigleyville — a Cubs win. Winning is an American passion. Almost all of us grow up believing that if we don’t overcome someone or something that somehow we’re the less for it. As the fans pass by reliving the day’s victory, my thoughts drift back to last night’s speeches and other conversations about winning. I’d attended the Human Rights Campaign Fund dinner the evening before. The front cover of the program read, the People: A promise not yet fulfilled. ” while the back cover announced in graphic red, white and blue, “Because fighting for the rights of all people is a battle, we can, will, and must WIN.’’ In addition to the hundreds of thousands already raised in ticket sales, there is a special appeal to raise extra funds. We must defeat the anti-gay initiatives on the ballots this year in Oregon and Idaho. Everyone at my table takes out his or her checkbook. The smallest check I see passed to the table captain is for $100. An addi- tional $1,500 is raised at our table alone. There are ninety-six tables. We know our fundamental rights as American citizens, perhaps even our lives, are threatened because of who we are. We’ve got to win. The words of Dr. Mel White, author of Stranger at the Gate: To be Gay and Christian in America and former ghostwriter for Radical Right heavyweights Jerry Falwell and Pat Robertson, punctuate the evening. He’s telling us about standing outside a convention hall in Texas just a few weeks before. It’s a gathering of the so-called Christian Coalition, the American Family Association, and other assorted hatemongers who are also intent on winning. Their agenda is one which explicitly rejects gays and lesbians, “There will be much rejoicing in heaven when America no longer tolerates the presence of gay men and women.” The convention hall setting he describes is a place where only a few years ago Dr. White would have been a welcome participant. Now out as an openly gay man, not only is he not welcome, but he’s physically threatened. A man shoved his finger in White’s face and screamed, “Where are you going to live, when we win?” The words are chilling. They have their effect. We write more checks, and get out our charge cards. The silent auction is a huge success. Many items are going for significantly more than their retail value. An Art Modeme vase listed for $350 closes at $525. There are over two hundred silent auction items. The mathematics of this evening are staggering; but we’ve got to win. Since I’d moved from Chicago to Orlando only two years before, I keep running into old friends as I wander through the maze of silent auction items. Despite the gravity of the cause the mood is upbeat. “Hey, how are you? Florida now?” “The chocolate torte was fabulous.” “Outstanding event; the speeches were short. They finally got that part right.” “Great to see you, you look great.” The dance music is now at fever pitch. The evening is a success — hundreds of thousands raised for the HRCF cause. People are feeling like they’ve done their part. Yet as I move through the crush of bodies, I feel out of step with the mood of the evening. I don’t know why. One of the people I run into is an old acquaintance, Dan. We’d attended the same church and had had a cocktail party “friends of friends” type of relationship. He’s even better looking and funnier than I remember. He’s done well for himself and is now working in the Governor’s office in a major policy-making role. As we chat, he shares with me that he wants to start getting more active with human rights issues, especially after the election. But as he talks about his job, I begin to realize that he hasn’t come out at work. He rationalizes by saying that it wouldn’t help anyone to know. I hear all the practical reasons and understand why. We exchange cards and promise to stay in touch. Dan’s story is a gift. It makes me realize why I feel out of touch with the evening, and more importantly, what the real challenge is. I understand that the sum of all the checks written this evening will not defeat the Radical Right. Their power is The power of the Radical Right isn't so much in their hatred of us, but in their keen understanding about how to manipulate the self-hatred of gay men and neither in their well financed political campaigns, their numbers nor their passionate positions. The power of the Radical Right isn’t so much in their hatred of us, but in their keen understanding about how to manipulate the self-hatred of gay men and lesbians. They know that they’ll win if we don’t say who we are. The voices outside my window are growing quieter as the baseball crowd thins. A child’s high pitched voice knifes through my thoughts, “It was a great game, Dad. Who won? I’m tired. When do we go home?” CONSERVATIVELY SPEAKING WATERMARK Watermark Media, Inc. ©1994 editor / publisher Tom Dyer layout/ managing editor April Gustetter account executive Keith Peterson contributing writers Michael L. Kilgore, G. K. Fowler, Harmony Brenner. Nan Schultz, R. A. Bach, Dimitri Toscas, Jim Crescitelli, Mark Lawhon, Yvonne Vassell, Ken Kundis, Marvin Liebman, Leslea Newman, Rosanne Sloan, Joe Sarano photographers & illustrators Alison Bechdel, Eric Orner, Russell Tucker, student contributors John Holland, Katie Messmer, Tera Kenney, Mike Williams CONTENTS of WATERMARK are protected by federal copyright law and may not be reproduced in whole or part without the permission of the publisher. Unsolicited article submissions will not be returned unless accompanied by a self-addressed, stamped envelope. Although WATERMARK is supported by many fine advertisers, we cannot accept responsibility for claims made by advertisers. Publication of the name or photograph of any person or organization in articles, advertising, or listing is WATERMARK is not to be construed as any indication of the sexual orientation of such persons or members of such organizations (unless, of course, sexual orientation is stated specifically). WATERMARK is published every second Wednesday, except the first week in January and the second week in July. Subscription rates are $35.00 (third class). The official views of WATERMARK are expressed only in editorials. Opinions offered in signed columns, letters and articles are those of the writers and do not necessarily represent the opinions of the newspaper’s owner or management. We reserve the right to edit or reject any material submitted for publication. WATERMARK is not responsible for damages due to typographical errors, except for the cost of replacing ads that have such errors. WATERMARK P.O. Box 533655 Orlando, FL 32853-3655 TEL 407.481.2243 FAX 407.481.2246 In recent years, it is a rare event indeed for an American politician — of either major party — to take a stand based solely on principle and conviction rather than on whatever expedience is required to keep or win a well-paying government job with all the power and perks of office. Such a rare event occurred not long ago at a Human Rights Campaign Fund leadership conference in Washington, when U. S. Sen. Charles Robb (D-Va.) appeared to express his appreciation for a contribution of $ 10,000. But he went far beyond just saying thanks. Robb, running a tough and close race for reelection against radical extremists, “gave his strongest endorsement ever to homosexual rights, saying he will speak out on the issues even if it jeopardizes his reelection campaign,” reported The Washington Post in a story on the conference. “He condemned the ‘fundamental unfairness’ of anti-gay discrimination and called efforts to end it ‘the last front of the true civil rights struggle.’ He promised that ‘we’re going to get it right in the very near future.’” There was no reason for Chuck Robb to stick out his political neck other than deep personal conviction. Ten thousand dollars is a lot of money but relatively insignificant in a campaign that will cost millions. His major opponent is the Republican nominee, Oliver L. North — public liar, hypocritical opportunist and a proud bigot whose targets include gays, lesbians and most likely every other minority group different from his white-bread, phony Norman Rockwell hero image, bought and paid for by direct-mail professionals who raise millions of hard-earned dollars from all too many impoverished and frightened Americans. Is there a choice for those in the Virginia electorate who still value honor and decency? Is there even a question in the minds of gay men and lesbians? For me, there is none and only one choice: Charles Robb (who is every bit the Vietnam veteran that North is). I have worked on the campaigns of, and voted for, Republicans most of my professional life, with only one exception in 1992 — Bill Clinton. I voted for him because I was repelled by the moral weakness and hypocrisy of the Republican Party and its candidate, as epitomized by the loathsome GOP national convention in Houston. In retrospect, I would still have voted against the Republicans, even though Bill Clinton has reneged on too many campaign promises to the gay and lesbian community and to the nation. I find myself in the same position once again. I am a conservative Republican who finds himself supporting Senator Chuck Robb, a liberal Democrat. Why this contradiction? It is because I am a gay man. Any politician — Republican or Democrat — who speaks out for us, who stands against bigotry and hatred, is my candidate. Even though we may differ on economic and other issues, we stand together in support of common humanity and the constitutional civil rights of all Americans. Our country can survive Democrats in the Senate and even Clinton in the White House. It cannot survive the bigotry, fear and hatred that have become the prime weapons of the radical extremists of the right, whether they be Democrat or Republican. To the radical right, gay men and lesbians have replaced the Jews and Negroes of the past as prime targets. We have become the Reds of the ‘90’s, objects of fear and loathing. We are now the corrupters — of the media, the schools, the family, every “value” the professional extremists can think up on which they can raise money. Gay men and lesbians are stereotyped fuel for their fund-raising machines, all in the name of God. Any friend of these radical extremists is our enemy. Anyone opposed to their ugly campaigns of hatred and bigotry is our friend. It has become that simple. The danger posed to our community is that critical. They promote raw hatred of each and every one of us. They proclaim their fundamentalist beliefs as religious gospel. The penalty for sodomy is death, they say. Do they really want us dead? Probably. We need all the real friends we can get. Those who stand with us against hate deserve all the support we can give them. Chuck Robb is one of those courageous few. An additional note: In the past, I’ve criti- by Marvin Liebman cized the Human Rights Campaign Fund as being too “establishment”; too fearful of change. However, like it or not, HRCF is our establishment organization — the largest, the best-financed and the most widely recognized. It is because of this that it can provide the most comfortable platform for the Chuck Robbs to speak out for us. For this, all gay men and lesbians must be grateful. If it did nothing else but provide such a platform, HRCF would have sufficient value. For providing Chuck Robb that venue, I salute my HRCF friends and comrades. I urge all who read this to provide whatever support you are able to keep Sen. Charles S. Robb in Washington. If you live in Virginia, offer your services as volunteers. But no matter where you live, send this man a check. Marvin Liebman, author of Coming Out Conservative (1992, Chronical Books), lives and works in Washington, D. C. NETCTStSSUE available September 14: lesbians having babies harassment of gay and lesbian students {| Grfg DAWSON* ^|ml- ii|l : Jill new Job VIEWPOINT WATERMARK / August 31,1994 11 JUST LIKE EVERYBODY ELSE by Nan Schultz “Who are we? Where have we come from? What are we here for?” The Mattachine Society, a pioneering gay organization, reportedly set itself to the task of exploring these questions. Formed at a time when the dearth of available information and the secrecy and shame surrounding homosexual activities caused many to doubt their sanity, or to believe themselves “the only ones”, the Society provided a vehicle for self-discovery and self-definition apart from prevailing social attitudes; attitudes which yielded such labels as “pervert”, “deviant”, and “criminal”. Although the Mattachine quickly became a pragmatic and thus conservative organization providing mostly social opportunities and legal protection for its members, the questions they posed are still debated within gay and lesbian organizations. Since the results of this query are almost always divisive, I am prompted to add a fourth question: “What difference does it make?” Is self-definition a worthy goal, or is it a trap creating a group identity which confines us to our own stereotypes? What positive purpose might be served by exploring th2 ways being gay means more than simply being homosexual? Who are we? Are we just doctors and lawyers and shop keepers whose primary sexual interest is in members of our own sex? Are we, as many among us would argue, “just like everybody else” except for who we sleep with? Or do we possess a sensibility which is the result of our unique experience in American society? Could we be possessed of an “outsider” consciousness which alters the perspective of our cultural observations? And might not our tendency to stretch the limits of gender identity give us an insight into wholeness that may be hard to come by if one accepts the constraints of socially imposed sex roles? Might we also have what Advocate senior editor Mark Thompson calls “a differentness that accentuates the gifts of compassion, empathy, healing, interpretation, and enabling?” Is it possible that, as one drag queen said, “when a man is feminine and a woman masculine...that person is more in touch with the total range of human experience?” I wouldn’t presume .. .we are reaching a point in our social evolution where breakthrough change is not only possible, but critical to our survival... to give you a definitive answer, but I suspect that we have at least the potential to add something unique and valuable to the American social/political fabric. What are we here for? Good question! What is anybody here for? Can’t we just be here? Yes and no, for, as Judy Grahn, feminist poet and lesbian activist notes, her mere presence has an impact on society. Her clothes and bearing model a “certain freedom for women.” As she and her partner parent a child, they “present an obvious example of alternate family structure.” With very little effort she has become a one- woman “alternative thought structure.” Without conscious thought or effort, and just as likely without our permission, we may be, as Ms. Grahn points out, “inextricably bound, historically and politically with ideas of pluralism, tolerance, multiculturality, sexual expression and free choice.” Not bad for people who are just like everybody else. Buy this “we’re different” argument or don’t. Whether this makes any difference is far more relevant to our political and social choices, because what you aspire to is far more critical than what you really are. And because right now, right here, we face the political choice to either “breakthrough or break even.” We can continue to work for our piece of the same old pie, or we can get in the kitchen and bake up something new and better. There is almost no way to deny that we are reaching a point in our social evolution where breakthrough change is not only possible, but critical to our survival and future chances for happiness and self-actualization. The new science of chaos and the study of change dynamics teaches us that systems are characterized by long periods of equilibrium punctuated by evolutionary branchings called bifurcations. According to Riane Eisler, historian and futurist, the current rapid rate of technological change has precipitated the instability that makes such a branching likely. And while such branchings in chemical or biological systems are largely the product of chance, humans have the ability to act consciously and collectively to choose their own evolutionary path. We can stay focused on the civil rights aspects of our struggle, reforming laws and securing our legal rights. We can recreate government and business-as-usual with tolerance for same sex pronouns. But as journalist Michael Bronski notes, “the legislative approach to gay liberation runs the risk of giving social power only to those homosexuals deemed ‘acceptable’, i.e. straight looking and acting.” Not to mention that such change is limited by existing social standards and the rigidity of legal and governmental systems. Or we can seek to effect more far-reaching social change. We can seize the prerogative of being different. We can call on those unique experiences and insights gained through both the pain and joy of our “otherness” to imagine and create new social relationships based on the ideas of equality, partnership and connectedness to one another, to the environment, and to the world at large. WATERMARK: LET THE SUN SHINE THROUGH bj G. K. Fowler Not too long ago the best advice for Orlando’s gay and lesbian residents was to leave town. If you wanted to be out, you had to get out. Those of us who stayed, or improbably arrived, joked about putting up a sign: WELCOME TO ORLANDO. SET YOUR CLOCKS BACK TEN YEARS. Those days are over now. This is no longer the land that time and cranial development forgot. Orlando’s large gay and lesbian population is developing into a vibrant community. Like other minorities we celebrate our distinctiveness and choose empowerment. More and more we do business together, vote together, and work Watermark was conceived during a visit to Atlanta; sperm met egg in the south’s most inviting gay ghetto, Virginia Highlands. At lunch one day, I noticed almost everyone, alone and in groups, perusing the same newspaper. Southern Voice had been distributed that day, and I was witness to the way this excellent weekly informs, energizes and unifies Atlanta’s gay and lesbian community. Watermark's admittedly ambitious goal is to do the same for Orlando and the rest of Central Florida. Every other week we hope you’ll tuck us into your beach bag, spill eggs on us at Brian’s, and sneak looks at us during Reverend Brock’s sermon. We hope you’ll be aroused by our editorials, amused by our gossip and cartoons, and inspired by our “Transitions” section. Most importantly, we hope you’ll participate and take pride in our newspaper. At present, we’re a full-time staff of three: myself, layout gal April Gustetter, and ad guy Keith Peterson. But the paper is clearly a collaborative effort, and there are many together to defend our freedom and values. With Watermark, we have a twice-monthly newspaper to read together. We named our paper Watermark because that word reminds us of what we love about Florida: the ocean, the gulf, our lakes and rivers, and the diversity of life they support. It’s classy too, like our community. It’s a myth we all have good taste, but no one can deny us, as a group, a certain flair. Even better, it connotes honesty and excellence. On foreign currency, a watermark certifies that what you hold is genuine, the real thing. The watermark on fine bond FROM THE EDITOR’S DESK: A USER’S GUIDE TO WATERMARK talented writers and photographers working with us. We’ve been overwhelmed by their shared enthusiasm Tor this paper. Most will be featured regularly, and we hope you’ll come to know them and look forward to their contributions. We also have four bright and energetic student interns who will cut their journalistic teeth with us. Importantly, to those friends in the gay and lesbian community who helped us get off the ground with their fi- guarantees quality. Such marks, made by pressing wire patterns on new paper, are so pale they seem drawn in water. They are nearly invisible, like we’ve been for so long. But once brought to light, a watermark shines with an unmistakable quality, just like we do. It’s been some time now since honest misconceptions about homosexuality congealed into hard, cold lies. But truth can’t hurt us. We know that it is human, not criminal, to value beauty and love. “Our kind” has always been defined by others, too often the fate and doom of powerless minorities. We won’t play that way anymore. Hence one of our major goals at Watermark will be to help our community know itself and define for itself what it means to be gay in Central Florida, and in America, today. We’ll hold our community up to the light to see what shines through. We’ll search for the watermarks of what is true and essential in gay life. What we learn we’ll share with you, and with our hetero- nancial support, my sincere thanks. You know who you are, so take a bow. The paper has three sections. At the outset you’ll find news, including health, HIV, and business news. In the middle of the paper you’ll encounter “Artful Living”, containing entertainment news, reviews, personal announcements, astrology, gossip, cartoons, and a calender of events. The last few pages are devoted to the “Marketplace” directory, real estate and classified ads, and the sports page. These last pages will also soon contain “Voiceboard” telepersonal listings. In all sections, we’re committed to balanced content for lesbians and gay men. Reading is passive; Watermark is intended to be an interactive process. We need you to share a little of your life with us. We need to know what you do at work and away from work. We need your ideas and opinions. We also hope you’ll be ambitious with your advertising. Let’s replace those business card ads with attractive, state-of-the-art advertising concepts that reflect the vital- sexual neighbors. Too many of them are misguided by fear, the prey de luxe of cynical politicians and so-called religious leaders who peddle hate for power but settle for cash. We’re writing for savvy, self-assertive gay people determined to live full lives despite the madness. We’ve got news you can use: what’s hot, what’s not, what hurts, what heals, what’s fun, and what requires serious voter turnout. News, sports, letters, comics...hey, it’s a gay world out there! There’s too much joy and laughter, excitement, achievement, beauty and love in us for any of it to remain in restraints. Although bom into every race and creed we are a people of our own, a people in the making, and like all peoples, wonderful in our way. So here we are, God bless us. We hope we do us right. Maybe someday the best advice a local lesbian or gay man in Central Florida can get will be to pick up a copy of Watermark. ity of the gay patrons you seek. We’re excited about Watermark and the whole process of creating each issue. Call us with news tips. Send us letters. Show off photos in the “Gallery”. Place a classified ad. Tell us where you’d like to see Watermark distributed. And by all means, read our paper, pass it around, and as we change and grow with our first issues, let us know what you think. Watermark welcomes letters to the editor. All letters are subject to editing for content and length. Letters should be sent to: P. O. Box 533655 Orlando, FL 32853-3655 WATERMARK / August 31, 1994 12 MICHAEL E. DUNN, M.D. Infectious Diseases Internal Medicine Specializing in the CARE of People with HIV Disease & AIDS 1355 Orange Avenue • Suite 5 • Winter Park, Florida 32789 Phone: (407) 645-2661 HIAWASSEE VETERINARY CLINIC SANDY M. FINK, DVM :i» Dentistry •>? Dermatology ?£ Boarding $ Flea Control •i? Baths/Dips $ Vaccinations :iS Pet Supplies ;il Behavior Problems •#i? Nutrition 4 Dog Training (407)299-3969 Hours by Appointment 6525 Old Winter Garden Road’Orlando, FL 32835 HIV+? THINKING OF SELLING A POLICY? READ ON! “Thanks to you Vm driving the car of my dreams. was thrilled with how quickly you were able to sell my group policy and it isn9t even affecting my benefits. You always took my calls, day or night. felt you really , bless you. 99 -CC Whether you want to realize a dream or just take care of your health or finances, you owe it to yourself to call today for no obligation information and application. CALLUS (800)248-2522 a(800) a 0PEMD6 rau 1994 CUITOffl ITAin GlAff ORDER} BEIAG ACCEPTED 9 M III. rniRBfiflKS IVIflTCR PARK 8 8 6-004 J MlCHEfti- A. WARD STAtMeb ORKrIMALS, WATERMARK / August 31, 1994 13 GAY COMEDY WITHOUT A NET The Improvabilities are “Florida’s Freshest Fruit” by R. A. Bach The man and woman are center stage, acting out a horrific and hilarious free association about robots and exploding internal organs. Offstage, someone yells “Freeze! Tennessee Williams.” Instantaneously the actors begin fanning themselves and talking about mendacity in drippy southern voices filled with pent-up sexual frustration. The scenario continues on its new course until we hear “Freeze! Stephen Sondheim.” The actors become urban sophisticates as they begin singing about their neurotic, self-important lives...on the mansion...in outer space. This madcap display of inventiveness continues as a Greek tragedy with chorus, a Rogers and Hammerstein musical, an Oscar Wilde comedy of manners, and finally Shakespeare. Improvisation is comedy without a net; part of the entertainment lies in the potential for disaster. Can they pull it off? Can they invent something funny without benefit of prior thought? Like a trapeze act, when the Improvabilities do pull it off you don’t know whether to laugh, applaud or gasp in amazement. And they pull it off time after time, often brilliantly, sometimes just barely, and that’s fun too. For almost a year, the Improvabilities have been providing Central Florida with hilarious, intelligent, insightful sketch comedy that assumes a gay sensibility. They are also one of the best entertainment values in town. On weekends, its no longer necessary to go to a bar after dinner to stay gay. Go to the Eola Theater, wave at friends, have a seat and prepare to be wildly entertained. These are funny, funny people, and it’s a privilege to catch them at this stage of their promising collective career. Troy Tinker founded the Improvabilities after four years of improv work in Cleveland. His dream was “to form a comedy troupe that would make people laugh while shedding light on gay experience.” Several members were recruited from the Comedy Warehouse at Pleasure Island, and others were mined from Universal Studios, the Hat Box Revue, and local children’s theater. Along with Troy, Dave Almeida is the group’s most versatile performer, comfortable and funny as daddy or diva. Catherine Goodison has the wry wit and deadpan delivery of Roseanne’s Sara Gilbert John Connon, his handsome face topped by a shock of peroxide blonde hair, could be the twisted anchorman for the John Waters Network. Talented Rae L’Heureaux can be petite then brassy, stem then bawdy as she calls on a broad range of characters with impres- THE IMPROVABILITIES: (clockwise from top left) Dave Almeida, John Connon, Rae LHeureaux, Martin Kunz, Troy Tinker. Not pictured: Catherine Goodison sive ease. She’s Lucy, Bette, Roseanne and more. With his expressive face, a real artist’s tool, the hilarious Martin Kunz can draw laughter with little more than an arched eyebrow. At a recent show, he created a boy-in-the-bubble cruising the Parliament house by rolling his big orb up and down the balconies (“Look but don’t touch, baby”). It was comedic inventiveness worthy of Jonathan Winters. One of the great pleasures of watching this versatile group is sharing their delight in each other’s courage and wit. It’s easy to tell when a peer has been impressed. Actors uninvolved in a partic-ular sketch will often jump in when an inspired comedic idea sparks their imagination. The hilarity builds exponentially as troupe members bounce off each other like speeding pinballs. Performances last approximately two hours, with one fifteen minute intermission. The audience is involved throughout, calling out suggestions and often participating onstage. Catch these wonderful performers often and while you still can. After opening for the Fabulous Flirtations in May at The Club, The Improvabilities will be performing with them at selected upcoming concerts. The Improvabilities are also pursuing regional bookings. Don’t miss The Improvabilities, “Florida’s Freshest Fruit”, at one of their upcoming Friday shows at the Eola Theatre on Wall Street Plaza. Showtimes are at 10:30 PM on Friday, September 2nd, 9th, 16th and 30th. Call (407) 521-7499. ONE OF BROADWAY’S ORIGINAL “C AGELLES” REMEMBERS FIVE YEARS IN HEELS by Tom Dyer La Cage Aux Folles is landmark gay entertainment. Based on a play by Jean Poiret, the French movie about ZaZa, a tightly wound female impersonator, and his longtime companion Georges, was funny, touching, and a surprise hit in the 70s. The transformation to Broadway musical several years later was an overwhelming creative and financial success. La Cage Aux Folles will be performed at the Mark Two Dinner Theater through October 2nd; the perfect excuse to visit with Orlando’s Sam Singhaus, one of the original “Cagelles” in the Broadway production. Sam is known to many as the charismatic co-owner and driving force behind the fondly remembered downtown club “Big Bang”, and through his association with the popular Club At Firestone. Musical by nature, Sam developed his interest in dance while attending Boone High School. After graduating, he took dance classes with Kip Watson and worked with what eventually became the Southern Ballet Theater. Encouraged by his teachers, he went to New York to study dance and within weeks was awarded a scholarship with the Richard Thomas Ballet Company. “The whole thing was really unbelievable,” said Sam. “I went to New York for three months and ended up staying ten years.” SAM REVIEWS MARK TWO’S LA CAGE AUX FOLLES is Sam was drawn to musical comedy, and he eventually left the ballet to train and take a job at Radio City. He did skit work on Saturday Night Live, and in time started auditioning for Broadway shows. His first big show was a national tour of Seven Brides for Seven Brothers with Debbie Boone. “It was a great show and a lot of fun,” said Singhaus. “Debbie was great in it, but the New York critics couldn’t get over themselves enough to give her a good review.” After a successful tour, the show closed soon after reaching Broadway. Continued Page 14 WATERMARK / August 31, 1994 14 ARTFUL LIVING G»A*L*L»E»R*I*E*S ♦ Wedding & Gift Registry ♦ ♦ Original Art ♦ Limited Editions ♦ Art Glass ♦ Jewelry ♦ Sculpture ♦ ♦ Decorative Accessories ♦ Framing ♦ ♦ Judaic Art & Gifts ♦ ♦ In-Home Art Consultation ♦ ♦ Fund Raising Programs ♦ 348 Park Avenue North Winter Park, Florida 32789 (407) 629-1488 (In the Hidden Gardens - across from Jacobsons) HOURS MONDAY - WEDNESDAY, 10AM -6PM THURSDAY - SATURDAY, 10AM - 9PM SUNDAY, 12NOON - 5PM (i .. ........... .......... ^ SCOTT LAURENT GALLERIES 10% Courtesy Discount on your next visit to ourWinter Park Gallery With this coupon. Offer valid thru 11/30/94 ^ ............... ..............-1!! “CAGELLE” From Page 13 Then auditions for La Cage Aux Folles began. “For some reason I just had the feeling that this was the right show for me,” he remembered. “I didn’t know that much about it, just that it was Jerry Herman, Arthur Laurents and Harvey Fierstein and it was going to be a six million dollar musical and it was going to be a hit.” Apparently others felt the same way. Along with 1000 other dancers, Sam sought a role as one of the energetic “cagelles”. Auditions lasted for three full months as dancers were pared to the final ten. According to Sam, “We weren’t told we would be in drag half the show until the very end. We were told to bring high heels to the final auditions.” So Sam went shopping. “I lived on the upper west side at the time, so I walked up to Harlem figuring I’d find larger sizes there. I went into this women’s shoe store and started looking, and after watching me for a while this saleslady asked if she could help me. Fortunately, Tootsie had just come out, so I asked her if she’d seen the movie. She said she had, so I told her it was a Tootsie thing. She sold me a great pair of shoes.” In fact, Sam had never appeared in drag before La Cage, and it took weeks to get used to the specially braced high heel shoes. “We tried out in Boston and changed the show every day. It was tough. I definitely hit my ‘Butterfield 8’ weight.” But he says it was clear that the show would be a hit from the start, and he ended up staying with La Cage until it closed almost five years later. During the show’s run, Sam worked with the likes of George Hearn, Keene Curtis, Gene Barry, Peter Marshall, and his favorite, Van Johnson. “A real old Hollywood star. He’s sure nice and real, real fun. He always wore red socks, so when he came back to see the show after he’d left it, I snuck out and bought red socks for the cast. When the curtain came up for ovations, we lifted our pant legs and you could hear his boisterous laugh everywhere. He was great.” Sam notes that there was initial criticism of the show from some gay quarters because, like the recent movie Philadelphia, there was almost no affection displayed between the principal gay couple. Sam thinks this criticism is misplaced. “First of all, Georges and ZaZa had been together for decades, so let’s be real. Also, much of the audience would have been turned off by them kissing and stuff. Instead, everyone who saw the play left thinking that the love between two men can be beautiful. After all, love is what the play is really about.” THE CAST OF IHABXTiir 1 Bittttlft : THEATER’S ucAmm AmmiM Florida Republicans have GOV. CLAUDE KIRK SEN. PAULA HAWKINS • GOVERNOR CLAUDE KIRK, who actively opposed school desegregation; whose outrageous self-promotion led him to fight with lawmakers of both parties; and who was viewed as a buffoon by both j Republican and Democratic voters. • SENATOR PAULA HAWKINS, who insulted Florida’s Cuban community by saying, "you know how they are"; who repeatedly trashed Florida in public forums around the U.S.; who was criticized in both Florida and Washington for playing fast and loose with the truth; who was described as a “lightweight” by the Wall Street Journat, and who was chosen one of the ten worst senators by Washington Monthly. • GOVERNOR BOB MARTINEZ, who tried to defy Florida’s constitution by taking away women’s right to choose and who left behind federal lawsuits that turned prisoners back out on the streets after serving only 32% of their sentences; prisons that couldn’t open because there was no money to run them; and a welfare computer that crashed. WE’VE SEEN FIRST-HAND WHAT THE REPUBLICANS HAVE TO OFFER. DO WE REALLY WANT TO GAMBLE ON THEM AGAIN? "Aids Ministry " Childrens M ini stry r' * Food Bank “TLC Groups In this world of ordinary people we can do extraordinary together. Com join us. Sunday Services: 10:30 a.in. 6c 7:15 p.m. Prayer Breakfast: 7:15 a.m.. Wednesday Service or Group: 7:30 p.m.. Wednesday Aids Ministry: Monday thru Friday . 8:30-4:30 Friday - 7:30 p.m. A A - Friday. 8:00 p.m. A place for a loving Cod, an open door, a Pastor [arnes Brock - Assistant Pastor Carol Male Toy Metropolitan Community Church 2351 S. Fernereek Ave. - 894-1081 Paid political advertisement. Paid for by The Rainbow Democratic Club / nugUiSl Jl, i 77*t 1«7 IN REVIEW c^UtxEd MeDtA The buzz on Oliver Stone’s Natural Born Killers has been good...good and violent. I’ve never been a particular fan of Stone’s, and I was prepared for his usual overboard style. Overboard does not begin to describe the buttons and barriers this film pushes. And by the way, I loved this movie. Visually, Natural Born Killers is exciting. Trippy in fact. The actors, with one exception, are memorable. Standouts include the ubiquitous Tommy Lee Jones as a fiendish prison warden, and Juliette Lewis, who has perfected the role of mentally-unstable-woman-confined-in-a-hospital-room-or-jail-cell. Robert Downey, Jr.’s insipid Robin Leach impersonation was distracting, however. Why couldn’t Stone get Hugh Grant or Rupert Everett to play the smarmy British tabloid journalist? Natural Born Killers presents a scathing portrait of our sick obsession with tabloid press and TV. And if you think it’s over-the-top, check out the “real-life” clips of those darling orphaned Menendez boys, our national hero O. J. Simpson the pitiful victim Lorena Bobbit, and the list goes on and on. Is this movie realistic? Yes and more. I left the theatre amazed at what I had just viewed, and feeling the same calm experienced after serious “anger work” with my therapist. This movie is cathartic. I refuse to comment on how “violence begets violence”, and how teenagers will imitate the anti-heroes Micky and Mallory, played so magnificently by Woody Harrelson and Juliette Lewis. Take a look at this movie and see it for what it is; a stunning, chilling portrait of our society and our sick obsession with gore, violence and scandal. • Barcelona is pretentious, boring, and yes, obnoxious. The actors are miscast, the dialogue is stilted, the characters unappealing and implausible. I didn’t like Whitt Stillman’s last film, Metropolitan (1990); Barcelona annoyed the hell out of me. I left Enzian in a bad mood and had to cancel my plans to meet a friend at The Club for a nightcap. • On video, check out Six Degrees of Separation, a sophisticated movie with outstanding performances, and witty, intellegent dialogue (are you listening Whitt Stillman?). Better than the Broadway play on which it was based. Also, take a look at Robert Altman’s Short Cuts. Despite its epic length, it was without doubt one of last year’s best films. The ensemble cast is unforgettable. • My sister took me to my very first rock concert over twenty years ago (can that be real ???). I’ve loved Steely Dan ever since. And I might have loved them at their recent St. Petersburg concert if I had heard them. The Thunderdome is acoustics HELL. Its no excuse that the arena wasn’t designed for concerts, but for the baseball team that never was. • I can’t believe I’m recommending a restaurant on I-Drive, but if you’re looking for a truly unique night out with friends or a date, visit Cafe Tu Tu Tango. Food, drink, artwork, artists and dancers all blend to make for one of the coolest, most original places to hang out in O-Town. Sam Sinahaus “I am what l am, and what I am needs no excuses,..” is just one of the lines in what has become the anthem of modern gay culture. It is part of the score to La CageAux Folks, a wonderful old-fashioned musical guaranteed to reach in and tug at those rusty old heart strings that we all hide so well. I’m sure I wasn’t the only one misty-eyed in the audience - the opening night onlookers seemed to adore the show. The audience consisted mainly of “mainstream” Americans - the kinds of mothers, fathers, relatives, and neighbors that we all might find ourselves “coming out” to, perhaps borrowing some of the above-mentioned score to plea our case. This show, as poignant as it is campy, was the winner of 6 Tony awards on Broadway in 1984. With the collaboration of Arthur Laurents (West Side Gypsy. The Way We Were) Jerry Herman C , Dolly!, Mame), and Harvey Fierstein (Torch Song Trilogy), an incredible treasure of musical theater was created. The show revolves around two gay male characters whose son is engaged to the daughter of a right-wing morals crusader. The story is one of “forbidden love” vs. family traditions (sound familiar?). It’s a bit Romeo And Juliet, a bit Side Story, and a bit of Thanksgiving dinner with your parents and your new “significant other”. In this production, Biyce Ward stars as ZaZa, the headline female impersonator/entertainer in his lover’s night club. It’s hard to find enough good things to say about Mr. Ward. His performance k; filled with warmth, humor, showmanship, and professional artistry. He leaves you wanting more (and he looks so glamorous in those beaded dresses!). Michael VI JX wm... or mm mm mg^*kr+ MARK TWO DINNER THEATER Edwards plays his lover George; the solid support that ZaZa needs to keep at least one foot on the ground. Mr. Edwards gives a likeable performance, creating a very complimentary, believable character with the wisdom to sustain a twenty-year marriage to a true diva. As Jean-Michel (the “traitor” son), Todd Lee Piorier is a pleasure to listen to and look at, acting the role with integrity. He and Mr. Edwards make a convincing father-son casting choice. Other performances worth kudos are Colleen Ashton as the bubbly and delicious Jacqueline, Ann Hurst as the “bridled-gone-giddy” Mme. Dindon, and Bob Perry’s “second-fiddle” Mercedes. Mary Rose Gray’s Mme. Renaud Ls the quintessential French country barmaid. It’s difficult for me to criticize any theatrical endeavor, but since the Mark Two is a legitimate Equity (union) theatre, the few disappointing aspects of the performance I attended bear mentioning. The Cagelles were a bit too rough around the edges and their costumes far from flattering. But what they lacked in grace they certainly made up for with enthusiasm and shenanigans. Mr. Dindon was played a little too “Lower East Side” for an uptight French moralist, and Jacob was pleasant but lacked the fire of a drag-diva wannabe (just go for it, girl!). Mark Howard’s direction and Bob Perry’s choreography (much of the original Broadway steps were recreated) kept the production swiftly on course. As we left the theatre singing “The Best ofTImes is No w”, Mark Two’s La Cage Aux Folles movingly reminded us to be proud of who we really are. Thank you cast and crew for an inspirational and enjoyable evening of theatre. G^Y VIEWER'S GUIDE TO S Absolutely Fabulous Reviewed by Dimitri Toscas Okay. Who are those two women who are creeping into our culture? You know, the heavy one whose outrageous clothes don’t fit her anymore, and the blonde one who hasn’t changed her hair style since the sixties? They’re popping up everywhere. On postcards. In our clubs. Hosting “drag races”. On our televisions. They are becoming a cultural landmark for the 90s...right up there with Ru Paul and Hillary Clinton. Of course, Sweetie, darling.. .they’re Edina and Patsy of Absolutely Fabulous, the hit series that just arrived from England on Comedy Central. It’s been a craze on the BBC since 1992, so why has it taken so long to reach us? “I think you’ll find, America, that Patsy and Edina have no redeeming qualities whatsoever,” the show’s producer, Continued Page 16 ApLlksi/An Island All Your Own" A "Cay Friendly Weekend Nov. 12 - IS, 1994 Round-trip Air form Orlando, Transfers Sr 3 nights at the Radisson Caribbean Resort & Casino. All for only, $557 •pp/do* -4----------------►- Phoenix Cay Rodeo Jan 13 - Id 1995 Air from Orlando, 3 nights hotel Rodeo tickets and party passes. All for as low as,i$!53&pp/do* * Space is limited. Restrictions apply. The Va"£AY”tioners Club A Full Service Travel Agency offering the finest in travel programs to the gay & lesbian traveler. 407 SSI 5635 i Aruba - Costa Rica - San Juan - Mexico - New Orleans - Key West - Orlando | RJ3.V.P. Cruises - Cay Rodeos - Cay Mardi Cras - Mr Leather and so much more Sydney's Cay Mardi Cras '95 Round-trip air from Olando, transfers, 7 nights hotel accommodations 5 day Sydney transit pass, Cocktail party, Harbor Cruise, parade viewing and the Mardi Cras Ball. all for only, $1,997. pp/do* <-----------------» Spring Break Orlando April 1 - 7,199S Thats right Spring Break right here in Orlando. For more information call, Mark at 240 3600. WATERMARK / August 31, 1994 16 IN REVIEW Continued Page 16 Jon Plowman, proudly spouts. “It’s been one of the reasons that America’s been reluctant.” But if you ask me, that’s the very reason Edina and Patsy are so attractive to this sterile, politically correct generation. Before you clamor to your tele, America, there are a few things you need to know to assimilate yourselves to AbFab, as it is affectionately known. Here are some tips to help you. 1) Edina (Jennifer Saunders) and Patsy (Joanna Lumley) are fortysomething fashion gals. Their major addictions: smokes, alcohol, and drugs (every kind you can find), their obsessive issues: slaves to fashion, wealth, and other current trends, from psychic friends to Buddhist chant, from fad diets to isolation tanks (which Edina can only use if Patsy’s with her). Edina’s hard up and heavy. Patsy’s coked up and homy (a confirmed nymphomaniac). Basically, they’re everyday people. 2) “Fags” are cigarettes, so don’t get offended. 3) Saffron is Edina’s daughter. She’s a smart, young, science student; the only stable thing in the house, but watch her tongue.. .it’s sharp. 4) Don’t be surprised if you recognize some odd characters. Since the show’s instant fame, stars like Germaine Greer, Miranda Richardson, and Helena Bonham Carter pop up in unexpected cameos. 5) “Colonic irrigation” is merely an ad- vanced enema. 6) “LaCroix” is the name of a fashion line. 7) A television season at the BBC is only SIX episodes. So don’t be alarmed when you begin to see reruns of the twelve existing episodes. The third season is due in Spring of 1995, and then, according to Saunders, who is also writer and co-creator, the girls may be hitting the big screen. 8) You’ll find Comedy Central’s Absolutely Fabulous on Mondays at 8:30 PM, Saturdays at 4:30 PM, and Sundays at 11:00 PM, but before you set your VCR, be aware that the show is an odd 40 minutes or so. Check the listings. Extra Bonus: Keep an ear out for the Pet Shop Boys’ dance track devoted to Patsy and Edie. It’s a groove. Our suggestion for beginners: Tape the show and watch it a few times, until you can understand what the girls are saying. And while trying to keep up with Patsy and Edina for you, we’ve discovered a major plot line for next season. Get this: Patsy and Edina are coming to New York! “I just hope people think it’s funny,” Lumley states, no doubt maneuvering the words between her fag and her crooked smile. “I hope they will. And if it doesn’t work, it’s not my fault. I’m simply an actress.” Don’t worry, Pats, as always, your adventures around Manhattan promise to be exhilarating, exhausting, and absolutely fabulous. I GAY POLITICAL POTBOILER Flashpoint by Katherine V. Forrest Reviewed by Harmony Brenner In September, 1991, a California radio station broadcasts the governor’s plan to veto a crucial gay-rights bill. This news causes Donnelly, Flashpoint's central figure, to mobilize her diverse gay and lesbian cohorts in a rustic cabin retreat, thus setting the stage for Katherine V. Forrest’s latest novel. Flashpoint spins a provoking fictional web of reference around real political struggle. Forrest animates and humanizes these characters by showing them simultaneously at their best and worst, as they challenge and comfort each other through loss and discovery. Donnelly is a multi-faceted activist with impressive connections, and she leads the group body and soul. Pat Decker owns the cabin, and thus serves as the group’s reluctant hostess. Averill Calder Harmon, a professional golfer with a dislike for activism, lives in self-hating fear with her secretary and lover, Angela. Rounding out the female characters is Querida Quemada, a successful Latina professional and Donnelly’s current lover. Donnelly’s ex-husband and his male lover complete the cast. Throughout the book’s uncharacteristically terse chapters, each character shares common pain, common shame, and uncommon healing. They process their own unique experiences as homosexuals while Donnelly prepares to test their commitment. Challenges created by homophobic employers, families, schools and peers unite Forrest’s characters despite clear differences in gender, class and ethnicity. Like many cohesive cliques, intriguing yet painful love triangles once existed within the group. As their shared bond, Donnelly helps each of them cope, passing from Bradley to Averill to Pat like an Olympic torch of optimism and activism. As usual, Forrest spices the entire story with wonderful snippets of dialogue and detail. The tranquility and provincial charm of the woodsy cabin pleasantly contrast the cosmopolitan lifestyles and concerns of its inhabitants. Her characters banter naturally, observe unobtrusively, and soliloquize elo- quently. Each offers insight into the gay and lesbian experience rarely found in contemporary fiction. Forrest’s polished yet believable style of characterization remains the trademark of her bestselling fiction. At times Flashpoint may seem ponderous, but when the governor finally issues his veto, crisis dynamics reverberate within the secluded cabin’s walls. Donnelly confronts her friends with a mission, testing the bounds of their delicately woven friendships. Each character must weigh the consequences of solidarity and true political commitment. The choices made range from startling to satisfying, but each is ultimately credible. For the ardent Forrest reader, Flashpoint breaks new and significant ground .Forrest is not typically political, thus excluding most reference to current events. This story is a well-timed exception. I highly recommend it to Forrest fans and to anyone who enjoys the struggles of determined underdogs. If for no other reason, read Flashpoint to ignite your own sense of pride, energy, and activism. WHEN YOU'RE READY TO BUY OR SELL A HOME! 399"DC^LE cellular ThePrudential Gallagher Properties 5425 S. Semoran Blvd . Suite 7 Orlando. FL 32822 Bus (407) 380 3800 Fax (407)380-3408 •FREE Market Analysis •Full Time Professional •Image of The Prudential •Knowledge of All Areas •Dedicated to Work Hard for You! MARK“MARKO”DOLE REALTOR ® 329 North Orange Ave. ORLANDO 407*245*7800 Board Certified Independent Optometrist on Premises Armani, Polo, Calvin Klein • TRUCKS • VANS • CARS "LET US HELP • SELL • FINANCE • TRADE RICK ELLIOT YOU ESTABUSH OR RE-ESTABUSH YOUR CREDIT TODAT 8403 E. Colonial Drive • Orlando, Florida 32817 • 273-5000 • Fax 277-0655 PAYROLL DUE? RENT DUE? LOOKING TO EXPAND? ACCOUNTS PAID LATE? We can be your cash flow solution! WE BUY BUSINESS INVOICES 24 Hour Funding • Low Rates USE ASSETS YOU ALREADY HAVE BARTLETT RESOURCE FUNDING CALL (407) 741-7747 or (407) 894-0411 BUSINESS HOURS 9 AM-7 PM MEMBER OF THE NAF.P. & THE MBA Is that a pickle in your pocket or do you just toOe the new T-shirts from Screen Arts Studio. Our Tees, Tanks, and Croptops are tastefully designed for the family. Catch our display ad in the i. 0SrS'.in. m^rmark directory. Kim Meredith Property Manager Rentals 352-8611 PROFESSIONAL GROUP, INC. 7575 Dr. Phillips Boulevard, Suite 100 Residentol Sales 352-0041 Rentals 352-8611 • Residential Sales • Rentals • Property Management • New Home Sales • Commercial • Investment Property • Free Market Analysis QUALITY SERVICE It's not just a motto -It's a guarantee. James Zweifel President/Broker Residential 352-0041 THE LEATHER CLOSET 498 N ORANGE BLOSSOM TRAIL ORLANDO, FLORIDA 32805 407/649-2011 • FAX 407/649-4116 OPEN NOON - 2 AM DAILY Leather Wear Accessories Pride Items Tee-Shirts Swim Wear Body Jewelry Cards & More Custom Leather-Work Done on Premises WATERMARK / August 31, 1994 18 OUR CULTURE & Greg Wasson July 1963-August 1993 m Trcansitions In Loving Memory TIME helps the hurting. LOVE keeps the memory. JUST like the song you sang to me. “I WILL ALWAYS LOVE YOU.” -Jim 1-4-3 Actress Danitra Vance 35, died on Sunday, August 21st. An innovative and outrageous performance artist, Ms. Vance was once described as a cross between Laurie Anderson and Little Richard. In 1985 she became the first black woman to join the cast of Saturday Night Live. Ms. Vance lived in Brooklyn with her companion, Jones Miller. According to Ms. Miller, the cause of death was breast cancer. Lesbian Pioneer, Rikki Streicher, 68, died on Sunday, August 21st. Ms. Streicher was a pioneer in San Francisco’s gay civil rights movement and owner of two of the city’s most famous lesbian bars, Maud’s and Amanda’s. Following Ms. Streicher’s death, San Francisco Mayor Frank Jordan ordered flags flown at half-staff in her honor. Ms. Streicher is survived by her partner of many years, Mary Sager. “Transitions" may include memorials, remembrances, weddings, anniversaries, promotions, and other announcements. Please send submissions with black and white photo to WATERMARK • P.O. Box 533655 • Orlando, FL 32853-3655. Announcements an; free of charge. W> Visit us for brunch, lunch, and dinner. Teddy, Papa Tony and Pablo look forward to your visit and promise you a unique dining experience. T ■ TH11 AM -10 PM • F11 AM -11 PM »S 10 AM-11 PM • SUN 10 AM-9 PM 900 E. WASHINGTON STREET ♦ ORLANDO, FL 32801 ♦ (407) 425-0033 Cactus Club 1300 N. Mills Ave. .' .Orlando '• 407-894-3041 M %ppy noxnr 2 for 1 3 pm to 8 pm 7 Days A Week lrue$day^ friday^ Saturday# 2 for 1 All Nite ,____Hour "omplimentary Buffet 2 for 1 until 8 pm 2 for 1 11 pm to 1 am 1 MARK MATTHEWS PLACES IN MR. HOTLANTA. Orlando’s own Mark Matthews was the second runner-up in the 1994 Mr. Hotlanta International contest. Those who’ve done the Atlanta river expo know that the bodybuilding competition is a major production, theatrically and pectorally. Word is that many thought Mark should have won...it’s all so political. Congratulations, Mark. Readers, we’ll try and get hold of some pictures. ENZIAN’S GAY FILM SERIES ENDS. According to Manager Peg O’Keef, Enzian’s Summer Gay and Lesbian Film series was a moderate disappointment. “We were very pleased with the films presented,” said O’Keef, “ but disappointed that more people didn’t get to see them.” She reports that Go Fish, a seriocomic lesbian slice-of-life, was well attended, “probably because it got lots of national publicity and the Orlando Sentinel did a story on it.” Other films, however, did less well. The last film in the series, Coming Out Under Fire, an award-winning documentary about gays in the military, is presently playing. O’Keef states that despite the mixed response, Enzian will continue to present lesbian and gay films in Central Florida. The highly anticipated The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert begins playing in late September. SOUTHERN COUNTRY HOSTS “O’TOWN HOEDOWN”. Southern Country Orlando will hold their second annual “O’Town Hoedown” on September 9th, 1 Oth, and 11 th. All events will be held at the Harley Hotel’s Eola Ballroom and at the Full Moon Saloon. According to Jerry Murtha, Souther Country President, anywhere from 300 to 500 people are expected. Proceeds from this year’s hoedown will benefit CENTAUR and the Hope & Help Center. Southern Country Orlando is one of 41 gay country/westem dancing clubs nationwide. DESTINY OF ME OPENS AT ACTING STUDIO. The Acting Studio continues to offer innovative gay theatre with its upcoming production of The Destiny of Me. Destiny is Larry Kramer’s 1993 Obie Award-winning sequel to his earlier AIDS play, The Normal Heart. Destiny is directed by Ron Schneider, and will run from Friday, September 9th, through Sunday, October 16th. Tickets are $ 12; seniors and students $ 10. LOOKING AHEAD. Me and My Girl, called “the freshest and funniest musical to hit Broadway in ages” by Newsweek, opens the Civic Theatre of Central Florida’s MainStage season on Thursday, September 15th. Call (407) 896-7365 ▼ The Friday, September 23rd performance of La CageAux Folles will be a “FamilyNight Out” to benefit the Rainbow Democratic Club. Tickets are $45, including dinner and show. Call (407) 649-7875 for tickets.▼ Tampa’s 5th Annual International Pride Film Festival will take place at the magnificent Tampa Theatre from Friday, September jqY MCC RAISED OVER $1500 AT THEIR AN-30th to Sunday, October 9th. Call (813) 837-4485 NUAL art AUCTION ON AUGUST 12TH & for more information. 13TH.PICTURED; JOE CLANTON (AS EASEL). She Mostly UNFAbUL®us Social scjfe s ethan green. .. My. Islo iT’S ^P/A GN A SATURDAY Night. Your BEST wFRIEND BUCKY JuST CALLED 7 REPoRT(HoWHE KNOWS THESE TfriNOJ You’ll NEVER FIGURE)THATTHAT CLARINET (PLAYER You TftiNkiSSEXY-TiiE ONEWiTHtfiE ^ TATeeS - WiLL pRobAbLY BE AT ToDP'S PARTY ToNlGHT..: rTlffuR HAi(R HAS SENT WORD THAT iT, ALS©, iiAS “TjftE CTI H _ JktJjQ UfiV I kf^T QC CONOCO KTi*aJ/1« FLU,ANA WiLL Not BE C°oPERATiNG TfcfS EVENING. >IHATTwFH°SEpvT$ UPVOTK-” , . TSK TSKTSK-. JV fAjNA ALTHOUGH You T/»iNK ToAA IS AN ASS, ANA HAVE A NAGGING rrbug”OFSoME SoRTor ANOTHER, Tou’RENoT Going TsSPENA HAPPilYEVER AFTER With THE CLARiNET (PLAYER (<n AnYoNE ELSE) BY STAYING IN wrrA Your KLEENe# watching murder she wrote. You Start THiNKiNG ABouT W.flAT To WEAR.. Forcing YtfUR ” STRAIGHT LeGS” over the NEW BooTS , AoSE YouR b^lANcE ANA (PRODUCE A GREENISH WELT ON YoUR F©RE,fiEAP... ToAA’S AA' Aress was last seen ©n aTi’ny scrapoF paper AbVrA MIF Hour AGo, & is NoW iRRETRiEVAbLY LOST UnAER ALL T^»E CloT.fr ES YOU HATE. (7]ouR. HERETOFORE TiAv CLOSET NoW REAucEA. To HomesteaA after the hurr;cane, you’ve SETTlEA on an OUTFiT. AnNoY iNGlY, YoUR BRAHA NEW AIRE AAY-NEARLY-oUT-oF-STYLE ENGINEER Bools Go bEST WiTH THE L°oSE FfTTiNG fl-EANSTHAT-HAPPEN To BE SOPPING WET & DRip DRYinG oVeRTHETuB. *PoVO'S shampoo; P©You TMRoW IT OUT?SEHPtTT00 HI rA? PUT IT AW AY ? LET ITSIT THERE?, IsJuAAENLY (A/vuS. NoTToTfrE PlSpLEASuRE oFACER-TAiN MEMbER OF thiS HoUSE^oLA WHS, AS IT Turns cruT, JiAA NO PLANS To iNviTtr JiER (pokER bu<A" AiES 0VE(R7HiS EVENING FoR (pillA ANAbEER>T)iE KLEENeX ANATHE VCR PoN’TLOoKSo UNApREALiNG. WATERMARK / August 31, 1994 19 OUR CULTURE 1 MBA MEETING. With guest speaker, Erin Somers of “Passion Phones”. Downtown Radisson. 6:30 PM. 420-2182. COMING OUT UNDER FIRE. Award-winning documentary about gays in the military. 5:30 PM. Enzian. 644-4662. THU THE IMPROBABILITIES. “Florida’s Freshest Fruit”. Performing at the Eola Theatre. 10:30 PM. 521-7499. LUAU ‘94. Annual Labor Day Weekend party begins at the Parliament House thru Sept. 5. 425-7571. FRI BOXCARS GRAND OPENING. At the railroad car building in Fern Park. Thru Sept. 4. 831-7559. WHORES OF BABYLON. A return to Sodom & Gomorrah at The Club. Togas optional. 426-0005. SAT GAY DAY AT BUSCH GARDENS. Gay & Lesbian day in the Busch (Gardens, that is), in Tampa. Sponsored by GLCS. 425-4527. SUN DELTA YOUTH ALLIANCE. Support group for gay, lesbian and bisexual youth under 22. 6:00 PM. 236-9415. MON 6 OUT & ABOUT BOOKS. Chill after Labor Day. Let owner Bruce Ground give you attitude. 896-0204. G.L.C.S. While you’re downtown, check out The Center; Gay Activity Central. 425-4527. TUE FAMILY VALUES. Gay & Lesbian radio on 91.5 FM. Talk, music, news, interviews, entertainment, community events. 646-2398. ORLANDO FRONTRUNNERS. Meet at the red pagoda at Lake Eola. 7:30 PM. 857-1777. WED Free Tours and Wine Tasting Mon-Sat 10-5 PM Sun Noon-5 PM JUST 30 MINUTES FROM ORLANDO 6 MILES NORTH OF CLERMONT ON U.S. 27 • 1-800-768-WINE 8 PRIMARY ELECTION. Vote. THU THE IMPROVABILITIES. See Sept. 2. THE DESTINY OF ME. Opening at The Acting Studio. 8:00 PM. 425-2281. O’TOWN HOEDOWN. Southern Country dancefest at the Harley Hotel and Full Moon Saloon. 1-800-859-0518 x.518. FRI 10 BOWLING. GLBL begins fall league at Fair Lanes Indian Hills. 831-717L THE DESTINY OF ME. Continues at the Acting Studio. Thru Oct. 16. O’TOWN HOEDOWN. Continues at the Harley Hotel and Full Moon Saloon. Thru Sept. 11. SAT 11 OBTA. Gay and lesbian round robin tennis. 10:30 AM. 292-8582. SUN 12 GAYSKATE. Semoran Skate way in Fern Park. 9:15 PM. 425-4527. DELTA YOUTH ALLIANCE. See Sept. 5. ORLANDO FRONTRUNNERS. See Sept. 5. MON 13 BOWLING. OBBA begins fall league at BowlAmerica Winter Park. 8:00 PM. 644-2244. TUE 14 FAMILY VALUES. See Sept. 7. ORLANDO FRONTRUNNERS. See Sept. 7. WED OPEN FORI RIi^nchIm ill!! MililED IJlIwImClm. M-TH 10AM-9PM |f-;sa 1 iiunfcft IfftTP AlMllJt filT 1*1 w m Rim jLRIm Ip FRI & SAT 11118:30 PM -il:30Pk:iIB GOURMET SALADS SANDWICHES VEGETARIAN SPECIALS CAPPUCCINO LATTE BEER & WINE ICE CREAM ORANGE AVENUE ANTIQUES MARKET AND THE WHITE WOLF CAFE SENSATIONAL CATERING DELIVERY AVAILABLE 1829 NORTH ORANGE AVENUE-ORLANDO-895-9911 * Redeem this ad for a free cappuccino # WATERMARK / August 31, 1994 20 ARTFUL LIVING backlot bungalow here at Paramount Pictures, I’m faced with an all too familiar dilemma. The script to “Meet Me in Gomorrah” (the studio’s last-ditch effort to save my Hindenburg-like career) has just been delivered and tossed onto my desk like some cheap dress off the clearance rack at Bergdorf’s. Do I read it or torch it?! The stench from the typewriter ink still lingers like Crawford’s signature cologne, "Depression. ” How could this have happened? I was once the QUEEN of Hollywood - now I’m reduced to fighting for tabloid headlines with Charlene Tilton and Leigh Shannon. Whatever happened to great pictures like “Love On a Pogo Stick”, “Dial S For Suicide”, and “Shut Up Sweet Lurlene”? We didn’t have talent then, we had pussies! If you needed a hit picture, all it took was some "fancy footwork” on the ceiling. But like everything else in life, what goes up must come down. It seems to be hard-knocks time again - better stock up on the bulletproof Aqua Net. Oh, I’m not too worried - there’s always Aaron Spelling. Look what he did for Joan Collins! (Once a C-cup, always a B-girl!) And of course there are the wonderful product-endorsement opportu- nities for television stars. I can see it now - “This is Lola O’Lay for Gold Bond Medicated Feminine Hygiene Time-Released Laxative Squares (in the “temper-resistant” packaging).” Perhaps Cher has the right idea - stand next to a fat lady and you can’t help but look good! As bitter as a pot of day-old coffee? You bet! Wouldn’t you be if every career vehicle that came along had a dead battery?. This new writing assignment for Watermark will be just the ticket I need to get back in touch with my fans - the little people. Each issue, I’ll be bringing you juicy bits from the front lines and all the local watering holes of “Hollywood East”. So, mind your P’s and Q’s - information is pouring in by the thimbleful, and I want to share every morsel with you. Here’s one that’s hot off the press. Hang on to your wigs, Girls! Rumor has it that a certain once-infamous downtown hot spot is currently about to "explode” again...I hope my booth is still available! Oh, and about that new script - you’re all invited to a barbecue in Bungalow B! Who knows, the next dish served up could be YOU! Life’s a bitch, and so am I! Confidential to P.R.: If you want to keep that arm, you’d better keep it off my "novio”! STREAM OF CONSCIOUSNESS • If you’re out and about on Sunday, or any time over the weekend for that matter, make it a point to check out the east shore of Lake Ivanhoe, across from Antique Row. Wild lesbians with jet skis. Shirtless and sweaty gay volleyballers. When did this happen? Why weren’t we told immediately? • Speaking of out and about, our hero Bruce Ground is converting the back room at his wonderful book store into a coffee shop...the “Stage Door Canteen.” Only a perfect idea. Bruce should be serving you his own special blend by Thanksgiving. We pray every night that we’ll be stuck at Out and About Books if there’s a nuclear holocaust and nobody can go outside for three months. “Is it time to go already?” • Do you well up with pride every time one of our gay superstars makes a public appearance? Elton, Martina, k.d., Melissa... each time I’ve seen them interviewed, they’ve been articulate, interesting, confident, comfortable, humble, witty and just TRANSITS & LUNATIONS plain nice. So much more well-adjusted than those other celebrities. • Around 8:30 PM, dial up 106.7 FM and listen to “Just Plain Mark” play Guess The Lesbian. Mark gets two women on the phone, one gay and one straight, and asks them some loaded questions: “Who are the Indigo Girls?” “How many times have you seen Fried Green Tomatoes?” “Do you have a tattoo?” A guy contestant is then asked to Guess The Lesbian based on their answers. By all accounts, it’s done in good fun and can be a real hoot (lesbian for “funny”). • Richard Simmons has replaced Terri Garr as David Letterman’s favorite foil. Personally, we can’t decide if Richard Simmons sitting on his feet in exercise shorts with greasy thighs mooning at David Letterman is a positive development in gay evolution or not. But we think it is. • TCTBT...the kinda short but incredibly hunky mail guy at the front counter of the downtown post office. DEB BLECHMAN FOR COUNTY COURT JUDGE • ORANGE COUNTY • GROUP 5 ■ BRINGING COMMON SENSE & DIGNITY TO THE COURTROOM ■ WORKING TOWARDS A SAFE COMMUNITY ASTROLOGY ARIES (March 21-April 19): You must give and take, stubborn one. Communications with significant others, particularly children, may touch your last nerve. Be flexible and focus on mutual values, not pesky details. Career matters are murky, but swallow hard and let others shine. Your eighth house is active, so watch yourself regarding sex and finances. The full moon on the 9th will shake up your unconscious. Attend to it. TAURUS (April 20-May 20): You’re a fixed earth sign, but its time for a personal tectonic shift. We’re not talking a change in hair color. Take a trip and make that big decision you’ve been pondering. You’re ripe (rotting?) for a relationship of substance. Look for inner beauty...really. But by all means hide yptif^n-trolling nature. Let her pick the movie. Let him choose the restaurant. Then keep your mouth shut. GEMINI (May 21-June 20): We’ve all had times like Si&se. They suck. Get through it and move on. Focus on monetary:|||J sues and avoid confronting past, present or potential playtSJfe. If you can muster the energy, you may want to considef|vlethe£ | professional dissatisfaction is the source of your angst* Coming attractions...the return of your sex drive. | CANCER (June 21-July 22): Mars is passing ovei the Sum1 Hide your credit cards. Avoid Park Avenue. Instead, use tbit energy in a flurry of dating activity. If you’re already “involved,” make sure you’re getting what you want. On all levels, corilfhii-nicate clearly and rationally. Parents may disagree with ypn, particularly about matters related to children. But if you’ve been pondering a visit to the sperm bank, you go girl. LEO (July 23-Aug. 22): Time and money are on your side, so go ahead and take that muebrdispussed trip with a special friend. But don’t venturejpo far; a Bice guest hoiise in the Keys, dear, not Monte Capb^a^c^ib PlrticuIar should not ignore health concerns. Those achy joints may reflect nutritional deficiencies. . .or ig||tf anyone wants to tell you how to spend your money, tell thefn to kips off. £* ~V, V; .s, ^ VIRGO (A(||l2|*Sept. 22): So many details! .li©w;o^jou df it all? you can’t. No one can* so loosen up cm family, friends::® neighbors. MeahwhilBliil' • sw^M^BMlfrfesultin^fire^&ikS; Sex, romancl times mit your fingertips, so.^^^rd ber swept away. If you help from a flieSd, ybuilget U LIBRA (Sept 2Mlci 22): Spell for me, please. 8-A-L-A-N-;|>E. You rpakej®|rs happy*same for"' yourselLY^uhajllthe knowhow. |§fu. have the%chh<|tigy|Brace| Ii^9liiil»vihg,;do it. You have aboit as much c&aner of sparking a romance right now as tt :;tq:|^q|Mftrreer fulfillment issues. : j||QpRPIi6 (Oct 23-Nov. 21): You’re in a very rewardmg-^®!* transformation, and beauty are indicated. Ypu’te " more:chi|ged up than the Energizer bunny, so don’t fight t|a|:p. impulse tb redecorate. And if you’ve ever thought about “cos-: metic enhancement”, now’s the time.. ;a good excuse to tmf|l|l Watch ter an unexpected invitation. Also watch vour waisItelL dear, ‘nuff said. ' 1l BY MARK LAWH0N SAGITTARIUS (Nov. 22-Dec. 21): There’s upheaval on the home front ‘cause you’re way overdue for some changes. Courage. Look inside.. .and you know exactly what I mean. Like Jim and Tammy Faye, it may be time for a “values and priorities” makeover. But don’t get down, get creative. On the lighter side, you’ll have recreational opportunities and the energy to enjoy them. CAPRICORN (Dec. 22-Jan. 19): Your personal austerity is filially pushing you over the edge. Step back, step aside, it’s time tb dance. Life is like the Tower of Terror; scary but fun. Worry about counting calories later. If you meet someone special, and very well may, take the chance. Friends and family are be-tt®|pu. A small caution...avoid signing anything binding for ’now, , MQftitlUS (Jan. 20-Feb. 18): Think Auntie Marne, Aquar-:ishs,bcb|use a little grandiosity is appropriate. Don’t stifle it. Draw Qgiiyour unconscious (it’s particularly accessible to you and don’t feel constrained to make sense to the rest of bill’s time to begin converting those utopian dreams to reality. God knows you’ll have the energy, and we less astrologically fall into line. PISCES (Feb. 19-March 20): With this month’s lunation in Pisces* it’s an excellent time to look in the mirror and ask yourself w® this person really needs other than an eyebrow pluck. No jbaiterbow nervous it makes you, seek nothing short of inner ®fte; lYithout major doses of self-discipline, your life will al-:^M®rtainly suck for a while. Friends may seem a little fickle, but Biat’s them and not you, dear. Mark Lawhon is certified by the American Federation of Astrologers, and is 407-894-1506. A. Miller Aaron Spelling ACLU Alison Bechdel American Civil Liberties Union Ander Crenshaw Ann Derflinger April Gustetter Arthur Laurents Averill Bahia Shrine Auditorium Barry Barlow Bart R. Zarcone Bearse Bill Clinton bisexual Biyce Ward Bob Carr Bob Perry Bob Sindler Boone High School Bruce Ground Butler Cafe Tu Tu Tango Calvin Klein Carolyn H. T. Cosby Cecil Ray Deloach Charlene Tilton Charles Robb Charles S. Robb Childress Chris Dahn Chuck Robb Chuck Robbs Colleen Ashton Crenshaw Dahn Danitra Vance Dave Almeida David Letterman Debbie Boone Debbie Simmons Dimitri Toscas Dindon Don Reid Donnelly Doug Jamerson Duke Vanderbilt Edwards Edyth Bush Eileen Wright Eola Theatre Eric Orner Erin Somers Fern Park Fran Pignone Frank Jordan Full Moon Saloon G. K. Fowler Gary L. Formet Gary Siegel gay George Hearn Glenda Hood Grahn Gretchen Chateau Harley Hotel Harmony Brenner Harvey Fierstein Helena Bonham Carter Hillary Clinton homosexuality homosexuals Hopkins Hugh Grant Jeff Goodgame Jerry Falwell Jerry Herman Jerry Murtha Joan Collins Joe Clanton John Connon John Doe John Holland John K. Tanner John R. McKernan Jonathan Holingshead Jonathan Winters Karen Gievers Katherine V. Forrest Katie Messmer Keith Peterson Ken Connor Ken Kundis Kenney Kip Watson Laurence Sheldon Laurie Anderson Lawton Chiles lesbians Leslea Newman Lew Brooks LGBT LGBTQ+ Linda Chapin Lorena Bobbit Lumley Mable Butler Maitland Mardi Gras Mark Matthews Mark Thompson Mark Two Dinner Theater Martin Kunz Martin Lheureaux Marvin Liebman Mary Sager Mel White Michael Bronski Michael Fuchs Michael L. Kilgore Mike Williams Mr. Hotlanta Nan Schultz National Coming Out Day Natural Born Killers Naval Training Center Orlando Norman Rockwell O. J. Simpson Oliver L. North Oliver Stone orange county Orange County Commission orlando Parliament House Pat Decker Pat Robertson Pete Wilson Peter Marshall Pickman Pignone queers questioning R. A. Bach Rainbow Democratic Club Republican Party Richard Simmons Richard Thomas Ballet Rob Eichberg Robert Altman Robin Leach Rocky Ward Roger McDonald Rogers Ron Schneider Rosanne Sloan Ross Rupert Everett Sam Singhaus same-sex Sandra Ross Sara Gilbert Sarano Southern Nights Stonewall Streicher Tammy Faye Terri Garr The Destiny Of Me The Watermark Thomas Tempia Todd Lee Piorier Tom Dorman Tom Dyer Tommy Lee Jones Tony Childress trans transgender Walt Disney World Ward Winter Park Winter Park High School Winter Springs Woody Harrelson Yvonne Vassell Zarcone https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/db109e8ff003ee2355b67f4d868179cf.pdf 37c2dfdfddbae25e6058a32dc212224d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Orlando Gay Chorus Collection Alternative Title Gay Chorus Collection Is Part Of Orlando Gay Chorus Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"> </div> Subject Orlando (Fla.) Music--Florida Dance--United States Gay culture--United States Description The Orlando Gay Chorus (OGC) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit arts and humanitarian organization, and part of the Gay and Lesbian Association (GALA) of Choruses. Founded on Valentines Day 1990, OGC is not only one of the largest mixed gay choirs in the United States at over 100 members, but they also boast four smaller ensembles that perform annual concerts, cabarets, and a host of community events, such as Come Out With Pride, Orlando Museum of Art’s Festival of Trees, and World AIDS Day memorial services. In 2017, the group performed at over 105 events, including 15 performances for the first anniversary of the Pulse Nightclub tragedy. Members come from all walks of life and all sexual and gender orientations, including straight allies. OGC lives by the motto “Singing the World to a Better Place” and strives to use music to change attitudes and build a stronger community. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Oral History of Nicholas Agon Kresky Alternative Title Oral History, Nicholas Agon Kresky Subject Orlando (Fla.) Music--Florida Mass shootings Memorials--Florida Gay culture--United States Description An oral history interview of Nicholas Agon Kresky, a member of the Orlando Gay Chorus who serves on the chorus’s Music and Artistic Development Committee. The interview was conducted by Sarah Schneider at the University of Central Florida Center for Emerging Media in Orlando, Florida, on November 17th, 2016. Some of the topics covered include joining the Orlando Gay Chorus, his favorite productions, the 2012 Gay and Lesbian Association of Choruses (GALA) festival, the mass shooting at Pulse nightclub, the Orlando Gay Chorus’s response to the Pulse tragedy, the community response to the Pulse tragedy, pet therapy, the national response to the Pulse tragedy, the 2016 Gay and Lesbian Association of Choruses (GALA) festival, support from other gay choruses, the significance of Pulse before and after the tragedy, the role of social media in the aftermath of the tragedy, and the long-term consequences of the Pulse tragedy. Table Of Contents 0:00:00 Joining the Orlando Gay Chorus and favorite productions 0:02:15 2012 Gay and Lesbian Association of Choruses festival 0:03:22 Mass shooting at Pulse nightclub and its aftermath 0:06:03 Orlando Gay Chorus’s response to Pulse tragedy 0:09:04 Community response to Pulse tragedy 0:10:18 Pet therapy 0:11:55 National response to Pulse tragedy 0:14:05 2016 Gay and Lesbian Association of Choruses festival 0:18:38 Support from other gay choruses 0:19:49 Significance of Pulse before and after tragedy 0:22:43 Role of social media in aftermath of tragedy 0:23:54 Long-term consequences of Pulse tragedy 0:25:45 Closing remarks Abstract Oral history interview of Nicholas Agon Kresky. Interview conducted by Sarah Schneider in Orlando, Florida, on November 17, 2016. Type Moving Image Source Kresky, Nicholas Agon. Interviewed by Sarah Schneider, November 17, 2016. Audio record available. <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>, Orlando, Florida. Requires Multimedia software, such as <a href="http://www.apple.com/quicktime/download/" target="_blank"> QuickTime</a>. <a href="http://www.adobe.com/products/reader.html" target="_blank">Adobe Acrobat Reader</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/206" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus Collection</a>, LGBTQ+ Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Has Format Digital transcript of original 27-minute, and 00-second oral history: Kresky, Nicholas Agon. Interviewed by Sarah Schneider. Audio record available. <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>, Orlando, Florida. Coverage Dr. Phillips Center for the Performing Arts, Orlando, Florida GALA Choruses Festival, Denver Performing Arts Center, Denver, Colorado Orlando, Florida Pulse nightclub, Orlando, Florida Creator Kresky, Nicholas Agon Schneider, Sarah Publisher <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> Date Created 2016-11-17 Date Copyrighted 2016-11-17 Format video/mp4 application/pdf Extent 799 MB Medium 27-minute and 00-second audio recording 14-page digital transcript Language eng Mediator History Teacher Humanities Teacher Music Teacher Provenance Originally created by Nicholas Agon Kresky and Sarah Schneider and published by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Rights Holder <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> Accrual Method Item Creation Curator Cravero, Geoffrey Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference Ahlquist, Karen. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62281651" target="_blank">Chorus and Community</a>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2006. Boedeker, Hal. "<a href="http://www.orlandosentinel.com/features/os-orlando-gay-chorus-25-years-20150611-story.html" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus marks 25 years</a>." Orlando Sentinel, October 18, 2016. Accessed October 18, 2016. http://www.orlandosentinel.com/features/os-orlando-gay-chorus-25-years-20150611-story.html. Ogles, Jacob. "<a href="http://www.advocate.com/pride/2016/10/06/pride-orlando-will-take-new-meaning" target="_blank">Pride in Orlando Will Take on New Meaning</a>." The Advocate, October 6, 2016. Accessed October 18, 2016. http://www.advocate.com/pride/2016/10/06/pride-orlando-will-take-new-meaning. Hyman, Jamie. "<a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/2016/06/16/community-rises-mass-shooting-orlando-gay-nightclub-kills-49/" target="_blank">Community rises up after mass shooting at Orlando gay nightclub kills 49</a>." Watermark, June 16, 2016. Accessed October 18, 2016. http://www.watermarkonline.com/2016/06/16/community-rises-mass-shooting-orlando-gay-nightclub-kills-49/. Click to View (Movie, Podcast, or Website) <a href="https://youtu.be/B-KE6q281eY" target="_blank">Oral History of Nicholas Agon Kresky</a> Transcript Schneider Today is Thursday, November 17th, 2016. My name is Sarah Schneider and I’m conducting an oral history interview with Nick [Nicholas] Agon Kresky of the Orlando Gay Chorus. The interview is being conducted at the UCF[1] Center for Emerging Media in Orlando, Florida. So thank you for being here today. Kresky Thank you. Schneider And can you start off by stating your name for us? Kresky Sure. My name is Nick Agon Kresky. Schenider Thank you. And could you start off by telling us where you were born and how long you’ve lived in Orlando? Kresky Sure. Um, I was born in Duluth, Minnesota. I grew up in the upper peninsula of Michigan and I moved to Orlando in 2010. Schneider Great. And what brought you to the Orlando Gay Chorus? Kresky Um, looking for kind of an outlet. Something different. Um, when I was—when I was younger, growing up in—in Michigan, I was brought to Milwaukee Pride as kind of a celebration of my high school graduation. And I got to see the—I think they were the Brew City Chorus. Um, it was LGBT[2] chorus over in Milwaukee. And when I moved to Orlando, I was like, “Orlando’s big enough. They should have something.” So I went and I Googled it. And sure enough, there they were. Hm. Schneider Um, and so can you tell us about some of your favorite productions or performances… Kresky Mmhmm. Schneider …you’ve done through the chorus. Kresky Um, my first performance was “Rainbows over Broadway”. It was a 2011 spring concert. And I really enjoyed that one because it was just a—a lot of campy fun. Just kind of ceb—celebrating the community. Um, and then I—I’m not a fan of the music from our “Pillow Talk” performance. I like the cohesion and the—we—it had a great storyline. Lots of, um—lots of [inaudible], so—and I—I like a show with good production. Schneider Mmhmm. Um, and did—I’m not sure if I already—if you already said… Kresky Mmhmm. Schneider …how long have you been a part of the [Orlando] Gay Chorus? Kresky I’ve been with the chorus for about five and a half years. Schneider Okay. And, um, have you participated in any of the GALA[3] events? Kresky Uh, yeah. I’ve been in two different GALA events. Schneider Okay. And, um, where were those located? Kresky They were both in Denver[, Colorado]. So I think 2012 and 2016 as well. Schenider Okay. And can you tell me more about the 2012 GALA event and what your experience was like there? Kresky Sure. Um, in 2012, uh, I had needed a little bit of escape, too. And I’d—I finished relationship[sic] months and months prior. And I’d just kind of started a romantic interest with another chorus member. Um, and then we, uh—yeah. 2012 I guess was just more about learning about the—the gay choral movement. I never knew there was an actual movement. And, um, kind of learning about the sense of community that comes from gay choruses. Mm. Schneider Um, and so, getting to Pulse. Could… Kresky Mmhmm. Schneider …you tell me a little bit about how you first heard about the Pulse shooting? Kresky Sure. Um, my husband, Manny, and I were working on renovations at the house. So we’re stuck sleeping downstairs on these little [inaudible] beds. And we started getting f—like random phone calls and text messages. And it’s really early in the morning and we were trying to sleep. I had to work in the morning. I’m like, “I’m old and I’m tired [laughs].” So I’m checking the messages and everybody’s checking to see if we’re okay. And I mean instantly, your mind is, “What’s—what’s going on?” It’s—that’s when we were going into Facebook and the media. Um, checking CNN.com. You realize that there’s an incident at Pulse happening. And then we’re having to reassure everybody at three o’clock in the morning that we’re okay. Please let us sleep. We did not really know the gravity of the situation ‘til much later. Schneider And, um, what did you do the rest of that Sunday? Kresky Um, that Sunday I actually had to turn—go into work. Um, and so I got in there, um—it was a[sic] early morning shift. So, of course, you had all those phone calls. And then you’re like, “I have to report to work.” And I work at a—a local theme park with lots of young people. People that have been out in the clubs all night. So, you know, would they—that’s when they started doing body counts. And we’re sitting in the break room, getting ready to start our day. And we didn’t know who was going to show up and who wasn’t. Schneider Um, and what were your thoughts as sort of the rest of the day unfolded and as—in those few days following Pulse? Kresky It was completely surreal because when you’re out working with guests, you had to ignore that it even happened. It’s—that’s—you know, escapism is all—is all about the theme park industry. And as a—as a[sic] employee, you have to go out there and escape with them. Nothing bad ever happens at a theme park. And so you had to take that part of your brain and—and switch it off. And you’re really walking a fine line of fantasy and reality. Mm. Schneider Um, and so, um, what was the Orlando Gay Chorus’s response like in those first few days and—and in weeks following? Kresky It was—it was insane. You just did—out of—out of nowhere, we started just getting emails and messages as—as members, um, from—from our leadership. And we’ve got—we’ve been asked to go in the first—the first night we were asked to do a vigil over at the church [Joy Metropolitan Community Church]. We were asked—um, over at [Joy] MCC. And we were asked not to advertise anything about it on social media because we didn’t really know really how dangerous the environment was going to be. And so this was—it was all kind of under wraps. And at that time, it was such a shock for—for myself that I had—had declined the invitation. But then, the following day, when they had decided to go and do the—the performance at, uh, Dr. Phillips Center [for the Performing Arts]. Then I decided, yes. It’s about time just to kind of gauge, you know, what—what community am I walking out into [clears throat]? Um, the chorus’s response was just incredible though. It was very, uh—it was probably the most recognized I’ve ever seen us. You know? We—we’re—we’re all about singing. We’re all about going out and having fun with a message. And now, we’re expected to take all of these cats and herd them. And tell ‘em where to be and how to be. And we—we had just invested in this, um—oh, goodness—Chorus Connection, which is a—a really great app, um, and, uh, kind of organizational software for choruses. And so we were able to just, within an hour or two, respond to a vigil request. And, you know, you all of a sudden have representation. We’d never been that organized [laughs] before that [inaudible]. Schneider Mm. Kresky So… Schneider Mm. And, um, so what was your experience, as a member of the [Orlando] Gay Chorus… Kresky Mmhmm. Schneider …um, participating in vigils and memorial services and other events? Kresky Um, it was—it was a mixture of trying to find some sort of self-sooving[sic]—self-soothing and trying to project a—a message of caring and wanting to support the greater community. You know? You’re, eh—you’re, uh—in the end, you’re trying to figure out who’s actually supporting you. Um, and just kind of coming to a realization that, you know, we were all in it together. We were all supporting each other. Whether it be, you know, a person standing three hundred, four hundred people back. Or, you know, a person standing next to you onstage. Schneider Um, and what did you think when you, um, participated and—and experienced the reaction of the local community? What did you think about the local reaction? Kresky It was extremely overwhelming. It—I—I grew up in a really rural, conservative area that’s—I mean I g—I grew up in a time where—or—and in a place where being gay could, you know, send you home in a black bag. Like that was—it was a dangerous time. You don’t talk about it. You don’t act on it. Um, and then I come into this community, where, you know, the—it was like the second night and we’re still trying to figure out how many people and what was going on. And then you have this huge gathering, you know, right on the lawn of the Dr. Phillips Center [for the Performing Arts]. And you look out there and there’s—there’s no more green space. There were so many people there. It was just—it was so surreal to see that level of support for the LGBT community. And then, you know, the city as a whole. Mm. Schneider Um, and what other moments stand out for you, um, in that time period of—of all the vigils and events and things happening? Do any other moments come to mind? Kresky Um, I think, uh, you notice [laughs] I won’t say. They had the—they had the, um—at the dogs. They had the, uh—I—I don’t know how many times that I—I was in human services for 10 years. And I really s—believed in pet therapy. I loved it. And I knew that in times of crisis, people would come in with these therapy dogs. And, you know, it was just to kind of bring a little soothing and maybe even kind of just ground you, if just for the moment. And I realized the gravity of the situation. And how much of a—how much of a tragedy on our community it is. Again, this was all surreal. I mean, there was—there was no reality to this. And I realized how bad it was when the therapy dogs were there. And they had traveled miles to get there. And they’re walking through the crowd with these dogs. Because this is something I had studied. This is something that I knew. And it felt great because in participating in the—you know, [inaudible] on the dog that’s there. But, again, to realize the reality of the situation that these dogs were there. Mm. Schneider Um, did you—what did you think about or experience in terms of the national, maybe the international—but broader… Kreksy Mmhmm. Schneider …reactions to the event beyond just the local community? Kresky Um, can you rephrase the [inaudible]? Schneider Um… Kresky Sorry. Schneider …what did you think about the reaction of people beyond Orlando to the Pulse shooting? Kresky Um, I guess as the chorus traveled, we got to maybe s—witness, uh, a very la—a very large—I guess a greater view of that. I mean you he—you see—you see responses on CNN. You see responses on Facebook. You—and you’re—and you’re watching the feeds and whatnot. But, you know, you realize s—support, but you didn’t really feel it until you walked to the car rental desk. And they look at your driver’s license and they say, “Oh. Orlando.” And then they want to talk about it. And they want to—they’re looking for some sense of closure as well. You don’t realize that it hurt our community. It hurt our city. But it also impacted the nation pretty heavily for the couple weeks that it was running in the media. I think we, even after Denver, um—Manny and I—my husband and I went to, uh, California for a couple of days. And, you know, you couldn’t esc—we were trying to just escape Pulse for a little bit. We’re just gonna go have fun and unwind. But when you hand over your—your driver’s license or they ask you to fill in the visitor’s book and then they say, “Orlando,” or then they want to talk about it, you realize that it comes from a place of genuine warmth and kindness. But it’s, again, very overwhelming. You—you—you realize how big this was. Schneider Um, and so can you tell me now about the GALA in Denver… Kresky Mmhmm. Schneider …in 2016—so after Pulse—and what that experience was like? Kresky Whew. That’s—that’s a lot to tell [laughs]. Schneider [laughs]. Kresky Um, we—in 2—and we’re talking about 2012 or 2016? Schneider Um, 2—whichever do you like. Kresky Okay. Schneider But I… Kresky Sure. Schneider …I was thinking 2016. Kresky So in 2012, you know, we were just—we’re the campy little choir with the Mickey [Mouse] ears. And everybody loves to come see Orlando because we bring the fun. And we bring—you know, we bring the little silly with us. And—and, you know, we are—our songs tell a story. It’s a very kind of—you get the warm fuzz and you leave. This year—this time when we went, we didn’t—we didn’t even have to sing to—to get accolades. To get warmth through, um—the first day, we were—we were invited to a singalong with a couple of the choruses. And we’re basically just kind of backup. Right [laughs]? It was walking in, uh, doing—doing our lines and then leave. And the crowd didn’t let us leave. The crowd—cr—crowd wouldn’t even let the concert start. Because we were—we’re the last people to walk into the hall. Nobody announced us. They just saw our shirts. And there was an immediate standing ovation. Just because we were walking [cries] by. Just because we were walking to the hall. You could, um—I mean you could see—just our presence, you could see people crying. You could see them holding each other. And its hard—it—initially, it was hard because we were the group that was invoking tears. But then you realize we were the group that was [clears throat]—we were the group that was invoking solidarity. [sniffs] There were—there were banners everywhere that says[sic], you know, “We Stand with Orlando,” “Orlando Strong.” Um, you know, these are probably from people that may have never even been to our city. And there they are standing with us. All supporting us because, you know, their brothers and sisters were attacked. It was—we—we performed three different times when really we’re—initially s—we were supposed to only perform once. We were supposed to perform this cheesy little montage that we pulled over from our—our spring show. And it just—within moments of—of the incident, we realized we had to go ch—completely change the whole set. And pull from wherever we could to create something that was, uh, you know—that was heartfelt. That would maybe bring about some sort of healing. Um, w—we had—so we had our invitation for the first night. Then we did our performance. Um, and again, the—the—these performances are timed, so the minute you hit the stage, you have x amount of minutes to perform and get off. They moved our set to the end ‘cause they knew they couldn’t time us. They knew that just by walking on the stage we would have to wait for the applause to end. And it was right. We walked in. There was standing room only. We’ve never had that before [laughs]. I mean we—the—the amount of—of support and warmth that outpoured was just incredible. And then—then there we were again, um, for, my goodness—it was En—was it “Engendered Species”? I can’t even remember. There were so many [laughs]. And, again, it was just our presence that just kept on bringing the crowds of people wanting to feel like they were a part of—of us. And I—and I really hope that, you know, we were able to make that happen for them. That we were able to help them find some kind of closure or some sort of healing as well. Mmhmm. Schneider And how did people ac—interact with you from the other choruses on a personal level outside of the actual performance when you met people? Kresky Sure. The—the first night, I was afraid to even wear my Orlando shirt because I knew people would want to talk to us about it. And I personally wasn’t ready. I did not want to—I did not want to be Orlando. I just wanted to be a GALA singer. And then you run out—you run out of clothes. No. I’m kidding [laughs]. No. Um, I—it just—I saw some of the other chorus members wearing their shirts. Realized it was going to be okay to wear mine. But as soon as I put it on, like random people would hug you. Even people that weren’t even going to the GALA conference, they’re just, you know, on the—the bus with you, trying to get somewhere downtown, want to hug you. And it was—it was—it was wild. I’m a hugger. Um, I—I’m not opposed to human touch. But, oh, my goodness [laughs]. It was—it was a lot [sniffs]. Schneider Um, and I’m also wondering if Pulse as a site meant anything… Kresky Mmhmm. Schneider …to you before the shooting. And, um, what, if anything, it represents for you now. Kresky Um, before the shooting, it was a place where the kids go. And I—I’m really not that old. I’m, um, in my mid-thirties. Uh, but the crowd that attended Pulse was, you know, a younger crowd. A trendier crowd. Maybe a thinner crowd [laughs]. Scheider [laughs]. Kresky But, you know, they were, um—they—it wasn’t usually—it wasn’t typically a place that I would—I would go to. It wasn’t—it wasn’t my home bar I guess. Um, I knew of it. I drove by it. It looked like a great, you know, fun place. And I got—there were times where I—I intended to go and visit just because it was something different. But I don’t know. I felt like I would be a little out of place. Afterward, it just became, you know, just a—a living memorial. It just—it sits there and it—it, um—it almost reminds—it almost makes—it’s kind of a mark of this overcoming silly divisions that are even in our own community. In the LGBT community. You know? We create our little cliques. Our little groups. And you realize that, you know, we’re all dealing with the same struggles. And we’re all dressed in the same flesh. And to drive by the building anymore is sh—you know? The first time, it was horrific. You know? I s—I tried to—days—days upon days just avoiding streets to get around it and not having to pass it. But then the first time I passed it, you know, reality sank in that, yep, this is the place. And now, the building itself is almost like a—almost like a mausoleum. It’s—it—it’s hard to look at it. It’s hard to drive by it. Um, you know, I—we—we had coworkers from our company that—that had passed away in the tragedy. Um, and it just, you know—it really brings it home every time. You know? How much—how much hatred can really impact a community. And how much destruction can happen because of it. You know? It’s—it’s no longer, you know, the place that you might go on a Saturday. It’s now the site of the worst, you know, massacre in modern American history. Schneider Um, and did social media play any part in your, um, reaction to your experience with the aftermath of the shooting? Kresky Um, social media became kind of an outlet to form your thoughts. You know? And we—you’re able to edit the words that you’re typing. You’re able to process things as you’re putting it out. So it almost becomes a live journal. Um, it was nice to see the support from others. Um, it also gave an opportunity to—to educate people. Pardon me. Um, you know, they immediately, as with any other, um—as with any other public shooting, you start having these discussions about gun control legislation. And you start having discussions about mental health. You i—it—it runs the whole gamut. And social media just came—became kind of a place to—a safe place to have those kinds of discussions. Mm. Schneider Um, and do have any thoughts about what the long-term consequences might be for the Orlando gay community or for the broader Orlando community or what you might hope the long-term impact of the shooting would be? Kresky Um, the long-term consequences. Initially, I was afraid that we would be stuck going back into our little boxes. Um, and maybe being less out. Um, being less true to ourselves. Uh, obviously, it seems like the—the exact opposite has happened. You know? And [laughs] you see this meme, you know, “You just pissed off the gay community. Watch out.” That kind of [laughs]—we get stuff done. Um, and sure enough I—I strongly believe that I—it’s my hope that for our city, we develop a—a tolerance for each other. Um, it’s—it’s a big enough city to get lost in. But it’s small enough to know people. And so, really hoping that this gives us a chance to reach out and get to know people that you normally wouldn’t—you normally wouldn’t associate with. You normally wouldn’t talk with. Um, on a broader scale, you know, I—I don’t know how realistic it is, but I really do hope that we begin to fund, you know, better mental health treatment. We begin to look at, um, more sane gun legislation. You know? It’s—if 49 isn’t enough, then, you know, what is? Schneider Um, and what other reflections have you had about the Pulse shooting or about your involvement in the [Orlando] Gay Chorus or anything else that you’ve been thinking about that we haven’t talked about? Kresky Mm. Let’s see. Um, don’t forget h—how your actions affect others. You know? Uh, whether it’s, you know, considering—considering acting out on such a grand scale, uh, as the shooter did, or if it is, you know, just wanting to lash out at somebody, don’t—don’t forget, you know, how—how your actions affect other people. Step outside of the box. Step outside of the tunnel vision. And that’s—I hope that that’s one of our lasting legacies. Schneider Um, is there anything else we didn’t talk about that you’d like to say or share? Kresky Um, not that I can think of. You know [laughs]? Thank you. Schneider Okay. Well, thank you so much. We really… Kresky I appreciate it. Schneider …appreciate you talking with us. <div> <div> [1] University of Central Florida </div> <div> [2] Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender </div> <div> [3] Gay and Lesbian Association of Choruses </div> </div> 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting Brew City Chorus Cable News Network Chorus Connection CNN CNN.com Colorado Denver Dr. Phillips Center for the Performing Arts Duluth Facebook fundraisers GALA Choruses Festival Gay and Lesbian Association of Choruses GLBT gun control gun regulation gun violence hate crimes homosexuality Joy MCC Joy Metropolitan Community Church LGBT LGBTIQ LGBTQ mass shootings Michigan Milwaukee Pride Minnesota Nicholas Agon Kresky orlando Orlando Gay Chorus Orlando Strong Orlando United outreach events pet therapy Pillow Talk Pulse massacre Pulse nightclub Pulse nightclub shooting Pulse tributes Rainbows over Broadway Sarah Schneider social media terrorist attacks theme parks UCF University of Central Florida University of Central Florida Center for Emerging Media vigils https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/c20009fd747d934827e4fb7335c31c26.pdf 0799da4ded85e4da02adc7ea62130277 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Orlando Gay Chorus Collection Alternative Title Gay Chorus Collection Is Part Of Orlando Gay Chorus Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"> </div> Subject Orlando (Fla.) Music--Florida Dance--United States Gay culture--United States Description The Orlando Gay Chorus (OGC) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit arts and humanitarian organization, and part of the Gay and Lesbian Association (GALA) of Choruses. Founded on Valentines Day 1990, OGC is not only one of the largest mixed gay choirs in the United States at over 100 members, but they also boast four smaller ensembles that perform annual concerts, cabarets, and a host of community events, such as Come Out With Pride, Orlando Museum of Art’s Festival of Trees, and World AIDS Day memorial services. In 2017, the group performed at over 105 events, including 15 performances for the first anniversary of the Pulse Nightclub tragedy. Members come from all walks of life and all sexual and gender orientations, including straight allies. OGC lives by the motto “Singing the World to a Better Place” and strives to use music to change attitudes and build a stronger community. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Oral History of Emmanuel J. Agon Kresky Alternative Title Oral History, Emmanuel J. Agon Kresky Subject Orlando (Fla.) Music--Florida Mass shootings Memorials--Florida Gay culture--United States Description An oral history interview of Emmanuel J. Agon Kresky, a member of the Orlando Gay Chorus. The interview was conducted by Sarah Schneider at the University of Central Florida Center for Emerging Media in Orlando, Florida, on November 17th, 2016. Some of the topics covered include joining the Orlando Gay Chorus, his favorite productions, the 2012 and 2016 Gay and Lesbian Association of Choruses festivals, the mass shooting at Pulse nightclub, the Orlando Gay Chorus’s response to the Pulse tragedy, the community, national and international responses to the Pulse tragedy, the significance of Pulse before and after the tragedy, the role of social media in the aftermath of the tragedy, and the long-term consequences of the tragedy. Table Of Contents 0:00:00 Joining the Orlando Gay Chorus and favorite productions 0:02:51 Gay and Lesbian Association of Choruses festival 0:05:12 Mass shooting at Pulse nightclub 0:09:43 Orlando Gay Chorus’s response to Pulse tragedy 0:20:11 Community response to Pulse tragedy 0:22:31 National and international response to Pulse tragedy 0:24:57 2016 Gay and Lesbian Association of Choruses festival 0:29:10 Significance of Pulse before and after tragedy 0:32:57 Role of social media in aftermath of tragedy 0:36:23 Long-term consequences of Pulse tragedy 0:38:52 Closing remarks Abstract Oral history interview of Emmanuel J. Agon Kresky. Interview conducted by Sarah Schneider in Orlando, Florida, on November 17, 2016. Type Moving Image Source Kresky, Emmanuel J. Agon. Interviewed by Sarah Schneider, November 17, 2016. Audio record available. <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>, Orlando, Florida. Requires Multimedia software, such as <a href="http://www.apple.com/quicktime/download/" target="_blank"> QuickTime</a>. <a href="http://www.adobe.com/products/reader.html" target="_blank">Adobe Acrobat Reader</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/206" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus Collection</a>, LGBTQ+ Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Has Format Digital transcript of original 40-minute, and 37-second oral history: Kresky, Emmanuel J. Agon. Interviewed by Sarah Schneider. Audio record available. <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>, Orlando, Florida. Coverage Cathedral Church of St. Luke, Orlando, Florida Dr. Phillips Center for the Performing Arts, Orlando, Florida GALA Choruses Festival, Denver Performing Arts Center, Denver, Colorado Lake Eola Park, Orlando, Florida Orlando, Florida Camping World Stadium, Orlando, Florida Parliament House, Orlando, Florida Publix Supermarkets, Inc., Orlando, Florida Pulse nightclub, Orlando, Florida Creator Kresky, Emmanuel J. Agon Schneider, Sarah Publisher <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> Date Created 2016-11-17 Date Copyrighted 2016-11-17 Format video/mp4 application/pdf Extent 1.17 GB Medium 40-minute and 37-second audio recording 16-page digital transcript Language eng Mediator History Teacher Humanities Teacher Music Teacher Provenance Originally created by Emmanuel J. Agon Kresky and Sarah Schneider and published by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Rights Holder <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> Accrual Method Item Creation Curator Cravero, Geoffrey Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference Ahlquist, Karen. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62281651" target="_blank">Chorus and Community</a>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2006. Boedeker, Hal. "<a href="http://www.orlandosentinel.com/features/os-orlando-gay-chorus-25-years-20150611-story.html" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus marks 25 years</a>." Orlando Sentinel, October 18, 2016. Accessed October 18, 2016. http://www.orlandosentinel.com/features/os-orlando-gay-chorus-25-years-20150611-story.html. Ogles, Jacob. "<a href="http://www.advocate.com/pride/2016/10/06/pride-orlando-will-take-new-meaning" target="_blank">Pride in Orlando Will Take on New Meaning</a>." The Advocate, October 6, 2016. Accessed October 18, 2016. http://www.advocate.com/pride/2016/10/06/pride-orlando-will-take-new-meaning. Hyman, Jamie. "<a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/2016/06/16/community-rises-mass-shooting-orlando-gay-nightclub-kills-49/" target="_blank">Community rises up after mass shooting at Orlando gay nightclub kills 49</a>." Watermark, June 16, 2016. Accessed October 18, 2016. http://www.watermarkonline.com/2016/06/16/community-rises-mass-shooting-orlando-gay-nightclub-kills-49/. Click to View (Movie, Podcast, or Website) <a href="https://youtu.be/KGGSKVhkBrg" target="_blank">Oral History of Emmanuel "Manny" J. Agon Kresky</a> Transcript Schneider [beep] Today is Thursday, November 17th, 2016. My name is Sarah Schneider and I am conducting an oral history interview with Manny [Emmanuel J.] Agon Kresky of the Orlando Gay Chorus. The interview is being conducted at the UCF [University of Central Florida] Center for Emerging Media in Orlando, Florida. So thank you for being here today. Kresky Mmhmm. Schneider And can you start off by telling us your name please? Kresky Sure. Um, my—my full name is Emmanuel. Emmanuel J. Agon Kresky. Schneider Thank you. And to start off, can you tell us where were you born and how long have you lived in Orlando? Kresky Um, I was born in South Florida. I was born—born in Hollywood, um—Hollywood, Florida. My parents lived in Dania Beach[, Florida]. Um, grew up in South Florida and went to college in [Washington,] D.C. After college, I went back to South Florida. And then moved to Orlando[, Florida] in, um, maybe 1998 or so. 1998 or 1999. Schneider Okay. And how long have you been a part of the Orlando Gay Chorus? Kresky Since, um, early 2000s. So maybe like 2003. I’d have to double check, but I think around 2002, 2003. Schenider And what brought you to join the chorus? Kresky [laughs] Um, let’s see. I had—I had sung with, um, Candlelight—uh, the Candlelight, uh, Processional over at Epcot. I sang with cast choir there. And after performing with Disney, I kind of wanted to continue singing after the holidays. And I had attended one or two OGC[1] concerts. And, um, I auditioned after maybe the second time seeing them perform. Schenider Okay. And, um, can you tell us about some of your favorite productions or… Kresky [laughs]. Schneider …performances you had? Kresky Um, sure. So the—the—the holiday concerts always[sic] the most popular ones. The ones that people get, uh, most excited about. Um, I think my personal favorite was the one that had the format of a radio show. And so there was an MC[2] and, um, it was like a broadcasted concert. It was like a, um—it was—it was more structured. Um, it was a more structured concert. Another one that I—that—that sticks out in my mind was one of the earlier ones. And it was called, um, “From Sissies to Superstars”. And it told the story of Oliver Button. I think that was his name. Oliver Button. And, um, it told of a story of a—of a—of a kid who was a little different. Um, and how he navigated through some challenges in his life. Schneider Mm. Um, and have you participated in the GALA[3] events? Kresky Yes. I go—for whatever reason, I did not go to the ones that were actually closer to home. So there’s one in Tampa[, Florida] and there was one in Miami[, Florida]. Uh, I didn’t go to those. Um, my first GALA festival was in Denver in 2012. And we returned this year, um, to—to Denver for the 2016 festival. Schneider So you—you have—you’ve been there twice for GALA events. Kresky Yes. Schneider [inaudible]. Kresky Yes. Even though I have been in the chorus for longer, for whatever reason I, um, did not join the rest of the chorus members by doing the festival up until 2012. Schneider Mmhmm. And, um, what has your experience at the GALA events be[sic] like—been like? Can you tell me a little bit more about what that event is like? Kresky 2012 and 2016 were very different. Um, and a big part of that was because of Pulse[4]. Um, it was just very, eh—eh, [sighs]—it was—it was affirming. It was humbling. Um, there were—there were just a lot of random people who’d come up to us. And because they knew that we were from Orlando, they would give us words of encouragement. They would hug us. Um, they would thank us for coming. Um, it was just very—very humbling. Um, 2012, being that it was my first GALA, was a different experience, where it was like, “Oh, my god. I can’t believe this is my first year coming. I don’t know why I didn’t go to the one in Tampa. I don’t know why I didn’t go to the one in Miami.” Um, we did a great set. It was just very uplifting to be surrounded by so many likeminded people. And i—in 2012, it was just a more joyous celeb—celebratory kind of feel to it. It was also when I started dating Nick [Nicholas Agon Kresky]. So, um, that will always have a very, um, you know—an important, uh, piece of my heart. Uh, 2012. But, yeah. Two very different experiences. Uh, both great experiences. Just very different. Schneider Um, and so, getting to Pulse, um, can you tell us how you first heard about what happened? Kresky Yeah. So, um, I guess it was Sunday morning. Um, I—Nick had already gone—Nick, my husband, had already gone to work at Universal [Studios Florida]. We were having some work done upstairs in our house, so we were sleeping downstairs. For whatever reason, I checked my iPhone from work. Um, I don’t always do that on the weekends. Um, but for whatever reason, I did. I hope my boss isn’t watching this because I—I check my iPhone all the time [inaudible] [laughs]. Um, so i—the —for whatever reason, I—I—I scroll through, uh, my messages. And I work for an online travel agency. And there was a message from one of our operational, um, departments—is—mi—mentioning that there was an incident. And, um, they were trying to ascertain whether or not any of the travelers that booked through our website were impacted by it. And so be—this was before we knew the extent of it. We knew that there was a shooting. We didn’t know that—how many people were injured. How many people were dead. Um, and then—so, um, I read it. I didn’t—again, not knowing that it was a terrorist or it’s somebody who is mentally disturbed, um, I—I knew that the operations people were looking, um—looking into it. Um, I didn’t think that anyone that I—I knew would have been at the club at the time of the day—or time of night. Um, and then—so I think I sent out a few emails to my hotel partners saying, “Hey. Um, I heard there was a shooting. I hope every—all of your guests are okay.” And then I—I didn’t really put that much thought into it. Um, later that same morning, I started getting texts and Facebook messages from—from my friends outside of Florida asking if I was alright. And, um, you know, wishing that I was safe. And, um, telling like that they hope I’m doing well. And just—you’re kind of like awestruck. It’s like I—why is this happening [laughs]? Like who—uh, why are people reaching out? Again, not knowing the extent of how many people lost their lives. How many were injured at, um—at Pulse. Eh, gr—I grew up in South Florida. Went to school in [Washington,] D.C. So, sad to say, shootings were not unheard of. And so, again, not realizing the extent of the damage that was done to the patrons that were there. Um, to the community. Just mindboggling. And then, um, you know, I started watching the news. The—you know, it’s hard to go back to sleep. Right? So you [laughs]—you watch the news. And then, um, just kept the TV on. And then, you know, more messages, um, about what’s going on. And, uh, I think I worked—I had to work that day, so, um, we were hearing about—I think one of the West Coast cities was having their pride event. And there might have been some hubbub about, um, somebody, eh, going to one of their pride events with maybe ammunition—with guns in their car. Wondering what the extent of this attack was going to be. Again, at—at this time, we don’t—I don’t think we knew that much information on—no—I don’t think we knew the—who the perpetrator was on Sunday afternoon. So just very—you know i—it was just not anything that I could relate to. Like 9/11[5], like I was—I was born. I mean I was—I was alive during 9/11. But it was—it was much more remote. Right? Um, and this one hit a lot closer to home. Because while—while I don’t think I knew anyone there that night, I knew that pe—other people did. Schneider Mmhmm. And so can you tell me a little bit about the Orlando Gay Chorus’s response, um, in the days and weeks following the shooting? Kresky Yeah. So, um, I think Carol Studer,[6] um, and J.D. Casto[7] were just on top of it—on top of everything. So there were many requests for us to, um—to perform at various events. It was—you—there were so many—there was—it was—it was almost impossible if you had a, um—i—if you have a job or other commitments that you could actually make every event. Um, because the chorus was, eh, pretty much in high demand. And, um, y—you know, some were m—more uplifting than others. Right? So there were, eh—the—the ones—the—Cory [Connell]’s outside of Publix [Supermarkets, Inc.] was—was hard because, um, it was unlike some of the other ones where we were trying to raise awareness or create a sense of community or strengthen the sense of community or raise money or something like that. It was like, We’re at somebody’s memorial service. Um, you know, quite—quite sobering for that. Um, so there was—there was Cory’s event. Um, there was the—there was prayer vigil at the cathedral that we go to. The Episcopal cathedral that we—we go to. [Cathedral Church of] St. Luke’s. We went to that. There were two events over at Dr. Phillips Center [for the Performing Arts]. One that was put on by the local arts community, um, and one that was actually, uh, Broadway folks. They came down from New York for a fundraiser. Um, more recently, there was a vigil, um, actually at Pulse. And, um, some of the survivors, uh, w—were—were invited. And it was the first time back at Pulse for many of them. Um, and up until that time, nobody could go through the fence. Um, but that night that we were there, uh, they opened up the fence and we actually, um, sang inside—inside the—the fence. Schneider And what were you feeling and thinking as that was going on? What was that—the atmosphere like at that—what you just described? Kresky Um, I mean we can’t feel—I mean i—it’s like—it’s—it’s—I—I guess the only thing I can equate it to would be if you’re going to—if you’re going to a place of worship and regardless of whether it’s your church or somebody else’s church or synagogue, um, you—y—you j—you just know enough to be respectful. And then you, um, you know, talk in hushed tones. And you can smile at your friends, but you’re not—it’s not necessarily a time to be joyous per se. Or happy per se. Um, it was, um—they had—they had murals on the wall. They had, um, eh, i—th—I don’t think it was—it was a permanent mural. It was more like a canvas or paper. I’m not sure exactly what the material was. But people were saying their goodbyes or writing down the names of their loved ones. Um, and it was—we were honored to be there. Uh, but it was very, um—I don’t know if sobering is the word. It’s kind of—I hope your other interviewees are much more articulate than I am [laughs]. Schneider [laughs]. Kresky I—it was—it was—it was—we were honored to be there. We were honored to be there. And we, um—we—we sang “True Colors”, which is fitting for the event. Um, another one that we didn’t sing that night, but, um, “You’ll Never Walk Alone”. Those seem to be the—the two most requested songs from us. Or—or the ones that we seemed to be the most appropriate for the type of event. [inaudible]. Schneider Um, and do you have any other moments in those vigils or memorial services that stand out to you? Um, or things about them that you think—or you’d like to share? Kresky The, um—the—the church we go to—the cathedral—St. Luke’s Cathedral did a—did a wonderful, um—wonderful job, um, of—and I think there—there was media there, so there might be—there might be a t—a tape or something of it. Uh, of that night. But it was sh—they—they had one candle on the altar for each and every single victim. They had 49 candles. Each candle was—was different. No two candles were alike. Um, it was very—i—it was very nice. It was very, um—it was something that only like the cathedral could do because there was a sense of, um, kind of pageantry to it. But so tasteful. And so respectful. And just—just—it was—it—I felt that it was the right, um, um—th—the right, uh, feel to it. If that makes sense. Um, later that night, after we had cleared out of the cathedral, they had a vigil on Lake Eola. So this might have been [sighs] a week. The Sunday after Pulse. Right? A week after. Um, the vigil at Dr. Phillips [Center for the Performing Arts] on the lawn the day after Pulse, um—I—I was not able to make it because I had to work. Uh, Nick [Nicholas Agon Kresky] went, but I was unable to make it. So, um, fo—for me, that was like the big, massive gathering event where you could actually—after leaving the cathedral, we walked over to Lake Eola, which is just maybe a block away. And then you could see the entire border of the lake surrounded with people with candles. Um, it was just very nice to see that many people come together. Whether it was the LGBT community. Whether it was the Latinx community, um, coming together. Whether it was just people who wanted to put an end to gun violence. It was just really nice to see the—the city coming together. That probably stuck out the most. Um, another one actually that sticks out—not a vigil. Much more, um, joyous, um, was actually Orlando City Soccer [Club]. Like I never thought I enjoyed soccer until we were invited to sing at the halftime show. And they had the entire, um, stadium decked out in a rainbow. So it was one section was red, next one was orange. All the way around. And they had 49 seats up in the bleachers left empty for, um, the victims of the shooting. And there was a candle—or not a candle, but a balloon on each of the seat[sic] to commemorate them. And you could see those balloons from anywhere in the stadium. It was just very—it was very nice to see. Um, I think it was 49 minutes into the game. They actually stopped the game for a moment of silence. So—never was interested in soccer before [laughs]. It’s like, Wow. I really like soccer now. And I really like this team. Because I think that was the first, um, major sports event after the Pulse shooting. I think it was the—I think it was the Saturday after Pulse that they did that. Then they had their—their game. Schneider And what did you think about singing in the stadium? What was tha—what’d that feel like—the actual performance element? Kresky Um, [laughs] from a—from a technical standpoint, there were some learnings[sic]. Um, there was a—I guess there’s a delay. So I don’t know how we sounded. The people that saw us on TV soun—heard—uh, said th—that, uh—that we sounded—we sounded good. Um, i—it was very welcoming. I never—I’ve never necessarily been the victim of—of—of a hate crime. I’ve never, eh—I don’t believe that I’ve been discriminated before in the past because of my, um, sexual orientation as an adult. And I don’t—in Orlando, I don’t really expect that anyway. Um, but these soccer fans seemed very, very welcoming. And there were just so many rainbow flags that night at the soccer stadium you would have thought it was a Pride event. Um, it was just very uplifting. Very affirming. Uh, very welcoming. Yeah. Schneider And what did you think about, um, the reaction of the community—the local community to what had happened? You touched on this a little bit already… Kresky Mmhmm. Schneider …but is there anything else you—you had thought or—or felt in the communi—in response—the community’s reaction? Kresky Eh, um, i—it—it’s unfortunate it takes something like this to actually bring people together. Um, but—but in a—in a sense that’s—that’s what happened. People came together. And, um, I think, you know, i—the people at—the people at work kind of gave me my space, um, because [inaudible] go through all sorts of emotions. I think every day for a week I cried at some point. Listening to the radio. Watching TV. Talking to somebody. I would—I would cheer up inevitably. Um, in the car on my way to work. And—and occasionally, I’ll watch a clip or something on YouTube and I’ll start tearing up. People would just say, “Hey. If you need somebody to talk to, I’m here.” Um, the week following the incident, I reached out—well, I didn’t take any time off. I just continued my work. But I have some gay partners. I—I work for an online travel agency, so we have, uh, partners that are—that work in hotels. And I reached out to all my—my gay friends [laughs] that worked in hotels. And it just been m—meet with them—one—one for lunch. Um, you know, ‘cause you never know when somebody’s not gonna be there anymore. So it was a—a nice time to reconnect and kind of, um—kind of reconnect. And then I—kind of like process together. And thank God for Nick. Because y—you know, we have each other to make—to try to make sense of it all. Um, not that we did make sense of it, but th—we have each other to—to lean on, which I was very grateful for. Schneider And, um, what did you think about reactions to the Pulse shooting from people outside of the local community? So either nationally or even internationally. Um, did you s—did you feel any of that or think about that? Kresky Yeah. I—I think w—[sighs] you know, when I would cheer up in the car or watching TV or—or YouTube, it wasn’t really tears of sadness. I think it was just feeling the love from the other—the other cities. Um, seeing pictures of, you know, the White House decked out in rainbow colors. The Sydney Opera House. All these, um, landmarks. And seeing them as just from the people around the world sending their love to Orlando. Um, the other—I work for Expedia. That’s the online travel agency. I’m not sure if you have to edit it—that out. But, um, the other Expedia offices, um, sent us, you know, “We Love Orlando” signs. And they took a picture of their, um—of their team holding up rainbow flags, banners and stuff like that. It’s—it’s quite unfortunate that after—after Pulse, you know, we were doing the same thing for the offices in France. And I think there was—there was[sic] a few with gun violence and terrorist attacks in Europe that we—we did the same for them. Right? Um, because you never think it’s gonna happen to your—your—your own city. Right? There was New York. There was Boston. We might be a big—“big-ish” city, but we’re not the same par as the size of those cities. Right? So you don’t think that we would be a target for—for a terrorist attack. Um, but yeah. The—the f—oh, my God. And talk about Festival GALA, you know, just—the love that we got from there—from—from our fellow choruses from around the world. They had these huge banners. Um, “We Are With You, Orlando”. “We Are Orlando”. Just like huge banners. Um, I think one’s at the [Orange County Regional] History Center. But probably—I don’t know. It seems like the length of this—of this room out there in the other room on the—in the foyer area. Um, just lots of love from the other cities. Schneider Mmhmm. And, um, what else did you i—I know you talked about how different 2012 and 2016 were at the GALA events, but can you say more about, um, what the 2016 event was like and—and, um, yeah—how Pulse impacted… Kresky Yeah. So… Schenider …that experience? Kresky …um, we had—we had gone into, um—into rehearsals with a totally different set. Um, and Nick is actually probably a little better versed at talking about what we actually intended to sing originally before Pulse. After Pulse, it’s like, Okay. W—we—this set does not—is not fitting anymore. We need to have a new set. And we came up with a new set. Um, so “True Colors” again. It was probably the song that we sung[sic] most often at the—at the events. And then we ended with, um, “You’ll Never Walk Alone”.[8] And I hope there’s a—I—I know there is on YouTube, um, our director speaking to the audience.[9] Packed audience. Um, when we performed there were people who tried to get in that couldn’t. Um, everyone wanted to see Orlando from what they tell us. But there was—we—we—he spoke about what it was like waking up that morning. Um, similar—similar experience. Like, Why are these people contacting me? Why—why am I getting all these texts? Why am I getting all these Facebook messages? Um, and we were just a mess. The chorus members [laughs] were just like trying to hold it together. We had gotten through almost every song. We knew that “You’ll Never Walk Alone”, um, was—was gonna be the next song. And it was just—it was—it was very hard to—to—to get through his introduction of that song. Um, and then when we sang, he had invited the entire, um, audience to sing along with us. Because there was no way we were getting through that song without crying if we weren’t already crying. Um, and then we ended on a—on a different song after that to kind of show people that, y—you know, Pulse is not—I think Mayor [John Hugh “Buddy”] Dyer said that Pulse is not going to define us. We weren’t gonna end on a sad song. Right? “You’ll Never Walk Alone” can be a little, um, solitary. It’s a little melancholy. So we ended with up with, uh, “We Are Family”. And then we had pink boas and pink glasses and little things in our hair. And it was just a—a—a—a fun number to end on. Um, but yeah. Eh, tha—I think [sighs], uh, that was, um—eh, I—they—they said that the s—our set was the set that everyone was trying to get into to see. And then the other—the other choruses actually—many of them made reference to, uh, the gun violence or homophobia or, um, something along those lines in their own set. And they made—a lot of times, they made mention of it. Um, now that I think about it—because while we performed, we’d also watch other people perform as well. Schneider And, um, was there anything else you wanted to say about the interactions between you and members of the other gay—uh, the other choruses at that event, you know, outside of the performance? Kresky [laughs]. Schneider Was there anything else… Kresky Yeah. Schneider …you heard from people? Kresky Um, just a lot of—a lot of hugs from random people [laughs]. I—so I, um—I’m not always the most “huggy” person [laughs]. So it’s like, Oh! Why are you hugging me? Um, but no. It was, um—I—I—I always appreciate when people say, “Can I hug you?” Or “May I…” It’s like, Sure. You know? I know it’s coming. Um, but yeah. There was[sic] a lot of people who wanted to welcome us. To thank us for being there. Reaffirming. Schneider Mm. And I’m curious what the, um—Pulse as a place—if it meant anything to you as a place before what happened. And if now i—it has any significance in your mind as a location and site. Kresky Yeah. So, um, I was, um—I am acquainted with one of the old managers there. Uh, with Ron Legler. I—I met him through Florida Theatrical Association. And so, um, he—he moved to Baltimore[, Maryland] a—a little while ago. I don’t know that I’ve been to Pulse since he left Orlando. Um, so for me, I—I’ve been a few times. Usually as his guest. Um, it’s not a place where I f—I frequented. It was no—my—my place was actually Parliament—uh, not—well, Parliament House nowadays. But, um, back—back when I was younger, um, we used to go to Pleasure Island [Walt Disney World Resort] on Thursdays. So it was usually [laughs] in—in my twenties—in my late-twenties, it was Pleasure Island on Thursday and Southern Nights on Friday. And then Saturday night: Parliament House. On those rotations that I went out every single night of the weekend. I don’t do that anymore. Um, now it’s like maybe once a month there’s a show over at Parliament House we wanna see. We’ll go to Parliament House. Um, so, eh, Pulse kind of opened up—kind of as—as—kind of off of that “go every weekend” kind of phase of my life. Um, but Ron’s partner, Andrew—Andrew Springer, had his birthday party there. So there was a reason to go to Pulse. Right? Um, so if there was a birthday party. If there were friends coming in from out of town, then we might go to Pulse. Um, I—I think some of the—some of the stuff that the newscasters said after Pulse could be true for any of the gay clubs. That it was a safe place. That for many in the community, it was, you know, their place of worship if you will. I thought that was a change—it was strange, um—a strange, uh, term to use. But I—I know that a number of people have used gay clubs in general as a—as a—as a—as their place of worship. As their church. Um, so I—I appreciate it for that. Um, for that aspect of it. While it wasn’t necessarily my place of worship, um, I do respect it for being a safe place where people would gather. Where people would feel safe. Um, where people can be their—themselves. Right? Um, yeah. And now that I’m older, it’s like I don’t know that I can stay out past midnight [laughs]. So I—had I been out, I think I would’ve been in bed way before—way before 1:45 at that point. But if it was—you know, as you think about how if it wasn’t Pulse and if it was Parlia—and if it was Parliament House. And if it wasn’t 1:45, but it was twelve midnight or something like that, it could have been any one of us. Right? Um, you never know. Schneider Um, you mentioned briefly, um, Facebook and things like that. People contacting you after it happened. Did you see social media playing any response in—or any, um, part in the time following the shooting in people’s response to the shooting? Or did you feel like that wasn’t really a big part of—of people’s reactions? Kresky Before Pulse, I never knew that there was a feature on Facebook to mark yourself safe. And while I was appreciative of that so I can see which of my friends were, um—were safe, I was like, Oh, my God. Why is this even necessary? Or like what kind of world to we live in that this is necessary that they built this? Um, I don’t know—eh, you know, I like to think that, for the most part, Facebook is—is neutral. And so I don’t know that they did anything to either, um, promote awareness about Pulse or downplay it. Um, obviously, so much of what we see on Facebook is just who we decide to follow on Facebook. Um, so lo—lots of posts from, um—lots—lots of posts about, um—from—from other—from other cities wishing us well. From other gay choruses wishing us well. Um, lots of that stuff, which was quite uplifting. Um, eh, there were th—you know, there were the—the pictures of—of the outside of Pulse. As people were driving by. Um, I—I never visited either the hospital or Pulse while the memorials were up. Before, eh, the [Orange County] Regional History Center started protecting the—the—the stuff left behind. Um, but there was[sic] many pictures of the memorials were laid out. Either—and there was actually—they were laying stuff out on the lawn, too, of Dr. Phillips. Um, so saw many pictures of that on Facebook as well. It was helpful to find out, you know—to promote certain things. Like, um, the little arts organizations did the “Beautiful Together” event over at Dr. Phillips. So there was lots of, um, you know, We’re trying to—to—to promote the event. And then so, you know, we’re sharing stuff on Facebook. Um, [laughs] I don’t know how much of it you could share for the—for the—“From Broadway with Love[: A Benefit Concert for Orlando]” because I think that the event sold out almost immediately. Um, but there was—there were[sic] lots of mention about who’s coming to the event and who confirmed. And, um, during the event and after the event, lots of pictures of—of—of, you know, the celebrities interacting with the—with the locals, which was nice to see. Yeah. But for the most part, I think that—I like to think that Facebook is pretty neut—neutral. And then, uh—it’s just a tool that we use, in that, you know, we’re—we’re—we see [door closes] what we choose to see and who we choose to follow on Facebook. Schneider Do you have any thoughts about the long-term impact of Pulse, um, and the shooting, whether the impact, um—what—let me—let me s—ask that question again. What would you think the long-term consequences of the shooting might be for the Orlando gay community and for the larger City of Orlando? Kresky Um, gun control reform I think would be a big one. I—y—you know, the perpetrator wasn’t from Orlando. He came from outside of Orlando. So I think that just educating people I think would help. Um, but, you know—but then, you know, we wonder like, Okay. Are—do we need to go outside of Orlando to educate people there? Um, you know, when somebody shoots somebody like what’s—in any fashion, it’s like, What the heck’s going through their mind? Like H—where did this come from? Where did this hate come from? Where’d this ignorance come—came—come from? And y—you like—we can’t always dictate how people think. I don’t think we should dictate what people think. But I think that we can—we—we can put laws in place that prevent massive harm through—through assault rifles. Through guns. Through gun violence. Whatever. Um, I think they go hand in hand. I think we need more [sighs], um—I think we need gun control that makes sense. I think we need to—to reform some of the stuff that we have out there. Um, but at the same time, I think we need to continue to educate. Um, part of our mission statement for the—for the Orlando Gay Chorus is about changing people’s hearts and people’s minds. And I think that we need to continue doing that so that this doesn’t happen in the future. Schneider Um, do you have any other reflections about the Pulse shooting or about your i—involvement in the Orlando Gay Chorus or anything else you’d like to talk about? Kresky Um, I w—I’m appreciative of you—being given the opportunity to do this. Um, the chorus has been—you know, it’s family. It can be dysfunctional. We don’t always get along. There’s sibling rivalry. Um, but we’re lucky in the sense that we had a family to fall back on. And we had our own support group. I don’t know how many other people, um, have that luxury. Right? Um, that have the ability to—to seek the support of someone as easily as we had it. Um, we’re—we’re able to be there for each other. We’re—we’re definitely very appreciative of that. Um, you know? So i—this would’ve been totally different if it wasn’t for the chorus I think. And if it wasn’t for Nick. Um, yeah. Schneider Well, is there anything else you didn’t talk about that you’d like to share? Kresky Um, I’m sure I’ll think of something as soon as you turn off the camera. But [laughs] for… Schneider [inaudible]. Kresky …right now, I’m good. Schenider Okay. Well, thank you so much for participating and sharing your story with us. We really appreciate it. Kresky Yeah. <div> <div> [1] Orlando Gay Chorus </div> <div> [2] Master of Ceremonies </div> <div> [3] Gay and Lesbian Association of Choruses </div> <div> [4] 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting </div> <div> [5] September 11 attacks </div> <div> [6] Vice President of Orlando Gay Chorus </div> <div> [7] Public Relations and Marketing for the Orlando Gay Chorus </div> <div> [8] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ClS4TKtZMk4 </div> <div> [9] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U1urPSxm7Gc </div> </div> 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting Andrew Springer Beautiful Together Candlelight Processional Carol Studer Cathedral Church of St. Luke Cory Connell Denver Dr. Phillips Center for the Performing Arts Emmanuel "Manny" J. Agon Kresky Epcot Expedia, Inc. Expedia.com Facebook From Broadway with Love: A Benefit Concert for Orlando From Sissies to Superstars fundraisers GALA Choruses Festival Gay and Lesbian Association of Choruses GLBT gun control gun regulation gun violence hate crimes homophobia homosexuality J.D. Casto John Hugh “Buddy” Dyer Lake Eola Park Latinx community LGBT LGBTIQ LGBTQ mass shootings Nicholas Agon Kresky Oliver Button Orange County Regional History Center orlando Orlando City Soccer Club Orlando Gay Chorus outreach events Parliament House Pleasure Island (Walt Disney World) Publix Supermarkets, Inc. Pulse massacre Pulse nightclub Pulse nightclub shooting Pulse tributes rainbow flags Ron Legler Sarah Schneider social media Southern Nights Sydney Opera House terrorist attacks True Colors University of Central Florida Center for Emerging Media vigils We Are Family White House You’ll Never Walk Alone https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/c5bacc0475c0e778194d22a986be0c3a.jpg 42ee0501db12c77bffdb98955bab4770 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Oviedo Historical Society Collection Alternative Title Oviedo Historical Society Collection Subject Oviedo (Fla). Description The Oviedo Historical Society Collection encompasses historical artifacts donated for digitization at the Oviedo Historical Society's History Harvest in the Spring semester of 2015. The Oviedo Historical Society was organized in November 1973 by a group of citizens. The society is a 501(3) non-profit organization. Its purpose is to help preserve the community identity of Oviedo by collecting and disseminating knowledge about local history, serve as a repository for documents and artifacts relating to Oviedo history, promote the preservation and marking of historic sites and buildings in the Oviedo area and foster interest in local, state, national, and world history. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/128" target="_blank">Oviedo Collection</a>, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Oviedo, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://oviedohs.com/" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society</a> <a href="http://history.cah.ucf.edu/staff.php?id=304" target="_blank">Dr. Connie L. Lester</a>'s Introduction to Public History course, Spring 2015 Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://oviedohs.com/" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society</a>." Oviedo Historical Society, Inc. http://oviedohs.com/. Adicks, Richard, and Donna M. Neely. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5890131" target="_blank">Oviedo, Biography of a Town</a>. S.l: s.n.], 1979. Robison, Jim. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/796757419" target="_blank">Around Oviedo</a>. 2012. "<a href="http://www.cityofoviedo.net/node/68" target="_blank">History</a>." City of Oviedo, Florida. http://www.cityofoviedo.net/node/68. "<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/audio/Ep41-Oviedo.mp3" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries, Episode 41: Oviedo, with Dr. Richard Adicks</a>." RICHES of Central Florida. http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/audio/Ep41-Oviedo.mp3. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1-page handwritten document Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title "My Favorite Memory of Oviedo Is..." by Elizabeth T. Alternative Title My Favorite Memory of Oviedo Is... Subject Oviedo (Fla.) Description A document created by Elizabeth T. as part of the Oviedo History Harvest in 2015. In the document, the author is asked to describe her favorite memory of Oviedo, Florida. Elizabeth, who was 22 at the time, stated that driving around Downtown Oviedo was her favorite memory. Type Text Source Original document by Elizabeth T., April 18, 2015: <a href="http://oviedohs.com/" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society</a>, Oviedo, Florida. Is Part Of <a href="http://oviedohs.com/" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society</a>, Oviedo, Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/147" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society Collection</a>, Oviedo Collection, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original document by Elizabeth T., April 18, 2015. Coverage T.J.Maxx, Oviedo, Florida Oviedo Mall, Oviedo, Florida Creator T., Elizabeth Contributor Horner, Desta Date Created 2015-04-18 Format image/jpg Extent 131 KB Medium 1-page handwritten document Language eng Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally created by Elizabeth T. and owned by Desta Horner. Donated to <a href="http://oviedohs.com/" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society</a> in 2015. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by the <a href="http://oviedohs.com/" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="http://oviedohs.com/" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://oviedohs.com/" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society</a> External Reference "<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/audio/Ep41-Oviedo.mp3" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries, Episode 41: Oviedo, with Dr. Richard Adicks</a>." RICHES of Central Florida. http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/audio/Ep41-Oviedo.mp3. Adicks, Richard, and Donna M. Neely. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5890131" target="_blank">Oviedo, Biography of a Town</a>. S.l: s.n.], 1979. Robison, Jim. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/796757419" target="_blank">Around Oviedo</a>. 2012. "<a href="http://www.cityofoviedo.net/node/68" target="_blank">History</a>." City of Oviedo, Florida. http://www.cityofoviedo.net/node/68. Downtown Oviedo employment malls Oviedo Oviedo Mall retail T.J.Maxx https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/77a206815c98b044db74537aea94ec5f.mp3 19e9e957a64d4a63ecf646393bb1deae https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/94a3a8051032f1c90e5399fe8d0ce935.pdf 4aaf1dc6277067bf5a968b5b856d16d1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Oviedo Historical Society Collection Alternative Title Oviedo Historical Society Collection Subject Oviedo (Fla). Description The Oviedo Historical Society Collection encompasses historical artifacts donated for digitization at the Oviedo Historical Society's History Harvest in the Spring semester of 2015. The Oviedo Historical Society was organized in November 1973 by a group of citizens. The society is a 501(3) non-profit organization. Its purpose is to help preserve the community identity of Oviedo by collecting and disseminating knowledge about local history, serve as a repository for documents and artifacts relating to Oviedo history, promote the preservation and marking of historic sites and buildings in the Oviedo area and foster interest in local, state, national, and world history. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/128" target="_blank">Oviedo Collection</a>, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Oviedo, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://oviedohs.com/" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society</a> <a href="http://history.cah.ucf.edu/staff.php?id=304" target="_blank">Dr. Connie L. Lester</a>'s Introduction to Public History course, Spring 2015 Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://oviedohs.com/" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society</a>." Oviedo Historical Society, Inc. http://oviedohs.com/. Adicks, Richard, and Donna M. Neely. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5890131" target="_blank">Oviedo, Biography of a Town</a>. S.l: s.n.], 1979. Robison, Jim. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/796757419" target="_blank">Around Oviedo</a>. 2012. "<a href="http://www.cityofoviedo.net/node/68" target="_blank">History</a>." City of Oviedo, Florida. http://www.cityofoviedo.net/node/68. "<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/audio/Ep41-Oviedo.mp3" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries, Episode 41: Oviedo, with Dr. Richard Adicks</a>." RICHES of Central Florida. http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/audio/Ep41-Oviedo.mp3. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer Tammaro, Elizabeth Interviewee Jones, James Marion Location <a href="http://oviedohs.com/" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society</a>, Oviedo, Florida Original Format 1 audio recording Duration 28 minutes and 49 seconds Bit Rate/Frequency 128kbps Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Oral History of James Marion Jones Alternative Title Oral History, Jones Subject Oviedo (Fla.) Education--Florida Airplanes--United States Description An oral history of James Marion Jones, conducted by Elizabeth Tammaro on March 19, 2015. Jones, who was born June 19, 1945, grew up in Oviedo, Florida, and had a long career as teacher and assistant principal in Seminole County Public Schools (SCPS). This oral history interview conducted by Elizabeth Tammaro at the Lawton House on March 19, 2015. Interview topics include family history, such as his great-great grandfather's service in the American Civil War under A. P. Hill, an historic dental kit of one of his ancestors, and his parents, who worked at the post office, with his father being the postmaster general for many years. Other topics include his brother, vacations and summer activities, college at the University of Florida (UF), the Oviedo School plane crash , life in the Navy, his career in education, how Oviedo has changed over time, hobbies, marriage and children, and influence of past teachers. Table Of Contents 0:00:00 Introduction 0:00:28 Ancestry 0:05:24 Parents and siblings 0:10:00 Growing up in Oviedo 0:15:38 Plane crash near the Oviedo School 0:20:17 Career in the Navy and in education 0:23:24 How Oviedo has changed over time 0:25:27 Hobbies and marriage Abstract Oral history interview of James Marion Jones. Interview conducted by Elizabeth Tammaro at the <a href="http://oviedohs.com/" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society</a> in Oviedo, Florida, on March 19, 2015. Type Sound Source Jones, James Marion. Interviewed by Elizabeth Tammaro, March 19, 2015. Audio record available. Oviedo History Harvest, <a href="http://oviedohs.com/" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society</a>, Oviedo, Florida. Requires <a href="https://get.adobe.com/reader/" target="_blank">Adobe Acrobat Reader</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/147" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society Collection</a>, History Harvest Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Has Format 18-page digital transcript of original 28-minute and 49-second oral history: Jones, James Marion. Interviewed by Elizabeth Tammaro, March 19, 2015. Audio record available. Oviedo History Harvest, <a href="http://oviedohs.com/" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society</a>, Oviedo, Florida. Coverage Mitchell Hammock, Oviedo, Florida Oviedo High School, Oviedo, Florida Sweetwater Park, Oviedo, Florida Creator Jones, James Marion Tammaro, Elizabeth Publisher <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> Date Created 2015-03-19 Date Modified 2015-12-08 Date Copyrighted 2015-03-19 Format audio/mp3 application/pdf Extent 26.3 MB 185 KB Medium 28-minute and 49-second audio recording 18-page digital transcript Language eng Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally created by James Marion Jones and Elizabeth Tammaro and published by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Rights Holder <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> Accrual Method Item Creation Contributing Project <a href="http://oviedohs.com/" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/audio/Ep41-Oviedo.mp3" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries, Episode 41: Oviedo, with Dr. Richard Adicks</a>." RICHES of Central Florida. http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/audio/Ep41-Oviedo.mp3. Adicks, Richard, and Donna M. Neely. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5890131" target="_blank">Oviedo, Biography of a Town</a>. S.l: s.n.], 1979. Robison, Jim. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/796757419" target="_blank">Around Oviedo</a>. 2012. "<a href="http://www.cityofoviedo.net/node/68" target="_blank">History</a>." City of Oviedo, Florida. http://www.cityofoviedo.net/node/68. Transcript Tammaro Okay. Today, it is March 19th, 2015. I am interviewing James [Marion] Jones as part of the UCF [University of Central Florida] Oviedo History Harvest, and we are recording this interview at the Oviedo Historical Society located at the Lawton House in Oviedo, Florida. So my first question is: what is your full name? Jones My full name is James Marion Jones. That’s Marion—M-A-R-I-O-N. I was born June the 19th, 1945. Tammaro Um, and when did your family come to Oviedo? Jones My—on my paternal side, my, uh, great-great grandfather was… [cell phone rings] Jones Was Batts Nusum Mitchell. He was the first one to move here in about 1870. He was, uh, a dentist, and he also farmed in the area now known as Mitchell Hammock, and—off Mitchell Hammock Road, which that’s named for him. Uh, in fact, he’s buried out in the Drawdy[-Rouse] Cemetery. You know where that is? Rouse-Drawdy[sic] Cemetery on Rouse Road, by UCF. Tammaro Oh, yeah. Jones Uh huh, he’s buried out there. He was the first one of our family to move from[sic] Oviedo—to Oviedo from Georgia, uh, again around 1870. Tammaro Okay, um, did you—your maternal family—did they live here? Or is that… Jones Excuse me? Tammaro Different? Your maternal family? Jones Oh, my maternal family. My maternal family—my, um, mother’s—my, uh, mother’s family was from Macon, Georgia. Tammaro Oh, okay. Jones And as far as I know, back there, on their side, my great-great grandfather fought in the [American] Civil War. His name was C. A. Dewberry. Uh, he fought in A. P. Hill’s division of the Army of Northern Virginia, under—under [Robert E.] Lee. He was, uh, injured in the Battle of Vicksburg<a title="">[1]</a>, was captured at [the Siege of] Petersburg,<a title="">[2]</a> held as a POW [prisoner of war] in Virginia until the end of the war, and, uh, the[?]—he lived until 1922—I believe that it was—then[?] died in Macon, Georgia, and then my—I don’t know how my mother and father met in Macon, but they did, married in Macon, and then he brought her back to Oviedo where the rest of my paternal side was—was living at the time, and, um, my, uh—again, it was my—I keep getting all the greats confused [laughs] —Great-great-great-grandfather was Batts Mitchell. He has a daughter… [cell phone rings] Jones Named Emma Jean Mitchell, who married the first Jones, uh, and her name was, uh, Emma Jean Mitchell Jones. They’re buried right here in the Oviedo Cemetery Tammaro Oh. Jones And—and again, he practiced farming out in what’s now known as the Mitchell Hammock area, and he, uh, practiced dentistry too, and, uh, when he, uh—when he died, we gave his dental kit, which is a rather elaborate dental kit, to the University of Florida and the Florida State Museum Tammaro Oh, wow. Jones In Tallahassee. That’s a picture of his dental kit. They’re all pearl—pearl-handled, uh, instruments, uh, even still had some of the chemicals and that—that he—they used then in 1870s, including arsenic—believe it or not [laughs]. Tammaro [laughs]. Jones And stuff like—you can have that, if you’d like. Tammaro Oh, thank you. Jones And I still have the original picture of it too, if you ever wanted a better copy, but, um, uh, it—it—yeah, they moved here. He traced it—we traced it—we can trace his lineage—Mitchell’s—back to 18—to 1700s, and they moved here from Ireland and Scotland. Uh, in fact, I don’t know if you’d be interested in any of this or not. I just ran, uh, this, uh, thing. I didn’t do all this work. Somebody else did… Tammaro Mmhmm. Jones This work, but that was the, um—the lineage there. Tammaro Oh, wow. Jones Of, um, where we came from. I’m somewhere around generation six or seven, I believe. Uh, it goes back to—it goes back to the old country anyway, beginning like when the first Mitchells moved here from Ireland and Scotland. One of ‘em served in the [American] Revolutionary War, and then his son served in the War of 1812, and then we had some that fought in the, uh, Civil War, for the South<a title="">[3]</a> of course [laughs]. Tammaro Right. Jones The— I [inaudible]—the War—War of Northern Aggression, it was known as in the South, you know? Tammaro Mmhmm. Jones [laughs]. Tammaro Wow. Jones And, uh, just—just for you—your case, that’s the, uh, maternal side where I came from, Tammaro Mmhmm[?]. Jones And, um, the first one of that, [inaudible] I can’t trace her back as far as the old country. I never had really tried though, but that’s where they came—they all came from Macon, and thank God they left Macon too. You ever been to Macon, Georgia? Tammaro I have not. Jones Oh, don’t ever go. Tammaro No? Jones It is hot, dirty, smelly—oh, it’s a terrible place [laughs]. Great place to be from [laughs]. Tammaro Right. Jones But, um, anyway… Tammaro Okay[?], um, so, what did your parents do? Jones My, uh, oh, okay, uh, like I say, uh, Dr. Mitchell—he had a, um—his daughter Emma Jean married the first Jones. He had a general store in Oviedo. He—he would’ve been my great grandfather, and then my grandfather, uh, continued that on, and he had a general store. He also worked for the railroad, and he was postmaster of Oviedo for about 15 years, and then his son—my father—John Batts Jones, Jr., uh, was postmaster of Oviedo post office for 25 years until his death in [19]63. Tammaro Okay[?]. Um, uh, what would you say your father was like—like his personality? Jones Uh, he was very businesslike. Uh, they worked hard back then. Uh, I know that, back then—actually when he was a postmaster—back then, in those days, the post office was open six days a week, including Saturdays, and of course, they had to be there in advance to open up, they had to be there afterwards to shut down, so I’ll bet you he worked a 70-hour week, and my mother was a clerk at the post office as well, and, uh—so they worked long, hard hours. It was—it was—back then in those days, it was—it was a hard life. It was a lot—lot of hours of work. [Inaudible], you know, we don’t appreciate it, uh, now, I don’t think, uh, but they did. They worked very hard. He’s very businesslike, but, uh, they were good. They had, uh, two children: my brother<a title="">[4]</a> and myself. Uh, both of us went to Oviedo High School. I think there were 12 in my brother’s graduating class of Oviedo High School in 1955. There were 30 in my graduating class in 1963, and there were half—there were about five of us, I think, that started in the first grade together and went all the way through—graduated together. Tammaro What did your brother do—go on to do? Jones My brother, uh—you see, the basketball picture up? He was a, uh, superstar in basketball. In fact, he set records at Oviedo High School that are[?]—still exist. He’s in the hall of fame up there, and he got a full basketball scholarship to the University of Florida, uh, and he played up there his freshman year. He was red-shirted his sophomore year, and then in the summer of his sophomore year, he was working for the Alachua County, just to make some spending money, and he—and, uh, he was, uh, working with the road department, and he was sawing a limb off a tree and he had a terrible accident, fell, and nearly died, and—and he—and he was left with a severe handicap after that, which he had to cope with for the rest of his life. So that ended his—any potential sports career that he might have had, because he was—he was excellent in basketball particularly, but[?] he was also a good baseball player. Oviedo didn’t have football back then. We didn’t have enough people in the school to have a football team [laughs]. Tammaro Oh. Jones Uh, oh, where was I? Then, of course, uh—then I grew up in his shadow. He was eight and half years older than me. I certainly grew up in his shadow. Oviedo was a little town back then, and everything circulated around the church and the school. Tammaro [laughs]. Jones And, of course, everybody in town knew everybody, whether you went to the gas station to get gas for your car, or whether you went to the barbershop to get a haircut. It was really—you’ve seen the movie. Do you remember—you remember Mayberry R.F.D.—that TV series? Tammaro Oh, I don’t know. Jones Okay. Tammaro Sorry. Jones You’re too young. Okay, it was just a little one stoplight town, and I grew up in his shadow. “Are you going to be as good as your brother? You gonna be…” Well, Johnny was 6’3”, 185 pounds in high school. I was 5’8, 140 pounds [laughs]. There wasn’t any way I was going to be another Johnny Jones in sports, but he was my hero, nevertheless. I loved him to death, and—and, uh, we had a good, warm, uh, relationship growing up until he, uh—until his injury [inaudible] almost took his life. Tammaro Mmhmm[?]. Jones Buddied around with him. You wouldn’t know we were eight years difference, ‘cause he always took me along with him everywhere—just about everywhere he went. Tammaro Um, okay, so did you have any favorite family stories that you wanted to tell? Jones Oh. Tammaro Or any traditions? Jones Gosh, well, our, uh—like I said, work was always a big part of, uh, my mother and dad’s life, and when it came to, uh, vacation time, we did one of two things: we either went to the mountains in North Carolina or we went to Daytona Beach and spent a week or two—or a week or two up in the mountains. That was—that was their life. That’s what they loved to do. They loved to go to the mountains and they loved to go to the beach. So we would do that. Of course, I was like an only child, uh, because my brother being so much older. So when we would go on these vacations, I was like an only child, by myself. Wasn’t anybody to play with, but I had to make up my own, uh, time. Uh, in the summer, uh—again, all the life in Oviedo, in that time, circulated around either the church or the school during the regular year. When I say “regular year,” I mean like the school year from September to June. Tammaro Mmhmm. Jones Uh, uh, and then in the summers, the only thing there was to do in the summers was to go to the Oviedo swimming pool. Are you familiar with the Oviedo swimming pool… Tammaro Yes. Jones Down in Sweetwater Park? Tammaro Yeah. Jones It was built on WPA.<a title="">[5]</a> Tammaro Oh, really? Jones Uh huh, uh, back in the ‘30s, and it really was a nice pool. It was one of the nicest pools in the area. In fact, people came from as far away as Titusville and others—and other cities to use the Oviedo pool, because it was—it was—it really was a nice pool, uh, for its time. Of course, they ended up closing it in, mm, late ‘60s, because there’s no way—it didn’t meet any mind of health standards. It didn’t have a filtration system. It didn’t have a chlorination system. Tammaro Wow [laughs]. Jone What they would do is, every three or four days, they would empty all the water out of the pool and fill it up with fresh water. Tammaro [laughs]. Jones So the day after they filled it up with fresh water, it was cold [laughs]. Tammaro I bet. Jones And then, by the fourth day, it was really nice and warm [laughs], but, uh—so that was all there really was to do much in, uh—in Oviedo back in—in, uh, the summertime was the pool, and as it[?] got a little bit older, uh, there were some summer baseball leagues for, uh—for little kids. They called them Babe Ruth Leagues, Where you just, uh—just got together and played, uh, Sanford schools or Longwood or something, uh, and then like I say, during the school year, everything circulated around the church and the school. The “school” primarily meaning basketball games, and, uh, the baseball games, of course, were played, uh, during the day, and so that wasn’t as big a community event, because people were working. They didn’t have lights back then. Um, so, eh, the, uh, basketball games were the main thing—that and—and church. Um, Oviedo was quiet. It was, of course—I started—I was born, again, in 1945, right at the end of the war. It was a quiet little town, safe. Nobody locked anything. I don’t know that we even owned any keys to the house. Um, nobody ever stole anything, or anything like that. One kind of funny story, along that line, my mother and my brother had been to church one Sunday night. They came home and she went in. I stayed home with my dad, and she woke my dad up, and she called him J. B. that was his nickname, J.B. “J.B., who’s asleep on the couch?” And he, uh—and—and, we had a couch, [inaudible] “Nobody. It’s just Jimmy and I here.” She says “Somebody’s asleep out there on the couch.” So I went out there and sure enough, some drunk had wondered in off the street, laid down on the couch, and gone to sleep [laughs]. So I guess they just woke him up and send him on his way. I would have been just a real little fella at this time, but I remember that was just hilarious, because nobody locked anything. I don’t know if we owned any keys to the house. Tammaro Oh. Jones [laughs] And everybody else was the same way too. Tammaro Oh, um, what church did your family go to? Jones The Oviedo Baptist Church. Tammaro [inaudible]? Jones Right across the street there. Uh huh, my—in fact, my, um—my great grandfather, J. M. Jones, was the clerk of the, uh, church for many years. I don’t know how many. Uh… Tammaro Okay, um, did you go on to go to college as well? Jones Yeah, I went—after I graduated from high school in ’63, they had a junior college in Orlando called Orlando Junior College at the time. It was a private junior college. I went there for one year, and then I transferred to the University of Florida in Gainesville. It was before UCF. Tammaro Yeah. Jones There were no other—yeah, all the other colleges in the area were a few private schools—private colleges, like Rollins [College], Stetson [College], Florida Southern [College]. So I went to Gainesville, and also I always wanted to go to Gainesville, because that’s where my brother Johnny went too. Tammaro Did you enjoy it? Jones Oh, yes. Best[?]—look—look back at it now, some of the best years of my life. Of course, like every other kid, at the time, you know, “We gotta hurry up and get outta here and get on with life and blah, blah, blah,” and when you get older, you look back and those are some good years, and—wish I took more time to smell the flowers [laughs]. Tammaro Um, so I understand you went to Oviedo [School] when the plane crashed? Jones Uh huh. Sure, did, and, uh, I wrote up a little thing that I sent to— I don’t know if you got this or if I sent it to—Desta’s<a title="">[6]</a> her name? Tammaro Oh, yeah, I think she told me about it. Jones Uh, yeah, I’m, um, you know—do you where the old school was? You seen pictures of the old school up there? Tammaro Yeah, yeah. Jones It was a typical old two-story, brick schoolhouse. Tammaro Mmhmm. Jones And I happened to be on the first floor, on the west side, in my English class. The teacher was Jack Caliber[sp], and I was sitting there and staring out the window, as I often did [laughs] in school—class, and I saw, uh, these planes coming barely above treetop level. There were three of them at first. There were, uh, two what they call [North American A-5] Vigilantes. They were all photo reconnaissance planes out of NAS<a title="">[7]</a> Sanford at the time, and just as they came over treetop, they obviously realized that there was a school dead ahead, and a two-story school, and they were not going to clear it. The playground, which is right across the back of the property here, was full of elementary—the elementary kids were at recess, at that time. Uh, the—the high school kids, like myself—we were all in the big building. Anyway, as soon as they realized that the two Vigilantes just phew, peeled off like that, and that, uh, A3J [Vigilante]—the one you see the picture of there. Tammaro Mmhmm. Jones That—that’s not the plane. That is just, uh, one of the type planes. Tammaro Okay. Jones Uh, as soon as he saw it, he did—what you’re used to seeing planes horizontal. I mean, I served on an aircraft carrier in the Navy, and [laughs] so I’ve seen lots of planes, and you’re used to seeing them, but as soon as he saw the school, he did this, and went completely vertical, and it is still etched in my mind. You—you don’t see planes in that vertical position, and he did that, and then, shoo—bam, and he landed about, oh, probably no more than a couple hundred feet from the school property, but [inaudible] in the orange grove that was owned by the Ward family at the time, and of course, pandemonium was breaking out at the school, even though we—there weren’t many of us. There was only like—oh, like 300 of us in the whole school at the time. That’s grades one through 12, and, um, my business teacher, right across the hallway—Novella [Driggers] Aulin was her name. She said, “Jimmy, Jimmy, won’t you—I need you to go check on Burt [Ward] and Bill Ward. See if they’re okay,” because they—they were some friends of hers that had a mobile home right over there in that area. She said “Here, take my car.” She gave me the keys to her car. Now, I was a junior in high school [laughs]. They’d hang you for this kind of stuff today [laughs]. She handed me the keys to her car, an old Mercury. I remember I had a hell of a time driving it, ‘cause it had some kind of weird transmission. So I go out there and I jump in, and I was the only one that left the school grounds, and I drove around to the site, and by the time I got over there, the Navy had already posted a sentry, but that—but there—I was from here to the door to the crash, but I think—there was nothing—it was nothing much left. When a plane crashes and burns, I mean, it just—it just burns up. There’s a big ball of, uh, fire from the, uh, jet fuel, but that just goes up—whish, and that’s it. The rest of it then is just smoldering, and I didn’t put this in the write-up, ‘cause it was kind of, um, gross, or macabre, but you get the bodies of the three dead were on top of the ground still strapped into their, uh, seats. Uh, so then I went back to the school and I told—told Novella that Burt and Bill’s house was okay. That is didn’t hit ‘em. Of course, one of the other teachers was mad as hell at me for leaving the school grounds [laughs], but that was okay. he couldn’t do anything, because the other teacher not only gave me permission, told me to go, gave me the keys to her car, and, um, I was—I was on the student council at the time, so, uh, a delegation of us went over to Sanford to the memorial service for the three that died, but they definitely—they gave their lives to avoid hitting that school. There’s no ifs, ands or buts about it, because they—they would have hit—there’s no doubt they would have hit it. Tammaro Alright, um, so, uh, you were in the Navy? Jones Yeah, I was—I was—like I say, I went over to Florida, and I graduated from Florida—the University of Florida—in ’67. This was right in the middle of the Vietnam War. Tammaro Ah. Jones And, uh, so I had to choose, uh, what I was going to do, so rather than being drafted and going into the Army, I, uh, signed up and I went to, uh, went to the Naval Officer Candidate School in New Port, Rhode Island, where I got commissioned as [inaudible] in 1967. Ending up staying and getting out in ’69, at the end of the war, and I stayed in the Navy Reserves[sic] for 20—a total of 25 years, and retired in 1991 as a captain. [cell phone rings] Jones Yeah, I graduated—I retired in ’91. Um, when I got off active duty in 1969, I wanted to teach, so I went to work for Seminole County [Public] School system. I taught two years at—well, it was, at that time, South Seminole Junior High School. Then it became, the next year, South Seminole Middle School. Then I transferred to Oviedo Junior-Senior High School, where I taught for one year, then they moved the middle school to Jackson Heights [Middle School]. Uh, it had been a sixth grade center and they added the seventh grade out there. So I went out there, and I became the assistant principle at Jackson Heights, and I was there for 21 years, I believe, or—21 or 22 years at Jackson Heights, and then I transferred to Tuskawilla Middle School. I was their assistant principle for nine years, and then I transferred my last two or three years to Lawton Chiles Middle School, where I retired in—I think it was 2003. Tammaro What did you teach? Jones I taught math. Tammaro Oh. Jones Mmhmm. Tammaro Did you enjoy that[?]? Jones Oh, yeah. I’ve always been math—math buff. My, uh, high school math teacher’s probably shaking his head, but, uh—but I did. I would say one thing you might find that was interesting: I remember when I—when I was at, uh, Oviedo Elementary School, you know, the—the price of one of those half pints of milk were three cents, at that time [laughs]. Tammaro [laughs]. Jones I think a full lunch—and it was a full lunch back then—it wasn’t the kind of lunches they have now—like, it was 30 cents, but the milk was three cents. So it’s a different time, and, uh, so then after, uh—after I, uh, retired, then I—I, uh, always liked the, uh, east coast, and Oviedo was getting so big. This area was getting so big then that I decided to move over the Melbourne. That’s where I’ve been ever since. Tammaro Yeah. So how do you feel about all the changes in Oviedo? Jones Oh, I tell you. It’s, uh—it’s progress, I guess, but there’s sometimes [laughs] I wish they’d just put it back the way it was, but, you know, you can’t go back again. That’s just—it’s gonna get—it’s—in the next 20 years, it’s gonna be even bigger. No doubt about it. It’s—it’s—it is something. It’s something. I remember when I was in high school, where—where UCF is out there, that property was for sale, and it had a plywood si—signs up there with, uh, Carrigan and Boland Realty. All that property was for sale for 300 dollars an acre. Tammaro [laughs]. Jones And the—and the sign stayed there ‘til it rotted down. That’s just how [laughs]—it wasn’t—you can imagine now what it’s worth [laughs]. Tammaro Yeah. Jones [laughs]. Tammaro That’s crazy. Did you hear they’re tear—they’re gonna make this road<a title="">[8]</a> bigger? Jones Yes, they did. I have, um—my cousin, um, Mary Jones, um, owns one of the buildings in the old… Tammaro Oh, really? Jones Down—Mary Jones Bird owns one of the buildings, and, uh, in fact, she was here visiting last week, and she told me she had just closed with the State of the Florida. Are they going to take this house down over here—you know, my old house? Tammaro Um, I don’t think so, I think it’s everything before the Baptist church. Like Townhouse [Restaurant]… Jones All that way? Tammaro Down that way. Jones Um… TammaroYeah. Jones Uh huh, okay. Tammaro So I don’t think so. Jones I just wondered if they were going to take it down. I—I guess it’s open to some—some sort of office buildings… Tammaro Yeah. Jones Or something in there now. Many years ago, I was here for one of their<a title="">[9]</a> Great Day in the Countries, and I, uh, just went over there and walked through, just kind of looked around for old time’s sake, because as a little kid, I remember I thought it was huge, and then I went in and looked and I said, Man, this is little. Tammaro [laughs]. Jones [laughs] But, uh, okay. I was wondering about that. Tammaro Yeah, I think that staying. Um, okay, so do you have any interests or hobbies? Jones Yeah, boating, sailing… Tammaro Boating? Jones Fishing, outdoor activities like that. Tammaro Okay. Jones I, uh, right now, in my retired years, I spend three—three months a year, I spend over in the Bahamas, and then we come back during the—when hurricane season starts, we start getting ready to go back the next year, and we have a lot of family that comes over with us every year, ‘cause they all love it, and stay with us for a week or two, and friends, so that’s what—that’s what I’m—that’s what my life’s doing right now. Tammaro Do you have family that’s still here in Oviedo? Jones Yes, uh, my daughter Dawn [Raquel Jones] Jensen is very active in the [Oviedo] Historical Society. Tammaro Oh, okay. Jones You know her? Tammaro Yes, I think I met her. Jones Yeah, that’s my daughter. Uh, my, um—my other daughter, Kathy [Jones], lives in Miami Beach. I have a daughter, Pam [Jones], that lives over in, uh, East Orlando, and then just two years ago, I—we lost a son, uh, uh, Jimmy. I[?]—he passed away and, uh, lost him, and that’s—that’s the family, and my cousin, Mary—she, uh—she was down—she lives in Asheville, North Carolina now. She was a longtime Oviedo resident too, but I guess that Dawn actually is really the only one who’s still living in the Oviedo area—in Oviedo, as per se. Tammaro Right. Alrighty, um, so were you remarried—your wife? Jones Yeah, uh, I got married, um, out of, uh, college. Had the two children, Pam and Jimmy, and then that marriage didn’t survive. Remarried in 1995, uh, a girl from Goldenrod. We had two children Dawn and Kathy, and that’s it. Tammaro Oh, okay. Um, so is there anything that you want to tell me that I haven’t asked you about? Jones Oh, gosh, I’m trying to think… Tammaro [laughs]. Jones Oh, hi. I’m Jim. Tammaro [laughs]. Horner Desta [Horner]. Jones Oh, you’re Desta. Okay, great. Yeah, uh, we’ve been having a very interesting conversation. I [inaudible]. Let me look here real quick. Dawn, uh, sent me some things, said you might want to mention this, that, or the other. Let me see what it was that, uh, she said to talk about. Uh, uh, um, uh, well, we had, uh—the Oviedo School was really great. We had some really wonderful teachers… Unidentified Yeah. Jones There, and I really do credit the success that I have had in life with the great teachers that, uh—that we had. I know Mrs. Palmer—Betty Palmer Sprat. She’s a member of your historical society. She was my science teacher in high school—wonderful lady, uh, and there were several others like her that, uh, didn’t take any gruff from us, and believe me, we were capable of hand—handing it out [laughs], but they were always a step ahead of us [laughs]. <div> <div> <a title="">[1]</a> Commonly known as the Siege of Vicksburg. </div> <div> <a title="">[2]</a> Officially known as the Richmond–Petersburg Campaign. </div> <div> <a title="">[3]</a> Confederate States of America (CSA), commonly known as the Confederacy. </div> <div> <a title="">[4]</a> John “Johnny” Jones. </div> <div> <a title="">[5]</a> Originally called the Works Progress Administration and renamed the Work Projects Administration. </div> <div> <a title="">[6]</a> Desta Horner, the President of the Oviedo Historical Society. </div> <div> <a title="">[7]</a> Naval Air Station. </div> <div> <a title="">[8]</a> Broadway Street. </div> <div> <a title="">[9]</a> Oviedo Woman’s Club (OWC). </div> </div> A. P. Hill A3J Vigilante airplane crashes airplanes Ambrose Powell Hill, Jr. American Civil War Army of Northern Virginia assistant principals athletes Babe Ruth Leagues Baptists baseball baseball leagues basketball basketball players Batts Mitchell Batts Nusum Mitchell Betty Palmer Sprat Bill Ward Broadway Street Burt Ward C. A. Dewberry Carrigan and Boland Realty churches Confederacy Confederate States of America Confederates CSA Dawn Raquel Jones Jensen dental kits dentists Desta Horner Drawdy-Rouse Cemetery education educators elementary schools Elizabeth Tammaro Emma Jean Mitchell Jones farmers general stores Great Day in the Country high schools J. B. Jones J. M. Jones Jack Caliber Jackson Heights Jackson Heights Middle School James Marion Jones JHMS Jimmy Jones John Batts Jones, Jr. John Jones Johnny Jones junior high schools Kathy Jones Lawton Chiles Middle School Lawton House LCMS Macon, Georgia Mary Jones Bird Mayberry R.F.D. middle schools Mitchell Hammock Mitchell Hammock Road Navy Reserve North American A-5 Vigilante Novella Driggers Aulin OES Officer Candidate School OHS OJC OJSHS Orlando Junior College Oviedo Oviedo Baptist Church Oviedo Cemetery Oviedo Elementary School Oviedo High School Oviedo Historical Society Oviedo History Harvest Oviedo Junior-Senior High School Oviedo School Pam Jones plane crashes planes post offices postal service postmasters Richmond–Petersburg Campaign Robert E. Lee Robert Edward Lee Rouse Road schools SCPS Seminole County Public Schools Siege of Petersburg Siege of Vicksburg South Seminole Junior High School South Seminole Middle School sports SSJHS SSMS students Sweetwater Park swimming pools teachers TMS Tuskawilla Middle School UCF UF University of Central Florida University of Florida vacations Vietnam War War of Northern Aggression Work Projects Administration Works Progress Administration WPA https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/54d840dd0e0dac48d8e961f536ce3613.pdf 5a8a5d9226b427e5e451dc2624cb540d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Clearwater Collection Alternative Title Clearwater Collection Subject Clearwater (Fla.) Description Present-day Clearwater was originally inhabited by the Tocobaga. The U.S. Army began construction of Fort Harrison around 1835 to serve as an during the Second Seminole War. The area, which was then known as Clear Water Harbor, experienced significant growth following the passage of the Federal Armed Occupation Act of 1842, which offered land to settles who would bear arms and cultivate the land. In 1888, the Orange Belt Railway added an extension into Clearwater, adding to the town's growth. In 1891, the Town of Clearwater was incorporated with James E. Crane as its first mayor. In 1897, Henry B. Plant (1819-1899) built his Belleview Hotel, thus allowing Clearwater to become a popular vacation destination. Clearwater was designated as the county seat for Pinellas County when it seceded from Hillsborough County in 1912. In 1915, Clearwater was a reincorporated as a city in 1915. During World War II, the city became a major training area for American troops. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/188" target="_blank">Pinellas County Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Clearwater, Florida Accrual Method Donation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.clearwaterflorida.org/Relocation/history.aspx" target="_blank">History of Clearwater</a>." Clearwater Regional Chamber. http://www.clearwaterflorida.org/Relocation/history.aspx. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Clearwater Beach Causeway Postcard Alternative Title Clearwater Beach Causeway Postcard Subject Clearwater (Fla.) Description A postcard depicting the Clearwater Beach Causeway, now known as the Clearwater Memorial Causeway, in Clearwater, Florida. The road connects Downtown Clearwater with Clearwater Beach, carrying Florida State Road 60 (SR 60). Originally a two-lane road, the bridge was first constructed in the 1920s. That original causeway was later replaced by a new bridge in the 1950s. Construction for the new Clearwater Memorial Causeway began in 2001 and the bridge opened in 2005. Type Still Image Source Original 9 x 14 centimeter color postcard by Burgert Bros. and Tichnor Quality Views: Private Collection of Bob Van Horn. Requires <a href="http://www.adobe.com/products/reader.html" target="_blank">Adobe Acrobat Reader</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/189" target="_blank">Clearwater Collection</a>, Pinellas County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original 9 x 14 centimeter color postcard by Burgert Bros. and Tichnor Quality Views. Coverage Clearwater Beach Causeway, Clearwater, Florida Creator Burgert Bros. Tichnor Quality Views Publisher Hillsboro News Company Contributor Van Horn, Bob Date Created ca. 1938 Format application/pdf Extent 372 KB Medium 9 x 14 centimeter color postcard Language eng Mediator History Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally created by Burgert Bros. and Tichnor Quality Views, and published by Hillsboro News Company. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by Bob Van Horn and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.drawbridgeahead.com/clwmemorialcswy.html" target="_blank">Clearwater Memorial Causeway, Clearwater</a>." DrawBridgeAhead.com. http://www.drawbridgeahead.com/clwmemorialcswy.html. bridges Burgert Bros. causeways Clearwater Clearwater Beach Causeway Clearwater Memorial Causeway roads https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/6c94372240a44e20464101545a37fe77.mp3 a6762f6bbdfcefd326c2acda6bbf17cf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Jazz Collection Alternative Title Jazz Collection Subject Music--United States Jazz--United States Orlando (Fla.) Description Collection of digital images, documents, and other records depicting the history of jazz in Florida. Series descriptions are based on special topics, the majority of which students focused their metadata entries around. The roots of jazz music began in the fields of the American South, as African-American slaves sang “call-and-response” work songs and “spirituals” to help them get through the brutal hours of forced labor. As Europeans immigrated to American cities in the late 19th century, they brought their musical traditions with them, and soon African-American musicians, such as Ernest Hogan and Scott Joplin, combined these styles with polyrhythmic African music, creating ragtime. New Orleans was an especially diverse cultural melting pot and became a place for musical experimentation by the early 1910s. European music merged with blues, folk, marching band music, and ragtime, creating a new genre called “jazz.” By the 1920s, the First Great Migration brought millions of African Americans to the urban Northeast and Midwest. Young, white Americans became enamored with jazz and blues music and the genre was soon being played on radio stations, at dancehalls, and in homes across the country. New York City, Kansas City, and Chicago began to establish their own styles of jazz. Big band swing became the most popular style of American music in the 1930s and 1940s. The most definitive feature of jazz is improvisation. The Great Depression forced many bands to cut down in size, leaving more space for intricate melodies and room for exploration. Bebop, which emerged in New York in the early 1940s, was aimed at a listening audience, rather than a dancing one, and became known as “musician’s music.” Bebop paved the way for Afro-Cuban and Latin jazz in the 1950s, when musicians, such as Dizzy Gillespie and Duke Ellington, incorporated Latin rhythms by playing with Cuban musicians in New York. The popularity of rock music in the 1960s and 1970s led to jazz-rock fusion, which combined improvisation with rock rhythms and amplified instruments. By the 1980s, smooth jazz emerged, creating a commercial form of the genre that drew criticism from many purists, who felt that the musicians were more concerned with making money than creating art with substance. Although Florida might not be as closely associated with jazz as cities like New Orleans, Chicago, and New York City, it has made significant contributions nonetheless. Afro-Cuban jazz developed simultaneously in New York City and Havana in the early 1940s, and Florida’s Cuban immigrants had a profound cultural impact on areas like Miami and Tampa. Since its foundation in 1979, the annual Jacksonville Jazz Festival has become one of the most popular jazz festivals in the country, featuring some of the top names in the genre, such as Dizzy Gillespie, Miles Davis, Count Basie, George Benson, and Herbie Hancock. The Clearwater Jazz Holiday began around the same time and has also evolved into a major international jazz festival. In addition to the legendary Sam Rivers, who moved to Orlando in the early 1990s and continued to perform until his death in 2011, Florida has been the home to a number of prominent jazz musicians, including Cedric Wallace, Ira Sullivan, George Tucker, Nathen Page, Alfred “Pee Wee” Ellis, Jackie Davis, Rich Matteson, Jeff Rupert, and the University of Central Florida’s Jazz Professors. Contributor <a href="http://wucf.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">WUCF-FM</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/140" target="_blank">Central Florida Music History Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Type Collection Coverage Arturo Sandoval Jazz Club, Deauville Beach Resort, Miami Beach, Florida DeLand, Florida Young Musicians Camp, University of Miami, Miami, Florida WUCF-TV, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Cravero, Geoffrey Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference Alkyer, Frank. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/319491298" target="_blank"> DownBeat--the Great Jazz Interviews: A 75th Anniversary Anthology</a>. New York: Hal Leonard, 2009. Gioia, Ted. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36245922" target="_blank">The History of Jazz</a>. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. Ward, Geoffrey C., and Ken Burns. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42404676" target="_blank">Jazz: A History of America's Music</a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000. Sound/Podcast A resource whose content is primarily intended to be rendered as audio. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title "The Second Time Around" by the John Whitney Trio Alternative Title "Second Time Around" by John Whitney Trio Subject Orlando (Fla.) Music--United States Jazz--United States Description An audio recording of "The Second Time Around," composed by Jimmy Van Heusen (1913-1990) and Sammy Cahn (1913-1993), and performed by the John Whitney Trio live on-air on WUCF-FM on January 4, 2000. John Whitney served as director of both orchestral studies and the University of Central Florida Jazz Lab band during his 20 years with the university. Whitney also led the UCF Jazz Lab band in invited performances at Montreux Jazz Festival in Switzerland and North Sea Jazz Festival in Holland. He established himself as a conductor, performer, composer, arranger, and teacher in both classical and jazz arenas, founding and directing the Southern Tier Symphony in Allegany, New York, in 2003, until his death in 2014. "The Second Time Around" was first recorded by Bing Crosby (1903-1977) and Henry Mancini (1924-1994), and featured in the 1960 film, High Time, where it was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song. The song is associated with Frank Sinatra (1915-1998), who recorded several versions. Type Sound Source Original 4-minute and 38-second audio recording: Van Heusen, Jimmy, and Sammy Cahn. "The Second Time Around," by the John Whitney Trio: <a href="http://wucf.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">WUCF-FM</a>, Orlando, Florida, January 4, 2000. Requires Multimedia software, such as <a href="http://www.apple.com/quicktime/download/" target="_blank"> QuickTime</a>. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/141" target="_blank">Jazz Collection</a>, Central Florida Music History Collection, RICHES of Central Florida Coverage WUCF-FM, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida Southern Tier Symphony, Allegany, New York Creator Van Heusen, Jimmy Cahn, Sammy Publisher <a href="http://wucf.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">WUCF-FM</a> Contributor John Whitney Trio Date Created 2000-01-04 Date Issued 2000-01-04 Date Copyrighted 2000-01-04 Format audio/mp3 Extent 4.24 MB Medium 4-minute and 38-second audio recording Mediator History Teacher Humanities Teacher Music Teacher Provenance Originally created by Sammy Cahn and Jimmy Van Heusen, performed by the John Whitney Trio, and published by <a href="http://wucf.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">WUCF-FM</a>. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Curator Cravero, Geoffrey Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://wucf.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">WUCF-FM</a> External Reference "<a href="http://wucf.ucf.edu/about.php" target="_blank">John Whitney - Music Director</a>." Southern Tier Symphony. http://www.southerntiersymphony.org/John_Whitney_Biography.htm (accessed March 17, 2015). Axel Stordahl band leader CAH College of Arts and Humanities conducting conductors Edward Chester Babcock High Time jazz jazz ensembles Jazz Lab Jimmy Van Heusen John Whitney John Whitney Trio musicians National Public Radio NPR orlando Paul Weston Public Broadcasting Service Sammy Cahn The Second Time Around UCF UCF Jazz Lab band University of Central Florida WUCF-FM https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/94063bace06b5d3e3323a282bec9a831.pdf 1a6546473c59675b6bb0c04f9f08b494 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Watermark Collection Alternative Title The Watermark Collection Subject Gay culture--United States Description Since 1994, The Watermark has been the cornerstone source of LGBTQ+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, Queer/Questioning, and others) centered news for the Central Florida region. Founded by Tom Dyer in Orlando, the publication began generating bi-weekly issues beginning August 31, 1994. Since then, The Watermark has consistently published newspaper style issues every other Thursday. Gaining traction, the publication expanded in 1995 to include Tampa and, in 1997, The Watermark became a permanent piece of LGBTQ+ culture when the publication initiated the first large-scale Gay Days Weekend event, the Beach Ball at Disney’s Typhoon Lagoon. Before 1999, the publication printed 20,000 copies every week, distributing them to over 500 locations between its two major cities. Following 1999, the publication launched watermarkonline.com shifting to an online publication style. In 2016, Rick Claggett purchased The Watermark. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/" target="_blank">RICHES Program</a> Type Collection Contributing Project <a href="http://www.floridalgbtqmuseum.org/%20" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/">The Watermark</a> Curator Smith, Robert Cepero, Laura O'Neal, Rhiannon Hearn, Nikki Greene, Quintella Rodriguez, Sharon Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.floridalgbtqmuseum.org/%20" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/" target="_blank">About/Contact</a>." WatermarkOnline.com, accessed July 11, 2016. http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title The Watermark, Vol. 9, No. 21, October 10-23, 2002 Alternative Title Watermark, Vol. 9, No. 21 Subject Gay culture--United States Description The twenty-first issue of the ninth volume of The Watermark was published on October 10, 2002 and continued to provide coverage of politicians running for state government positions, as the mid-term elections would be held in November. In this issue, the Florida Attorney General race between Charlie Crist (R) (b. 1956) and Buddy Dyer (D) (b. 1958) is examined. The issue also highlights fall events occurring within the LGBTQ+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, Queer/Questioning, and others) community, including the Tampa International Gay and Lesbian Film Festival and "Bear Bust." Additionally, this issue covered an LGBTQ+ organization at a Sarasota college, Equality Florida's 2nd Annual Central Florida Reception, Pridefest, and less encouraging incidences of queerphobia. Director of the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender Community Center (aka The Center), Lana Brito, was interviewed, as was an openly gay "Big Brother" of the Big Brother Big Sisters of America chapter in Tampa. A clothing line called Butchwear, pioneered by Alex Brendell, was featured in the Water Colors pullout section. Since 1994, The Watermark has been the cornerstone source of LGBTQ+ centered news for the Central Florida region. Founded by Tom Dyer in Orlando, the publication began generating bi-weekly issues beginning August 31, 1994. Since then, The Watermark has consistently published newspaper-style issues every other Thursday. Gaining traction, the publication expanded in 1995 to include Tampa and, in 1997, The Watermark became a permanent piece of LGBTQ+ culture when the publication initiated the first large-scale Gay Days Weekend event, the Beach Ball at Disney’s Typhoon Lagoon. Before 1999, the publication printed 20,000 copies every week, distributing them to over 500 locations between its two major cities. Following 1999, the publication launched watermarkonline.com shifting to an online publication style. In 2016, Rick Claggett purchased The Watermark. Type Text Source Original 68-page newspaper: <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">The Watermark</a>, Vol. 9, No. 21, October 10-23, 2002: Publications Collection, <a href="http://glbthistorymuseum.com/joomla25/index.php?lang=en" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a>, Orlando, Florida. Requires <a href="http://www.adobe.com/products/reader.html" target="_blank">Adobe Acrobat Reader</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/203" target="_blank">The Watermark Collection</a>, RICHES. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original 68-page newspaper: <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">The Watermark</a>, Vol. 9, No. 21, October 10-23, 2002. Coverage Orlando, Florida Sarasota, Florida Tampa, Florida Manatee Community College, Bradenton, Florida The Lyceuym, St. Petersburg, Florida Full Moon Saloon, Orlando, Florida West Hollywood, California Daytona Beach, Florida Tampa Bay Business Guild, Tampa, Florida Creator Blake, Michael Campbell, Scottie Chisman, Erin J. Craige, Shelley Crescitelli, Jim Donahoo, Logan Dyer, Tom Guarino, David R. Guay, Rena Hartlage, Kirk Jackowitz, Enid Jackowitz, Syd Kundis, Ken Martinac, Paula Masters, Billy Rojas, Arturo Shapiro, Gregg Sullivan, John Smith, Scott Jackson Triggs, Greg Varnell, Paul Viren, Sarah Walen, Rick Westveer, Drew Wiggins, Jayelle Wilde, Diane Publisher <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">Watermark Media</a> Date Created ca. 2002-10-10 Date Issued 2002-10-10 Date Copyrighted 2002-10-10 Format application/pdf Medium 68-page newspaper Language eng Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally published by <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">Watermark Media</a>. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">Watermark Publishing Group</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="http://glbthistorymuseum.com/joomla25/index.php?lang=en" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> Curator O'Neil, Rhiannon Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://glbthistorymuseum.com/joomla25/index.php?lang=en" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/" target="_blank">About/Contact</a>." WatermarkOnline.com, accessed January 28, 2018. http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Adam Mackiewicz Advantage Tampa Tennis AIDS Alan Bounville Alex Brendell Alex Sink Alison Moyet Alyson Adventures Amazon Amy Mandel Andrea Meade Andy Warhol Bart Zarcone Bates Reed BBBSA Bear Bust Bears of Central Florida Big Brothers Big Sisters of America Bill Dean Bill McBride bisexual Bob Graves Butchwear Centaur Entertainment Central Florida Reception Charles "Charlie" Joseph Crist Jr Chris Ford-Hayes Christy Burch Cindy Brown Cristina Beato Dade Human Rights Foundation Daniel Phillip Redding Danielle Redding Danny Williams Dave Simanoff David Cicilline Democrat Department of Health and Human Services DHRF Dianne Wilde Dignity of Sarasota Dirk Shafer Eddie Diaz Equality Florida Full Moon Saloon Gary Paskal gay Gay and Lesbian Victory Fund gay bashing Gay Men's Health Crisis Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual Community Center Gays and Lesbians Advocating Diversity George DuFour Geralyn Graham GLAD GLBCC Glenda Evans Hood Hanns Esteban Travel, Inc. Harry Jacobs hate crimes HHS Hillary Rodham Clinton HIV homophobia homosexuality homosexuals Hopefest HRC human immunodeficiency virus Human Rights Campaign Human Rights Campaign Foundation Human Rights Watch IGLHRC IGLSS Institute for Gay and Lesbian Strategic Studies International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission Isaac Mizrah Janeanne Garofalo Jason Lee Starkey Jeb Bush Jeremy Shockey Jim Davis Jim Martin John Brockman John Dowless John Fuss John Hugh "Buddy" Dyer John Joseph Travolta John Leguizamo John Sullivan Joie Cadle Jose Fernandez Joseph Paolino Jr. Judy Jackson Juliette L. Lewis Karen Doering Karen Ferrell Kathleen DeBold Kevin Metzing Kristen Moudy Kristin Davis Lana Brito Latino/a Lesbian & Gay Organization lesbians LGBT LGBTQ+ LLEGO Lynda Castro Manatee Community College Margaret Muray Mark Haggett Marni Berger Miami Gay and Lesbian Film Festival Michael Blake Michael Morris Michael Slaymaker Michael Stevenson Nadine Smith Natalie Portman National Coming Out Day Nickie Masburn OADO Office of Women's Health OFRW Olivia Newton-John Orlando Anti-Discrimination Ordinance Orlando Front Runners and Walkers Pamela Graham Paramount Home Entertainment Pat Frank Patrick Howell Patty Sheehan Philip Sheldon Pridefest queers questioning Republicans Rich Farrell Ringling School of Art and Design Riyla Wilson Robert Mapplethorpe Robert Rosenberg Robin Hankins Ron O'Connor Ronald Harry Robbins Roy Hill Safe School Summit Sam Wagstaff same-sex Sarasota Film Festival Sasha Alyson Scott Barry Scott Jackson Smith Scott McGillivray Scottie Campbell Selma Blair Sheri McInvale Steve Facella Steve Lorenzo SunTrust Tampa Bay Business Guild Tampa International Gay and Lesbian Film Festival Ted Howard Thang Nguyen The Center The Watermark TIGLFF Tim Mobley Tim Shea trans transgender transphobia Treve Broudy Unity Leadership Tampa Bay Vince Clarke Water Colors Yaz https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/9e65a83655f53caf028ceb439926e6a9.pdf fc81bb8fb13655782de31ee6ac4f021a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Watermark Collection Alternative Title The Watermark Collection Subject Gay culture--United States Description Since 1994, The Watermark has been the cornerstone source of LGBTQ+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, Queer/Questioning, and others) centered news for the Central Florida region. Founded by Tom Dyer in Orlando, the publication began generating bi-weekly issues beginning August 31, 1994. Since then, The Watermark has consistently published newspaper style issues every other Thursday. Gaining traction, the publication expanded in 1995 to include Tampa and, in 1997, The Watermark became a permanent piece of LGBTQ+ culture when the publication initiated the first large-scale Gay Days Weekend event, the Beach Ball at Disney’s Typhoon Lagoon. Before 1999, the publication printed 20,000 copies every week, distributing them to over 500 locations between its two major cities. Following 1999, the publication launched watermarkonline.com shifting to an online publication style. In 2016, Rick Claggett purchased The Watermark. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/" target="_blank">RICHES Program</a> Type Collection Contributing Project <a href="http://www.floridalgbtqmuseum.org/%20" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/">The Watermark</a> Curator Smith, Robert Cepero, Laura O'Neal, Rhiannon Hearn, Nikki Greene, Quintella Rodriguez, Sharon Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.floridalgbtqmuseum.org/%20" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/" target="_blank">About/Contact</a>." WatermarkOnline.com, accessed July 11, 2016. http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title The Watermark, Vol. 9, No. 20, September 26-October 9, 2002 Alternative Title Watermark, Vol. 9, No. 20 Subject Gay culture--United States Description The twentieth issue of the ninth volume of The Watermark was published on September 26, 2002 and continued coverage of Florida politicians running for state and federal legislative seats. This issue highlights the platforms of U.S. House District 13 candidates Katherine Harris (R) (b. 1957) and Jan Schneider (D) (b. 1947). It also features a look into the Hope &amp Help Center's annual Headdress Ball benefiting the HIV/AIDS organization, the success of the Out &amp Equal Workplace Summit, and a full schedule of the 13th annual Tampa International Gay and Lesbian Film Festival. The issue discusses how various states and countries were voting to protect their LGBTQ+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, Queer/Questioning, and others) communities. This included California's domestic partners' inheritance law, South Africa's gay adoption policy, and the continuation of Miami, Florida's Human Rights Ordinance. Other articles include a spotlight on actor, Heath Ledger, and the aspirations of the Tampa International Gay and Lesbian Film Festival's director, Margaret Murray. Since 1994, The Watermark has been the cornerstone source of LGBTQ+ centered news for the Central Florida region. Founded by Tom Dyer in Orlando, the publication began generating bi-weekly issues beginning August 31, 1994. Since then, The Watermark has consistently published newspaper-style issues every other Thursday. Gaining traction, the publication expanded in 1995 to include Tampa and, in 1997, The Watermark became a permanent piece of LGBTQ+ culture when the publication initiated the first large-scale Gay Days Weekend event, the Beach Ball at Disney’s Typhoon Lagoon. Before 1999, the publication printed 20,000 copies every week, distributing them to over 500 locations between its two major cities. Following 1999, the publication launched watermarkonline.com shifting to an online publication style. In 2016, Rick Claggett purchased The Watermark. Type Text Source Original 68-page newspaper: <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">The Watermark</a>, Vol. 9, No. 20, September 26-October 9, 2002: Publications Collection, <a href="http://glbthistorymuseum.com/joomla25/index.php?lang=en" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a>, Orlando, Florida. Requires <a href="http://www.adobe.com/products/reader.html" target="_blank">Adobe Acrobat Reader</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/203" target="_blank">The Watermark Collection</a>, RICHES. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original 68-page newspaper: <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">The Watermark</a>, Vol. 9, No. 20, September 26-October 9, 2002. Coverage Orlando, Florida Tampa, Florida Sarasota, Florida Miami, Florida New Orleans, Louisiana Sacramento, California Johannesburg, South Africa Tampa Theatre, Tampa, Florida Disney's Coronado Springs Resort, Orlando, Florida Gulfport, Florida Creator Blake, Michael Campbell, Scottie Chisman, Erin J. Craige, Shelley Crescitelli, Jim Donahoo, Logan Dyer, Tom Guarino, David R. Guay, Rena Hartlage, Kirk Jackowitz, Enid Jackowitz, Syd Kundis, Ken Martinac, Paula Masters, Billy Rojas, Arturo Smith, Scott Jackson Sullivan, John Triggs, Greg Varnell, Paul Viren, Sarah Walen, Rick Westveer, Drew Wiggins, Jayelle Wilde, Diane Publisher <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">Watermark Media</a> Date Created ca. 2002-09-26 Date Issued 2002-09-26 Date Copyrighted 2002-09-26 Format application/pdf Medium 68-page newspaper Language eng Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally published by <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">Watermark Media</a>. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">Watermark Publishing Group</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="http://glbthistorymuseum.com/joomla25/index.php?lang=en" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> Curator O'Neil, Rhiannon Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://glbthistorymuseum.com/joomla25/index.php?lang=en" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/" target="_blank">About/Contact</a>." WatermarkOnline.com, accessed January 26, 2018. http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/. A Different Grind ACLU Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome AIDS Alan Newby Alex Penelas Allen Mann American Civil Liberties Union Andria Auerbach Anne-Marie De Vos Barnett "Barney" Frank Bill Balkwill bisexual Bob Damron Bruce Ground Carroll Hunter Catherine Crouch Chad Ullery Cheryl Yuzik Chris Catanzaro Chris Day Christian Coalition Cristina Saralegui D2 Productions Damron, Inc. Daniel Whittaker Danny O'Donnell David Catania David Cicilline David Leavitt Debbie Gupta Debbie Roginski Democrats Dennis DelVecchio Dirk Shafer Donald J. Michaels Douglas White drag drag queens Ed Flanagan Ed Whitehead Eladio Jose Armesto Elizabeth Sherida Equality Florida Evan Adams Fran Powers Frances Nevolo Fred Keeley Gail Shister gay Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual Community Center Georg Ketelhohn Geri Delrich GLBCC Glenda Evans Hood Glenna Burch Good Vibrations Gray Davis Gruner + Jahr USA Gus Ignas Harold Young Headdress Ball Heath Andrew Ledger HIV homosexuality homosexuals Hope & Help Center Howard Brush Dean III human immunodeficiency virus Human Relations Board Jack Jackson Jr. Jacqueline Jones James Byron Dean James H. Lamont Jr. Jan Schneider Jarrett Barrios Jay Handelman Jeff Collman Jeff Kunerth Jim Craham Jim Davis Jim Harper Jim Jablonski Jim Moeller Jo Marie Payton Joani Blank Joe Cook John Merritt John Quinones Kami Karen L. Brown Katherine Harris Kathryn Wexler Keith Bradkowski Kelly Brewington Latino/a Lesbiana & Gay Organization Law Enforcement Gay and Lesbians legal Leon Weinstein lesbians LGBT LGBTQ+ Lisa Coons-Andersen Liz Malia LLEGO Lorri Jean Maggie McIntosh Margaret Murray Marilyn Freeman Mark Bingham Marsha Blum Martin Ornelas-Quintero Miami-Dade County Human Rights Ordinance Michael J. Abbott Michael Kelly Nathaniel Wilcox National Gay and Lesbian Task Force National Lesbian and Gay Journalists Association NGLTF NLGJA Orbitz orlando Out & Equal Out & Equal Workplace Summit Patricia Ireland Patti Branard Patty Sheehan Paul Russell Nelly Paula Martinac Peter Moraga Peter Oiler Pier Angeli queers questioning Republicans Rich Madaleno Rick Musiol Robert J. Hall Robin J. Cauthron Rogers Brackett Roseann "Rosie" O'Donnell S. Marie Thee Salisse Barry Sam Singhouse same-sex Samir A. Husni Samuel Woodham Sarasota Sarasota AIDS Theatre Project Scott Dibble Scott Jackson Smith Sesame Street Shekhar Kapur Shelley Craig Sheri McInvale Southwest Florida Business Guild Stan Madray Steve Guttenberg Steve Kroft Steve May Suzanne Du Toit Take Back Miami-Dade Tampa Tampa International Gay and Lesbian Film Festival Ted Howard The Watermark Thom von Hapsburg TIGLFF Tim Carpenter Tom Dyer Tom Lyons trans transgender Triangle Democratic Caucus Wally Straughn Washington Blade Wendy Chioji Xavier Cortada https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/3f402c00c5645962cb103b29a7dd5cd3.pdf 56fa7dbd6d2b6ea4b86141843758add0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Watermark Collection Alternative Title The Watermark Collection Subject Gay culture--United States Description Since 1994, The Watermark has been the cornerstone source of LGBTQ+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, Queer/Questioning, and others) centered news for the Central Florida region. Founded by Tom Dyer in Orlando, the publication began generating bi-weekly issues beginning August 31, 1994. Since then, The Watermark has consistently published newspaper style issues every other Thursday. Gaining traction, the publication expanded in 1995 to include Tampa and, in 1997, The Watermark became a permanent piece of LGBTQ+ culture when the publication initiated the first large-scale Gay Days Weekend event, the Beach Ball at Disney’s Typhoon Lagoon. Before 1999, the publication printed 20,000 copies every week, distributing them to over 500 locations between its two major cities. Following 1999, the publication launched watermarkonline.com shifting to an online publication style. In 2016, Rick Claggett purchased The Watermark. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/" target="_blank">RICHES Program</a> Type Collection Contributing Project <a href="http://www.floridalgbtqmuseum.org/%20" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/">The Watermark</a> Curator Smith, Robert Cepero, Laura O'Neal, Rhiannon Hearn, Nikki Greene, Quintella Rodriguez, Sharon Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.floridalgbtqmuseum.org/%20" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/" target="_blank">About/Contact</a>." WatermarkOnline.com, accessed July 11, 2016. http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title The Watermark, Vol. 10, No. 15, July 17-30, 2003 Alternative Title Watermark, Vol. 10, No. 15 Subject Gay culture--United States Description The fifteenth issue of the tenth volume of The Watermark was published on July 17, 2003. The lead story raises questions about the death of a former Orlandoan hairdresser, Robert Murray (1965-2003), in Louisiana. Murray had been popular in the Orlando LGBTQ+ community. Other topics covered include plans for Pride celebrations that October, a Florida civil rights law that neglected to include sexual orientation on its non-discrimination list, and a second Canadian province to legalize gay marriage. The issue also covers a wrongful death lawsuit filed against the city of Tampa for the death of a lesbian police officer, and outrage within the Southern Baptist Convention for the appointment of a lesbian minister in Tennessee. The Water Colors section covers a spotlight on a new television show, Queer Eye for the Straight Guy, which was a makeover show on Bravo network. Since 1994, The Watermark has been the cornerstone source of LGBTQ+ centered news for the Central Florida region. Founded by Tom Dyer in Orlando, the publication began generating bi-weekly issues beginning August 31, 1994. Since then, The Watermark has consistently published newspaper-style issues every other Thursday. Gaining traction, the publication expanded in 1995 to include Tampa and, in 1997, The Watermark became a permanent piece of LGBTQ+ culture when the publication initiated the first large-scale Gay Days Weekend event, the Beach Ball at Disney’s Typhoon Lagoon. Before 1999, the publication printed 20,000 copies every week, distributing them to over 500 locations between its two major cities. Following 1999, the publication launched watermarkonline.com shifting to an online publication style. In 2016, Rick Claggett purchased The Watermark. Type Text Source Original 56-page newspaper: <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">The Watermark</a>, Vol. 10, No. 15, July 17-30, 2003: Publications Collection, <a href="http://glbthistorymuseum.com/joomla25/index.php?lang=en" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a>, Orlando, Florida. Requires <a href="http://www.adobe.com/products/reader.html" target="_blank">Adobe Acrobat Reader</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/203" target="_blank">The Watermark Collection</a>, RICHES. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original 56-page newspaper: <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">The Watermark</a>, Vol. 10, No. 15, July 17-30, 2003. Coverage Orlando, Florida Tampa, Florida Sarasota, Florida Baton Rouge, Louisiana Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Glendale Baptist Church, Nashville, Tennessee Montverde, Florida Lubbock, Texas Creator Baber, Keith Blake, Michael Campbell, Scottie Chisman, Erin J. Crescitelli, Jim DeJesus, Edwin Doering, Karen M. Donahoo, Logan Dyer, Tom Elber, Lynn Garcia, Glenda Hartlage, Kirk Highleyman, Liz Jackowitz, Enid Jackowitz, Syd Kundis, Ken Masters, Billy Murray-Parker, Karen Roehr, Bob Smith, Scott J. Sullivan, John Varnell, Paul Walen, Rick Westveer, Drew Wiethop, Dave Wiggins, Jayelle Wilde, Diane Publisher <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">Watermark Media</a> Date Created ca. 2003-07-17 Date Issued 2003-07-17 Date Copyrighted 2003-07-17 Format application/pdf Medium 56-page newspaper Language eng Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally published by <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">Watermark Media</a>. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">Watermark Publishing Group</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="http://glbthistorymuseum.com/joomla25/index.php?lang=en" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> Curator O'Neil, Rhiannon Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://glbthistorymuseum.com/joomla25/index.php?lang=en" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/" target="_blank">About/Contact</a>." WatermarkOnline.com, accessed January 28, 2018. http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/. Aaron Buerge Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Adam Musser AIDS Alex Villalobos Alison Bechdel ALSO Out Youth Anne Hering Anthony Porcino Antonin Gregory Scalia April Baker Arlen Specter Barney Schlockum Becky Baeling Becky Fisher Bennie Holder bi erasure Bi Forum Bill Pryor biphobia bisexual BiWays Black Caucus Boston Bisexual Women's Network Boston Marriage Bravo Brett Chambers Brian Chase British Columbia Bruce Vilanch Bud Bromwell Carson Kressley Center on Race and Race Relations Charles "Charlie" Joseph Crist Jr. Chris Chagnon Chris Jorie Cindy Miller Dan Henrikson Daniel Czitrom Danny Valdez Darby Ballard Daughters of Bilitis Dave Wiethop David Collins David Mamet David Metzler David Seth Kotkin "Copperfield" Derek Rogusky Dilhia Ledha Hamblin discrimination Don Bentz Dykes to Watch Out For Ed Jennings Emtriva Equality Project Esera Tuaolo Exxon Mobil Corp Focus on the Family gay Gay Days Gay Days Tampa Bay George Walker Bush Glendale Baptist Church Guerilla Queer Bar Headdress Ball Helen Gillmor Hilary Shelton HIV homophobia homosexuality homosexuals Hope & Help Center of Central Florida human immunodeficiency virus Interfaith Coalition on Marriage Jack Gilhooley Jai Rodriguez Janice Josephine Carney Jason Lowe Jean Ahlers Jean Chretian Jeff Gaspin Jeff Kottkamp Jeffrey Jones Jim Walsh John Whitaker Kevin Gore Kreis White Kyan Douglass Lambda Legal Lani Ka'ahumanu Laura Schlessinger Leander Paes lesbians LGBTQ+ Liberty Counsel Liz Nania Lois Marrero Louise Knox Lubbock High School Lucy Friedland Maggi Rubenstein Maggie King Margo Rila Martha Wash Martina Navratilova Mary Ann Godawa Matthew Walker Michael Cunio Michael Savage Michael Wanzie Moamar Gadhafi National Bisexual Liberation Group National Sex Forum Nestor DeJesus Orlando Theatre Project Parliament House Patty Sheehan Paul Horan Paul Reubens Rubenfeld Paula Gutierrez Perdita Harris Phyllis Lyon Pride Foundation Pride Tampa Bay Foundation Queer Eye for the Straight Guy queers questioning Renee Bray Richard "Rick" John Santorum Richard Hirsch Richard Land Rick McKay Ricky Waite Robert Dean Salon Robert Martin Robert Murray Roland Belmares Sam Smith same-sex San Francisco Bisexual Center Scout Productions Sexual Freedom League Sharon Rush Shelley Craig Skip Watson sodomy Southern Baptist Convention Stephen Donaldson Steven Stanton Stewart Clifton Tampa Bay Pride Fest Ted Allen tennis The Hulk The Watermark Thom Filicia Tom Graff Tom Williams Traditional Values Coalition trans transgender transphobia Trillium Asset Management Wal-Mart Walden Asset Management Wanda Myles Water Colors Women's Energy Bank Zan McColloch-Lussier https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/e23571c6982787a3af060a1a9aa455a4.pdf 0e90bd85a39a5fe34646163564782a15 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Watermark Collection Alternative Title The Watermark Collection Subject Gay culture--United States Description Since 1994, The Watermark has been the cornerstone source of LGBTQ+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, Queer/Questioning, and others) centered news for the Central Florida region. Founded by Tom Dyer in Orlando, the publication began generating bi-weekly issues beginning August 31, 1994. Since then, The Watermark has consistently published newspaper style issues every other Thursday. Gaining traction, the publication expanded in 1995 to include Tampa and, in 1997, The Watermark became a permanent piece of LGBTQ+ culture when the publication initiated the first large-scale Gay Days Weekend event, the Beach Ball at Disney’s Typhoon Lagoon. Before 1999, the publication printed 20,000 copies every week, distributing them to over 500 locations between its two major cities. Following 1999, the publication launched watermarkonline.com shifting to an online publication style. In 2016, Rick Claggett purchased The Watermark. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/" target="_blank">RICHES Program</a> Type Collection Contributing Project <a href="http://www.floridalgbtqmuseum.org/%20" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/">The Watermark</a> Curator Smith, Robert Cepero, Laura O'Neal, Rhiannon Hearn, Nikki Greene, Quintella Rodriguez, Sharon Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.floridalgbtqmuseum.org/%20" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/" target="_blank">About/Contact</a>." WatermarkOnline.com, accessed July 11, 2016. http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title The Watermark, Vol. 12, No. 7, April 7-20, 2005 Alternative Title Watermark, Vol. 12, No. 7 Subject Gay culture--United States Description The seventh issue of the twelfth volume of The Watermark was published on April 7, 2005, and was the Spring Home Décor issue. The Décor pull out section highlights Central Florida homes and their interior designers' unique styles. Also included in that section is an interview with Style Network's Brini Maxwell (Ben Sanders, b. 1969). This issue also covers the death of the Student Safety Bill in Florida's legislature, as well as a recently passed Ohio bill that would inadvertently harm straight couples in cases of domestic violence. Further coverage includes an examination of the late Pope John Paul II's relationship with the LGBTQ+ community, a queer alumni group started at the University of South Florida, and Israeli leaders' resistance to Jerusalem hosting WorldPride. Since 1994, The Watermark has been the cornerstone source of LGBTQ+ centered news for the Central Florida region. Founded by Tom Dyer in Orlando, the publication began generating bi-weekly issues beginning August 31, 1994. Since then, The Watermark has consistently published newspaper-style issues every other Thursday. Gaining traction, the publication expanded in 1995 to include Tampa and, in 1997, The Watermark became a permanent piece of LGBTQ+ culture when the publication initiated the first large-scale Gay Days Weekend event, the Beach Ball at Disney’s Typhoon Lagoon. Before 1999, the publication printed 20,000 copies every week, distributing them to over 500 locations between its two major cities. Following 1999, the publication launched watermarkonline.com shifting to an online publication style. In 2016, Rick Claggett purchased The Watermark. Type Text Source Original 76-page newspaper: <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">The Watermark</a>, Vol. 12, No. 7, April 7-20, 2005: Publications Collection, <a href="http://glbthistorymuseum.com/joomla25/index.php?lang=en" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a>, Orlando, Florida. Requires <a href="http://www.adobe.com/products/reader.html" target="_blank">Adobe Acrobat Reader</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/203" target="_blank">The Watermark Collection</a>, RICHES. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original 76-page newspaper: <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">The Watermark</a>, Vol. 12, No. 7, April 7-20, 2005. Coverage Orlando, Florida Tampa, Florida St. Petersburg, Florida Tallahassee, Florida Cleveland, Ohio Augusta, Maine Jerusalem, Israel Vatican City, Rome, Italy Sarasota, Florida Miami, Florida Creator Baber, Keith Blanchard, Steven Crescitelli, Jim DeJesus, Edwin Dyer, Tom Hartlage, Kirk Jenkins, Georgia Kundis, Ken Leiner, Victor Masters, Billy Middour, Bryan L. Murray-Parker, Karen S. Nolan, Margaret Roehr, Bob Shapiro, Gregg Triggs, Greg Walen, Rick Wiethop, Dave Wiggins, Jayelle Wilde, Diane Publisher <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">Watermark Media</a> Date Created ca. 2005-04-07 Date Issued 2005-04-07 Date Copyrighted 2005-04-07 Format application/pdf Medium 76-page newspaper Language eng Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally published by <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">Watermark Media</a>. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">Watermark Publishing Group</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="http://glbthistorymuseum.com/joomla25/index.php?lang=en" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> Curator O'Neil, Rhiannon Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://glbthistorymuseum.com/joomla25/index.php?lang=en" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/" target="_blank">About/Contact</a>." WatermarkOnline.com, accessed January 28, 2018. http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/. A Dirty Shame A League of Our Own Abdel-Salem Mensara Advantage Tampa Bay AIDS Alan Douglas Ruck ALSO Out Youth Aqua Girl Arielle Maffer Arlene Donnelly Nelson ATB Ausley Babes in Bonnets Barry Hobbins Bear Bust Bears of Central Florida Ben Sanders Bernadette Peters Bill Frederick Bill Young Billy Manes bisexual BOCF Bonnie Raitt bowling Brian Botoroff Brini Maxwell Buddy Dyer bullying Carl M. Kuttler Carmella Marcella Garcia Catholicism Cathy James Cathy Sands Cdc Centers For Disease Control Chantel Reshae Chase-Brexton Clinic Chloe Town Christine Baranski Christopher Ashton Kutcher cinema Citrus Classic Tennis Tournament Clint Lyons Cornelius Plantefaber Cris Williamson crystal meth Curtis Richardson Daisy Lynum Dan Bray Daniel Merrithew Darcel Stevens Darrin Carrington David Acosta David Caton David Dunham David Haltiwanger David Magee David Nelson David Raymond Sedaris David Weaver discrimination domestic violence DontAmend Tampa Bay drag queens drugs Ed Briggs Ed Fasulla Ed Jennings Edward Lopes Elizabeth Hostetler Equality Florida Equality Ohio Erasum Williams Ericka Dunlap F.U.R. Faces Club and Lounge film Florida Film Festival Florida Queer Art Collective Florida Ursine Retreat Frank Farkas Frederick Burk GALA gay gay adoption Gay and Lesbian Alumni Gay and Lesbian World Travel Expo Gay Days gay marriage Gay Naturists International Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual Community Center Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual Student Union GLBCC GLBT Parents of Tampa Bay Gordon Mansergh Greg Tappan Gulf Coast Gay Men's Chorus Gulfport Womyn's Festival Gus Barriero Hagai El-Ad HIV Holly Near homophobia homosexuality homosexuals Interfaith Gay Clergy interior design International Gay and Lesbian Travel Association James "Jim" Conrad Verraros Janette Kim Jasmine Skiies Jason Gage Jay Dagenhart Jean Malecki Jerry Cramer Jerusalem Open House Jim Stump Jimi Sue Joe Pickens Joe Saunders John Baldacci John Samuel Waters Jr. Joseph Lawrence Joy Bochner Judy Genshaft Julia Scarlett Elizabeth Louis-Dreyfus June Millington Karen Doering Karen Gonzalez Karol Józef Wojtyła Kathy Young Ken Gottlieb Ken Mulvaney Kevin Earl Federline Kim English Kim Shaw King of Peace MCC: Joy MCC Kirsten Johnson Kuttler Kitchens Lambda Legal lesbians Leslie Dawley LGBT LGBTQ+ Lisa Gray Loranne Lynne Bowman Maine Human Rights Act Malcolm Guishard Mallory Wells Mariah Carey Mariruth Kennedy Mark Hafen Martina Navratilova Mary Cheney Meg Christian methamphetamine Michael Morris Michel Sabbah Mike Bennett Mike Hancharik Miss Illusions National Pageant Morgan Fairchild Nadine Smith Nathanial Wilcox National Center for Lesbian Rights National Coalition for LGBT Health National Gay and Lesbian Task Force NGLTF Nick Sovey Olivia Records Oral Brandy Orange Blossom Tennis Association Orlando Mayhem Park Avenue Doggie Art Festival Parliament House Pat O'Brien Patty Sheehan pets Phil McCabe Pope John Paul II: Francis DeBernardo public nudity Q Television queers questioning Rainbow Promise MCC Ralph Arza Rebecca Myers Roel Hinjosa Roger Brown Roman Catholic Church Rusty Faucet Sabine Haddad Sabrina Maxwell Sal Capozzi Sam Ings same-sex Samir Hanna Sarasota Pridefest Scott Cowger Scott Crews Scottish Episcopal Church Sharon Brady Shawn Millard Shlomo Amar Spencer Tunick St. Kitts and Nevis Steve Ross Student Safety and Campus Violence Prevention Act Sundance Channel Susan Unger T.J. Jones Tampa Bay Terminators Tampa International Gay and Lesbian Film Festival tennis The Beacon The Brini Maxwell Show The Graduate The Watermark theatre Theresa "Terri" Marie Schiavo Thomas Mahaffey Jr. TIGLFF TIGLFF Summer Series Tommy Mottola trans transgender Tret Fure Troy Perry U.S. Episcopal Church UCF United Fellowship of Metropolitan Community Churches University of Central Florida University of South Florida Alumni Association Uri Lupolianski USF V. Gene Robinson Vatican Vernessa Mitchell Victoria "Tori" Davey Spelling Vonn New Wanda Woolworth Water Colors women's football WorldPride Yaron Lahav Yoav Leff Yona Metzger Yossi Bar-Lev https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/f198463dc8efb192115a34fff367e128.pdf 84cee2690c3b6d3cc5030c1603fa4dd1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Watermark Collection Alternative Title The Watermark Collection Subject Gay culture--United States Description Since 1994, The Watermark has been the cornerstone source of LGBTQ+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, Queer/Questioning, and others) centered news for the Central Florida region. Founded by Tom Dyer in Orlando, the publication began generating bi-weekly issues beginning August 31, 1994. Since then, The Watermark has consistently published newspaper style issues every other Thursday. Gaining traction, the publication expanded in 1995 to include Tampa and, in 1997, The Watermark became a permanent piece of LGBTQ+ culture when the publication initiated the first large-scale Gay Days Weekend event, the Beach Ball at Disney’s Typhoon Lagoon. Before 1999, the publication printed 20,000 copies every week, distributing them to over 500 locations between its two major cities. Following 1999, the publication launched watermarkonline.com shifting to an online publication style. In 2016, Rick Claggett purchased The Watermark. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/" target="_blank">RICHES Program</a> Type Collection Contributing Project <a href="http://www.floridalgbtqmuseum.org/%20" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/">The Watermark</a> Curator Smith, Robert Cepero, Laura O'Neal, Rhiannon Hearn, Nikki Greene, Quintella Rodriguez, Sharon Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.floridalgbtqmuseum.org/%20" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/" target="_blank">About/Contact</a>." WatermarkOnline.com, accessed July 11, 2016. http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title The Watermark, Vol. 9, No. 19, September 12-25, 2002 Alternative Title Watermark, Vol. 9, No. 19 Subject Gay culture--United States Description The nineteenth issue of the ninth volume of The Watermark was published on September 12, 2002, primarily highlighting the effect Florida politicians might have on the Central Florida LGBTQ+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, Queer/Questioning, and others) community if elected. Among these politicians was Patrick Howell (b. 1970), who, if elected, would have been the first openly gay Republican to sit in the Florida State House of Representatives. Other politicians include Tom Feeney (R) (b. 1958), Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives in 2002, and Harry Jacobs (D) (b. 1958), a newcomer to the political scene but ardently supportive of equal rights and higher wages for teachers. The two would be up for the U.S. House District 24 election that year. In addition to state and federal politics, the issue continues coverage of the debate surrounding the addition of protection from discrimination of sexual orientation in the workplace to Orlando's city legislation. Other topics covered include interviews with comedians touring Florida, a spotlight on an LGBTQ+ youth group, and an interview in the Water Colors pullout section with DC Comics writer Judd Winick, who discusses hate crimes and gay bashing in a recent issue of the Green Lantern. Since 1994, The Watermark has been the cornerstone source of LGBTQ+ centered news for the Central Florida region. Founded by Tom Dyer in Orlando, the publication began generating bi-weekly issues beginning August 31, 1994. Since then, The Watermark has consistently published newspaper-style issues every other Thursday. Gaining traction, the publication expanded in 1995 to include Tampa and, in 1997, The Watermark became a permanent piece of LGBTQ+ culture when the publication initiated the first large-scale Gay Days Weekend event, the Beach Ball at Disney’s Typhoon Lagoon. Before 1999, the publication printed 20,000 copies every week, distributing them to over 500 locations between its two major cities. Following 1999, the publication launched watermarkonline.com shifting to an online publication style. In 2016, Rick Claggett purchased The Watermark. Type Text Source Original 60-page newspaper: <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">The Watermark</a>, Vol. 9, No. 19, September 12-25, 2002: Publications Collection, <a href="http://glbthistorymuseum.com/joomla25/index.php?lang=en" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a>, Orlando, Florida. Requires <a href="http://www.adobe.com/products/reader.html" target="_blank">Adobe Acrobat Reader</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/203" target="_blank">The Watermark Collection</a>, RICHES. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original 60-page newspaper, <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">The Watermark</a>, Vol. 9, No. 19, September 12-25, 2002. Coverage Orlando, Florida Tampa, Florida Sarasota, Florida Good Samaritan Church, Pinellas Park, Florida Bradenton, Florida Miami, Florida Altamonte Springs, Florida Atlanta, Georgia New Orleans, Louisiana Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Creator Blake, Michael Campbell, Scottie Chisman, Erin J. Craige, Shelley Crescitelli, Jim Donahoo, Logan Dyer, Tom Guarino, David R. Guay, Rena Hartlage, Kirk Jackowitz, Enid Jackowitz, Syd Kundis, Ken Martinac, Paula Masters, Billy Rojas, Arturo Sullivan, John Triggs, Greg Varnell, Paul Viren, Sarah Walen, Rick Westveer, Drew Wiggins, Jayelle Wilde, Diane Publisher <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">Watermark Media</a> Date Created ca. 2002-09-12 Date Issued 2002-09-12 Date Copyrighted 2002-09-12 Format application/pdf Medium 60-page newspaper Language eng Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally published by <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">Watermark Media</a>. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">Watermark Publishing Group</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="http://glbthistorymuseum.com/joomla25/index.php?lang=en" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> Curator O'Neil, Rhiannon Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://glbthistorymuseum.com/joomla25/index.php?lang=en" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/" target="_blank">About/Contact</a>." WatermarkOnline.com, accessed January 28, 2018. http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome AIDS Al Tompkins Alan Darcy Alex King Ali Kirk Andre Perron Andy Eddy Anita Jane Bryant Annette Jones Barbara J. Hall Bart Zarcone Bates Reed Betty Wynum Bill Barnes bisexual Black Gay Pride Celebration Bob Schreck Boston University Academy Brad Wages breast cancer Brigit Books Canada to U.S. AIDS Vaccine Ride Carol J. Bartsch Central Florida Softball League CFSL Chris Vasquez comics Crescendo Cyndi Butz D.J. Holt Dame Edna Everage Daniel Gross Daniel Luporte Dave Dasilva David Dillon Dawn Avalle DC Comics Deb Winsor Debbie Roginski Democratic Party Democrats Derek King Don Bissonette Doug Head Eileen Mary Challans Faye Dunaway FFA Florida Family Association Fred Davis gay Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation gay bashing Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual Community Center George Box GLAAD GLBCC Glenda "Glenn" Veronica Close Glenda Evans Hood Green Lantern HAART Harry Jacobs hate crimes Helen Roman Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy HIV Holy Homophobia homosexuality homosexuals Howard Brush Dean III human immunodeficiency virus Human Relations Board James Tracy Jeff Rousch Jim Avalle Jim Merritt Jim Rafferty Jim Reese Jimmie Scott Joe Callion John D. Rawls John Phillip Mullinax John Russo John Silber John Street Joseph Sayer Judd Winick Judy Gold Julie Mullard Kate Clark Kathy Richter Kelly McBride Kevin Beary Kim Shephard Lani Brito Larry McKinney Lazar Kleit Leather Sir and Leather Boy Lesbian Breast Cancer Outreach Project lesbians Lew Oliver LGBT LGBTQ+ Liberty Belles Lissa Curtis-Weakley Live Journal Logan Brown Louisiana Electorate of Gays and Lesbians Inc. Marion Vaughan Mark Ferrara Marty Premo Marvel Comics Mary Renault Mike Rogers Mike Zuhl Montreal to Maine AIDS Vaccine Bike Trek Nancy Wilson National Women's Football League Nelson A. Diaz OADO orlando Orlando Anti-Discrimination Ordinance Out & Equal Out & Equal Workplace Summit Pallotta TeamWorks Pat Williams Patricia Ireland Patrick Howell Patty Sheehan Pedro Zamora Peter Spriggs Phil Diamond Poynter Institute Project YES queers questioning Race for the Cure Randy Miller Republican Party Republicans Richard Fasenmeyer Richard Waugh Ricky Chavis Robert A. "Bob" Butterworth Rod Thomson Ron Marz Rufus McGarrigle Wainwright same-sex Sarah & Carly Band Sarasota Sarasota AIDS Theatre Project Sarasota Herald Tribune Selisse Berry Shelly Zachritz Sheri McInvale St. Luke's United Methodist Church Stan Madray Steven Allen Steven Goldstein Sugarlid superheroes Susan G. Komen Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation Tampa Tampa Bay Arts, Inc. Tampa Bay Men's Gay Chorus Tampa Bay Women's Chorus Taylor Hoffman Teri Bonfield Terry King The Men of Crescendo The Rub The Watermark Tiffany Palmer, Esq. Tom Feeney trans transgender True Expressions Tyrese Howard Vicki Vargo Water Colors https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/4af6bd7f2b48df2f6c1858da8bbc19af.pdf 7d9bff1e812a8076f192676bc3e99bb5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Watermark Collection Alternative Title The Watermark Collection Subject Gay culture--United States Description Since 1994, The Watermark has been the cornerstone source of LGBTQ+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, Queer/Questioning, and others) centered news for the Central Florida region. Founded by Tom Dyer in Orlando, the publication began generating bi-weekly issues beginning August 31, 1994. Since then, The Watermark has consistently published newspaper style issues every other Thursday. Gaining traction, the publication expanded in 1995 to include Tampa and, in 1997, The Watermark became a permanent piece of LGBTQ+ culture when the publication initiated the first large-scale Gay Days Weekend event, the Beach Ball at Disney’s Typhoon Lagoon. Before 1999, the publication printed 20,000 copies every week, distributing them to over 500 locations between its two major cities. Following 1999, the publication launched watermarkonline.com shifting to an online publication style. In 2016, Rick Claggett purchased The Watermark. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/" target="_blank">RICHES Program</a> Type Collection Contributing Project <a href="http://www.floridalgbtqmuseum.org/%20" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/">The Watermark</a> Curator Smith, Robert Cepero, Laura O'Neal, Rhiannon Hearn, Nikki Greene, Quintella Rodriguez, Sharon Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.floridalgbtqmuseum.org/%20" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/" target="_blank">About/Contact</a>." WatermarkOnline.com, accessed July 11, 2016. http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title The Watermark, Vol. 12, No. 6, March 24-April 6, 2005 Alternative Title Watermark, Vol. 12, No. 6 Subject Gay culture--United States Description The sixth issue of the twelfth volume of The Watermark was published on March 24, 2005, and featured a cover story and interview of comedienne Roseanne Barr (b. 1952). Other interviews include Jeanne White-Ginder, mother of AIDS victim Ryan White (1971-1990), and circuit DJ Joe Gauthreux. The issue also covers the temporary closure of local Orlando bar, Southern Nights, the merger of two Tampa Bay queer organizations, and a California superior court ruling that found gay marriage prohibition to be unconstitutional. An opinion piece highlights the dangers of limiting students' First Amendment rights in schools after a high school senior wore a tuxedo in her senior portraits and was not allowed to have her picture in the yearbook. This issue closed with the paper's annual Travel and Boating Guide pull-out. Since 1994, The Watermark has been the cornerstone source of LGBTQ+ centered news for the Central Florida region. Founded by Tom Dyer in Orlando, the publication began generating bi-weekly issues beginning August 31, 1994. Since then, The Watermark has consistently published newspaper-style issues every other Thursday. Gaining traction, the publication expanded in 1995 to include Tampa and, in 1997, The Watermark became a permanent piece of LGBTQ+ culture when the publication initiated the first large-scale Gay Days Weekend event, the Beach Ball at Disney’s Typhoon Lagoon. Before 1999, the publication printed 20,000 copies every week, distributing them to over 500 locations between its two major cities. Following 1999, the publication launched watermarkonline.com shifting to an online publication style. In 2016, Rick Claggett purchased The Watermark. Type Text Source Original 64-page newspaper: <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">The Watermark</a>, Vol. 12, No. 6, March 24-April 6, 2005: Publications Collection, <a href="http://glbthistorymuseum.com/joomla25/index.php?lang=en" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a>, Orlando, Florida. Requires <a href="http://www.adobe.com/products/reader.html" target="_blank">Adobe Acrobat Reader</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/203" target="_blank">The Watermark Collection</a>, RICHES. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original 64-page newspaper: <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">TheWatermark</a>, Vol. 12, No. 6, March 24-April 6, 2005. Coverage Orlando, Florida Tampa, Florida Sarasota, Florida Leesburg, Florida Kokomo, Indiana St. Petersburg, Florida Sacramento, California Fleming Island High School, Green Cove Springs, Florida Southern Nights, Orlando, Florida Sunshine Cathedral, Metropolitan Community Church, Fort Lauderdale, Florida Creator Baber, Keith Blanchard, Steven Crescitelli, Jim DeJesus, Edwin Dyer, Tom Hartlage, Kirk Jenkins, Georgia Karl, John Kundis, Ken Leff, Lisa Masters, Billy Middour, Bryan L. Murray-Parker, Karen S. Nolan, Margaret Roehr, Bob Triggs, Greg Walen, Rick Wiethop, Dave Wiggins, Jayelle Wilde, Diane Publisher <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">Watermark Media</a> Date Created ca. 2005-03-24 Date Issued 2005-03-24 Date Copyrighted 2005-03-24 Format application/pdf Medium 64-page newspaper Language eng Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally published by <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">Watermark Media</a>. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">Watermark Publishing Group</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="http://glbthistorymuseum.com/joomla25/index.php?lang=en" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> Curator O'Neil, Rhiannon Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://glbthistorymuseum.com/joomla25/index.php?lang=en" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/" target="_blank">About/Contact</a>." WatermarkOnline.com, accessed January 28, 2018. http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome AIDS ALSO Out Youth Alyson Calgna Amazing Race American Foundation for AIDS Research AmFAR Atlantis Events Bears of Central Florida Benicio Monserrate Rafael del Toro Sánchez Billy Manes bisexual Boat and Scuba West Club boating Brian Bottorff Broadway Bruce Weber cabaret Cactus Club CARE Act Carmella Marcella Garcia Carol Batsch Carole Benowitz Cecilia Burke Center of Tampa Bay Cheryl Jacques Chicago Chip Amdt Christ the Cornerstone Church Church of the Trinity MCC Cindi Davis cinema Club Heat Club Swank Coalition for Fair Adoption Craig Linden Cris Williamson cruise Dan Fiorini date rape David Audet David Franzine David Owens David Phillips Dean Hamer Denise Hueso Diane Berube Disney/MGM Studios DJ Blue Early Money is Like Yeast East Bay Film Festival Edward Moore "Ted" Kennedy EMILY's List Erick Alvarez Ernest Page Family Pride Coalition film first amendment rights Fleming Island High School Florida Queer Art Collective Frank Grillo Fred Phelps Sr. gay Gay Days Travel Gay, Lesbian, and Straight Education Network GLBT Yacht Club GLSEN Gregg Kaminsky Herbe Murray HIV HIV prevention homophobia homosexuality homosexuals HRC human immunodeficiency virus Human Rights Campaign Ian McGowan Jason Galehouse Jason Stuart Jean Malecki Jeanne White-Ginder Jeffrey Sanker Jim Harper Jim Tushinski Joan Collins Joe Gauthreux Joe Solmonese John Hugh "Buddy" Dyer John McCusker John Rosselle John Stephen Goodman Johnny Chisholm Jonathan Caouette Joy MCC JWB Kathleen "Kathy" Mary Griffin Kelli Davis Kelli O'Donnell Ken Sherrill Kim English King of Peace MCC Kirstie Louise Alley Laurie Elizabeth Metcalfe Leesa Halstead lesbians Lester Wolff LGBTQ+ Lois Gaston Lorraine Langlois Luis Grajales Margaret Moran Cho Mark Baker Mark Jones Marsha Stevens Martin Padgett Martina Navratilova MCC Tampa Metropolitan Charities Metropolitan Community Churches Michael Bauer Michael Wachholtz Michael Wanzie musical Nancy Bostock National Center for Lesbian Rights Olivia One Mighty Party Orange County Rainbow Democratic Club Orlando Gay Chorus Page King Pamina Gorbach Parents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays Parliament House Patty Sheehan Peter Berlin PFLAG Pinellas County Juvenile Welfare Board Prince Andrea Progressive Ventures Pulse queers questioning Rainbow Promise MCC Reichen Lehmkuhl Richard A. Kramer Ron Schittler Roseann "Rosie" O'Donnell Roseanne Cherrie Barr Rosie O'Donnell's R Family Vacations RSVP Ryan Wayne White Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency Act Sam Ward same-sex same-sex marriage Sarasota Pridefest Scott Herbst scuba scuba diving sexual assault Sharon Gless Southern Nights St. Pete Pride Art Festival Steve Lorenzo Steve Ross Steven Alicea Steven Reigns Suncoast Resort SunServe Terry Bern The Watermark Todd Parent Tracy Young Tramp Productions trans transgender travel Trinity Rivard Vanessa Mitchell Vic Basile Victoria Jorgensen Wanda Alston Water Colors William M. Parrot Jr. women's football Woo-Martin v. State of California Ybor Festival of the Moving Image https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/aecedbf6de3ded623a84e60b000292eb.pdf b2d7409e95ada402e8676804c3ff7d31 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Watermark Collection Alternative Title The Watermark Collection Subject Gay culture--United States Description Since 1994, The Watermark has been the cornerstone source of LGBTQ+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, Queer/Questioning, and others) centered news for the Central Florida region. Founded by Tom Dyer in Orlando, the publication began generating bi-weekly issues beginning August 31, 1994. Since then, The Watermark has consistently published newspaper style issues every other Thursday. Gaining traction, the publication expanded in 1995 to include Tampa and, in 1997, The Watermark became a permanent piece of LGBTQ+ culture when the publication initiated the first large-scale Gay Days Weekend event, the Beach Ball at Disney’s Typhoon Lagoon. Before 1999, the publication printed 20,000 copies every week, distributing them to over 500 locations between its two major cities. Following 1999, the publication launched watermarkonline.com shifting to an online publication style. In 2016, Rick Claggett purchased The Watermark. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/" target="_blank">RICHES Program</a> Type Collection Contributing Project <a href="http://www.floridalgbtqmuseum.org/%20" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/">The Watermark</a> Curator Smith, Robert Cepero, Laura O'Neal, Rhiannon Hearn, Nikki Greene, Quintella Rodriguez, Sharon Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.floridalgbtqmuseum.org/%20" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/" target="_blank">About/Contact</a>." WatermarkOnline.com, accessed July 11, 2016. http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title The Watermark, Vol. 10, No. 14, July 3-16, 2003 Alternative Title Watermark, Vol. 10, No. 14 Subject Gay culture--United States Description The fourteenth issue of the tenth volume of The Watermark was published on July 3, 2003, and provided coverage on the biggest summer event of the LGBTQ+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, Queer/Questioning, and others) community: Pride. From the Central Florida Pride Parade to the first ever St. Pete Pride, thousands of LGBTQ+ people came out to celebrate their culture, heritage, and community in the last week of June. This issue covers the United States Supreme Court ruling on Lawrence v. Texas, which banned Texas's sodomy laws and solidified the private rights of citizens. It also includes features on the gay-owned, gay-centric Suncoast Resort, and Canada's decision to legalize gay marriages. Since 1994, The Watermark has been the cornerstone source of LGBTQ+ centered news for the Central Florida region. Founded by Tom Dyer in Orlando, the publication began generating bi-weekly issues beginning August 31, 1994. Since then, The Watermark has consistently published newspaper-style issues every other Thursday. Gaining traction, the publication expanded in 1995 to include Tampa and, in 1997, The Watermark became a permanent piece of LGBTQ+ culture when the publication initiated the first large-scale Gay Days Weekend event, the Beach Ball at Disney’s Typhoon Lagoon. Before 1999, the publication printed 20,000 copies every week, distributing them to over 500 locations between its two major cities. Following 1999, the publication launched watermarkonline.com shifting to an online publication style. In 2016, Rick Claggett purchased The Watermark. Type Text Source Original 56-page newspaper: <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">The Watermark</a>, Vol. 10, No. 14, July 3-16, 2003: Publications Collection, <a href="http://glbthistorymuseum.com/joomla25/index.php?lang=en" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a>, Orlando, Florida. Requires <a href="http://www.adobe.com/products/reader.html" target="_blank">Adobe Acrobat Reader</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/203" target="_blank">The Watermark Collection</a>, RICHES. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original 56-page newspaper: <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">The Watermark</a>, Vol. 10, No. 14, July 3-16, 2003. Coverage Orlando, Florida St. Petersburg, Florida Tampa, Florida Supreme Court, Washington, D.C. Toronto, Ontario, Canada Suncoast Resort, St. Petersburg, Florida Bradenton, Florida Fort Lauderdale, Florida Wilton Manors, Florida Toronto, Ontario, Canada Creator Baber, Keith Blake, Michael Campbell, Scottie Chisman, Erin J. Crescitelli, Jim DeJesus, Edwin Donahoo, Logan Dyer, Tom Ferber, Lawrence Garcia, Glenda Hartlage, Kirk Jackowitz, Enid Jackowitz, Syd Kundis, Ken Masters, Billy Murray-Parker, Karen Roehr, Bob Sullivan, John Triggs, Greg Varnell, Paul Walen, Rick Westveer, Drew Wiethop, Dave Wiggins, Jayelle Wilde, Diane Publisher <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">Watermark Media</a> Date Created ca. 2003-07-06 Date Issued 2003-07-06 Date Copyrighted 2003-07-06 Format application/pdf Medium 56-page newspaper Language eng Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally published by <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">Watermark Media</a>. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">Watermark Publishing Group</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="http://glbthistorymuseum.com/joomla25/index.php?lang=en" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> Curator O'Neil, Rhiannon Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://glbthistorymuseum.com/joomla25/index.php?lang=en" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/" target="_blank">About/Contact</a>." WatermarkOnline.com, accessed January 28, 2018. http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/. ACLU Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome AIDS ALSO for Gay Youth American Civil Liberties Union An Evening in Asia: Your Passport to Adventure Angels in America: Millennium Approaches Anna Brennen Annie Morrison Anthony McLeod Kennedy Antonin Gregory Scalia Apple Love Barbara Gittings Barbara Harvey Barry Siebold Bette Midler Bill Crippen Bill Hatfield Bill Lockhart bisexual Black Hills Gay and Lesbian Pride Festival Bob Kendrick Bob McCleese Brady Mitchell Brian Longstreth Bruce Vilanch bullying Carl Kuttler Central Florida Pride Parade Charles Herman-Wurmfeld Charlie Walters Chris Lovett Chris Panarello Christian Coalition Chuck Heath Claudia Cole Clay LaVerne Shaw Club Zoo Concerned Lutherans Craig Stevens Daisy Lynum Dan Nolan Darlene Duncan David Baltimore David Lee David Slaughter Debbie Fritts Dixon Osborn Don Bentz Doug Zepka Edouard de Max Ellen Lee DeGeneres Ellen Levett Equality Florida Ethel Rosenberg Faith Hill FLAA Florida AIDS Action Florida Marlins Florida Theatrical Association Florida's Department of Health Foreverfilms International Frances Milstead Frank Bielec Frank Oz GALIXY Gary Luter gay Gay and Lesbian Idea Exchange for Youth Gay Pride Day Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual Community Center Gene Copello Geoffrey Kennedy George Pataki Georgie's Alibi Gerre Reynolds Ginger Walsh-O'Donnell Glenn Biffignani Glenn Close Grand Central Station Greg Burton Greg Stemmi Gregg M. Hall Hedwig and the Angry Inch Herbert Tschappat Hewitt Associates HIV homophobia homosexuality homosexuals Howard Simon human immunodeficiency virus Human Rights Campaign Jack Graham Jacqui Smith James Esseks Janet Napolitano Jay McLaughlin Jean Chrestien Jean Cocteau Jean Marais Jim Luscombe Jim Stork Joan Armatrading John Giles John Lawrence John Van Middlesworth Julius Rosenberg Justin Guarini Karmic Kings Kevin Hoffman Kris Doubles Laura Jeanne Reese Witherspoon Lawrence v. Texas Legally Blonde 2: Red, White and Blonde Les Wright lesbians Lester Wolff LGBTQ+ Liberty Counsel Log Cabin Republicans Logan Donahoo Mark Foley Mark Lauyans Matthew Broderick Matthew D. Staver Metropolitan Community Churches Michael Brennen Michael Hodge Michael Leshner Michael O'Quinn Michael Sortal Michael Stark Minnic Carey Nadine Smith National Minority AIDS Council Nicole Mary Kidman One Laurel Place Operation Rescue Operation Save America Orlando Gay Chorus Orlando Youth Alliance OYA Parents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays Parliament House Patty Sheehan Paul Hanson Paul Katawa Paul Rudnick Philip Benham Pink Triangle Park Powers v. Hardwick Pride Pride Tampa Bay Pride Tampa Bay Foundation, Inc. queers questioning Rainbow Democrats Ray Phelps Raymond Radiguet Rene Bray Rex Maniscalco Reyataz Rich Searls Richard Waugh Rick Walen Rob Elkins Robert Danielson Robert Garrabrandt Roger Bart Roy Cohn Russ Fisher Sal Anthony Sam Singhaus same-sex Sandra Murman Scott Casey Scott Young Sean Flynn Service members Legal Defense Network Sharon Scott Shelley Craig sodomy laws Southern Baptist Convention St. Pete Pride Promenade and Streetfest Stephen Reigns Steve Brooks Steve Skop Steve White Stevie Coryea Stonewall Street Festival and Parade Stratton Pollitzer Studz Suncoast Resort Suncoast Softball League Tampa Bay Gay Men's Chorus Ted Galatis Teresa Tedesco The Watermark Tim Blunk Tom Kiple Tom Liberti Tom Varrenti Tom Walker Tony Kushner trans transgender Tuesday Night Friends Tyron Garner Water Colors Wilton Manors https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/b2a1e7417a2b0c9b1dc2e4895f73b354.pdf 6b9222a89e3733e3ed68800d48d36faa Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Watermark Collection Alternative Title The Watermark Collection Subject Gay culture--United States Description Since 1994, The Watermark has been the cornerstone source of LGBTQ+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, Queer/Questioning, and others) centered news for the Central Florida region. Founded by Tom Dyer in Orlando, the publication began generating bi-weekly issues beginning August 31, 1994. Since then, The Watermark has consistently published newspaper style issues every other Thursday. Gaining traction, the publication expanded in 1995 to include Tampa and, in 1997, The Watermark became a permanent piece of LGBTQ+ culture when the publication initiated the first large-scale Gay Days Weekend event, the Beach Ball at Disney’s Typhoon Lagoon. Before 1999, the publication printed 20,000 copies every week, distributing them to over 500 locations between its two major cities. Following 1999, the publication launched watermarkonline.com shifting to an online publication style. In 2016, Rick Claggett purchased The Watermark. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/" target="_blank">RICHES Program</a> Type Collection Contributing Project <a href="http://www.floridalgbtqmuseum.org/%20" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/">The Watermark</a> Curator Smith, Robert Cepero, Laura O'Neal, Rhiannon Hearn, Nikki Greene, Quintella Rodriguez, Sharon Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.floridalgbtqmuseum.org/%20" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/" target="_blank">About/Contact</a>." WatermarkOnline.com, accessed July 11, 2016. http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title The Watermark, Vol. 11, No. 19, September 23-October 6, 2004 Alternative Title Watermark, Vol. 11, No. 19 Subject Gay culture--United States Description The nineteenth issue of the eleventh volume of The Watermark was published on September 23, 2004, and celebrated the paper's tenth anniversary as well as the fifteenth anniversary of the Tampa International Gay and Lesbian Film Festival. Although the front page claims the issue is the nineteenth, it is actually the twentieth. Following back-to-back hurricanes, Charley and Frances, the issue evaluates the impact of the storms on local Central Florida businesses, such as the Parliament House, newly-opened Savoy, and the Suncoast Resort. It also covers the efforts of Canadian provincial governments to legalize same-sex marriages, the closing of Orlando's pride shop, and the decision to allow gay foster parents to keep custody of their two girls. The Water Colors section details the progress of The Watermark since its inception in 1994, while a pull out section provides a daily schedule of the upcoming Tampa International Gay and Lesbian Film Festival. Since 1994, The Watermark has been the cornerstone source of LGBTQ+ centered news for the Central Florida region. Founded by Tom Dyer in Orlando, the publication began generating bi-weekly issues beginning August 31, 1994. Since then, The Watermark has consistently published newspaper-style issues every other Thursday. Gaining traction, the publication expanded in 1995 to include Tampa and, in 1997, The Watermark became a permanent piece of LGBTQ+ culture when the publication initiated the first large-scale Gay Days Weekend event, the Beach Ball at Disney’s Typhoon Lagoon. Before 1999, the publication printed 20,000 copies every week, distributing them to over 500 locations between its two major cities. Following 1999, the publication launched watermarkonline.com shifting to an online publication style. In 2016, Rick Claggett purchased The Watermark. Type Text Source Original 64-page newspaper: <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">The Watermark</a>, Vol. 11, No. 19, September 23-October 6, 2004: Publications Collection, <a href="http://glbthistorymuseum.com/joomla25/index.php?lang=en" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a>, Orlando, Florida. Requires <a href="http://www.adobe.com/products/reader.html" target="_blank">Adobe Acrobat Reader</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/203" target="_blank">The Watermark Collection</a>, RICHES. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original 64-page newspaper: <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">The Watermark</a>, Vol. 11, No. 19, September 23-October 6, 2004. Coverage Orlando, Florida Tampa, Florida Sarasota, Florida Toronto, Ontario, Canada Tampa Theatre, Tampa, Florida Rainbow City, Orlando, Florida Savoy, Orlando, Florida Winter Park, Florida Key West, Florida Fort Lauderdale, Florida Baton Rouge, Louisiana Creator Baber, Keith Blanchard, Steven Cassidy, Joanna Crescitelli, Jim DeJesus, Edwin Dyer, Tom Hartlage, Kirk Jackowitz, Enid Jackowitz, Syd Jenkins, Georgia Karl, John Kundis, Ken Masters, Billy Middour, Bryan L. Murray-Parker, Karen S. Nolan, Margaret Roehr, Bob Sattler, Jessica Triggs, Greg Walen, Rick Wiethop, Dave Wiggins, Jayelle Wilde, Diane Publisher <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">Watermark Media</a> Date Created ca. 2004-09-23 Date Issued 2004-09-23 Date Copyrighted 2004-09-23 Format application/pdf Medium 64-page newspaper Language eng Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally published by <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">Watermark Media</a>. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">Watermark Publishing Group</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="http://glbthistorymuseum.com/joomla25/index.php?lang=en" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> Curator O'Neil, Rhiannon Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://glbthistorymuseum.com/joomla25/index.php?lang=en" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/" target="_blank">About/Contact</a>." WatermarkOnline.com, accessed January 28, 2018. http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome adult film Advocacy, Leadership, Support, Outreach AIDS AIDS dementia ALSO Out Youth Amanda Bearse Amelie Mauresmo Amy Gifford Amy Nestor Andrew Michael Sullivan Andrew Tobias Angelo Cedeno Anne Magro Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger Bill O'Leary Billie Jean King bisexual Blake Harper Bob Graves Candace Gingrich Central Florida Softball League Charles Nelson Reilly Cheryl Jacques Chris Alexander-Manley cinema Colton Ford Curtis Watson Dame Edna Humphries Dame Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor Dane DiSano David Hansen Dawn Wicklow DCF Dean Howell Debbie Simmons Deborah Cerminaro Eldridge Debra Hussong Dennis Christopher domestic partners Eartha Kitt Enoch Lonnie Family Continuity Programs film Florida Department of Children and Families Florida Theatrical Association Forum for Equality foster children foster home Frances Sims Full Moon Saloon gay Gay and lesbian Professional Athletes Association Gene Copello George Butler Glenda Evans Hood Greg Ruffer Harvey Fierstein Headdress Ball Heather Finstuen HIV homosexuality homosexuals HRC Hugh Jackman human immunodeficiency virus Human Rights Campaign hurricane Hurricane Charley Hurricane Frances Irene Sullivan James E. McGreevey Jan Gentry Janis Ian Jim Welch Joe Mundy John Edgell John Rawls Joy MCC Karen Doering Kate Clinton Kelly Ray Jones Kenneth P. Wilk Keven Renken King of Peace MCC LaDonna "Donna Summer" Adrian Gaines Lambda Legal lesbians LGBTQ+ Linda Chapin MAC AIDS Fund MAC Cosmetics Marcia Fry Margaret Cho Margaret Nolan Margeson Theatre Marilyn Merida Mariruth Kennedy Mark Cwiek Mark Klingaman Martha McCarthy McKinley Johnson Michael Hughes Michael Wanzie Mike Cox National Center for Lesbian Rights natural disaster Orlando Gay Chorus Orvon Grover "Gene" Autry Parliament House Patricia Petruff Patrick Howell Patrick Jeffrey Patty Sheehan Paul Crouch Paul Wegman Paula Poundstone Peter Hinwood Peter Thornley Pulse queers questioning Rainbow City Randall Lambright Robert S. Klein Ron Legler Ruth Mesbur Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resource Emergency Act same-sex marriage Savoy Scotty Buchanan Sheila E. Southern Nights Stephen Brooks Suncoast Resort Suncoast Softball League TAI Tammy Faye Messner Tampa International Gay and Lesbian Film Festival TBN The AIDS Institute The Watermark TIGLFF Timothy Hooper-Ellet Todd Fatta Toni Tennelle trans transgender Trina Gregory Trinity Broadcasting Network Tuesday Night Friends Tyler Hoffman Uvashi Vaid Vivienne Gremp Water Colors West Florida Growlers Window Media WomenFest https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/3f398b949346bbcb23d04645e26deb40.pdf d49e2870d7baf4d5ea90d1bdc73fd8fe Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Watermark Collection Alternative Title The Watermark Collection Subject Gay culture--United States Description Since 1994, The Watermark has been the cornerstone source of LGBTQ+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, Queer/Questioning, and others) centered news for the Central Florida region. Founded by Tom Dyer in Orlando, the publication began generating bi-weekly issues beginning August 31, 1994. Since then, The Watermark has consistently published newspaper style issues every other Thursday. Gaining traction, the publication expanded in 1995 to include Tampa and, in 1997, The Watermark became a permanent piece of LGBTQ+ culture when the publication initiated the first large-scale Gay Days Weekend event, the Beach Ball at Disney’s Typhoon Lagoon. Before 1999, the publication printed 20,000 copies every week, distributing them to over 500 locations between its two major cities. Following 1999, the publication launched watermarkonline.com shifting to an online publication style. In 2016, Rick Claggett purchased The Watermark. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/" target="_blank">RICHES Program</a> Type Collection Contributing Project <a href="http://www.floridalgbtqmuseum.org/%20" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/">The Watermark</a> Curator Smith, Robert Cepero, Laura O'Neal, Rhiannon Hearn, Nikki Greene, Quintella Rodriguez, Sharon Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.floridalgbtqmuseum.org/%20" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/" target="_blank">About/Contact</a>." WatermarkOnline.com, accessed July 11, 2016. http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title The Watermark, Vol. 12, No. 9, May 5-18, 2005 Alternative Title Watermark, Vol. 12, No. 9 Subject Gay culture--United States Description The ninth issue of the twelfth volume of The Watermark was published on May 5, 2005, and was the paper's Business and Finance issue. This section of the paper analyzes the incomes and spending patterns of LGBTQ+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, Queer/Questioning, and others) readers, spotlighting several Central Florida businesses, and providing information on bankruptcy laws. The issue also covers the openly lesbian, newly appointed head of the Universal Fellowship of Metropolitan Community Churches (UFMCC), same-sex legislative rulings in various states such as Texas, and Microsoft's reversal of support for a law that would have protected LGBTQ+ individuals. Other topics include an ongoing investigation of a man charged with the kidnapping, assault, and murders of numerous gay men, as well as the prohibition of students from wearing pro-gay apparel in a number of schools. Since 1994, The Watermark has been the cornerstone source of LGBTQ+ centered news for the Central Florida region. Founded by Tom Dyer in Orlando, the publication began generating bi-weekly issues beginning August 31, 1994. Since then, The Watermark has consistently published newspaper-style issues every other Thursday. Gaining traction, the publication expanded in 1995 to include Tampa and, in 1997, The Watermark became a permanent piece of LGBTQ+ culture when the publication initiated the first large-scale Gay Days Weekend event, the Beach Ball at Disney’s Typhoon Lagoon. Before 1999, the publication printed 20,000 copies every week, distributing them to over 500 locations between its two major cities. Following 1999, the publication launched watermarkonline.com shifting to an online publication style. In 2016, Rick Claggett purchased The Watermark. Type Text Source Original 80-page newspaper: <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">The Watermark</a>, Vol. 12, No. 9, May 5-18, 2005: Publications Collection, <a href="http://glbthistorymuseum.com/joomla25/index.php?lang=en" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a>, Orlando, Florida. Requires <a href="http://www.adobe.com/products/reader.html" target="_blank">Adobe Acrobat Reader</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/203" target="_blank">The Watermark Collection</a>, RICHES. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original 80-page newspaper: <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">The Watermark</a>, Vol. 12, No. 9, May 5-18, 2005. Coverage Orlando, Florida Tampa, Florida Sarasota, Florida Austin, Texas Seattle, Washington Southern Nights, Orlando, Florida Cleveland, Ohio Creator Baber, Keith Blanchard, Steven Crescitelli, Jim DeJesus, Edwin Dyer, Tom Ferber, Lawrence Hartlage, Kirk Jenkin, Georgia Kundis, Ken Masters, Billy Middour, Bryan L. Murray-Parker, Karen S. Nolan, Margaret Roehr, Bob Shapiro, Gregg Sheridan, Michael T. Triggs, Greg Walen, Rick Wiethop, Dave Wiggins, Jayelle Wilde, Diane Publisher <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">Watermark Media</a> Date Created ca. 2005-05-05 Date Issued 2005-05-05 Date Copyrighted 2005-05-05 Format application/pdf Medium 80-page newspaper Language eng Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally published by <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">Watermark Media</a>. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by <a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/" target="_blank">Watermark Publishing Group</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="http://glbthistorymuseum.com/joomla25/index.php?lang=en" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> Curator O'Neil, Rhiannon Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://glbthistorymuseum.com/joomla25/index.php?lang=en" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/" target="_blank">About/Contact</a>." WatermarkOnline.com, accessed January 28, 2018. http://www.watermarkonline.com/aboutcontact/. Abraham Lincoln Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ADAP AIDS AIDS Candlelight Memorial AIDS Drug Assistance Programs AIDS Project Florida Alex Miotti Ali Haag Alison Burgos Andy Bell Angelica Diaz Anthony Catanzana B.J. Stelter bankruptcy Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act Bear Cub Ben Marcus Betsy Nelson Bill Kanouff Billy Manes bisexual Bloomingdale High School Brad Mathewson CalliopeFest career Catholicism Cheryl Jacques Chris Morgan Christianity Christopher Ashton Kutcher Club Swank conversion therapy Daniel Cummings David Castillo David Franzen David Furnish David White Dean Collier Diane Ward Band Don Montuon Ed Lopes Elizabeth Birch Elton Hercules John CBE embezzling Empar Ferrer entrepreneurship Federated Republican Women of Central Florida film Frank November G&L Fab-Events GALA gay gay adoption Gay and Lesbian Alumni Gay Days Weekend Gay Games gay marriage Gay Men's Single Mingle Gay Sex And The City George Walker Bush Gulf Coast Gay Men's Chorus Halcyon Heath Riddler HIV homophobia homosexuality homosexuals HRC human immunodeficiency virus Human Rights Campaign Jack Luper Jason Galehouse Jeanne White-Ginder Jeffrey Sanker Jennifer Foster Jennifer Kates Jennifer N. Baggerly Jim Bomford Jim Jablonski Jim Philips Joe Solomese John Ames John Forbes Kerry John Hugh "Buddy" Dyer John Ruffier Johnny Chisholm Jose Luis Garcia-Perez Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger Joy MCC Kaiser Family Foundation Karen Doering Kathleen DeBold Ken Hutcherson Ken Shelin Kim English L.A. Gay and Lesbian Center Lastaysha Myers Lawrence DiRita Leesa Halstead Franzen Lesbian Gay Rights Lobby of Texas lesbians Leslie Dawley LGBTQ+ Linda Nunez Lisejean Freed Log Cabin Republicans Lou Ann Palmer Magellan Health Services Marion Ridley Mariruth Kennedy Mark Baker Mark Lundy MCC Tampa Melissa Ferrick Merrill Dickey Michael Kirk Douglas Michael Wachholtz Microsoft Corporation Miguel Albaladejo Mike Ames Misty Smeltzer Mona West money music festivals Nancy Wilson National Alliance of State AIDS Directors National Center for Lesbian Rights National Day of Silence Norm Kent One Mighty Party Orlando Action Network Pam Williams Parents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays Pasputina Pat Padilla Patrick Howell Paula Schoenwether Pentagon PFLAG Pope Benedict XVI protests queers questioning racial discrimination Rainbow Democrats Randall Greene Redboy religion Richard McCullough Rick Woods Rob Simmons Robert Geller Roland Belmares Roman Catholic Church Sakia Gunn same-sex Sandy Pheil Sarasota AIDS Theatre Project Sarasota Pridefest Senfronia Thompson Servicemembers Legal Defense Network Sharra E. Greer sodomy Southern Nights Stephanie Shippae Steve Ballmer Steve Lorenzo Suzanne Noe Tami Harris Tampa Bay Bears Tampa International Gay and Lesbian Film Festival Teri Catilin Band Terry Knight The Watermark TIGLFF Tina Podlodowski Tomes and Treasures Toni Begasse trans transgender Troy Perry UCC UCMJ UFMCC Uniform Code of Military Justice United Church of Christ Universal Fellowship of Metropolitan Community Churches University of South Florida Urban Body USF Vernessa Mitchell Vicky Randall Vince Clark Warren Chisum Warren Throckmorton Will & Grace William "Bill" Henry Gates III William Diamond World Outgames https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/582b62e48fb1577a52a9e344c5bd4828.mp3 04c89515f53edca7d74951623d82e5f1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Jazz Collection Alternative Title Jazz Collection Subject Music--United States Jazz--United States Orlando (Fla.) Description Collection of digital images, documents, and other records depicting the history of jazz in Florida. Series descriptions are based on special topics, the majority of which students focused their metadata entries around. The roots of jazz music began in the fields of the American South, as African-American slaves sang “call-and-response” work songs and “spirituals” to help them get through the brutal hours of forced labor. As Europeans immigrated to American cities in the late 19th century, they brought their musical traditions with them, and soon African-American musicians, such as Ernest Hogan and Scott Joplin, combined these styles with polyrhythmic African music, creating ragtime. New Orleans was an especially diverse cultural melting pot and became a place for musical experimentation by the early 1910s. European music merged with blues, folk, marching band music, and ragtime, creating a new genre called “jazz.” By the 1920s, the First Great Migration brought millions of African Americans to the urban Northeast and Midwest. Young, white Americans became enamored with jazz and blues music and the genre was soon being played on radio stations, at dancehalls, and in homes across the country. New York City, Kansas City, and Chicago began to establish their own styles of jazz. Big band swing became the most popular style of American music in the 1930s and 1940s. The most definitive feature of jazz is improvisation. The Great Depression forced many bands to cut down in size, leaving more space for intricate melodies and room for exploration. Bebop, which emerged in New York in the early 1940s, was aimed at a listening audience, rather than a dancing one, and became known as “musician’s music.” Bebop paved the way for Afro-Cuban and Latin jazz in the 1950s, when musicians, such as Dizzy Gillespie and Duke Ellington, incorporated Latin rhythms by playing with Cuban musicians in New York. The popularity of rock music in the 1960s and 1970s led to jazz-rock fusion, which combined improvisation with rock rhythms and amplified instruments. By the 1980s, smooth jazz emerged, creating a commercial form of the genre that drew criticism from many purists, who felt that the musicians were more concerned with making money than creating art with substance. Although Florida might not be as closely associated with jazz as cities like New Orleans, Chicago, and New York City, it has made significant contributions nonetheless. Afro-Cuban jazz developed simultaneously in New York City and Havana in the early 1940s, and Florida’s Cuban immigrants had a profound cultural impact on areas like Miami and Tampa. Since its foundation in 1979, the annual Jacksonville Jazz Festival has become one of the most popular jazz festivals in the country, featuring some of the top names in the genre, such as Dizzy Gillespie, Miles Davis, Count Basie, George Benson, and Herbie Hancock. The Clearwater Jazz Holiday began around the same time and has also evolved into a major international jazz festival. In addition to the legendary Sam Rivers, who moved to Orlando in the early 1990s and continued to perform until his death in 2011, Florida has been the home to a number of prominent jazz musicians, including Cedric Wallace, Ira Sullivan, George Tucker, Nathen Page, Alfred “Pee Wee” Ellis, Jackie Davis, Rich Matteson, Jeff Rupert, and the University of Central Florida’s Jazz Professors. Contributor <a href="http://wucf.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">WUCF-FM</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/140" target="_blank">Central Florida Music History Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Type Collection Coverage Arturo Sandoval Jazz Club, Deauville Beach Resort, Miami Beach, Florida DeLand, Florida Young Musicians Camp, University of Miami, Miami, Florida WUCF-TV, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Cravero, Geoffrey Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference Alkyer, Frank. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/319491298" target="_blank"> DownBeat--the Great Jazz Interviews: A 75th Anniversary Anthology</a>. New York: Hal Leonard, 2009. Gioia, Ted. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36245922" target="_blank">The History of Jazz</a>. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. Ward, Geoffrey C., and Ken Burns. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42404676" target="_blank">Jazz: A History of America's Music</a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000. Sound/Podcast A resource whose content is primarily intended to be rendered as audio. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title "When Lights Are Low" by Jeff Rupert + Dirty Martini Alternative Title "When Lights Are Low" by Jeff Rupert + Dirty Martini Subject Orlando (Fla.) Music--United States Jazz--United States Description An audio recording of "When Lights Are Low," composed by Benny Carter (1907-2003) and Spencer Williams (1889-1965), and performed by Jeff Rupert + Dirty Martini live on-air on WUCF-FM on April 23, 2007. Jeff Rupert (b. 1964) is a freelance tenor saxophonist, Director of Jazz Studies and professor at the University of Central Florida (UCF), founder of Flying Horse Records, composer, and Yamaha performing artist. He has recorded with numerous artists, including Maynard Ferguson (1928-2006), Sam Rivers (1923-2011), Mel Tormé (1925-1999), and Benny Carter, whose 1992 album, Harlem Renaissance, Rupert appeared on, won a Grammy award. He has recorded and performed with his own bands as well, including Jeff Rupert + Dirty Martini and The Jazz Professors. "When Lights Are Low" is a jazz standard that was composed in 1936 and has been recorded by numerous artists. The most famous versions were recorded by Miles Davis (1926-1991) in 1956 and Tony Bennett in 1964. Type Sound Source Original 5-minute and 21-second audio recording: Carter, Benny, and Spencer Williams. "When Lights Are Low," by Jeff Rupert + Dirty Martini: <a href="http://wucf.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">WUCF-FM</a>, Orlando, Florida, April 23, 2007. Requires Multimedia software, such as <a href="http://www.apple.com/quicktime/download/" target="_blank"> QuickTime</a>. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/141" target="_blank">Jazz Collection</a>, Central Florida Music History Collection, RICHES of Central Florida Coverage WUCF-FM, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida Brazil Creator Carter, Benny Williams, Spencer Publisher <a href="http://wucf.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">WUCF-FM</a> Contributor Jeff Rupert + Dirty Martini Date Created 2007-04-23 Date Issued 2007-04-23 Date Copyrighted 2007-04-23 Format audio/mp3 Extent 4.9 MB Medium 5-minute and 21-second audio recording Mediator History Teacher Humanities Teacher Music Teacher Provenance Originally created by Benny Carter and Spencer Williams, performed by Jeff Rupert + Dirty Martini, and published by <a href="http://wucf.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">WUCF-FM</a>. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by Benny Carter and Spencer Williams and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Curator Cravero, Geoffrey Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://wucf.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">WUCF-FM</a> External Reference "<a href="http://musicians.allaboutjazz.com/jeffrupert" target="_blank">Jeff Rupert</a>." All About Jazz. http://musicians.allaboutjazz.com/jeffrupert (accessed March 18, 2015). Click to View (Movie, Podcast, or Website) <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/582b62e48fb1577a52a9e344c5bd4828.mp3" target="_blank">"When Lights Are Low" by Jeff Rupert + Dirty Martini</a> Bennett Lester Carter Benny Carter bossa nova Brazilian jazz CAH College of Arts and Humanities Dirty Martini Flying Horse Records jazz jazz ensembles jazz standard Jeff Rupert Jeff Rupert + Dirty Martini music musicians National Public Radio NPR orlando PBS Public Broadcasting Service Spencer Williams tenor saxophones tenor saxophonists UCF University of Central Florida When Lights Are Low WUCF-FM Yamaha https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/a9230180e4c540e8e7c8cbe0362c7fdd.jpg a517913721575c36c7fbb0e685323083 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Veterans Legacy Program Collection Alternative Title VLP Collection Subject Veterans--Florida Description In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Is Part Of Veterans Legacy Program Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"><a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Okee-Chub-Bee, Or The Death of Thompson Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/210" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Collection</a> Format image/jpg Mediator History Teacher Accrual Method Donation Alternative Title Okee-Chub-Bee Subject Second Seminole War, 1835-1842 Veterans--Florida Description The Army and Navy Chronicle was published between 1835-1842. It shared news and stories about the activities of the United States Army and Navy and included pieces contributed by the soldiers or sailors themselves. This is a poem published about the death of Lt. Col. Alexander Thompson, written by someone from New York who identified themselves as “M.” Alexander Thompson was born around 1793, in New York City to Alexander Thompson Sr. and Amelia Thompson née De Hart. Thompson Jr. had one brother, William, and three sisters, Margaret, Catherine, and Amelia. His father, Alexander Sr., died in 1809, and one year later, Thompson Jr. entered the United States Military Academy at West Point. He graduated early because of the onset of the War of 1812, in which he participated as a lieutenant. When the war ended, Thompson continued in military service, rising through the ranks until he became lieutenant colonel in 1837. During this period, he also married Mary Nexsen. They had no surviving children. In 1837, his 6th Infantry Regiment was sent to participate in the Second Seminole War. Thompson died leading his regiment at the Battle of Okeechobee on December 25, 1837. He is buried at the US Military Academy Post Cemetery at West Point and commemorated at the St. Augustine National Cemetery in Florida. In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for K-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Transcript OKEE-CHUB-BEE OR THE DEATH OF THOMPSON Beside the dark hammock, near Okee-cub-bee lake, Where moss-covered boughs of the Cypress-tree wave; No yell of the Red-men shall ever awake The sleep of the soldier who rests in his grave. When called to the conflict the warrior was dress’d In an armor, the fullness of earth cannot give; For God was his shield, and on that did he rest – In faith he could die – or through toils he could live. He led in the phalanx – encountered the foe – (Though fierce was the contest, and duty press’d hard;) Yet calmness and courage appeared on his brow, While danger nor threat’ning his purpose retard. Amidst the dead strife, as they moved ‘to the charge,’ The eye of a savage, well skill’d in its aim, Directed his rifle – its contents discharged – And ah! the brave THOMPSON lies low with the slain. His corse, by his own faithful men was conveyed From the field, where so freely he poured his life’s blood; Un-coffined, within the cold grave was he laid, Whilst, united in sorrow they mournfully stood; Then, plaintive and low, were ‘the prayers they said,’ And they wept for their chief as they buried him there, Then covered the grave they so hastily made; Nor a ‘funeral note’ was there breathed on the air. No fair sculptured marble marks out the lone spot, No willow droops over the dust of the slain; Yet ne’er shall his deeds nor his name be forgot, For Freedom will honor and cherish his fame. New York, March, 1833. M. Creator "M." Publisher B. Homans; United States Army and Navy Date Created ca. 1838 Contributor Digitized by the University of Michigan Extent 286 KB Language eng Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: • reproduce the work in print or digital form • create derivative works • perform the work publicly • display the work • distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. This resource is provided here by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105">Section 5</a> of <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Curator Klements, Elizabeth Stoddard, James Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a> Source Repository University of Michigan External Reference “Appletons’ Cyclopedia of American Biography, 1600-1889.” Database, Ancestry.com. (http://www.ancestry.com/: accessed January 13, 2020) entry for Alexander R. Thompson; “New York, Wills and Probate Records, 1659-1999.” Database, Ancestry.com. (http://www.ancestry.com/: accessed January 13, 2020), entry for Alexander R. Thompson; “Saint Augustine National Cemetery.” U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, accessed January 17, 2020, https://www.cem.va.gov/cems/nchp/staugustine.asp; “The Late Col. Thompson, U.S.A.” Army and Navy Chronicle 6-7 (1838): 69-70; “U.S. Veterans' Gravesites, ca.1775-2006.” Database, Ancestry.com (https://www.ancestry.com/: accessed January 15, 2020), entry for Alex R Thompson. 6th Infantry Regiment Alexander Thompson Battle of Okeechobee Florida War military history military service Second Seminole War 1835-1842 United States Army United States Military Academy veterans Veterans Legacy Program West Point https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/b4d4dfad3b5efb4cafea6e915dcc9391.jpg 4111a860b8dae52aa8ad41b4d2d4d6df Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Veterans Legacy Program Collection Alternative Title VLP Collection Subject Veterans--Florida Description In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Is Part Of Veterans Legacy Program Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"><a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Population Census for Haines City, Polk County, Florida, 1935 Alternative Title Florida Census, 1935 Subject Census of population Description The Florida State Population Census for Haines City, Bradford County, Florida, for 1935. The census divides the population by address, age, gender, race, relationship to head of house, place of birth, occupation, education, and whether they owned or rented their property. State censuses were compiled in 1845 and every ten years after, and were abolished in 1949. A notable individual listed in this record is Major James Lamarr Moore (1923-1994). Major Moore was born to Raymond R. Moore and Nettie Mae Moore on December 14, 1923, in Oxford, Alabama. Moore enlisted in the United States Army on January 1, 1923, to serve in World War II. At the time, he worked for the Great Atlantic Pacific Tea Company in Haines City, Florida. His military career spanned two decades, serving in World War II and the Korean War, and he ended his service as a Major. As a civilian, Moore married Wilma Lorene Rodman in 1942 and had four children. After Wilma’s death, he married Betty Louise Stallings, who had three children of her own. He owned and operated GEICO Insurance offices and was also a partner in the Fed Chek organization, where he served as Vice President. He died from heart failure of June 26, 1994, and is interned at Florida National Cemetery in Bushnell, Florida. In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Type Text Source Digital reproduction of original census record by the Florida Department of State, 1935. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/210" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Collection</a> Coverage Haines City, Florida Creator <a href="dos.myflorida.com/library-archives/research/explore-our-resources/genealogy/census-records/state-census-records/" target="_blank">Florida Department of State</a> Publisher <a href="dos.myflorida.com/library-archives/research/explore-our-resources/genealogy/census-records/state-census-records/" target="_blank">Florida Department of State</a> Date Created ca. 1935 Format image/jpg Extent 657 KB Medium 1 census record Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Provenance Originally created and published by the <a href="dos.myflorida.com/library-archives/research/explore-our-resources/genealogy/census-records/state-census-records/" target="_blank">Florida Department of State</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: • reproduce the work in print or digital form • create derivative works • perform the work publicly • display the work • distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. This resource is provided here by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105">Section 5</a> of <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Donation Curator Connolly, Lehman Cravero, Geoffrey Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a> <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/"> Ancestry.com</a> <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a> Source Repository Record Group 001021, State Library and Archives of Florida, Tallahassee, Florida External Reference Abney, Barb. "<a href="https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/" target="_blank">VA Selects UCF Historians to Archive Stories of Deceased Veterans Veterans</a>." UCF Today, March 13, 2017. Accessed August 9, 2017. https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/. Anderson, Margo J. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/931708638" target="_blank">The American Census: A Social History</a>. New Haven [u.a.]: Yale Univ. Press, 2015. 1935 Florida State Census Bushnell census Florida National Cemetery Haines City James Lamarr Moore military history military service National Cemetery Administration Polk County population veterans Veterans Administration Veterans Legacy Program World War II World War, 1939-1945 https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/25eb8d7d36d5398b5f65743d09ad2b8c.jpg 6c28cad01ad9c4b9eb6a4314eb74fbd7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Veterans Legacy Program Collection Alternative Title VLP Collection Subject Veterans--Florida Description In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Is Part Of Veterans Legacy Program Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"><a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a></div> Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Index to Vital Statistics, Montgomery County, North Carolina Alternative Title Birth Records for Montgomery County, North Carolina Subject Veterans--Florida Description The Index to Vital Statistics form lists the births in Montgomery County, North Carolina. The form includes the year of birth, the name of the child, the name of parent, township, page and book. A notable person listed on the form is Lee Kenneth Brady (1926-1996). Lee was born on September 1, 1926, in Troy, North Carolina. His parents were Berrie and Melvin, a textile mill worker. He enlisted in the United States Navy on Jul 20, 1943, where he served on the USS Logan as an aviation radioman and participated in the Battle of Iwo Jima. After his service, he returned to North Carolina, and eventually moved to Florida, where he died on January 28, 1996. He is buried in the Florida National Cemetery in Bushnell. In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Type Text Source Digital reproduction of original index to vital statistics. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/210" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Collection</a> Coverage Montgomery County, North Carolina Creator <a href="http://archives.ncdcr.gov/" target="_blank">State Archives of North Carolina</a> Publisher <a href="http://archives.ncdcr.gov/" target="_blank">State Archives of North Carolina</a> Date Created ca. 1926 Format image/jpg Extent 1.05 MB Medium 1 index to vital statistics Language eng Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally created and published by the <a href="http://archives.ncdcr.gov/" target="_blank">State Archives of North Carolina</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: • reproduce the work in print or digital form • create derivative works • perform the work publicly • display the work • distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. This resource is provided here by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105">Section 5</a> of <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Donation Curator Connolly, Lehman Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a> <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/"> Ancestry.com</a> <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a> Source Repository <a href="http://archives.ncdcr.gov/" target="_blank">State Archives of North Carolina</a> External Reference Abney, Barb. "<a href="https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/" target="_blank">VA Selects UCF Historians to Archive Stories of Deceased Veterans Veterans</a>." UCF Today, March 13, 2017. Accessed August 9, 2017. https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/. Birth records Bushnell Florida National Cemetery Lee Kenneth Brady military history military service Montgomery County, North Carolina National Cemetery Administration United States Marine Corps veterans Veterans Administration Veterans Legacy Program Vital Statistics World War II World War, 1939-1945 WWII https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/2e16ab354a0ccebd47d19bb4ac3ba957.jpg 77f979b52bdf50b7952f945e0c7e3b57 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Veterans Legacy Program Collection Alternative Title VLP Collection Subject Veterans--Florida Description In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Is Part Of Veterans Legacy Program Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"><a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Joliet, Illinois City Directory Alternative Title City Directory Subject Veterans--Florida Description A page from the 1960 City Directory for Joliet, Illinois. The directory lists the names of the head of the household and the name of his wife if the man is married. The directory also describes the occupation and place of employment of the head of the household as well as their address. Advertisements from local businesses are also included. A notable individual listed is William Boese (1923-1996), along with his wife, Frances. Boese was born on March 22, 1923, and grew up in Joliet, Illinois. He entered the United States Marine Corps on August 26, 1942, training in California before receiving his assignment in the Pacific as supply support. He served in the 4th Base Depot and the 5th Field Depot, assisting combat units as they sought to gain ground against the Japanese in the Pacific. After his discharge, Boese worked for the Elgin, Joliet, and Eastern Railway as a switchman. He married his wife, Frances, and fathered to daughters, Aldene and Arlene. The family moved to the Tampa Bay, Florida, area in 1978. On February 22, 1996, Boese died at the age of seventy-two. The Florida National Cemetery in Bushnell, Florida, placed a memorial headstone in his honor. In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Type Text Source Digital reproduction of original city directory. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/210" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Collection</a> Coverage Joliet, Illinois Creator <a href="http://cityofjoliet.info/" target="_blank"> City of Joliet, Illinois</a> Publisher <a href="http://cityofjoliet.info/" target="_blank"> City of Joliet, Illinois</a> Date Created ca. 1960 Format image/jpg Extent 2.32 MB Medium 1 page city directory Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Provenance Originally created and published by the <a href="http://cityofjoliet.info/" target="_blank"> City of Joliet, Illinois</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: • reproduce the work in print or digital form • create derivative works • perform the work publicly • display the work • distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. This resource is provided here by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105">Section 5</a> of <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Donation Curator Connolly, Lehman Cravero, Geoffrey Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a> <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/"> Ancestry.com</a> <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.cyberdriveillinois.com/departments/archives/">Illinois State Archives</a> External Reference Abney, Barb. "<a href="https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/" target="_blank">VA Selects UCF Historians to Archive Stories of Deceased Veterans Veterans</a>." UCF Today, March 13, 2017. Accessed August 9, 2017. https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/. Bates Insurance Agency Bushnell Chuck & Harold's Trading Post City directory Dreher & Schorie Eck's Window Cleaning and Building Maintenance F.P. Peters Moving & Storage Inc. Florida National Cemetery Glenn T. Hensel Joliet Glove Building Materials Co. Joliet, Illinois military history military service national cemeteries, American National Cemetery Administration veterans Veterans Administration Veterans Legacy Program https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/12c70e842639dd845888d9b2797412d3.jpg 0359d38239e88e99144ffe9525572fd1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Veterans Legacy Program Collection Alternative Title VLP Collection Subject Veterans--Florida Description In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Is Part Of Veterans Legacy Program Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"><a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title The Ancient Mariner Alternative Title Mariner Bank Statue Subject Veterans--Florida Description A statue known as "The Mariner", which was erected in 1978 by Earl J. LaPan (1908-1996). The fourteen-foot statue was created for the Mariner Bank in 1978, who paid $18,000 for it. When the bank closed, the statue was loaded by crane and moved to Phil Foster Park in Riviera Beach, Florida, in 1983. The Mariner was built in tribute to Jerry Thomas, who founded Mariner Bank in 1962. Thomas’s son, Ken, claimed his father had been the model. Born in Lowell, Massachusetts, on August 24, 1908, Earl J. LaPan was an accomplished artist, who is credited for creating over 300 murals depicting tropical scenes. Beginning his career as an artist in New Jersey, Earl LaPan moved to Florida sometime around 1933. He was drafted into the United States Army Air Corps on October 29, 1943. After World War II, LaPan moved to Miami, Florida, where he resumed his work as an artist. LaPan died in Palm Beach, Florida, on February 19, 1996, at the age of eighty-seven. He is buried at the Florida National Cemetery in Bushnell, Florida. In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Type Still Image Source Digital reproduction of original color photograph. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/210" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Collection</a> Coverage Phil Foster Park, Riviera Beach, Florida Creator <a href="http://discover.pbcgov.org/Pages/default.aspx" target="_blank"> Palm Beach County</a> Publisher <a href="http://discover.pbcgov.org/Pages/default.aspx" target="_blank"> Palm Beach County</a> Date Created 2012-05-17 Format image/jpg Extent 461 KB Medium 1 color photograph Language eng Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally created and published by The <a href="http://discover.pbcgov.org/Pages/default.aspx" target="_blank"> Palm Beach County</a>. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by <a href="http://www.palmbeachpost.com/">The Palm Beach Post</a> and is provided here by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Curator Connolly, Lehman Cravero, Geoffrey Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a> <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.palmbeachpost.com/" target="_blank"> Palm Beach Post</a> External Reference Abney, Barb. "<a href="https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/" target="_blank">VA Selects UCF Historians to Archive Stories of Deceased Veterans Veterans</a>." UCF Today, March 13, 2017. Accessed August 9, 2017. https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/. art Bushnell Earl J. LaPan Florida National Cemetery Fort Lauderdale, Florida Mariner Bank Statue military history military service National Cemetery Administration Phil Foster Park sculpture The Ancient Mariner veterans Veterans Administration Veterans Legacy Program World War II World War, 1939-1945 WWII https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/155a12ef63de57c433f4acce582d1e2e.jpg 0ce35837dc7d8c5ea7068c7cff36260e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Orlando Regions Bank Collection Alternative Title Regions Bank Collection Subject Orlando (Fla.) Churches--Florida Banks and banking--Florida Description Historic artifacts from an exhibit created by Orlando Remembered at the Regions Bank building, located at 111-113 North Orange Avenue in Downtown Orlando, Florida. The Orlando Remembered Committee of the Historical Society of Central Florida, Inc. was created to "showcase artistic renderings of the time depicted, with artifacts and historical memorabilia from the location in an effort to preserve the memory of Orlando's history while acknowledging the potential of the City's future." The exhibit at Regions Bank memorializes several businesses and churches located around the Sears, Roebuck & Company building (now the Regions Bank building), including Frigidaire, the Cathedral of St. Luke, St. James Catholic Church, Denmark's Sporting Goods, Kiddie Korner, Main Street Market, Associated Radio Store, and Gibbs-Louis, Inc. The exhibit was designed by Bob Buck and the artwork was created by Jim Stohl. Contributor <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Buck, Bob Stohl, Jim Daily, Mrs. Garrett E. Daily, Patricia F. Bourgeois, Charles Denmark, Pete Fair, Mrs. George C. MacJordan, Walton Jr. McAllister, Nancy Meeks, Curtis Serros, Andy Serros, Helen Gentile Smith, Daniel B. Smith, Ellen McGee Van Den Berg, Peggy Pound Wolfe, Claude Jr. <a href="http://www.stlukescathedral.org/History.html/History.html/" target="_blank">Cathedral Church of St. Luke</a> <a href="http://thehistorycenter.org/" target="_blank">Orange County Regional History Center</a> Williams, Rachel Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/106" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered Collection</a>, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Cathedral Church of St. Luke, Downtown Orlando, Florida Denmark's Sporting Goods, Downtown Orlando, Florida Frigidaire Store, Downtown Orlando, Florida Fulford Van & Storage Company, Downtown Orlando, Florida Gibbs-Louis, Downtown Orlando, Florida Kiddie Korner, Downtown Orlando, Florida Main Street Market, Downtown Orlando, Florida Sears, Roebuck & Company, Downtown Orlando, Florida St. James Catholic Cathedral, Downtown Orlando, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.historiciconsoforlando.com/" target="_blank">The Historic Icons of Orlando</a>." Orlando Remembered. http://www.historiciconsoforlando.com/. Bacon, Eve. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2020029" target="_blank">Orlando: A Centennial History</a>. Chuluota, Fla: Mickler House, 1975. Rajtar, Steve. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70911136" target="_blank">A Guide to Historic Orlando</a>. Charleston, SC: History Press, 2006. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format 1 calendar Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Fulford Van & Storage Company Calendar, 1948 Alternative Title Fulford Van & Storage Co. Calendar Subject Orlando (Fla.) Calendars--United States Moving industry Storage and moving trade--United States Description A Fulford Van & Storage Company calendar for 1948. The company was founded by Jesse Curtis Fulford in 1913. The company moved from its original downtown address at 131-135 North Magnolia Avenue in Downtown Orlando, Florida, to its new location at 3750 Bengert Street in 1973 and is still at that location as of 2014. Type Text Source Original calendar by <a href="http://fulfordvan.com/" target="_blank">Fulford Van & Storage Company</a>, 1948: <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Exhibit, <a href="https://www.regions.com/Map.rf?id=1668" target="_blank">Regions Bank</a>, Orlando, Florida. Is Part Of <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Exhibit, <a href="https://www.regions.com/Map.rf?id=1668" target="_blank">Regions Bank</a>, Orlando, Florida. <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered Collection</a>, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection. RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original calendar by <a href="http://fulfordvan.com/" target="_blank">Fulford Van & Storage Company</a>, 1948. Coverage Fulford Van & Storage Company, Downtown Orlando, Florida Creator <a href="http://fulfordvan.com/" target="_blank">Fulford Van & Storage Company</a> Publisher <a href="http://fulfordvan.com/" target="_blank">Fulford Van & Storage Company</a> Date Created ca. 1948 Date Issued 1948 Date Copyrighted 1948 Format image/jpg Extent 90 KB Medium 1 calendar Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Provenance Originally created and published by the <a href="http://fulfordvan.com/" target="_blank">Fulford Van & Storage Company</a>. Donated to <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> by Dan Fulford. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by the <a href="http://fulfordvan.com/" target="_blank">Fulford Van & Storage Company</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Curator Williams, Rachel Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository Orlando Remembered External Reference Bacon, Eve. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2020029" target="_blank">Orlando: A Centennial History</a>. Chuluota, Fla: Mickler House, 1975. "<a href="http://www.stjamesorlando.org/about-us/" target="_blank">About Us</a>." Fulford Van & Storage Company. http://fulfordvan.com/aboutus.php. Transcript Fulford Van and Storage Company From Dan Fulford JANUARY 1948 calendars Fulford Van & Storage Company Fulford, Dan Magnolia Avenue moving orlando storage https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/ac799769f8b55f22a6b87b3baef6b269.jpg 3ab628625269091a18a13665526b0274 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Veterans Legacy Program Collection Alternative Title VLP Collection Subject Veterans--Florida Description In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Is Part Of Veterans Legacy Program Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"><a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Gulf High School Yearbook Alternative Title Cheer Leaders Subject Yearbooks Veterans--Florida Description A page from the 1940 Gulf High School yearbook in New Port Richey, Florida. Three cheerleaders pose in a black and white photograph at the top of the page with their names listed below. A notable student who appears on the yearbook page is Leland Clyde Poole (1922-1995). Born in Tarpon Springs, Florida, on November 29, 1922, Poole enlisted in the United States Navy on December 02, 1940, at the age of 19. He reached the rank of Quartermaster Chief Petty Officer in 1948. After retiring from the military, Poole worked with the Florida Marine Patrol. Leland Clyde Poole passed away on January 4, 1995, in his Florida home. The United States Navy interred Poole on March 11, 1996, at Florida National Cemetery, in Bushnell, Florida. In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Type Still Image Source Digital reproduction of original yearbook page. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/210" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Collection</a> Coverage New Port Richey, Florida Creator <a href="http://ghs.pasco.k12.fl.us/" target="_blank">Gulf High School</a> Publisher <a href="http://ghs.pasco.k12.fl.us/" target="_blank">Gulf High School</a> Date Created ca. 1940 Format image/jpg Extent 36.9 KB Medium 1 yearbook page Language eng Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally created and published by <a href="http://ghs.pasco.k12.fl.us/" target="_blank">Gulf High School</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: • reproduce the work in print or digital form • create derivative works • perform the work publicly • display the work • distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. This resource is provided here by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105">Section 5</a> of <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Donation Curator Connolly, Lehman Cravero, Geoffrey Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a> <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a> Source Repository <a href="http://ghs.pasco.k12.fl.us/" target="_blank">Gulf High School</a> External Reference Abney, Barb. "<a href="https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/" target="_blank">VA Selects UCF Historians to Archive Stories of Deceased Veterans Veterans</a>." UCF Today, March 13, 2017. Accessed August 9, 2017. https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/. Bushnell cheerleaders cheerleading Florida National Cemetery Gulf High School Hazel Stevenson Jackie Clark Leland Clyde "Mickey" Poole military history military service national cemeteries, American National Cemetery Administration New Port Richey veterans Veterans Administration Veterans Legacy Program yearbooks https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/484436f204fd4ff07de798306120cc07.jpg f9911cc066d10cee82583aa3429b00fc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Veterans Legacy Program Collection Alternative Title VLP Collection Subject Veterans--Florida Description In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Is Part Of Veterans Legacy Program Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"><a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Logansport High School Yearbook Alternative Title Logansport HS Yearbook Subject Yearbooks Veterans--Florida Description A page from the Logansport High School Yearbook in Logansport, Indiana, in 1935. The page contains images of the graduating seniors with their names listed along the right hand side in addition to a small statement about each student. A notable student listed is Edward Patrick Conners (1916 – 1995). Conners was born on March 17, 1916, in East Chicago, Indiana. He played football for Logansport High School and graduated in 1935. After graduation, he worked as a lineman for a telephone company in Indiana. At the outbreak of World War II, Conners entered the United States Army Signal Corp on February 26, 1941. He served in this capacity until November 15, 1947. He reenlisted six days later and stayed in the military until June 30, 1964. After his service, Conners moved to Atlantic Beach, Florida. He died on September 1, 1995, in Alachua County, Florida. He is buried in Florida National Cemetery in Bushnell. In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Type Still Image Source Digital reproduction of original yearbook page. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/210" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Collection</a> Coverage Logansport, Indiana Creator <a href="http://lhs.lcsc.k12.in.us/" target="_blank">Logansport High School</a> Publisher <a href="http://lhs.lcsc.k12.in.us/" target="_blank">Logansport High School</a> Date Created ca. 1935 Format image/jpg Extent 358 KB Medium 1 yearbook page Language eng Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally created and published by <a href="http://lhs.lcsc.k12.in.us/" target="_blank">Logansport High School</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: • reproduce the work in print or digital form • create derivative works • perform the work publicly • display the work • distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. This resource is provided here by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105">Section 5</a> of <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Donation Curator Stoddard, James Campbell, Tyler Cravero, Geoffrey Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a> <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/"> Ancestry.com</a> <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a> Source Repository <a href="http://lhs.lcsc.k12.in.us/" target="_blank">Logansport High School</a> External Reference Abney, Barb. "<a href="https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/" target="_blank">VA Selects UCF Historians to Archive Stories of Deceased Veterans Veterans</a>." UCF Today, March 13, 2017. Accessed August 9, 2017. https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/. Bushnell East Chicago, Indiana Edward Patrick Conners Florida National Cemetery Logansport High School Logansport, Indiana military history military service National Cemetery Administration veterans Veterans Administration Veterans Legacy Program yearbook yearbooks Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government Collection Alternative Title Lou Frey Institute Collection Subject Frey, Lou, 1934- United States. House of Representatives Republican Party (Fla.) Contributor <a href="http://loufreyinstitute.org/" target="_blank">Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government</a> Language eng Type Collection Coverage Brevard County, Florida Cape Canaveral, Florida Cocoa, Florida John F. Kennedy Space Center, Titusville, Florida Indian River County, Florida Lake County, Florida Melbourne, Florida Miami, Florida Orange County, Florida Orlando Jetport, McCoy Air Force Base, Orlando, Florida Osceola County, Florida Patrick Air Force Base, Florida Port Canaveral, Florida Seminole County, Florida St. Petersburg, Florida Tampa, Florida Winter Park, Florida New York City, New York Washington, D. C. Rights Holder The Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government holds all rights to the items housed from the institute as well as those items represented digitally on the <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>. Contact the <a href="http://loufreyinstitute.org/" target="_blank">Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government</a> for the proper permissions for the use of its items. Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://loufreyinstitute.org/" target="_blank">Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government</a> External Reference "<a href="http://loufreyinstitute.org/" target="_blank">Lou Frey Institute</a>." Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government. http://loufreyinstitute.org/. "<a href="http://loufreyjr.com/" target="_blank">Congressman Lou Frey, Jr. Biography</a>." Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government. http://loufreyjr.com/. "<a href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=F000381">FREY, Louis, Jr., (1934 - )</a>." Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, United States Congress. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=F000381. Frey, Lou, and Aubrey Jewett. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/422763388">Political Rules of the Road: Representatives, Senators, and Presidents Share Their Rules for Success in Congress, Politics, and Life</a>. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2009. Frey, Lou, and Michael T. Hayes. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45419938">Inside the House: Former Members Reveal How Congress Really Works</a>. Lanham, MD: U.S. Association of Former Members of Congress, 2001. Description Collection of digital images, documents, and other records from the Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government Series descriptions are based on special topics, the majority of which students focused their metadata entries around. Congressman Lou Frey, Jr. (1934-2019) served in the House of Representatives from 1969-1979. He was on several committees during his time in office, including the Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control and the Science and Technology Committee. He was also the chairman of the Young Republicans of Florida. According to its website, "The Lou Frey Institute promotes the development of enlightened, responsible, and actively engaged citizens. The Institute works to accomplish its mission: <ul><li>through civic education programs that encourage thoughtful debate and discussion about current policy issues;</li> <li>through experiential learning programs that encourage the development of civic and political skills;</li> <li>by working to help strengthen the civic education capacity of Florida’s k-12 education system; and</li> <li>through research, policy analysis, and advocacy."</li> </ul> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Website A resource comprising of a web page or web pages and all related assets ( such as images, sound and video files, etc. ). Local URL <a href="http://loufreyinstitute.org/" target="_blank">Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government Alternative Title Lou Frey Institute Subject Frey, Lou, 1934- United States. House of Representatives Republican Party Description According to its website, "The Lou Frey Institute promotes the development of enlightened, responsible, and actively engaged citizens. The Institute works to accomplish its mission: <ul><li>through civic education programs that encourage thoughtful debate and discussion about current policy issues;</li> <li>through experiential learning programs that encourage the development of civic and political skills;</li> <li>by working to help strengthen the civic education capacity of Florida’s k-12 education system; and</li> <li>through research, policy analysis, and advocacy."</li> </ul> Creator <a href="http://loufreyinstitute.org/" target="_blank">Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government</a> Source Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government 12443 Research Parkway OTC3 Suite 406 Orlando, Florida 32826 Click to View (Movie, Podcast, or Website) <a href="http://loufreyinstitute.org/" target="_blank">Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/99" target="_blank">Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Format application/http Language eng Type Website Coverage Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida Accrual Method Donation Mediator History Teacher Civics/Government Teacher Rights Holder The Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government holds all rights to the items housed from the institute as well as those items represented digitally on the <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>. Contact the <a href="http://loufreyinstitute.org/" target="_blank">Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government</a> for the proper permissions for the use of its items. Contributing Project <a href="http://loufreyinstitute.org/" target="_blank">Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://loufreyinstitute.org/" target="_blank">Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government</a> External Reference "<a href="http://loufreyjr.com/" target="_blank">Congressman Lou Frey, Jr. Biography</a>." Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government. http://loufreyjr.com/. "<a href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=F000381">FREY, Louis, Jr., (1934 - )</a>." Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, United States Congress. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=F000381. Frey, Lou, and Aubrey Jewett. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/422763388">Political Rules of the Road: Representatives, Senators, and Presidents Share Their Rules for Success in Congress, Politics, and Life</a>. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2009. Frey, Lou, and Michael T. Hayes. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45419938">Inside the House: Former Members Reveal How Congress Really Works</a>. Lanham, MD: U.S. Association of Former Members of Congress, 2001. 5th congressional district 5th district 9th Congressional District 9th district Florida's 5th congressional district Florida's 9th congressional district Frey, Lou, Jr. Frey, Louis, Jr. GOP Grand Old Party Lou Frey Institute Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government Republican Party Republicans Research Parkway U.S. House of Representatives UCF University of Central Florida https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/8f614906429de01b2d2e9f0b5bdd70c5.pdf b070dbda96b642eea5048c231dff5122 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title The Maitland News Collection Alternative Title Maitland News Collection Subject Maitland (Fla.) Description The Maitland News was a local newspaper originally published by the Maitland Realty Company (and later by The Maitland News Company) which began circulation in April 1926. This edition features articles on topics such as a new town water pump, an anniversary party, tax assessment complaints, WDBO radio programming, the opening of school, locally-grown fresh fruit, a church dinner, the health concerns of a local pastor, the housing arrangements of local residents, and a local events calendar. Also featured are several advertisements for local businesses. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/113" target="_blank">Maitland Historical Museum Collection</a>, Maitland Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/112" target="_blank">Maitland Collection</a>, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/46" target="_blank">Orange County Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Maitland, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://artandhistory.org/maitland-history-museum/" target="_blank">Maitland Historical Museum, Art & History Museums - Maitland</a> Curator Settle, John Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference Poole, Leslie Kemp. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/320803902" target="_blank">Maitland</a>. Mount Pleasant, SC: Arcadia Pub, 2009. "<a href="http://www.itsmymaitland.com/maitland_history.asp" target="_blank">Maitland History</a>." City of Maitland. http://www.itsmymaitland.com/maitland_history.asp. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 16-page booklet Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Maitland, Orange County, Florida Promotional Booklet Alternative Title Maitland Promo Booklet Subject Maitland (Fla.) Description This promotional booklet was issued by the Maitland Chamber of Commerce in January of 1925 and published by Rollins Press, located in Winter Park, Florida. The booklet promotes the town of Maitland for prospective settlers and visitors, and focuses on aspects of the town, such as lake front homes, schools, the leisurely lifestyle, proximity to Winter Park and Orlando, social life, and the expansion of industry and infrastructure. This particular copy likely belonged to J. H. Hill of 134 Magnolia Road in Maitland, Florida. Type Text Source Original 16-page booklet: Maitland Chamber of Commerce. Maitland, Orange County, Florida. Winter Park, Florida: Rollins Press, 1925: Newspaper Collection, accession number 2014.002.020V, room 2, case 2, shelf 10, box GV, <a href="http://artandhistory.org/maitland-history-museum/" target="_blank">Maitland Historical Museum, Art & History Museums - Maitland</a>, Maitland, Florida. Requires <a href="http://www.adobe.com/products/reader.html" target="_blank">Adobe Acrobat Reader</a> Is Part Of Maitland News Collection, <a href="http://artandhistory.org/maitland-history-museum/" target="_blank">Maitland Historical Museum, Art & History Museums - Maitland</a>, Maitland, Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/113" target="_blank">Maitland Historical Museum Collection</a>, Maitland Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original 16-page booklet: Maitland Chamber of Commerce. Maitland, Orange County, Florida. Winter Park, Florida: Rollins Press, 1925. Coverage Maitland, Florida Orlando, Florida Winter Park, Florida Creator <a href="http://maitlandchamber.com/" target="_blank">Maitland Chamber of Commerce</a> Publisher <a href="http://www.rollins.edu/" target="_blank">Rollins Press</a> Date Created 1925-01 Date Copyrighted 1925-01 Format application/pdf Extent 4.32 MB Medium 16-page booklet Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally created by the <a href="http://maitlandchamber.com/" target="_blank">Maitland Chamber of Commerce</a> and published by <a href="http://www.rollins.edu/" target="_blank">Rollins Press</a>. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by the <a href="http://maitlandchamber.com/" target="_blank">Maitland Chamber of Commerce</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Curator Settle, John Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://artandhistory.org/maitland-history-museum/" target="_blank">Maitland Historical Museum, Art & History Museums - Maitland</a> External Reference Poole, Leslie Kemp. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/320803902" target="_blank">Maitland</a>. Mount Pleasant, SC: Arcadia Pub, 2009. "<a href="http://www.itsmymaitland.com/maitland_history.asp" target="_blank">Maitland History</a>." City of Maitland. http://www.itsmymaitland.com/maitland_history.asp. ACL agriculture American Railway Express Company Atlantic Coastline Railroad Company Boy Scouts of America chamber of commerce citrus citrus industry city government Dixie Highway education farming fern fern industry Girls' Sewing Club golf Indian Indian War J. H. Hill local government Magnolia Road Maitland Maitland Chamber of Commerce Native American orange Orange Belt Auto Line orange county orange industry orlando Parent-Teacher Association Planning and Zoning Commission poultry poultry industry PTA railroad Rollins College Rollins Press school Seminole Seminole County Seminole War sport town town government Western Union Telegraph Company Winter Park Woman's Club Woodmen of the World https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/5b209ad8caa3ddbefa805fb33f83be36.jpeg e95e7018efdb7e1b7192965bb59dde3a https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/cf734d277397238d05974d936a4c20d2.jpeg 92ff0b0282c5ce869cf7bddf690b084b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Orlando Regions Bank Collection Alternative Title Regions Bank Collection Subject Orlando (Fla.) Churches--Florida Banks and banking--Florida Description Historic artifacts from an exhibit created by Orlando Remembered at the Regions Bank building, located at 111-113 North Orange Avenue in Downtown Orlando, Florida. The Orlando Remembered Committee of the Historical Society of Central Florida, Inc. was created to "showcase artistic renderings of the time depicted, with artifacts and historical memorabilia from the location in an effort to preserve the memory of Orlando's history while acknowledging the potential of the City's future." The exhibit at Regions Bank memorializes several businesses and churches located around the Sears, Roebuck & Company building (now the Regions Bank building), including Frigidaire, the Cathedral of St. Luke, St. James Catholic Church, Denmark's Sporting Goods, Kiddie Korner, Main Street Market, Associated Radio Store, and Gibbs-Louis, Inc. The exhibit was designed by Bob Buck and the artwork was created by Jim Stohl. Contributor <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Buck, Bob Stohl, Jim Daily, Mrs. Garrett E. Daily, Patricia F. Bourgeois, Charles Denmark, Pete Fair, Mrs. George C. MacJordan, Walton Jr. McAllister, Nancy Meeks, Curtis Serros, Andy Serros, Helen Gentile Smith, Daniel B. Smith, Ellen McGee Van Den Berg, Peggy Pound Wolfe, Claude Jr. <a href="http://www.stlukescathedral.org/History.html/History.html/" target="_blank">Cathedral Church of St. Luke</a> <a href="http://thehistorycenter.org/" target="_blank">Orange County Regional History Center</a> Williams, Rachel Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/106" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered Collection</a>, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Cathedral Church of St. Luke, Downtown Orlando, Florida Denmark's Sporting Goods, Downtown Orlando, Florida Frigidaire Store, Downtown Orlando, Florida Fulford Van & Storage Company, Downtown Orlando, Florida Gibbs-Louis, Downtown Orlando, Florida Kiddie Korner, Downtown Orlando, Florida Main Street Market, Downtown Orlando, Florida Sears, Roebuck & Company, Downtown Orlando, Florida St. James Catholic Cathedral, Downtown Orlando, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.historiciconsoforlando.com/" target="_blank">The Historic Icons of Orlando</a>." Orlando Remembered. http://www.historiciconsoforlando.com/. Bacon, Eve. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2020029" target="_blank">Orlando: A Centennial History</a>. Chuluota, Fla: Mickler House, 1975. Rajtar, Steve. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70911136" target="_blank">A Guide to Historic Orlando</a>. Charleston, SC: History Press, 2006. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format 1 color digital image Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Orlando Remembered Exhibit at Regions Bank Alternative Title Orlando Remembered Exhibit Subject Orlando (Fla.) Description The exhibit created by Orlando Remembered at the Regions Bank building, located at 111-113 North Orange Avenue in Downtown Orlando, Florida. The Orlando Remembered Committee of the Historical Society of Central Florida, Inc. was created to "showcase artistic renderings of the time depicted, with artifacts and historical memorabilia from the location in an effort to preserve the memory of Orlando's history while acknowledging the potential of the City's future." The exhibit at Regions Bank memorializes several businesses and churches located around the Sears, Roebuck & Company building, including Frigidaire, the Cathedral of St. Luke, St. James Catholic Church, Denmark's Sporting Goods, Kiddie Korner, Main Street Market, Associated Radio Store, and Gibbs-Louis, Inc. The exhibit was designed by Bob Buck and the artwork was created by Jim Stohl. Type Physical Object Source Original exhibit by <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a>: <a href="https://www.regions.com/Map.rf?id=1668" target="_blank">Regions Bank</a>, Orlando, Florida. Is Part Of <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Exhibit, <a href="https://www.regions.com/Map.rf?id=1668" target="_blank">Regions Bank</a>, Orlando, Florida. <a href="http://www.historiciconsoforlando.com/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered Collection</a>, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection. RICHES of Central Florida. Has Part "<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/4067" target="_blank">Wedding Ceremony of Andy and Helen Gentile Serros in St. James Catholic Cathedral</a>." Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection. RICHES of Central Florida. "<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/4068" target="_blank">Centennial Book of the Cathedral Church of St. Luke, Orlando, Florida 1874-1974</a>." Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection. RICHES of Central Florida. "<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/4069" target="_blank">Denmark's Sporting Goods</a>." Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection. RICHES of Central Florida. "<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/4070" target="_blank">Fishing Lure from Denmark's Sporting Goods</a>." Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection. RICHES of Central Florida. "<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/4071" target="_blank">Claude H. Wolfe, Inc. Buggy in Front of Frigidaire Store</a>." Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection. RICHES of Central Florida. "<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/4073" target="_blank">Fulford Van & Storage Company</a>." Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection. RICHES of Central Florida. "<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/4072" target="_blank">Fulford Van & Storage Company Calendar, 1948</a>." Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection. RICHES of Central Florida. "<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/4074" target="_blank">Gibbs-Louis, Inc. Clothing Label</a>." Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection. RICHES of Central Florida. "<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/4075" target="_blank">Irving Gibbs</a>." Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection. RICHES of Central Florida. "<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/4076" target="_blank">Sears, Roebuck & Company Intercom Telephone</a>." Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection. RICHES of Central Florida. "<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/4077" target="_blank">Kiddie Korner Blocks</a>." Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection. RICHES of Central Florida. "<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/4078" target="_blank">Main Street Market</a>." Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection. RICHES of Central Florida. "<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/4079" target="_blank">"Pennsylvania Polka" Decca Record from Associated Radio Store</a>." Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection. RICHES of Central Florida. "<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/4080" target="_blank">General Electric Radio from Associated Radio Store</a>." Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection. RICHES of Central Florida. "<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/4081" target="_blank">Roger Holler, Sr. with Sears, Roebuck & Company Fleet of Trucks</a>." Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection. RICHES of Central Florida. "<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/4082" target="_blank">The Latest Merchandise News for Spring and Summer 1939</a>." Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection. RICHES of Central Florida. "<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/4083" target="_blank">Sears, Roebuck & Company Blimp</a>." Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection. RICHES of Central Florida. "<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/4086" target="_blank">Sears, Roebuck & Company Window Display</a>." Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection. RICHES of Central Florida. "<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/4085" target="_blank">Sears, Roebuck & Company Watch Replica</a>." Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection. RICHES of Central Florida. "<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/4084" target="_blank">Sears, Roebuck & Company Sign</a>." Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection. RICHES of Central Florida. "<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/4087" target="_blank">St. James Catholic Cathedral</a>." Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection. RICHES of Central Florida. "<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/4088" target="_blank">Cathedral Church of St. Luke</a>." Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection. RICHES of Central Florida. "<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/4089" target="_blank">Cathedral Church of St. Luke Tile</a>." Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection. RICHES of Central Florida. "<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/4090" target="_blank">Central Florida Personalities: Walton MacJordan</a>." Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection. RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Original color digital image by Rachel Williams, June 2014. Coverage St. James Catholic Cathedral, Downtown Orlando, Florida Cathedral Church of St. Luke, Downtown Orlando, Florida Denmark's Sporting Goods, Downtown Orlando, Florida Fulford Van & Storage Company, Downtown Orlando, Florida Sears, Roebuck & Company, Downtown Orlando, Florida Kiddie Korner, Downtown Orlando, Florida Main Street Market, Downtown Orlando, Florida Frigidaire Store, Downtown Orlando, Florida Gibbs-Louis, Downtown Orlando, Florida Creator <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Buck, Bob Stohl, Jim Contributor Daily, Mrs. Garrett E. Daily, Patricia F. Bourgeois, Charles Denmark, Pete Fair MacJordan, Walton McAllister, Nancy Meeks, Curtis Serros, Andy Serros, Helen Gentile Smith, Daniel B. Smith, Ellen McGee Van Den Berg, Peggy Pound Wolfe, Claude Jr. <a href="http://www.stlukescathedral.org/History.html/History.html/" target="_blank">Cathedral Church of St. Luke</a> <a href="http://thehistorycenter.org/" target="_blank">Orange County Regional History Center</a> Williams, Rachel Format image/jpeg Extent 2.63 MB 2.78 MB Medium 2 color digital images Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally created by <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a>. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by the <a href="https://www.thehistorycenter.org/" target="_blank">Orange County Regional History Center</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Curator Williams, Rachel Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository Orlando Remembered External Reference "<a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered Committee of the Historical Society of Central Florida, Inc.</a>." Orange County Regional History Center. http://www.historiciconsoforlando.com/. Date Created ca. 2000-2014 Transcript St. Lukes Episcopal Church From St. Luke Archives Centennial Book of the Cathedral Church of St. Luke Orlando, Florida 1874-1974 Centennial book of the Cathedral Church of St. Luke, 1874-1974 From Daniel B. Smith Fish lure from Denmark's Sporting Goods Store From Nancy McAllister The World DENMARK Sports DENMARK'S Sporting Goods Sporting Goods PENINSULAR LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY MAIN ST. MARKET Denmark's Sporting Goods Store, SEC Main & Jefferson From Pete Denmark Fulford Van & Storage, 1331/2 N. Main St. (now Magnolia) From Orange County Historical Museum FULFORD VAN & STORAGE CO. INDEPENDENT MOVERS MOVING PACKING STORAGE EVERY LOAD INSURED LOCAL & LONG DISTANCE MOVING The Cathedral Church of St. Luke Orlando, Florida Fulford Van and Storage Company From Dan Fulford JANUARY 1948 February 7, 1950 From Andy & Helen Gentile Serros GENERAL GE ELECTRIC Radio from Associated Radio Store From Rod Davis FRIGIDAIRE WOLFE CLAUDE H. WOLFE, INC. ORLANDO, FLA. FRIGIDAIRE BENDIX[?] TRUNK SHOWING Gibbs-Louis ORLANDO, FLORIDA Books[?] and Stationery Building[?] Materials Clothing[?] for Boys Clothing[?] for Girls Clothing[?] for Men Clothing[?] for Women Coldspot[?] Refrigerators Corsets[?] and Brassieres Costmetics[?] and Perfums Curtains[?] and Draperies Rugs[?] and Sundries Goods, Yard Goods Electrical[?] Goods Farm[?] Equipment Furniture[?], Mattresses Hardware[?], Tools, Rope Hosiery[?], Socks, Anklets Housewares[?], Cookers Jewelry[?], Watches, Pens Lingeries[?] and Pajamas [illegible], Accessories Music[?] Instruments [illegible], Fancy Goods Nursey [?] Stock, Seed [illegible] and Jackets [illegible] and Brushes [illegible] and Heating [illegible] and Supples [illegible], Floorcoverings [illegible], Rubber Boots Sporting[?] Goods, Guns [illegible] and Repairs Tableware[?], Damasks Underwear[?], Knit Wallpaper[?] and Tools [illegible] Machines Window[?] Shades, Blinds THE LATEST MERCHANDISE NEWS FOR SPRING AND SUMMER 1939 SEARS, ROEBUCK AND CO. SEARS SEARS ROEBUCK AND CO. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 113 N. Orange Ave From Orange County Historical Museum SEARS SEA [illegible] DECCA PERSONA[?] SERIES REG[?] G.[?] PAT. OFF. MAR[?] REGISTRADA[?] MANUFACTURED BY DECCA[?] RECORDS, INC. NEW YORK, U.S.A. (L4106) Album No. A-526 8 sides 0-2 Polka PENNSYLVANIA POLKA (Lester Lee-Zeek Manners LAWRENCE WELK And His Champagne Music 23855 B LICENSED BY MFR. U.S. PATS 1637544, RE16588, 1895178 (OTHER PATS [ILLEGIBLE] ONLY FOR NON-COMMERCIAL USE FOR PHONOGRAPHS IN HOMES-[ILLEGIBLE] [ILLEGIBLE] AGREE THIS RECORD SHALL NOT BE [ILLEGIBLE] [ILLEGIBLE] [ILLEGIBLE] [ILLEGIBLE] [ILLEGIBLE] [ILLEGIBLE] WL4106T7A Sears, Roebuck & Co. blimp on roof of Sears Building From Mrs. Garrett E. Daily SEARS DAYS CENTRAL FLORIDA PERSONALITIES By Brewer[?] Walton MAC JORDAN MANAGER OF SEARS-ROEBUCK, & CO. RECENTLY DISCHARGED FROM THE AIR CORPS WHERE HE SERVED AS A CAPTAIN... AMVETS DIRECTOR OF THE AMVETS AND DIRECTOR OF THE RED CROSS.... HOBBIES - HUNTING & FISHING I'm Just Like Abe Lincoln! BORN IN A LOG CABIN IN KENTUCKY... A ATTENDING UNIV. OF ALABAMA. STUDIED COMMERCE & LAW.... Remember only 5 prs[?] to a customer! NYLONS NYLONS NYLONS NYLONS NYLONS NYLONS PRESIDENT OF THE ORLANDO MERCHANT ASSOCIATION.... Walton Mac Jordan (Manager/Sears, Roebuck & Co.) From son, Walton Mac Jordan, Jr. Associated Radio Store Buck, Bob Cathedral Church of St. Luke Denmark's Sporting Goods exhibits Frigidaire Fulford Van & Storage Company Gibbs-Louis, Inc. Historical Society of Central Florida, Inc. Jefferson Street Kiddie Korner Kiddie Shoppe Magnolia Avenue Main Street Main Street Market Orange Avenue orlando Orlando Remembered Regions Bank Sears, Roebuck and Company St. James Catholic Cathedral Stohl, Jim Washington Street Williams, Rachel Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Seminole County Centennial Celebration Collection Description The Seminole County Centennial Celebration Collection contains digital items related to the 100 year celebration of the creation of Seminole County. Items include ephemera distributed before and during the celebration, photographs, and other digital items. Seminole County will turn 100 years old on April 25, 2013. This centennial benchmark is being commemorated as Seminole Celebrates A Century of Success with a 100-day celebration beginning January 16, 2013, and will conclude with a community-wide Centennial Festival planned for April 20, 2013. Seminole Celebrates will highlight the county Points of Pride and is designed to celebrate Seminole County's heritage while embracing its future. Collaboration among the business community, faith-based organizations, art and historical societies, civic groups, and educational institutions will provide our residents with numerous fun family oriented events and activities over the 100 days of celebration. Contributor <a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/" target="_blank">Creative Sanford, Inc.</a> <a href="http://www.goldenrodhistoricalsociety.com/" target="_blank">Goldenrod Historical Society Museum</a><a href="http://www.goldsboromuseum.com/" target="_blank"> </a> <a href="http://www.goldsboromuseum.com/" target="_blank">Goldsboro Historical Museum</a> <a href="http://www.sanfordwelcomecenter.com/" target="_blank">Historic Sanford Welcome Center</a> <a href="http://www.lakemaryhistory.org/" target="_blank">Lake Mary Historical Museum</a> <a href="http://www.usgennet.org/usa/fl/county/seminole/Geneva/museum.htm" target="_blank">Museum of Geneva History</a> <a href="http://www.seminolecountyfl.gov/departments-services/leisure-services/parks-recreation/museum-of-seminole-county-history/" target="_blank">Museum of Seminole County History</a> <a href="http://oviedohs.com/" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society</a> <a href="http://www.ruralheritagecenter.net/" target="_blank">Rural Heritage Center</a> <a href="http://www.sanfordfl.gov/index.aspx?page=108" target="_blank">Sanford Museum</a> <a href="http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">UCF Public History Center</a> Alternative Title Seminole Centennial Collection Subject Seminole County (Fla.) Goldenrod (Fla.) Sanford (Fla.) Lake Mary (Fla.) Oviedo (Fla.) Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/30" target="_blank">Seminole County Centennial Celebration Collection</a>, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Creative Sanford, Inc., Sanford, Florida Goldenrod Historical Society Museum, Goldenrod, Florida Goldsboro Historical Museum, Goldsboro, Sanford, Florida Historic Sanford Welcome Center, Sanford, Florida Lake Mary Historical Museum, Lake Mary, Florida Museum of Geneva History, Geneva, Florida Museum of Seminole County History, Sanford, Florida Oviedo Historical Society, Oviedo, Florida Rural Heritage Center, Geneva, Florida Sanford Museum, Sanford, Florida UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://apps.seminolecountyfl.gov/centennial/index.aspx" target="_blank">Seminole County Centennial Celebration</a> Curator Marra, Katherine Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference <a href="http://apps.seminolecountyfl.gov/centennial/index.aspx" target="_blank">Seminole County Centennial Celebration</a> Francke, Arthur E. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39871004" target="_blank">Early Days of Seminole County, Florida</a>. [Sanford, FL]: Seminole County Historical Commission, 1988. Website A resource comprising of a web page or web pages and all related assets ( such as images, sound and video files, etc. ). Local URL <a href="http://oviedohs.com/" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Oviedo Historical Society Alternative Title Oviedo Historical Society Subject Seminole County (Fla.) Oviedo (Fla.) Museums--Florida Historical societies Description The Oviedo Historical Society was organized in November 1973 by a group of citizens. The society is a 501(3) non-profit organization. Its purpose is to help preserve the community identity of Oviedo by collecting and disseminating knowledge about local history, serve as a repository for documents and artifacts relating to Oviedo history, promote the preservation and marking of historic sites and buildings in the Oviedo area and foster interest in local, state, national, and world history. Creator <a href="http://oviedohs.com/about/" target="_blank">Oviedo Historicay Society, Inc.</a> Source Oviedo Historical Society 200 West Broadway Street Oviedo, Florida 32765 Date Created 1973 Format application/http Language eng Type Website Coverage Oviedo, Florida Spatial Coverage 28.669915, -81.211885 Temporal Coverage 1973-01-01/2014-12-31 Accrual Method Deposit Rights Holder The Oviedo Historical Society holds all rights to the items housed within the institution as well as those items represented digitally on <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>. Contact the <a href="http://oviedohs.com/" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society</a> for the proper permissions for the use of its items. Contributing Project <a href="http://apps.seminolecountyfl.gov/centennial/index.aspx" target="_blank">Seminole County Centennial Celebration</a> Curator Marra, Katherine Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://oviedohs.com/" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society</a> Click to View (Movie, Podcast, or Website) <a href="http://oviedohs.com/" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/30" target="_blank">Seminole County Centennial Celebration Collection</a>, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Mediator History Teacher External Reference "<a href="http://oviedohs.com/" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society</a>." Oviedo Historical Society, Inc. http://oviedohs.com/. Adicks, Richard, and Donna M. Neely. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5890131" target="_blank">Oviedo, Biography of a Town</a>. S.l: s.n.], 1979. Robison, Jim. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/796757419" target="_blank">Around Oviedo</a>. 2012. "<a href="http://www.cityofoviedo.net/node/68" target="_blank">History</a>." City of Oviedo, Florida. http://www.cityofoviedo.net/node/68. "<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/audio/Ep41-Oviedo.mp3" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries, Episode 41: Oviedo, with Dr. Richard Adicks</a>." RICHES of Central Florida. http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/audio/Ep41-Oviedo.mp3. Broadway St. Broadway Street Lawton House OHS Oviedo Historical Society Oviedo Historicay Society, Inc. Seminole County Centennial Celebration https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/202fb9f627406d83d1f2023a5eb198d5.jpg 6d563e834100940a187ffcb6534a8efe Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Veterans Legacy Program Collection Alternative Title VLP Collection Subject Veterans--Florida Description In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Is Part Of Veterans Legacy Program Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"><a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Library War Service Makes Report of Work Alternative Title Our Roll of Honor Subject World War, 1914-1918 Veterans--Florida Description A page from The Davenport Democrat and Leader from November 8, 1918. One of the articles reports casualties of World War I. Fred Kalinchuk is listed as missing in action. His status would later be corrected in some newspapers as wounded in action, degree undetermined. The newspaper was founded as The Democratic Banner in 1848, and was sold in 1855 to a group of businessmen and rechristened The Iowa State Democrat. The name changed again in 1903 to The Davenport Democrat, and after purchasing its rival newspaper, The Davenport Leader in 1905, the name became The Davenport Democrat and Leader, under the city editorship of Ralph W. Cram. The newspaper eventually settled on its current name, The Quad-City Times. Fred Kalinchuk was born in Russia in 1896, and immigrated to the United States in 1913. He lived in Cleveland, Ohio with his family before enlisting in the United States Army in 1918. Soon after joining the Army, he became a naturalized citizen while stationed in Georgia. Kalinchuk fought in France during World War I, including in the Oise-Aisne offensive. He was wounded during that time and was awarded the Purple Heart. After his military service, Kalinchuk worked as a patternmaker and started a family in Cleveland. He later moved to Florida and passed away in Citrus, Florida, in 2007. He is buried at Florida National Cemetery in Bushnell, Florida, with his son, Walter Kallin, who served in World War II. In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Type Text Source Digital reproduction of original newspaper article: “The Davenport Democrat and Leader”, Quad-City Times, November 8, 1918. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/210" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Collection</a> Coverage Davenport, Iowa Creator <a href="http://qctimes.com/" target="_blank">The Davenport Democrat and Leader</a> Publisher <a href="http://qctimes.com/" target="_blank">The Davenport Democrat and Leader</a> Date Created 1918-11-08 Format image/jpg Extent 4.85 MB Medium 1 newspaper article Language eng Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally created and published by <a href="http://qctimes.com/" target="_blank">The Davenport Democrat and Leader</a>. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by Quad-City Times and is provided here by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Curator Kelly, Karen Cravero, Geoffrey Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a> <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/"> Ancestry.com</a> <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a> Source Repository <a href="http://qctimes.com/">Quad-City Times</a> External Reference Abney, Barb. "<a href="https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/" target="_blank">VA Selects UCF Historians to Archive Stories of Deceased Veterans Veterans</a>." UCF Today, March 13, 2017. Accessed August 9, 2017. https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/. Tuchman, Barbara W., and Robert K. Massie. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881458391" target="_blank">The Guns of August: The Outbreak of World War I</a>. 2014. Bushnell Davenport Democrat and Leader Davenport, Iowa Florida National Cemetery Fred Kalinchuk military history military service National Cemetery Administration newspaper quad-city times veterans Veterans Administration Veterans Legacy Program World War I World War, 1914-1918 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Apopka Historical Society and Museum of the Apopkans Collection Subject Museums--Florida Apopka (Fla.) Description The Museum of the Apopkans, located at 122 East Fifth Street in Apopka,Florida, includes exhibits about the history of Apopka and Northwest Orange County. The museum is operated by the Apopka Historical Society, which was formed in 1968 after Edward A. Miner displayed his exhibit of early Apopka artifacts at the Folk Festival that same year. Miner was soon joined by the Central Florida Anthropological Society and several artists: Bertha Wolz, Betty Jamison, Vicikie Doggett, and David Findley. The society was incorporated in 1971 with Elizabeth Grossenbacher as president, Mildred S. Whiteside was vice president, Reba R. Evans as secretary, and Miner as curator. The first Board of Directors included John H. Land, Elin Larson, and Mary Lee Welch. Contributor <a href="http://sites.rootsweb.com/~flahs/" target="_blank">Apopka Historical Society and Museum of the Apopkans</a> Language eng Type Collection Coverage Apopka Historical Society and Museum of the Apopkans Collection, Apopka, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://sites.rootsweb.com/~flahs/" target="_blank">Apopka Historical Society and Museum of the Apopkans</a> Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://sites.rootsweb.com/~flahs/" target="_blank">Apopka Historical Society and Museum of the Apopkans</a> Alternative Title Museum of the Apopkans Collection Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/53" target="_blank">Apopka Collection</a>, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. External Reference "<a href="http://sites.rootsweb.com/~flahs/" target="_blank">Apopka Historical Society and Museum of the Apopkans</a>." Apopka Historical Society and Museum of the Apopkans. http://apopkamuseum.org/. "<a href="http://www.apopka.net/visitors/about-apopka.html" target="_blank">About Apopka</a>." City of Apopka. http://www.apopka.net/visitors/about-apopka.html. Apopka Historical Society. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55471340" target="_blank">Apopka</a>. Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2004. Website A resource comprising of a web page or web pages and all related assets ( such as images, sound and video files, etc. ). Local URL <a href="http://apopkamuseum.org/" target="_blank">http://apopkamuseum.org/</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Museum of the Apopkans Alternative Title Museum of the Apopkans Subject Museums--Florida Apopka (Fla.) Description The Museum of the Apopkans, located at 122 East Fifth Street in Apopka, Florida, includes exhibits about the history of Apopka and Northwest Orange County. The museum is operated by the Apopka Historical Society, which was formed in 1968, after Edward A. Miner displayed his exhibit of early Apopka artifacts at the Folk Festival that same year. The Central Florida Anthropological Society contributed to the Apopka Historical Society, as well as several artists: Bertha Wolz, Betty Jamison, Vickie Doggett, and David Findley. The society was incorporated in 1971 with Elizabeth Grossenbacher as president, Mildred S. Whiteside was vice president, Reba R. Evans as secretary, and Miner as curator. The first Board of Directors included John H. Land, Elin Larson, and Mary Lee Welch. Creator <a href="http://sites.rootsweb.com/~flahs/" target="_blank">Apopka Historical Society and Museum of the Apopkans</a> Source <a href="http://sites.rootsweb.com/~flahs/" target="_blank">Apopka Historical Society and Museum of the Apopkans</a><a href="http://apopkamuseum.org/" target="_blank"> </a> 122 East Fifth Street Apopka, Florida 32703 Date Created 1968 Format application/http Language eng Type Website Coverage Museum of the Apopkans, Apopka, Florida Rights Holder The <a href="http://apopkamuseum.org/" target="_blank">Apopka Historical Society</a> holds all rights to the items housed from the society as well as those items represented digitally on the <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/">RICHES MI</a>. Contact the Apopka Historical Society for the proper permissions for the use of its items. Contributing Project <a href="http://sites.rootsweb.com/~flahs/" target="_blank">Apopka Historical Society and Museum of the Apopkans</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://sites.rootsweb.com/~flahs/" target="_blank">Apopka Historical Society and Museum of the Apopkans</a> External Reference "<a href="http://sites.rootsweb.com/~flahs/" target="_blank">Apopka Historical Society and Museum of the Apopkans</a>." Apopka Historical Society and Museum of the Apopkans. http://apopkamuseum.org/. Click to View (Movie, Podcast, or Website) <a href="http://sites.rootsweb.com/~flahs/" target="_blank">Apopka Historical Society and Museum of the Apopkans</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/52" target="_blank">Apopka Historical Society and Museum of the Apopkans Collection</a>, Apopka Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Mediator History Teacher 5th Street Apopka Apopka Historical Society Fifth Street museum Museum of the Apopkans https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/37a7f698bdabb9a29b01bad15b996bfa.jpg 81a923f2381452093cbaeba187457e38 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Veterans Legacy Program Collection Alternative Title VLP Collection Subject Veterans--Florida Description In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Is Part Of Veterans Legacy Program Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"><a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Surgery Movies for Instruction Alternative Title Surgery Movies for Instruction Subject World War, 1939-1945 Veterans--Florida Description A magazine article published by The Air Force Official Service Journal in May of 1943. The article describes an instituted policy of filming important surgical operations performed at the Base Hospital at Wendover Field, Utah. The first filmed operation was on William Woznak (1919-1997). Born on August 5, 1919, in Montreal, Canada, William Woznak's family immigrated to Michigan. He enlisted in the United States Army Air Corps on January 6, 1942, serving on the Repair Squadron at Wendover Field in Utah. After the war, Woznak returned to Michigan and married Elizabeth Beatrice Genick. He fathered three children, named Marian, Bill, and Walter. By the 1970s, the family moved to Naples, Florida, where Woznak worked as a realtor and building consultant. He died on January 28, 1997, in Naples, and is memorialized at the Florida National Cemetery in Bushnell. In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Type Text Source Digital reproduction of original newspaper article: "Surgery Movies for Instruction." Air Force Magazine, Wendover Field, Utah, May, 1943. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/210" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Collection</a> Coverage Wendover Air Force Base, Utah Creator <a href="http://www.airforcemag.com/Pages/HomePage.aspx" target="_blank">Air Force Magazine</a> Publisher <a href="http://www.airforcemag.com/Pages/HomePage.aspx" target="_blank">Air Force Magazine</a> Date Created ca. 1943-05 Format image/jpg Extent 143 KB Medium 1 newspaper article Language eng Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally created and produced by <a href="http://www.airforcemag.com/Pages/HomePage.aspx" target="_blank">Air Force Magazine</a>. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by <a href="http://www.airforcemag.com/Pages/HomePage.aspx" target="_blank">Air Force Magazine</a> and is provided here by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Curator Connolly, Lehman Cravero, Geoffrey Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a> <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a> <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/">Ancestry.com</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.airforcemag.com/Pages/HomePage.aspx" target="_blank">Air Force Magazine</a> External Reference Abney, Barb. "<a href="https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/" target="_blank">VA Selects UCF Historians to Archive Stories of Deceased Veterans Veterans</a>." UCF Today, March 13, 2017. Accessed August 9, 2017. https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/. Air Force Official Service Journal Bushnell Florida National Cemetery military history military service national cemeteries, American National Cemetery Administration United States Air Force United States Army Air Corps veterans Veterans Administration Veterans Legacy Program Wendover Field, Utah William Woznak World War II World War, 1939-1945 WWII https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/d1b533489820c351464a828e674ed70b.jpg 00221e64528ca32af273c147ecc0f37f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Dr. Calvin Fowler Collection Alternative Title Fowler Collection Subject Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (Fla.) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (U.S.) NASA John F. Kennedy Space Center Kennedy Space Center Description Collection of images, documents, and other archival items donated by Dr. Calvin "Cal" D. Fowler, who was the manager of Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 14 during the final three launches of Project Mercury. Contributor Fowler, Calvin "Cal" D. <a href="http://srealserver.eecs.ucf.edu/chronopoints/" target="_blank">Chronopoints</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/148" target="_blank">Florida Space Coast History Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Cape Canaveral, Florida General Dynamics/Astronautics, Cocoa Beach, Florida John F. Kennedy Space Center, Merritt Island, Florida Patrick Air Force Base, Florida Covair/Astronautics, Mission Training Center, Port Canaveral, Florida U.S. Space Walk of Fame Museum, Titusville, Florida Daytona Beach, Florida George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, Redstone Arsenal, Hunstville, Alabama Space Systems Division Headquarters, Air Force Systems Command, United States Air Force, El Segundo, California General Dynamics/Astronautics Factory, San Diego, California Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas Space Center Houston, Houston, Texas Fairchild Air Force Base, Washington Francis E. Warren Air Force Base, Wyoming Valley Forge, Pennsylvania Contributing Project <a href="http://virtualheritage.ist.ucf.edu/cchp/" target="_blank">Florida Space Coast History Project</a> Curator Michlowitz, Robert Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/history/mercury/mercury-overview.htm">Project Mercury Overview</a>." John F. Kennedy Space Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/history/mercury/mercury-overview.htm. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1 newspaper article Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Glenn's Rocket Found in Africa Alternative Title Glenn's Rocket Found in Africa Subject National Aeronautics and Space Administration (U.S.) NASA Project Mercury (U.S.) Glenn, John, 1921- Description A newspaper article, originally posted by The Associated Press, published in The Miami Herald on March 2, 1962. According to the article, a fragment of the Atlas rocket used for John Glenn's mission was found on a farm in South Africa. South African officials made plans to return the artifact to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. Type Text Source Original newspaper article: "Glenn's Rocket Found in Africa." The Miami Herald, March 2, 1962: Private Collection of Dr. Calvin D. Fowler. Is Part Of <a href="http://www.miamiherald.com/" target="_blank">The Miami Herald</a>, March 2, 1962 <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/149" target="_blank">Dr. Calvin Fowler Collection</a>, Florida Space Coast History Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original newspaper article: "Glenn's Rocket Found in Africa." The Miami Herald, March 2, 1962. Coverage Aliwal North, Eastern Cape, South Africa Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 14, Cape Canaveral, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.ap.org/" target="_blank">The Associated Press</a> Publisher <a href="http://www.miamiherald.com/" target="_blank">The Miami Herald</a> Contributor Fowler, Calvin "Cal" D. <a href="http://srealserver.eecs.ucf.edu/chronopoints/" target="_blank">Chronopoints</a> Date Created ca. 1962-03-02 Date Issued 1962-03-02 Date Copyrighted 1962-03-02 Format image/jpg Extent 136 KB Medium 1 newspaper article Mediator History Teacher Civics/Government Teacher Provenance Originally republished by <a href="http://www.ap.org/" target="_blank">The Associated Press</a> and republished by <a href="http://www.miamiherald.com/" target="_blank">The Miami Herald</a>. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by <a href="http://www.ap.org/" target="_blank">The Associated Press</a>r and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="http://virtualheritage.ist.ucf.edu/cchp/" target="_blank">Florida Space Coast History Project</a> Curator Michlowitz, Robert Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference Swenson, Loyd S., Charles C. Alexander, and James M. Grimwood. <a href="http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4201/toc.htm">This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury</a>. Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1966. Aliwal North, Eastern Cape, South Africa Astronaut Group 1 astronauts Atlas Atlas 109D B. G. McNabb Cal Fowler Calvin D. Fowler Cape Canaveral Cape Canaveral Air Force Station CCAFS Don G. gaylor General Dynamics/Astronautics John Herschel Glenn, Jr. Kurt Debus Mercury 7 Mercury Seven Mercury-Atlas missiles NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration Original Seven Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa Project Mercury rockets Smithsonian Institution South Africa South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research space spacecraft The Miami Herald U.S. Air Force U.S. Embassy https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/287873af5931e58d892bb50a3f2cef87.jpg 512af2a9b888cb22224efca13deddb48 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Patricia Black Collection Alternative Title Black Collection Subject Sanford (Fla.) Migrant workers Agricultural laborers--Florida Migration, Internal--United States Farm laborers Upstate New York (N.Y.) Chase and Company (Sanford, Fla.) Madison (Fla.) Houses and homes Rochester (N.Y.) Description Collection of photographs and ephemera donated by <a title="Photo of Patricia Black" href="http://s2.postimg.org/4mpxwg2u1/P3212376.jpg">Patricia Ann Black</a> (1956- ), the daughter of Pilgrim Black (1905-2002) and Lula Mae Haynes Black (1917-2007). Pilgrim was born in 1905, although some records list 1907 as his birth year. Pilgrim and Lula were migrant crew leaders, and thus migrated to Upstate New York in the summers and back to their home in Sanford, Florida, for the rest of the year. Pilgrim was the son of Harry Black (d. 1911) and Maggie Benjamin Black (ca. 1870-ca. 1934), who migrated to Sanford from South Carolina in the 1800s. Harry and Maggie had several children: Leckward Black, Mustar Black, Malachi Black, Leatha Black Walker (1889-1976), Pilgrim Black, Margaret Black Jones (1889-1976), and Harriett Black Lawson. In 1911, Harry owned a grocery store at 206 South Sanford Avenue. One day, he came home from work with pneumonia and passed away shortly thereafter. Pilgrim was nine years old when his father passed away. Maggie was the daughter of former slaves, Isaac Benjamin and Roseanna Benjamin, and the sister of Nathan Benjamin, Pledge Benjamin, Sam Benjamin, Louis Benjamin, Chainey Benjamin, Lara Benjamin, Melvina Benjamin, and Katie Benjamin. Pilgrim had to quit school at age 11 in order to provide for his mother, originally working in a mill house until he was 18 years old. After declining a management position, he traveled to Wayne County in Upstate New York to pick cherries, apples, pears, and other crops. He broke a bone after falling from an apple tree his first year and decided to try farm labor on a potato farm in Red Creek instead. Don Holdridge, the farmer who owned the land, noted Pilgrim's high rate of productivity and offered him a management position supervising up to 30 workers at once, which he accepted. Pilgrim also worked as a foreman in Sanford for Chase & Company for over 30 years. He married Lula in 1937 and they had several children together, including Vivian Louise Black (1940-), Lula Yvonne Black (1942-), Charles Samuel Black (1945-), Pilgrim Black, Jr. (ca.1947-), and Patricia. Patricia was born August 31, 1956, and grew up at the end of East Tenth Street in Sanford, Florida. She attended Hopper Elementary through sixth grade, Lakeview Middle School for seventh grade, Sanford Junior High School for eighth grade, Crooms High School for ninth grade, and Seminole High School through twelfth grade. She also attended school in the North Rose-Wolcott district each year while in New York. During fourth grade, integration began and parents were given the choice to have their children to attend other schools, but Patricia chose to continue attending an all-black school until she entered seventh grade in 1968 and began attending integrated schools. In June 1973, Patricia married her first husband, Clint Holt (1955- ); however, the couple quickly separated due to domestic violence and divorced around 1977. Patricia gave birth to her first child, Charmion Le'Antwinetta Holt in 1974. She also had three other children with William Bigham, Jr. (1952- ), who she was married to for 33 years: William Arthur Bigham III (1982- ), Brandon Oliver Black (1990- ), and Tempestt Teonte’ Black (1992- ). She lives in the family home built by her grandmother, Maggie Benjamin Black on East Tenth Street in Sanford. Patricia endured weekly molestation for 11n years from age six to age 17, and was raped at age seventeen while pregnant with Charmion. At age 29, Patricia became severely addicted to smoking cocaine. After seven years, Patricia was able to overcome her addiction and has maintained her sobriety for 21 years. Despite her traumatic experiences, Patricia has developed a devout relationship with God. While in recovery, Patricia refocused her attention on spreading her ministry of love by becoming a foster parent, serving as the Parent Representative of the Committee for Special Education (CSE), and serving on her local school board in the North Rose-Wolcott school district. Patricia also has owned her own business making incense and importing shea butter from Africa. She also became a licensed nail technician specializing in stress-relieving pedicures. As of 2009, Patricia is retired but still maintains some involvement in her business/ministry named GIFTED. Contributor Black, Patricia Ann Language eng Type Collection Coverage Madison, Florida Sanford, Florida Rochester, New York Wayne County, New York Wolcott, New York Accrual Method Donation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Source Repository Private Collection of Patricia Ann Black External Reference Coles, Robert. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67637" target="_blank">Uprooted Children; The Early Life of Migrant Farm Workers</a>. [Pittsburgh]: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1970. Piore, Michael J. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank">Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies</a> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979. Flewellyn, Valada S. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank">African Americans of Sanford</a>. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub, 2009. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format 1 black and white photograph Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Senior Portrait of Vivian Louise Black Alternative Title Senior Portrait of Vivian Louise Black Subject Sanford (Fla.) Students--Florida Graduation (School) Description Vivian Louise Black (1940- ), the daughter of Pilgrim Black (1905-2002) and Lula Mae Haynes Black (1917-2007), who got married in 1937. Vivian is also the oldest sister of Lula Yvonne Black (1942- ); Charles Samuel Black (1945- ); Pilgrim Black, Jr. (ca.1947- ); and Patricia Ann Black (1956- ); as well as the half-sister of David Harry Black (1929-2012). Vivian graduated from Crooms High School around 1958. She married Benjamin Moore Hawkins in the 1960s and moved to Rochester, New York. The couple had two children together: Benjamin Moore, Jr. (1960-) and Fejetta Michelle Hawkins (1972-). Vivian worked for several years in a factory until she suffered a stroke at age 35, when the left side of her body became completely paralyzed. She moved back to Sanford, Florida, after her stroke. Type Still Image Source Original black and white photograph: <a href="http://www.cait.scps.k12.fl.us/" target="_blank">Crooms High School</a>, Sanford, Florida: Private Collection of Patricia Ann Black. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original black and white photograph: <a href="http://www.cait.scps.k12.fl.us/" target="_blank">Crooms High School</a>, Sanford, Florida. Coverage Crooms High School, Goldsboro, Sanford, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.cait.scps.k12.fl.us/" target="_blank">Crooms High School</a> Contributor Black, Patricia Ann Date Created ca. 1958 Format image/jpg Extent 143 KB Medium 1 black and white photograph Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally published by <a href="http://www.cait.scps.k12.fl.us/" target="_blank">Crooms High School</a> and owned by Pilgrim Black. Inherited by Patricia Black in 2002. Rights Holder Copyright to the resource is held by Patricia Black and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/72/" target="_blank">Patricia Black Collection</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference Coles, Robert. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67637" target="_blank">Uprooted Children: The Early Life of Migrant Farm Workers</a>. [Pittsburgh]: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1970. Piore, Michael J. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank">Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979. Flewellyn, Valada S. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank">African Americans of Sanford</a>. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub, 2009. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/72" target="_blank">Patricia Black Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Source Repository Private Collection of Patricia Ann Black 13th Street Bigham, Patricia Ann Black Black, Patricia Ann Black, Vivian Louise Crooms High School Goldsboro graduate graduation Hawkins, Vivian Louise Black high school graduate high school student student Thirteenth Street https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/5e7da13bbdb4a467739519bf45ade3e0.jpg 72abe715e3a0964f0b8b61528da0b5a6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Patricia Black Collection Alternative Title Black Collection Subject Sanford (Fla.) Migrant workers Agricultural laborers--Florida Migration, Internal--United States Farm laborers Upstate New York (N.Y.) Chase and Company (Sanford, Fla.) Madison (Fla.) Houses and homes Rochester (N.Y.) Description Collection of photographs and ephemera donated by <a title="Photo of Patricia Black" href="http://s2.postimg.org/4mpxwg2u1/P3212376.jpg">Patricia Ann Black</a> (1956- ), the daughter of Pilgrim Black (1905-2002) and Lula Mae Haynes Black (1917-2007). Pilgrim was born in 1905, although some records list 1907 as his birth year. Pilgrim and Lula were migrant crew leaders, and thus migrated to Upstate New York in the summers and back to their home in Sanford, Florida, for the rest of the year. Pilgrim was the son of Harry Black (d. 1911) and Maggie Benjamin Black (ca. 1870-ca. 1934), who migrated to Sanford from South Carolina in the 1800s. Harry and Maggie had several children: Leckward Black, Mustar Black, Malachi Black, Leatha Black Walker (1889-1976), Pilgrim Black, Margaret Black Jones (1889-1976), and Harriett Black Lawson. In 1911, Harry owned a grocery store at 206 South Sanford Avenue. One day, he came home from work with pneumonia and passed away shortly thereafter. Pilgrim was nine years old when his father passed away. Maggie was the daughter of former slaves, Isaac Benjamin and Roseanna Benjamin, and the sister of Nathan Benjamin, Pledge Benjamin, Sam Benjamin, Louis Benjamin, Chainey Benjamin, Lara Benjamin, Melvina Benjamin, and Katie Benjamin. Pilgrim had to quit school at age 11 in order to provide for his mother, originally working in a mill house until he was 18 years old. After declining a management position, he traveled to Wayne County in Upstate New York to pick cherries, apples, pears, and other crops. He broke a bone after falling from an apple tree his first year and decided to try farm labor on a potato farm in Red Creek instead. Don Holdridge, the farmer who owned the land, noted Pilgrim's high rate of productivity and offered him a management position supervising up to 30 workers at once, which he accepted. Pilgrim also worked as a foreman in Sanford for Chase & Company for over 30 years. He married Lula in 1937 and they had several children together, including Vivian Louise Black (1940-), Lula Yvonne Black (1942-), Charles Samuel Black (1945-), Pilgrim Black, Jr. (ca.1947-), and Patricia. Patricia was born August 31, 1956, and grew up at the end of East Tenth Street in Sanford, Florida. She attended Hopper Elementary through sixth grade, Lakeview Middle School for seventh grade, Sanford Junior High School for eighth grade, Crooms High School for ninth grade, and Seminole High School through twelfth grade. She also attended school in the North Rose-Wolcott district each year while in New York. During fourth grade, integration began and parents were given the choice to have their children to attend other schools, but Patricia chose to continue attending an all-black school until she entered seventh grade in 1968 and began attending integrated schools. In June 1973, Patricia married her first husband, Clint Holt (1955- ); however, the couple quickly separated due to domestic violence and divorced around 1977. Patricia gave birth to her first child, Charmion Le'Antwinetta Holt in 1974. She also had three other children with William Bigham, Jr. (1952- ), who she was married to for 33 years: William Arthur Bigham III (1982- ), Brandon Oliver Black (1990- ), and Tempestt Teonte’ Black (1992- ). She lives in the family home built by her grandmother, Maggie Benjamin Black on East Tenth Street in Sanford. Patricia endured weekly molestation for 11n years from age six to age 17, and was raped at age seventeen while pregnant with Charmion. At age 29, Patricia became severely addicted to smoking cocaine. After seven years, Patricia was able to overcome her addiction and has maintained her sobriety for 21 years. Despite her traumatic experiences, Patricia has developed a devout relationship with God. While in recovery, Patricia refocused her attention on spreading her ministry of love by becoming a foster parent, serving as the Parent Representative of the Committee for Special Education (CSE), and serving on her local school board in the North Rose-Wolcott school district. Patricia also has owned her own business making incense and importing shea butter from Africa. She also became a licensed nail technician specializing in stress-relieving pedicures. As of 2009, Patricia is retired but still maintains some involvement in her business/ministry named GIFTED. Contributor Black, Patricia Ann Language eng Type Collection Coverage Madison, Florida Sanford, Florida Rochester, New York Wayne County, New York Wolcott, New York Accrual Method Donation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Source Repository Private Collection of Patricia Ann Black External Reference Coles, Robert. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67637" target="_blank">Uprooted Children; The Early Life of Migrant Farm Workers</a>. [Pittsburgh]: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1970. Piore, Michael J. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank">Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies</a> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979. Flewellyn, Valada S. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank">African Americans of Sanford</a>. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub, 2009. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format 1 black and white photograph Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Senior Portrait of Lula Yvonne Black Alternative Title Senior Portrait of Lula Yvonne Black Subject Sanford (Fla.) Students--Florida Graduation (School) Description Lula Yvonne Black (1942-), the daughter of Pilgrim Black (1905-2002) and Lula Mae Haynes Black (1917-2007), who got married in 1937. Yvonne is also the sister of Vivian Louise Black (1940-); Charles Samuel Black (1945-), Pilgrim Black, Jr. (ca.1947-); and Patricia Ann Black (1956-); as well as the half-sister of David Harry Black (1929-2012). Yvonne graduated from Crooms High School around 1960. After high school, she attended college briefly, married Willie Lee Hooks, and moved to Rochester, New York. Lula and her husband had four children together: twins Willie Lee Hooks, Jr. and Wilbur Lee Hooks; Ronald Lee Hooks; and Lavonia Kaye Hooks. Like her sister, Vivian, Yvonne also worked in a factory for many years. Type Still Image Source Original black and white photograph: <a href="http://www.cait.scps.k12.fl.us/" target="_blank">Crooms High School</a>, Sanford, Florida: Private Collection of Patricia Ann Black. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original black and white photograph: <a href="http://www.cait.scps.k12.fl.us/" target="_blank">Crooms High School</a>, Sanford, Florida. Coverage Crooms High School, Goldsboro, Sanford, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.cait.scps.k12.fl.us/" target="_blank">Crooms High School</a> Contributor Black, Patricia Ann Date Created ca. 1960 Format image/jpg Extent 150 KB Medium 1 black and white photograph Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally created by <a href="http://www.cait.scps.k12.fl.us/" target="_blank">Crooms High School</a>l and owned by Pilgrim Black. Inherited by Patricia Black in 2002. Rights Holder Copyright to the resource is held by Patricia Black and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/72/" target="_blank">Patricia Black Collection</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference Coles, Robert. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67637" target="_blank">Uprooted Children: The Early Life of Migrant Farm Workers</a>. [Pittsburgh]: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1970. Piore, Michael J. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank">Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979. Flewellyn, Valada S. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank">African Americans of Sanford</a> Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub, 2009. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/72" target="_blank">Patricia Black Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. 13th Street Bigham, Patricia Ann Black Black Black, Lula Yvonne Black, Patricia Ann Crooms High School graduate graduation high school graduate high school graduation high school student Hook, Lula Yvonne Black Hook, Yvonne Black student Thirteenth Street Yvonne https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/811b5b7b42d78930af6b5ef70517d744.jpg 9b8b59ce5f57325960ac1297ffd2799f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Veterans Legacy Program Collection Alternative Title VLP Collection Subject Veterans--Florida Description In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Is Part Of Veterans Legacy Program Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"><a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Canton City Directory Alternative Title City Directory Subject Veterans--Florida Description A page from the 1958 City Directory for Canton, New York. The directory lists the names of the head of the household and in the case of a married man, the name of his wife. The directory also gives shorthand descriptions of the occupation and place of employment of the head of the household as well as their address. Advertisements from local businesses are also included. A notable individual listed is Nelson Phelps (1899-1989). Born on August 4, 1899, in Gouverneur, New York, Phelps served in the United States Navy during World War I after enlisting on January 28, 1918. He served as a Landsman for Electrician General Training at the Naval Training Station in Newport, Rhode Island, and the Naval Operating Station in Hampton Roads, Virginia. After the war, he returned to New York, marrying Marguerite Magdaline Burkhard, and fathering two daughters: Margaretta and Catherine. He spent much of his working life as a superintendent and inspector at the Sheffield Farms Milk Company. After retirement, he and his wife moved to Hillsborough County, Florida. Phelps died on March 22, 1989, and is buried at Florida National Cemetery in Bushnell, Florida. In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Type Text Source Digital reproduction of original city directory. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/210" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Collection</a> Coverage Canton, New York Creator <a href="http://www.cantonga.gov/" target="_blank">City of Canton</a> Publisher <a href="http://www.cantonga.gov/" target="_blank">City of Canton</a> Date Created ca. 1958 Format image/jpg Extent 1.10 MB Medium 1 city directory Language eng Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally created and produced by the <a href="http://www.cantonga.gov/" target="_blank">City of Canton</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: • reproduce the work in print or digital form • create derivative works • perform the work publicly • display the work • distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. This resource is provided here by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105">Section 5</a> of <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Donation Curator Connolly, Lehman Cravero, Geoffrey Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a> <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.archives.nysed.gov/">New York State Archives</a> External Reference Abney, Barb. "<a href="https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/" target="_blank">VA Selects UCF Historians to Archive Stories of Deceased Veterans Veterans</a>." UCF Today, March 13, 2017. Accessed August 9, 2017. https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/. Bushnell Canton, New York City directory Florida National Cemetery military history military service national cemeteries, American National Cemetery Administration Nelson Oren Phelps Potsdam Feed & Coal Co. Inc. veterans Veterans Administration Veterans Legacy Program https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/2681479eb6ccddcd9fbfdf794aebd8b1.pdf 0a32667a8e9abf82e6ee3f0da4fab50d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Maitland Historical Museum Collection Alternative Title Maitland Museum Collection Subject Maitland (Fla) Museums--Florida Description Collection of digital images, documents, and other records contributed by the Maitland Historical Museum. The museum is located at 221 West Packwood Avenue in Maitland, Florida. Present-day Maitland was originally inhabited by the Seminole tribe, which called the area "Fumecheliga," meaning "Musk Mellon Place." In 1838, Fort Maitland was established on the west coast of Lake Maitland by the U.S. Army and named after Captain William Seton Maitland, a casualty of the Seminole Wars. Settlement in Maitland expanded at the close of the American Civil War and the citrus industry grew. Around 1876, Dr. Haskell formed a syndicate and began contruscting a railroad from Jacksonville to Maitland that was completed in 1880. In 1885, the area was incorprated as the Town of Lake Maitland. Many left Maitland following the Freeze of 1894-1895. Despite the freeze's devastation, the citrus industry was able to grow and expand, reaching its peak in 1926. More growth occurred in the 1950s and 1960s with the development of the space industry in nearby Orlando and Brevard County. In 1959, the city was renamed Maitland. Growth continued in the 1970s with the arrival of Walt Disney World in the Orlando area. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/112" target="_blank">Maitland Collection</a>, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Maitland Historical Museum, Art & History Museums - Maitland, Maitland, Florida Accrual Method Donation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://artandhistory.org/maitland-history-museum/" target="_blank">Maitland Historical Museum</a>." Maitland Historical Museum, Art & History Museums - Maitland. http://artandhistory.org/maitland-history-museum/. "<a href="http://www.itsmymaitland.com/maitland_history.asp" target="_blank">Maitland History</a>." City of Maitland. http://www.itsmymaitland.com/maitland_history.asp. Poole, Leslie Kemp. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/320803902" target="_blank">Maitland</a>. Mount Pleasant, SC: Arcadia Pub, 2009. Contributor <a href="http://artandhistory.org/maitland-history-museum/" target="_blank">Maitland Historical Museum, Art & History Museums - Maitland</a> Source Repository <a href="http://artandhistory.org/maitland-history-museum/" target="_blank">Maitland Historical Museum, Art & History Museums - Maitland</a> Has Part <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/150" target="_blank">The Maitland News Collection</a>, Maitland Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format 4-page invitation Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Invitation to the Springtime Chamber Music Concert at the Vanderpoel Mansion Alternative Title Concert at the Vanderpoel Mansion Subject Concerts--United States Description An invitation to the Springtime Chamber Music Concert at the Vanderpoel Mansion, also known as the Vanderpoel House of History, located at 16 Broad Street in Kinderhook, New York. The concert was hosted by the Columbia County Historical Society on May 25, 1974. The Vanderpools were one of the original families in Maitland, Florida, with Isaac Vanderpool, the patriarch of the family, buying 160 acres of land in the year 1870. In 1876, after facing a large financial loss and disaster in New York, Isaac and his wife, Harriet Vanderpool, permanently moved to the Maitland area. At the time of their arrival, the area only had about four or five family homesteads and orange groves. Vanderpool was part of the first committee to help incorporate the town of Lake Maitland. The committee included Vanderpool, Henry S. Kedney, George Packwood, and Richard Packwood. The Vanderpool family was also heavily involved in civic affairs, which included the establishment of the town of Eatonville by Vanderpool and Josiah C. Eaton. The Vanderpools were paricipants in the creation of the Florida Audubon Society and the organization of the Maitland Public Library. Harriet Vanderpool, along with Bishop Henry C. Whipple, founded the Episcopal Church of the Good Shepherd, and, in 1927, she wrote the "Maitland Song," which the chamber of commerce adopted as the official song for the city. In 1887, Vanderpool became Mayor of Maitland and during this time, acquired land for the city first cemetery. In 1892, he built the first packinghouse in Maitland, which was featured in TheGate City Chronicle as the state most modern and best packinghouse. Type Text Source Original 4-page invitation by the <a href="http://www.cchsny.org/" target="_blank">Columbia County Historical Society</a>, 1974: Vanderpool Collection, accession number 2014.002.024V, room 2, case 2, shelf 10, box GV, <a href="http://artandhistory.org/maitland-history-museum/" target="_blank">Maitland Historical Museum, Art & History Museums - Maitland</a>, Maitland, Florida. Is Part Of Vanderpool Collection, room 2, case 2, shelf 10, box GV, <a href="http://artandhistory.org/maitland-history-museum/" target="_blank">Maitland Historical Museum</a>, Maitland, Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/113" target="_blank">Maitland Historical Museum Collection</a>, Maitland Collection, Orange County Collection. RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original 4-page invitation by the <a href="http://www.cchsny.org/" target="_blank">Columbia County Historical Society</a>, 1974. Creator <a href="http://www.cchsny.org/" target="_blank">Columbia County Historical Society</a> Date Created ca. 1974-05-25 Format application/pdf Medium 4-page invitation Language eng Audience 406 KB Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally created by the <a href="http://www.cchsny.org/" target="_blank">Columbia County Historical Society</a>. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by the <a href="http://www.cchsny.org/" target="_blank">Columbia County Historical Society</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://artandhistory.org/" target="_blank">Art & History Museums - Maitland</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.itsmymaitland.com/maitland_history.asp" target="_blank">Maitland History</a>." City of Maitland. http://www.itsmymaitland.com/maitland_history.asp. Poole, Leslie Kemp. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/320803902" target="_blank">Maitland</a>. Mount Pleasant, SC: Arcadia Pub, 2009. Coverage Kinderhook, New York Broad Street chamber music Christmas Candlelight Concert Columbia County Columbia County Historical Society concert concerts Kinderhook, New York Maitland Springtime Chamber Music Concert Vanderpoel House of History Vanderpoel Mansion Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Celery Soup: Florida's Folk Life Play Collection Alternative Title Celery Soup Collection Subject Sanford (Fla.) Community theater--United States Theater--United States Description The Celery Soup: Florida’s Folk Life Play Collection encompasses photographs, artifacts, and oral histories related to the production of Creative Sanford, Inc.'s and Celery Soup's play Remade - Not Bought, performed at the Princess Theater in 2013. Many of the items in this collection were collected by Dr. Scot French's Tools in Digital History Seminar Graduate Class during the Fall 2013 semester at the University of Central Florida. Contributor Dingle, Cathy Lee Delgado, Natalie Fedorka, Drew M. Ford, Nancy Harris French, Scot A. Kelley, Katie Lee, Luticia Gormley Maliczowski, Linda Lee Maples, Marilyn Miller, Mark Reisz, Autumn Thompson, Trish Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/44" target="_blank">Seminole County Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/16" target="_blank">Sanford Collection</a>, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Celery Soup: Florida’s Folk Life Play, Sanford, Florida Creative Sanford, Inc., Sanford, Florida Princess Theater, Sanford, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/" target="_blank">Creative Sanford, Inc.</a> <a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/" target="_blank">Celery Soup: Florida’s Folk Life Play</a> Dr. <a href="http://history.scotfrench.com/" target="_blank">Scot A. French</a>'s Tools in Digital History Seminar Graduate Class, Fall 2013 at the <a href="http://www.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">University of Central Florida</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com//about" target="_blank">WHO IS CREATIVE SANFORD, INC?</a>" Celery Soup. http://www.celerysoupsanford.com//about. "<a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/about/" target="_blank">About: History and Purpose</a>." Celery Soup. http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/about/. "<a href="http://www.communityperformanceinternational.org/sanford-florida" target="_blank">Sanford, Florida: How do you make Celery Soup? Add stories, then stir</a>." Community Performance International. http://www.communityperformanceinternational.org/sanford-florida. Website A resource comprising of a web page or web pages and all related assets ( such as images, sound and video files, etc. ). Local URL <a title="Celery Soup" href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/" target="_blank">http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Creative Sanford, Inc. Alternative Title Creative Sanford Subject Seminole County (Fla.)--History Folk plays Sanford (Fla.)--History Description Creative Sanford, Inc. is a non-profit organization created to manage Celery Soup: Florida's Folk Life Play community theater productions. The original idea for the Celery Soup project came from Jeanine Taylor, the owner of a folk-art gallery on First Street in Sanford, Florida. Their first production was Touch and Go, a play focusing on the people of Sanford and their determination to overcome various obstacles, including the Freeze of 1894-1895, the fall of Sanford's celery industry, and the closing of Naval Air Station (NAS) Sanford in the 1960s. In the process of producing the show, Creative Sanford decided to rehabilitate an historic building, the Princess Theater, which is located on 115 West First Street and owned by Stephen Tibstra. The Creative Sanford offices are housed in the Historic Sanford Welcome Center, located at 203 East First Street. Creator <a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/" target="_blank">Creative Sanford, Inc.</a> Source The Princess Theater 115 West First Street Sanford, Florida 32771 Historic Sanford Welcome Center 203 East First Street Sanford, Florida 32771 Date Created 2007 Format application/http Medium Website Language eng Type Website Coverage Sanford, Florida Spatial Coverage 28.811711, -81.268552 28.811863, -81.266245 Temporal Coverage 2007-01-01/2014-12-31 Accrual Method Deposit Rights Holder <a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/" target="_blank">Creative Sanford, Inc.</a>, holds all rights to the items housed within the institution as well as those items represented digitally on <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>. Contact the Creative Sanford, Inc., for the proper permissions for the use of its items. Contributing Project <a href="http://apps.seminolecountyfl.gov/centennial/index.aspx" target="_blank">Seminole County Centennial Celebration</a> Curator Marra, Katherine Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/" target="_blank">Creative Sanford, Inc.</a> Click to View (Movie, Podcast, or Website) <a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/about/" target="_blank">http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/82" target="_blank">Celery Soup: Florida’s Folk Life Play Collection</a>, Sanford Collection, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Mediator History Teacher Geography Teacher Humanities Teacher Theater Teacher External Reference "About." Celery Soup – Florida’s Folk Life Play. http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/about/. External Reference Title "<a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/about/" target="_blank">About</a>" 1st Street Celery Soup: Florida’s Folk Life Play Creative Sanford Creative Sanford, Inc. First St. First Street Princess Players Princess Theater Seminole County Centennial Celebration https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/cc6b425dabe82c1220ad4d78ffbed86d.jpg 25cb585b15e648c5491b115826cf333f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census Collection Alternative Title Census Collection Subject Census--United States Population--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Description Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000. The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation. In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc. The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office. Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data. The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing. The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior. Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities. The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another. The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions. The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire. Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs. The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census. The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input. In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators. Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD. Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Mosquito County, Florida Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul>This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1 table Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1910 Alternative Title Census, 1910 Subject Census--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Population--United States Description The Thirteenth United States Census records for Brevard County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County (including present-day Seminole County), Osceola County, and Volusia County (including present-day Flagler County), Florida, for 1910. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white" and "black"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who are foreign born are further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the illiterate population categorized by age, race, gender, and school attendance. The census also collected information on agriculture. The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities. Type Dataset Source Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1910. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1910. Coverage Brevard County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> Publisher <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Date Created ca. 1910-04-15 Format image/jpg Extent 874 KB Medium 1 table Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> and published by the <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form;</li> <li>create derivative works;</li> <li>perform the work publicly;</li> <li>display the work;</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul> This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Item Creation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1910.html" target="_blank">1910 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1910.html. United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1910. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. Transcript U.S. Census of 1910 Population Brevard County* Lake County Marion County Orange County** Osceola County Volusia County*** Population Total 5,158 7,467 24,403 11,374 3,444 10,003 Males 2,842 3,959 12,918 5,767 1,783 5,153 Females 2,316 3,508 11,485 5,607 1,661 4,850 White Population Total 4,003 4,829 9,356 7,347 3,013 6,538 Males 2,188 2,474 4,927 3,698 1,547 3,323 Females 1,815 2,355 4,429 3,649 1,466 3,215 Black Population Total 1,074 2,636 15,047 4,027 431 3,464 Males 613 1,484 7,991 2,069 236 1,829 Females 461 1,152 7,056 1,958 195 1,635 Native-Born Population Total 4,796 7,220 24,058 10,769 3,369 9,538 Males 2,608 3,816 12,704 5,432 1,732 4,904 Females 2,188 3,404 11,354 5,337 1,637 4,634 Foreign-Born Population Total 362 247 345 605 75 465 Males 234 143 214 335 51 249 Females 128 104 131 270 24 216 Foreign-Born Population by Country of Origin English Canada 31 43 44 42 3 68 Cuba 1 1 23 0 0 0 Denmark 57 4 4 3 2 1 England 96 112 84 184 38 131 France 3 4 18 11 1 4 Germany 58 31 57 117 6 96 Ireland 30 8 13 31 8 30 Italy 4 0 22 14 4 0 Norway 15 1 1 3 0 2 Russia 3 3 5 4 0 1 Scotland 18 22 13 31 7 15 Spain 0 0 2 0 1 0 Sweden 18 10 8 115 0 72 West Indies 13 18 2 0 11 Other Countries 17 8 33 48 5 34 Education Brevard County* Lake County Marion County Orange County** Osceola County Volusia County*** Illiterate Population, Aged 10+ Total 265 765 3,937 993 315 899 White 50 132 180 257 183 149 Colored 206 633 3,757 736 132 750 Total 149 631 9,757 736 132 750 Male Population, Aged 21+ Illiterate 109 354 1,797 377 119 386 Literate 1,590 1,833 4,955 2,808 714 2,441 Agriculture Brevard County* Lake County Marion County Orange County** Osceola County Volusia County*** Farms Total 615 848 2,520 1,218 354 430 Farmers by Ownership, Management, and Tenure Full Owners 479 576 1,824 779 312 362 Part Owners 11 116 228 79 7 22 Owners and Tenants 2 1 19 2 0 0 Farm Managers 99 102 85 279 1 32 Cash Tenants 12 40 228 58 26 10 Share Tenants 12 13 136 21 8 4 White Farmers by Ownership, Management, and Tenure Total 579 784 1,246 1,132 351 399 Full Owners 458 542 894 732 309 338 Part Owners 7 106 98 69 7 19 Owners and Tenants 2 0 12 2 0 0 Farm Managers 89 91 78 271 1 31 Cash Tenants 11 33 103 40 26 7 Share Tenants 12 12 60 18 8 4 Colored Farmers by Ownership, Management, and Tenure Total 36 64 1,274 86 3 31 Full Owners 21 34 930 47 3 24 Part Owners 4 10 130 10 0 3 Owners and Tenants 0 1 6 0 0 0 Farm Managers 10 11 7 8 0 1 Cash Tenants 1 7 125 18 0 3 Share Tenants 0 1 76 3 0 0 Acres of Farm Land Improved Farm Land 7,290 22,171 72,755 20,790 5,251 10,741 Unimproved Farm Land 30,823 65,928 128,717 64,719 48,875 36,017 Farms by Acreage 1-2 19 24 15 51 99 3 3-9 104 64 216 180 21 41 10-19 140 115 403 202 21 60 20-49 166 245 784 359 111 140 50-99 80 177 556 204 50 69 100-174 65 127 322 145 20 65 175-259 20 52 117 36 9 21 260-499 13 28 76 31 8 16 500-999 5 11 22 7 7 5 1,000+ 3 5 9 3 8 10 Acres of Farm Land Improved Farm Land 7,290 22,171 72,755 20,790 5,251 10,741 Unimproved Farm Land 30,823 65,928 128,717 64,719 48,875 36,017 Value of Land and Buildings on Farms Farm Buildings $483,590 $400,610 $704,230 $659,570 $66,130 $316,640 Farm Implements and Machinery $26,440 $46,840 $112,030 $71,580 $11,030 $32,330 Farm Products $207,942 $227,451 $227,451 $355,891 $229,068 $178,869 Livestock $160,625 $176,259 $176,259 $362,058 $783,030 $220,568 "*Includes present-day St, Lucie County **Includes present-day Seminole County ***Includes present-day Flagler County" African Americans agriculture Brevard County British Americans Canadian Americans Caribbean Americans Caucasian Americans census Census of 1910 Cuban Americans Danish Americans education English Americans European Americans farm managers farming implements farmland farms females French Americans German Americans illiteracy Irish Americans Italian Americans Lake County Latin Americans literacy livestock machinery males Marion County Norwegian Americans orange county Osceola County population Russian Americans Scandinavian Americans Scotch Americans Scottish Americans sharecropping Spanish Americans Swedish Americans tenant farmers tenant farming U.S. Census Volusia County West Indian Americans https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/12393dba254f2ac70d22b9a23a09c12d.jpg 8137091dfcd240d36abc411d790e6f51 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census Collection Alternative Title Census Collection Subject Census--United States Population--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Description Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000. The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation. In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc. The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office. Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data. The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing. The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior. Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities. The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another. The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions. The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire. Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs. The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census. The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input. In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators. Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD. Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Mosquito County, Florida Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul>This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1 table Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1920 Alternative Title Census, 1920 Subject Census--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Population--United States Description The Fourteenth United States Census records for Brevard County, Flagler County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County, Osceola County, Seminole County, and Volusia County, Florida for 1920. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white" and "black"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who are foreign born are further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the population categorized by age, school attendance, race, and literacy. The census also collected information on agriculture and on manufacturing. The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C., and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every 10 years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, the censuses of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another. The "usual place of abode," the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates, and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquiries related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions. Type Dataset Source Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1920. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1920. Coverage Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> Publisher <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Date Created ca. 1920-01-01 Format image/jpg Extent 1.39 MB Medium 1 table Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> and published by the <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form;</li> <li>create derivative works;</li> <li>perform the work publicly;</li> <li>display the work;</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul> This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Item Creation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1920.html" target="_blank">1920 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1920.html. United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1920. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. Transcript U.S. Census of 1920 Population Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Population Total 8,505 2,442 12,744 23,968 19,890 7,195 10,986 23,374 Males 4,483 1,439 6,612 12,048 10,042 3,662 5,695 11,663 Females 4,022 1,003 6,132 11,920 9,848 3,563 5,291 11,711 White Population Total 6,006 1,481 8,927 11,080 14,423 6,072 5,933 15,159 Males 3,139 833 4,590 5,599 7,22 3,054 3,095 7,435 Females 2,867 648 4,337 5,481 7,201 3,018 2,838 7,724 Black Population Total 2,483 958 3,817 12,887 5,464 1,122 5,044 8,199 Males 1,335 605 2,022 6,448 2,817 578 2,594 4,216 Females 1,148 353 1,795 6,439 2,647 544 2,450 3,983 Native-Born Population Total 5,615 1,317 8,486 10,698 13,609 5,771 5,559 14,070 Males 29,919 730 4,353 5,397 6,786 2,884 2,879 6,897 Females 2,696 587 4,133 5,301 6,823 2,887 2,680 7,173 Foreign-Born Population Total 391 164 441 382 814 301 374 1,089 Males 220 103 237 202 436 170 216 538 Females 171 61 204 180 378 131 158 551 Under Age 7 1,213 347 1,744 3,725 2,485 836 1,532 2,766 Aged 7-13 1,139 347 1,834 4,118 2,589 908 1,628 3,059 Aged 14-15 300 92 484 1,098 653 240 416 786 Aged 16-17 283 91 472 1,037 681 215 368 739 Aged 18-20 434 129 635 1,261 1,039 341 592 1,264 Aged 21-44 3,053 945 4,340 7,501 7,011 1,987 4,282 8,349 Aged 45+ 2,083 491 3,235 5,228 5,432 2,668 2,168 6,411 Foreign-Born Population by Country of Origin Canada 52 23 76 63 130 74 53 228 Austria 13 7 5 4 11 11 5 25 Cuba 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 6 Denmark 13 3 7 4 15 3 3 14 England 74 34 111 86 157 64 51 247 France 7 2 8 14 12 3 12 24 Germany 75 22 51 61 166 66 61 139 Greece 5 2 0 8 3 0 3 14 Holland and the Netherlands 15 3 2 5 13 3 0 9 Born in Hungary 6 1 1 6 10 5 29 9 Ireland 15 4 17 14 37 17 19 57 Italy 11 0 10 20 17 4 22 16 Norway 10 3 6 5 4 4 2 18 Poland 5 35 6 3 13 1 0 19 Romania 2 0 0 0 11 0 8 0 Russia 5 0 2 6 45 5 6 25 Scotland 11 8 24 22 26 9 17 63 Spain 0 0 0 0 2 0 3 1 Sweden 14 3 50 15 61 11 44 93 Switzerland 5 0 6 7 7 12 8 13 Syria 0 0 0 25 8 0 4 6 West Indies 9 0 0 3 5 0 0 11 Other Countries 44 14 59 11 61 9 24 58 Education Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Population Attending School Total 1,499 393 2,191 5,297 3,523 1,268 2,212 3,969 Ages 7-13 1,025 294 1,481 3,635 2,391 831 1,520 2,708 Ages 14-15 266 61 380 916 587 216 376 665 Ages 16-17 148 29 227 560 375 137 208 384 Ages 18-20 60 9 103 186 170 84 108 212 Population Not Attending School Total 657 266 1,234 2,217 1,439 436 792 1,879 Ages 7-13 114 53 353 483 198 77 108 351 Ages 14-15 34 31 104 182 66 24 40 121 Ages 16-17 135 62 245 477 306 78 160 355 Ages 18-20 374 120 532 1,075 869 257 484 1,052 Illiterate Population, Aged 10+ Total 236 319 759 1,685 743 256 713 1,241 White 57 29 91 143 123 68 73 74 Black 179 290 668 1,541 620 188 640 1,167 Other 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Literate Population, Aged 10+ Total 6,555 1,633 9,428 16,823 15,535 5,700 8,091 18,134 White 4,770 1,136 7,089 8,549 11,739 4,993 4,671 12,572 Black 1,776 495 2,339 8,274 3,793 706 3,339 5,549 Other 9 2 0 0 3 1 9 13 Population, Aged 21+ Total 5,136 1,436 7,575 12,729 12,443 4,655 6,450 14,760 Illiterate Population, Aged 21+ Total 211 249 602 1,449 685 233 625 1,157 Males 126 160 334 718 386 122 333 672 Females 85 89 268 731 299 111 292 485 Literate Population, Aged 21+ Total 4,925 1,187 6,973 11,280 11,758 4,422 5,825 13,603 Males 2,675 755 3,603 5,865 5,945 2,256 3,138 6,714 Females 2,250 432 3,370 5,415 5,813 2,166 2,687 6,889 Agriculture Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Number of Farms by Race Ownership Total 672 187 876 2,215 10,093 304 573 998 White-Owned 628 179 826 1,143 1,013 292 510 899 Black-Owned and Other Non-White-Owned 110 8 50 1,072 80 12 63 99 Farms by Acreage Less than 3 15 0 14 5 7 8 19 31 3-9 110 8 65 153 180 34 138 241 10-19 116 37 135 323 234 64 134 219 20-49 169 86 297 770 309 96 139 282 50-99 80 31 160 448 181 47 63 119 100-174 130 21 114 255 100 20 50 54 175-259 22 1 34 110 30 6 14 27 260-499 19 1 40 96 34 7 3 15 500-999 4 1 10 34 7 13 3 3 1,000+ 7 1 7 21 11 9 10 7 Owner-Operated Farms Total 587 152 733 1,802 988 274 463 803 Owners Owning Entire Farm Total 574 139 707 1,458 927 263 418 798 Owners Hiring Additional Land Total 13 13 26 344 61 11 45 5 Farms by Tenure Total 7 25 69 382 41 9 63 48 Share Tenants 2 2 24 123 12 2 11 7 Share-Cash Tenants 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 1 Share-Cropper Tenants 0 0 21 116 7 3 8 11 Stand-In Renters 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cash Tenants 4 20 24 113 16 2 38 26 Tenants, Tenure Not Specified 1 3 0 29 6 2 4 3 Farm Ownership and Management by Race White 551 148 703 971 914 263 409 726 Black/Non-White 36 4 30 831 74 11 54 77 Tenant Farmers by Race White 7 22 54 143 36 9 56 40 Black/Non-White 0 3 15 239 5 0 7 8 Acres of Land in Farms Improved Land 10,945 4,070 32,917 105,471 70,572 6,304 11,795 18,258 Unimproved Land 47,625 6,547 55,422 119,577 171,871 60,614 53,671 51,365 Acres of Land in Farms by Ownership, Tenure, and Management Total 58,570 10,617 88,339 225,048 242,443 66,918 65,466 69,623 Operated by Owners 50,963 7,289 64,190 182,244 114,688 56,622 50,272 44,706 Operated by Tenants 451 741 6,390 18,093 1,414 191 11,752 1,836 Operated by Managers 7,156 2,587 17,759 24,711 126,341 10,105 3,442 23,081 Value of All Farm Property Total 8,351,940 1,103,571 10,148,325 9,490,125 16,322,344 3,349,955 7,202,407 7,677,096 Land $6,179,710 743,250 7,544,815 5,771,755 12,329,463 2,084,905 4,982,110 4,733,950 Buildings $1,628,265 166,750 1,607,360 1,618,814 2,569,440 485,100 1,265,235 1,742,930 Farming Implements and Machinery $263,303 65,083 512,813 462,004 663,834 121,052 429,834 272,770 Livestock $280,662 128,488 483,337 1,637,552 760,433 658,898 525,228 927,448 Value of All Crops Total 1,459,327 390,476 1,731,903 23,156,002 3,254,302 518,552 3,231,896 1,312,882 Cereal 6,012 10,390 75,515 663,888 90,784 29,382 50,085 78,907 Other Grains and Seeds 1,869 327 10,580 205,601 2,409 7,636 2,287 3,695 Hay and Forage 18,347 20,300 77,736 146,957 96,155 20,536 24,449 34,967 Vegetables 112,003 344,267 374,821 657,611 608,884 88,695 2,559,886 307,790 Fruits and Nuts 1,319,907 7,688 1,148,708 473,202 2,448,047 367,217 586,161 $865,762 All Other Crops 1,189 7,504 44,543 168,343 8,023 5,086 9,028 $21,761 Manufacturing Manufacturing Establishments Total 32 16 34 53 51 15 25 63 Average Number of Wage Earners in Manufacturing Total 343 212 517 1,173 521 186 560 1,218 Manufacturing Costs Total 520,298 240,385 790,364 1,764,111 1,491,813 288,603 1,533,377 2,152,679 Wages 313,365 146,611 468,808 770,684 410,203 146,663 600,842 981,679 Rents and Taxes 30,919 6,412 10,913 70,415 38,732 12,034 64,289 62,799 Materials 176,014 87,362 340,643 923,012 1,042,876 129,099 868,246 1,108,836 Value of Products of Manufacturing Establishments Total 735,535 330,664 1,343,070 2,568,991 1,938,183 459,099 1,799,142 3,020,521 Primary Horsepower in Manufacturing Establishments, Rated Capacity of Engines, Motors, etc. Total 1,519 575 1,739 2,523 1,519 260 1,541 2,616 African Americans Anglo Americans Austrian Americans Brevard County British Americans Canadian Americans Caribbean Americans Caucasian Americans census Census of 1920 cereals crops Cuban Americans Dutch Americans education employees English Americans European Americans farm managers farming implements farmland farms females Flagler County forage French Americans fruits German Americans grains Greek Americans hay Hispanic Americans horsepower Hungarian Americans illiteracy Irish Americans Italian Americans labor laborers Lake County Latin Americans Latinas Latinos literacy machinery males manufacturing Marion County Middle Eastern Americans Norwegian Americans nuts orange county Osceola County Polish Americans population Romanian Americans Russian Americans Scandinavian Americans Scotch Americans Scottish Americans seeds Seminole County sharecroppers sharecropping students Swedish Americans Swiss Americans Syrian Americans taxes tenant farmers tenant farming tenants U.S. Census vegetables Volusia County wages West Indian Americans workers https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/ee509e0bf2aa8f9ca179841ea5393069.jpg ae7185ec1a3e743ab87b32dd6dd4c446 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census Collection Alternative Title Census Collection Subject Census--United States Population--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Description Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000. The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation. In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc. The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office. Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data. The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing. The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior. Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities. The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another. The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions. The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire. Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs. The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census. The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input. In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators. Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD. Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Mosquito County, Florida Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul>This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1 table Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1930 Alternative Title Census, 1930 Subject Census--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Population--United States Description The Fifteenth United States Census records for Brevard County, Flagler County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County, Osceola County, Seminole County, and Volusia County, Florida, for 1930. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white" and "black"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who are foreign born are further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the population categorized by age, family size (as well as rural families vs. urban families), family radio ownership, marital status, school attendance, and literacy. The census also collected information on agriculture, on manufacturing, and on unemployment. The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for censuses of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their respective territories. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demand and the bureau was accused of presenting unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire. Type Dataset Source Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1930. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1930. Coverage Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> Publisher <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Date Created ca. 1930-04-01 Format image/jpg Extent 1.99 MB Medium 1 table Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> and published by the <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form;</li> <li>create derivative works;</li> <li>perform the work publicly;</li> <li>display the work;</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul> This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Item Creation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1930.html" target="_blank">1930 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1930.html. United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1930. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. Transcript U.S. Census of 1930 Population Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Population Total 13,283 2,466 23,161 29,578 49,737 10,699 18,735 42,757 Males 6,766 1,355 11,673 14,970 24,034 5,500 9,467 20,850 Females 6,517 1,111 11,488 14,608 25,703 5,199 9,268 21,907 White Population Total 9,062 1,613 16,717 15,065 37,495 7,610 10,302 30,205 Males 4,642 874 8,346 7,664 18,260 3,773 5,228 14,746 Females 4,420 739 8,371 7,401 19,235 3,837 5,074 15,459 Native-Born Population Total 8,593 1,491 16,068 14,645 35,498 7,316 9,875 28,379 Males 4,390 802 7,992 7,439 17,270 3,608 4,984 13,829 Females 4,203 689 8,076 7,206 18,228 3,708 4,891 14,549 Foreign-Born Population Total 469 122 649 420 1,997 294 427 1,827 Males 252 72 354 225 990 165 244 917 Females 217 50 295 195 1,007 129 183 910 Black Population Total 4,199 852 6,442 14,513 12,226 3,056 8,431 12,537 Males 2,112 480 3,235 7,306 5,764 1,710 4,238 6,093 Females 2,087 372 3,117 7,207 6,462 1,346 4,193 6,444 Other Race Population Total 22 1 2 0 16 33 2 15 Males 12 1 2 0 10 17 1 11 Females 10 0 0 0 6 16 1 4 Population by Age Under 1 205 49 393 523 785 180 338 648 1-4 1,028 196 1,894 2,345 3,558 761 1,474 2,938 5-9 1,336 264 2,349 3,126 4,709 1,000 1,911 4,001 10-14 1,230 238 2,109 3,022 4,353 929 1,846 3,729 15-19 1,117 220 2,114 3,092 4,433 933 1,883 3,435 20-24 1,159 235 1,992 2,874 4,486 888 1,753 3,524 25-29 1,068 214 1,826 2,298 4,349 852 1,689 3,471 30-34 981 184 1,656 1,905 3,826 691 1,488 3,132 35-44 1,826 343 3,047 3,653 7,036 1,331 2,703 6,141 45-54 1,452 250 2,326 3,081 5,344 1,100 1,861 4,700 55-64 1,030 162 1,721 2,065 3,711 917 1,022 3,665 65-74 615 79 1,219 1,105 2,184 623 549 2,266 75+ 224 31 498 457 924 470 214 1,033 Age Unknown 12 1 17 32 39 24 4 74 Number of Families Total 3,761 653 6,460 7,483 13,852 3,198 5,043 12,444 Farm 462 131 1,506 2,559 1,308 451 781 892 Rural Farm 454 131 1,468 2,557 1,257 433 722 876 Urban Farm 8 0 38 2 51 18 59 16 Non-Farm 3,299 522 4,954 4,924 12,544 2,747 4,262 11,552 Rural Non-Farm 2,523 522 3,106 3,028 3,775 1,898 1,590 3,887 Urban Non-Farm 776 0 1,848 1,896 8,769 849 2,672 7,665 Number of Families by Size 1 Person 597 91 912 968 1,654 593 611 1,905 2 Persons 1,078 186 1,814 1,778 4,030 984 1,288 3,855 3 Persons 715 123 1,225 1,412 2,895 548 1,052 2,368 4 Persons 514 84 955 1,144 2,117 447 814 1,734 5 Persons 359 60 639 779 1,383 246 516 1,127 6 Persons 196 39 392 530 837 160 319 666 7 Persons 116 33 221 348 422 96 192 378 8 Persons 82 23 144 224 238 65 121 189 9 Persons 52 10 81 135 130 30 67 116 10 Persons 19 3 29 76 84 18 33 60 11 Persons 18 0 19 45 32 7 18 27 12+ Persons 15 1 29 44 30 4 12 19 Radio Ownership Families Reporting Radios 783 57 1,072 680 2,638 323 729 2,164 Urban Families Reporting Radios 165 0 434 319 1,850 140 491 1,526 Rural Families Reporting Radios 618 57 638 361 786 183 238 638 Families Without Radios 2,978 596 5,388 6,803 11,216 2,875 4,314 10,280 Urban Families Without Radios 619 0 1,452 1,579 6,970 727 2,240 6,155 Rural Families Without Radios 2,359 596 3,936 5,224 4,246 2,148 2,074 4,125 Population by Marital Status, Aged 15+ Total 9,484 1,719 16,416 20,562 36,332 7,829 13,166 31,441 Single 2,352 427 4,010 5,432 8,705 1,754 3,094 7,221 Married 6,127 1,170 10,540 12,562 23,568 4,894 8,821 20,237 Widowed 898 104 1,603 2,141 3,404 1,091 1,059 3,388 Divorced 105 18 241 404 474 83 183 539 Unknown Marital Status 2 0 22 23 181 7 9 56 Male Population by Marital Status, Aged 15+ Total 4,850 963 8,306 10,465 17,303 4,080 6,633 15,090 Single 1,442 308 2,407 3,217 4,634 1,138 1,814 3,993 Married 3,060 601 5,252 6,294 11,615 2,454 4,371 10,007 Widowed 299 43 512 747 833 449 348 829 Divorced 49 11 122 193 171 34 94 231 Unknown Marital Status 0 0 13 14 50 5 6 30 Female Population by Marital Status, Aged 15+ Total 4,634 756 8,110 10,097 19,029 3,749 6,533 16,351 Single 910 119 1,603 2,215 4,071 616 1,280 3,228 Married 306 569 5,288 6,268 11,953 2,440 4,450 10,230 Widowed 599 61 1,091 1,394 2,571 642 711 2,559 Divorced 56 7 119 211 303 49 89 308 Unknown Marital Status 2 0 9 9 131 2 3 26 Foreign-Born Population by Country of Origin Austria 18 5 11 7 40 14 1 27 Canada 84 9 140 80 486 62 79 399 Cuba 2 0 0 4 7 3 2 8 Czechoslovakia 27 4 9 2 52 3 28 16 Denmark 6 2 15 8 24 5 3 31 England 76 20 132 101 361 67 62 438 France 8 1 12 11 35 5 10 47 Germany 96 15 59 59 273 50 51 233 Greece 6 0 7 4 58 0 11 36 Irish (free state) 16 0 12 6 51 12 9 50 Italy 17 0 27 15 48 11 12 30 Northern Ireland 2 2 3 7 18 2 2 13 Norway 11 1 9 2 20 1 7 24 Palestine and Syria 0 1 0 18 28 1 4 28 Poland 5 30 8 8 22 0 5 32 Rumania 5 0 3 0 20 1 21 9 Russia 2 8 11 12 83 1 11 32 Scotland 18 6 29 29 68 8 23 61 Spain 0 0 0 2 2 2 1 5 Sweden 17 4 81 18 124 24 40 106 Switzerland 8 2 10 9 23 4 15 24 West Indies 4 0 3 5 13 3 2 14 West Indies, Others 6 0 3 1 6 0 0 6 Other Countries 41 12 68 17 147 18 30 172 Education Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Population, Aged 7-20 Total 3,387 646 6,029 8,598 12,507 2,646 5,221 10,252 Population Attending School, Aged 7-20 Total 2,589 441 4,295 6,304 9,178 1,894 3,764 7,924 Ages 7-13 1,765 297 2,871 4,167 6,043 1,250 2,514 5,285 Ages 14-15 424 81 709 1,049 1,493 320 618 1,288 Ages 16-17 259 43 458 751 1,057 221 426 872 Ages 18-20 141 20 257 367 585 103 206 479 Population Not Attending School, Aged 7-20 Total 798 205 1,734 2,294 3,329 752 1,457 2,328 Ages 7-13 34 32 206 181 274 94 126 159 Ages 14-15 64 19 131 176 265 46 133 144 Ages 16-17 184 42 380 513 725 196 320 523 Ages 18-20 516 112 1,017 1,424 2,065 416 878 1,502 Population, Aged 10+ Total 10,714 1,957 18,525 23,584 40,685 8,758 15,012 35,170 White 7,365 1,266 13,493 12,047 30,806 6,262 8,311 24,894 Black 3,334 690 5,030 11,537 9,865 2,472 6,699 10,262 Other 15 1 2 0 14 24 2 14 Illiterate Population, Aged 10+ Total 503 182 1,089 2,216 1,738 547 1,280 1,749 White 35 13 158 145 257 86 59 161 Black 463 169 931 2,071 1,479 444 1,220 1,585 Other 5 0 0 0 2 17 1 3 Literate Population, Aged 10+ Total 10,211 1,775 17,436 21,368 38,947 8,211 13,732 33,421 White 7,330 1,253 13,335 11,902 30,549 6,176 8,252 24,733 Black 2,871 521 4,099 9,466 8,386 2,028 5,479 8,677 Other 10 1 2 0 12 7 1 11 Agriculture Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Number of Farms by Race Total 633 144 1,981 2,175 1,608 497 780 1,013 White 39 3 109 955 56 10 40 49 Colored 594 141 1,872 1,220 1,552 487 740 964 Acreage of Farms by Race Total 25,608 13,463 127,027 204,467 102,347 75,608 34,471 76,681 White 24,825 13,418 124,578 169,229 100,982 75,501 33,834 75,363 Colored 783 45 2,449 35,238 1,365 107 637 1,318 Farms by Ownership, Tenure, and Management Full Owners 501 105 1,468 1,451 1,380 416 615 900 Part Owners 7 11 66 351 38 21 53 34 Manager-Operated 97 9 285 78 110 22 61 25 Tenant-Operated 28 19 162 295 80 38 51 54 Cash Tenant-Operated 13 16 54 114 48 16 35 31 Other Tenant-Operated 15 3 108 181 32 22 16 23 Farm Acreage by Ownership, Tenure, and Management Full Owners 25,608 13,463 127,027 204,467 102,347 75,608 34,471 76,681 Part Owners 18,856 10,976 70,810 118,675 54,674 23,426 20,430 61,131 Manager-Operated 505 1,015 6,660 33,026 3,982 2,787 1,573 2,753 Tenant-Operated 5,334 345 38,524 32,722 18,419 48,614 10,690 11,441 Cash Tenant-Operated 913 1,127 11,033 20,044 25,272 781 1,778 1,356 Other Tenant-Operated 516 1,043 4,721 7,667 24,182 381 1,392 766 Farms by Acreage Less than 3 15 0 88 16 87 31 36 47 3-9 137 5 391 166 342 92 180 206 10-19 169 17 487 343 416 115 221 251 20-49 183 67 547 793 455 150 237 265 50-99 57 33 234 406 168 60 57 117 100-174 52 12 136 225 71 21 30 69 175-259 13 2 43 94 27 7 9 22 260-499 3 5 32 76 17 7 4 14 500-999 4 1 10 34 16 8 3 8 1,000-4,999 0 2 11 20 7 4 2 14 5,000+ 0 0 2 2 2 2 1 0 Value of Farms Total $12,560,869 $1,152,345 $34,719,355 $14,108,455 $32,468,362 $4,352,981 $13,207,921 $17,052,127 Farmland $9,974,127 $645,100 $28,863,318 $9,560,832 $24,961,455 $3,067,920 $9,712,100 $12,293,764 Buildings $1,402,675 $282,025 $3,100,276 $2,397,812 $4,063,348 $691,705 $1,774,708 $2,600,511 Farmers' Dwellings $982,800 $143,450 $235,270 $1,573,405 $2,866,942 $463,220 $1,241,200 $1,752,640 Farming Implements and Machinery $201,267 $81,770 $405,491 $576,406 $576,617 $130,136 $479,913 $405,212 Value of All Crops Total $2,024,972 $560,114 $3,896,294 $2,489,061 $4,330,237 $434,275 $3,761,321 $1,840,084 Cereal $164 $32,327 $16,425 $293,916 $9,133 $5,830 $36,218 $14,457 Other Grains and Seeds $481 $2,801 $5,359 $85,029 $2,706 $1,859 $50 $4,129 Hay and Forage $145 $10,124 $9,207 $64,930 $19,444 $3,035 $16,658 $12,075 Vegetables $101,832 $496,606 $472,268 $973,677 $395,621 $60,768 $2,904,857 $203,665 Fruits and Nuts $1,910,835 $6,253 $3,356,253 $931,117 $3,878,778 $351,429 $774,298 $1,576,158 All Other Crops $0 $2,213 $8,048 $53,978 $1,576 $2,132 $0 $3,594 Garden Vegetables $11,515 $9,790 $28,734 $86,414 $22,979 $9,222 $29,240 $26,006 Manufacturing Manufacturing Establishments Total 20 12 35 52 62 19 21 60 Average Number of Wage Earners in Manufacturing Total 257 413 619 913 716 1,202 611 781 Annual Wages in Manufacturing Total $194,907 $195,277 $568,133 $515,673 $741,979 $686,476 $602,100 $681,583 Value of Products of Manufacturing Establishments Total $640,042 $4,359,445 $1,789,513 $2,027,539 $3,695,845 $2,144,695 $3,034,534 $2,613,996 Wholesale Establishments Total 24 5 35 36 62 9 30 46 Number of Employees of Wholesale Establishments Total 91 6 588 106 1,902 15 335 236 Males 78 6 529 96 1,429 14 251 198 Females 13 0 59 10 473 1 84 38 Salaries and Wages Paid in Wholesale Establishments Total $134,450 $13,672 $425,507 $306,370 $1,177,251 $42,041 $394,430 $306,052 Retail Distribution Stores Total 317 68 368 444 799 149 295 801 Number of Retail Distribution Proprietors and Firm Members Total 282 63 351 423 725 137 265 687 Full-time Employees of Retail Stores Total 361 43 560 732 1945 188 393 1427 Labor Force (Gainful Workers, Unemployed, and Lay-off) Total 5,644 1,037 9,382 12,206 22,751 4,373 8,429 18,154 Unemployed (Out of job, Able to work, and Looking for a job) Total 223 8 476 220 1,733 199 224 942 Males 173 7 361 153 1,172 154 162 710 Females 50 1 115 67 561 45 62 232 Registered Fully Unemployed Persons Total 529 39 629 1,290 1,952 405 809 1,956 White 221 34 425 546 1,286 322 289 918 White Males 146 24 269 360 780 208 199 586 White Females 75 10 156 186 506 114 90 332 Black 308 5 204 744 663 83 520 1,036 Black Males 107 4 103 352 346 37 336 499 Black Females 201 1 101 392 317 46 184 537 African Americans agriculture Anglo Americans Austrian Americans Brevard County British Americans Canadian Americans Caribbean Americans Caucasian Americans census Census of 1930 cereals crops Cuban Americans Czech Americans Czechoslovakian Americans Danish Americans distribution divorced dwellings education employees English Americans European Americans families farm farmers farming farming implements farmland farms females firm members Flagler County forage French Americans fruits gainful workers garden vegetables German Americans grains Greek Americans hay Hispanic Americans illiteracy Irish Americans Italian Americans labor laborers Lake County Latin Americans Latinas Latinos lay-offs literacy machinery males manufacturing Marion County marital status married Middle Eastern Americans Northern Irish Americans Norwegian Americans nuts orange county Osceola County Palestinian Americans Polish Americans population proprietors radios retail Romanian Americans rural Russian Americans Scandinavian Americans school Scotch Americans Scottish Americans seeds Seminole County single Slovakian Americans Spanish Americans stores Swedish Americans Swiss Americans Syrian Americans tenant farmers tenant farming tenants U.S. Census unemployment urban vegetables Volusia County wages West Indian Americans wholesale widowed workers https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/3bee9bb2e9e2f39ea2b9ec6fd93d25b3.jpg ce2af4d58276e348032e8c08d8bf1102 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census Collection Alternative Title Census Collection Subject Census--United States Population--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Description Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000. The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation. In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc. The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office. Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data. The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing. The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior. Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities. The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another. The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions. The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire. Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs. The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census. The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input. In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators. Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD. Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Mosquito County, Florida Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul>This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1 table Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1940 Alternative Title Census, 1940 Subject Census--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Population--United States Description The Sixteenth United States Census records for Brevard County, Flagler County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County, Osceola County, Seminole County, and Volusia County, Florida for 1940. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white" and "black"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who were foreign born were further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the population categorized by age, primary and secondary school attendance, and college attendance. The census also collected information on agriculture, on manufacturing, on commerce, on unemployment, and on labor. Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probablity sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and was also able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs. Type Dataset Source Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1940. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1940. Coverage Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> Publisher <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Date Created ca. 1940-04-01 Format image/jpg Extent 2.05 MB Medium 1 table Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Civics/Government Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> and published by the <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form;</li> <li>create derivative works;</li> <li>perform the work publicly;</li> <li>display the work;</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul> This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Item Creation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1940.html" target="_blank">1940 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1940.html. United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1940. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. "<a href="http://www.census.gov/1940census/" target="_blank">Taking You Back to the 1940s</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/1940census/. Transcript U.S. Census of 1940 Population Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Population Total 16,142 3,008 27,255 31,243 70,074 10,119 22,304 53,710 Males 8,175 1,631 13,553 15,574 33,901 5,118 11,234 25,899 Females 7,967 1,377 13,702 15,669 36,173 5,001 11,070 27,811 Black Population Total 5,256 1,334 7,602 13,671 16,940 2,061 10,751 14,787 Other Race Population Total 15 5 0 0 2 12 3 18 Native-Born Population Total 10,421 1,561 19,039 17,220 50,977 7,777 11,182 36,813 Males 7,912 1,569 13,224 15,374 32,841 4,967 11,024 24,890 Females 7,753 1,329 13,411 15,511 35,059 4,878 10,898 26,692 Foreign-Born Population Total 450 108 614 352 2,155 269 368 2,092 Males 263 62 329 200 1,060 151 210 1,009 Females 214 48 291 158 1,114 123 172 1,119 Foreign-Born Population by Country of Origin Latvia 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Finland 4 0 28 1 2 1 3 18 Rumania 0 0 1 3 15 0 10 7 Bulgaria 0 0 3 0 2 0 8 2 Greece 5 0 4 4 29 1 9 34 Italy 28 1 25 11 80 8 10 51 Lithuania 2 4 3 0 3 1 0 5 U.S.S.R. (Russia) 4 3 13 6 86 0 10 58 Yugoslavia 4 0 2 0 7 1 0 25 Hungary 3 6 14 2 33 4 8 36 Austria 16 4 12 6 59 14 4 40 Czechoslovakia 29 3 3 1 47 0 29 6 Belgium 1 0 4 0 10 0 1 8 Netherlands 15 1 7 8 22 3 2 32 Denmark 22 0 10 4 27 4 3 33 Sweden 13 5 73 13 107 12 31 107 Norway 11 1 11 4 38 2 2 23 Irish Free State 19 1 11 9 44 18 8 43 Northern Ireland 1 0 6 4 18 2 4 23 Wales 7 0 4 0 16 4 0 13 Scotland 8 5 25 20 69 11 20 81 England 71 18 102 73 372 48 57 489 Poland 5 34 22 17 40 1 2 43 Germany 91 8 73 60 266 54 44 267 France 12 6 6 11 46 3 9 33 Switzerland 3 0 10 3 27 4 9 24 Spain 1 0 1 0 6 1 2 5 Portugal 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 9 Azores 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 Australia 0 1 5 1 7 0 0 7 Central and South America 1 0 6 1 12 0 4 12 Cuba and Other West Indies 5 0 6 3 44 2 4 27 Mexico 1 0 1 0 5 1 1 1 Canada, Other 61 5 102 57 481 59 56 441 French Canada 2 1 9 4 34 6 2 33 Asian Countries 0 0 6 0 21 1 2 9 Turkey (Asia) 1 0 0 1 28 1 4 3 Palestine and Syria 0 1 0 22 22 1 5 27 Other European Countries 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 2 Luxemburg 2 0 0 1 2 1 5 0 Education Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Population Attending School by Age 5-6 188 29 279 323 650 76 239 493 7-13 1,830 329 3,008 4,001 7,671 1,011 2,592 5,559 14-15 505 81 836 1,131 2,071 298 677 1,705 16-17 373 44 592 848 1,597 207 482 1,259 18-20 199 21 354 422 906 86 276 845 21-24 37 10 81 91 227 29 68 184 Years of School Completed for Males 0 181 112 431 669 688 176 429 639 1-4 847 286 1,367 1,715 3,008 456 1,501 2,054 5-6 650 130 1,103 1,286 2,356 499 1,019 1,946 7-8 1,313 208 2,065 1,932 4,810 1,062 1,377 4,283 Years of High School Completed for Males 1-3 619 101 941 1,133 2,861 389 727 2,181 4 639 54 958 834 3,231 359 650 2,260 Years of College Completed for Males 1-3 308 33 500 346 1,505 139 322 1,091 4+ 255 19 489 307 1,602 127 224 1,165 Males with School Completion Not Reported Total 55 11 64 188 257 13 34 81 Years of School Completed for Females 0 133 50 224 467 493 90 265 447 1-4 575 178 940 1,309 2,141 294 1,138 1,596 5-6 577 116 983 1,249 2,414 384 1,024 1,828 7-8 1,199 157 1,912 1,981 4,999 1,026 1,248 4,536 Years of High School Completed for Females 1-3 689 100 1,197 1,357 3,529 523 852 3,005 4 887 77 1,339 1,102 4,939 546 891 3,678 Years of College Completed for Females 1-3 389 31 670 477 1,849 163 420 1,547 4+ 200 14 437 295 1,334 98 237 1,016 Females with School Completion Not Reported Total 26 5 44 46 191 1 12 74 Agriculture Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Number of Farms by Race White 715 104 1,966 1,324 2,337 432 706 1,454 Non-White 49 3 51 822 62 10 54 64 Acreage of Farms by Race White 169,671 30,726 111,511 188,138 207,353 488,471 64,934 261,864 Non-White 1,268 60 2,013 31,912 2,482 117 810 1,422 Farms by Ownership and Management Full Owners 649 88 1,767 1,399 1,399 355 583 1,292 Part Owners 25 12 50 334 334 25 68 80 Manager-Operated 60 2 117 69 69 15 39 34 Farms by Tenure Total 30 5 83 344 107 47 70 112 Share Tenants and Croppers 0 0 11 62 12 3 9 12 Share-Cash Tenants 0 0 0 8 1 0 1 2 Cash Tenant-Operated 9 4 34 171 53 30 45 63 Other Tenant-Operated 21 1 38 103 41 14 15 37 Farm Acreage by Ownership and Management Full Owners 8,750 3,175 32,704 34,004 33,942 3,409 7,140 12,749 Part Owners 292 1,446 2,384 16,380 1,586 198 1,917 1,862 Manager-Operated 28,717 N/A 17,453 34,549 41,939 62,552 4,211 70,395 Acres of Land in Farms of Full Owners Total 28,438 8,868 83,123 123,333 135,783 189,299 41,437 65,959 Acres of Land in Farms of Part Owners Total 112,463 18,743 8,080 36,018 28,108 143,323 18,300 118,971 Owned Land 31,403 1,233 3,468 21,809 4,996 14,542 11,861 9,179 Farm Acreage by Tenure Total 1,321 61 4,868 26,150 4,005 93,414 1,796 7,961 Share Tenants and Croppers 0 N/A 369 4,255 N/A 138 N/A 5,257 Share-Cash Tenants 0 61 0 379 518 0 308 0 Cash Tenants 236 N/A 2,191 15,049 1,377 92,716 661 1,235 Other Tenants 1,085 N/A 2,308 6,467 2,110 560 827 1,469 Farms by Acreage 3-9 162 6 327 216 567 84 211 381 10-19 274 26 819 559 898 138 267 568 20-29 174 13 523 306 585 91 169 375 30-49 126 28 336 431 371 80 100 205 50-69 47 12 141 190 143 23 56 86 70-99 43 8 145 256 138 29 29 74 100-139 30 4 93 125 85 15 31 52 140-179 26 9 36 112 50 11 10 23 175-179 0 2 3 5 2 0 1 2 180-219 9 3 29 68 30 3 9 14 220-259 4 0 2 38 16 3 1 14 260-379 7 3 21 61 22 9 1 20 380-499 4 1 12 26 11 3 5 5 500-699 3 1 9 23 10 3 4 4 700-999 7 1 6 13 10 2 1 3 1,000+ 14 5 10 24 9 36 7 24 Acres of Cropland Harvested on Farms of Managers Total 2,935 N/A 9,271 8,325 11,386 931 2,944 2,844 Acres of Cropland Harvested on Farms of Tenants Total 560 26 1,911 8,442 528 313 555 506 Share Tenants and Croppers 0 N/A 125 2,023 N/A 81 N/A 71 Share-Cash Tenants 0 26 0 112 150 0 162 0 Cash Tenants 31 N/A 450 4,160 143 106 307 305 Other Tenants 529 N/A 1,336 2,147 235 126 86 130 Value of Farms Under 10 Acres Total $170 $6 $340 $220 $606 $87 $239 $423 Value of Farm Buildings on Tenant Farms Total $57,580 $800 $49,350 $176,635 $77,100 $39,475 $61,275 $124,190 Share Tenants and Croppers $0 $0 $4,950 $27,655 $17,700 $6,100 $21,300 $17,100 Share-Cash Tenants $0 $0 $0 $3,710 $0 $0 N/A $0 Cash Tenants $13,450 N/A $29,850 $98,250 $35,250 $23,450 $33,425 $70,750 Other Tenants $44,130 N/A $14,550 $47,020 $24,150 $9,925 $5,550 $36,340 Value of Farm Land Buildings By Ownership and Management Full Owners $6,524,000 $468,000 $14,608,732 $4,220,440 $20,378,911 $2,041,470 $4,986,379 $8,333,465 Part Owners $490,700 $153,500 $642,155 $1,160,466 $1,037,610 $345,313 $1,465,319 $1,031,531 Manager-Operated $2,179,500 N/A $3,940,936 $2,136,970 $6,052,604 $320,880 $1,363,018 $1,820,022 Value of Farm Land Buildings on Tenant Farms Total $480,200 $4,150 $234,380 $624,360 $472,190 $449,085 $382,550 $342,185 Share Tenants and Croppers $0 N/A $16,995 $93,490 N/A $28,000 N/A $51,200 Share-Cash Tenants $0 $4,150 $0 $10,465 $139,200 $0 $95,600 $0 Cash Tenants $24,400 N/A $87,745 $341,600 $143,020 $357,335 $226,550 $188,325 Other Tenants $455,800 N/A $129,640 $178,805 $189,970 $63,750 $60,400 $102,660 Value of Farm Land Buildings by Race White $9,373,800 $686,850 $19,282,088 $7,485,731 $7,485,731 $3,139,498 $8,104,051 $11,357,438 Non-White $300,600 $5,000 $144,115 $656,505 $656,505 $17,250 $93,215 $169,765 Value of Farm Implements and Machinery by Ownership and Operation Full Owners $1,250,220 $145,775 $2,398,955 $1,444,823 $3,787,109 $470,435 $1,209,070 $2,139,500 Part Owners $47,600 $25,325 $96,645 $365,566 $157,250 $30,650 $220,675 $199,935 Manager-Operated $218,500 N/A $196,090 $192,015 $444,016 $37,651 $139,524 $148,894 Value of Farm Implements and Machinery on Tenant Farms Total $9,575 $800 $16,610 $89,513 $13,085 $9,873 $27,177 $30,840 Share Tenants and Croppers $0 $0 $1,975 $13,255 $2,440 $1,970 $11,117 $2,535 Share-Cash Tenants $0 $0 $0 $1,165 N/A $0 N/A $0 Cash Tenants $6,250 N/A $14,080 $54,562 $8,550 $6,040 $14,650 $23,975 Other Tenants $3,325 N/A $555 $20,531 $2,070 $1,863 $1,210 $4,330 Value of Farm Implements and Machinery by Ownership and Operation Full Owners $260,622 $80,526 $333,441 $380,938 $510,070 $81,756 $332,728 $345,871 Part Owners $30,540 $42,717 $41,220 $159,302 $59,630 $7,890 $133,112 $58,115 Manager-Operated $62,470 N/A $178,375 $113,821 $145,223 $10,400 $53,052 $59,095 Value of All Crops Harvested Total $1,038,148 $501,412 $2,922,914 $1,410,710 $3,796,758 $307,552 $3,083,712 $1,401,807 Vegetables (for sale and for farm households) $39,560 $78,230 $239,125 $392,898 $219,593 $26,705 $2,325,406 $81,734 Fruits and Nuts $942,134 $2,429 $2,393,123 $486,945 $3,350,438 $271,885 $406,025 $809,119 Horticultural Specialties $52,249 N/A $238,247 $25,111 $197,802 $2,127 $298,859 $470,353 All Other Crops $878 N/A $2,932 $17,901 $807 $877 $95 $1,459 Irish and Sweet Potatoes $2,688 $367,580 $10,344 $24,872 $2,903 $3,244 $20,856 $17,578 Cereals N/A $28,406 $7,927 $165,793 $2,500 $631 $27,304 $8,604 Corn (harvested for grain) N/A $28,406 $7,909 $164,222 $2,448 $610 $27,304 $8,572 Other Grains and Seeds $24 $290 $5,264 $120,720 $362 $570 $71 $2,151 Hay and Forage $99 $23,572 $9,705 $145,127 $22,353 $1,513 $4,853 $10,809 Forest Products Sold Total 755 N/A 5,263 36,190 1,421 3,133 2,322 18,088 Manufacturing and Labor Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Manufacturing Establishments Total 15 7 30 39 71 12 16 59 Wages Paid in Manufacturing Total $71,590 $4,073 $471,766 $382,112 $842,257 $371,217 $162,698 $467,223 Value of Products of Manufacturing Establishments Total $329 $93 $1,923 $2,447 $5,991 $1,020 $1,488 $2,451 Cost of Materials, Supplies, Fuels, Purchased Electrical Energy Total $120 $64 $872 $1,208 $2,964 $367 $792 $1,021 Wholesale Business Establishments Total 31 5 53 36 146 9 16 69 Active Proprietors of Unincorporated Wholesale Business Establishments Total 22 3 37 27 75 9 23 55 Number of Employees of Wholesale Business Establishments Total 495 4 1,285 356 3,284 90 744 479 Service Business Establishments Total 89 7 107 66 369 37 125 270 Active Proprietors of Unincorporated Service Business Establishments Total 89 5 104 64 366 42 131 274 Retail Stores Total 409 59 442 362 1,192 146 411 1,083 Amount of Retail Sales Total $5,366 $478 $7,010 $7,734 $31,510 $2,144 $5,189 $19,364 Active Proprietors of Unincorporated Retail Businesses Total 381 48 407 306 1,046 143 357 977 Persons in the Labor Force Males 4,908 1,059 7,909 9,021 20,740 2,776 6,842 14,854 Females 1,835 187 2,634 3,111 10,132 851 3,081 6,907 Employed Persons Males 4,385 1,016 6,941 8,090 18,408 2,424 6,293 12,236 Females 1,615 164 2,294 2,603 8,864 690 2,841 6,076 Employed Clerical, Sales, and Kindred Workers Males 352 26 609 648 2,860 180 488 1,562 Females 230 15 384 390 1,879 113 291 1,100 Employed Craftsmen, Foremen, and Kindred Workers Males 429 68 632 675 2,396 301 561 1,685 Females 6 0 5 8 66 4 9 27 Employed Operatives and Kindred Workers Males 543 83 766 992 2,461 307 1,128 1,513 Females 165 1 267 158 999 78 592 330 Employed Domestic Service Workers Males 67 7 121 80 457 8 51 338 Females 623 56 769 903 2,971 176 627 2,134 Employed Service Workers, Except Domestic Males 234 33 310 351 1,343 104 227 1,208 Females 221 12 240 278 1,145 127 183 1,129 Employed Proprietors, Managers and Officials Males 601 92 745 790 2,545 262 665 1,978 Females 128 12 144 148 441 66 85 424 Employed Professional Workers Males 149 18 248 257 835 84 167 669 Females 136 12 311 314 1,025 85 191 693 Employed Semiprofessional Workers Males 38 2 50 36 175 15 30 151 Females 9 0 12 3 57 9 6 34 Employed Farm Laborers, Unpaid Family Workers Males 15 11 40 186 39 21 46 38 Females 2 1 8 55 9 3 16 51 Employed Laborers, Except Farm Males 758 419 995 1,093 2,007 664 689 1,656 Females 4 2 13 35 31 3 49 18 Employed Farmers and Farm Managers Males 345 84 675 1,518 767 228 480 596 Females 43 2 43 68 69 13 37 46 Employed Female Farm Laborers and Foremen (Wage Workers) Total 20 50 73 222 116 3 826 52 Registered Emergency Workers Total 248 56 310 463 653 192 344 693 White Males 90 31 165 234 302 110 101 311 White Females 61 19 69 58 173 40 77 118 Black Males 80 6 54 136 118 30 139 245 Black Females 17 0 22 35 60 12 27 19 Persons Employed in Public Emergency Workers Males 217 21 315 411 723 147 243 1,106 Females 89 17 132 146 367 76 130 252 Employed Persons, Occupation Not Reported Males 35 6 79 46 139 19 31 73 Females 28 1 25 21 56 10 11 38 Totally Unemployed Persons, Registered Total 529 39 629 1,290 1,952 405 809 1,956 White Males 146 24 269 360 780 208 199 586 White Females 75 10 156 186 506 114 90 332 Black Males 107 4 103 352 346 37 336 499 Black Females 201 1 101 392 317 46 184 537 Partially Unemployed Persons, Registered Total 606 43 723 1,090 1,736 322 810 1,724 White Males 179 24 368 356 905 159 196 682 White Females 48 5 64 47 204 70 35 114 Black Males 233 13 208 512 424 54 410 646 Black Females 126 1 82 174 201 39 169 281 Persons Seeking Work Males 306 22 653 520 1,609 205 306 1,512 Females 131 6 208 362 901 85 110 579 New Persons Workers Seeking Work Males 26 2 24 32 68 8 12 97 Females 9 1 11 28 65 7 5 53 African Americans agriculture Asian Americans Australian Americans Azorean Americans Belgian Americans Brevard County British Americans Bulgarian Americans Canadian Americans Caribbean Americans Caucasian Americans census Census of 1940 Central Americans cereals clerical college corn crop cropland Cuban Americans Czech Americans Czechoslovakian Americans Danish Americans domestic service Dutch Americans education electricity emergency workers employees employment energy English Americans European Americans farm laborers farm managers farm workers farming farming implements farms females Finnish Americans Flagler County forage forest products forestry French Americans fruits fuel German Americans grain Greek Americans hay Hispanic Americans horticultural specialties horticulture Hungarian Americans Irish Americans Irish potatoes Italian Americans kindred labor laborers Lake County Latin Americans Latinas Latinos Latvian Americans Lithuanian Americans Luxembourger Americans machinery males managers manufacturing Marion County Mexican Americans Northern Irish Americans Norwegian Americans nuts officials operatives orange county Osceola County Palestinian Americans Polish Americans population Portuguese Americans potatoes primary education professionals proprietors public emergency workers retail Romanian Americans Russian Americans sales Scandinavian Americans school Scotch Americans Scottish Americans secondary education seeds Seminole County semiprofessionals service industry sharecroppers sharecropping Slovakian Americans South Americans Soviet Americans Spanish Americans stores Swedish Americans sweet potatoes Swiss Americans Syrian Americans tenant farmers tenant farming tenants Turkish Americans U.S. Census unemployment university vegetables Volusia County wages Welsh Americans West Indian Americans wholesale workers Yugoslavian Americans https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/a7d8519a5cfcc6f86fc02ecc0498a2ec.jpg 3d767678891393a5630a9771d2e217e8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census Collection Alternative Title Census Collection Subject Census--United States Population--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Description Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000. The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation. In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc. The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office. Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data. The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing. The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior. Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities. The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another. The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions. The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire. Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs. The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census. The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input. In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators. Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD. Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Mosquito County, Florida Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul>This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1 table Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1950 Alternative Title Census, 1950 Subject Census--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Population--United States Description The Seventeenth United States Census records for Brevard County, Flagler County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County, Osceola County, Seminole County, and Volusia County, Florida, for 1950. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white" and "black"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. The census then lists the population categorized by age, marital status, primary and secondary school attendance, and college attendance. The census also collected information on agriculture, on unemployment, and on labor. The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerated Americans living abroad to account for members of the Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The Department of Defense (DOD), the Department of State (DOS), the Maritime Administration (MARAD), and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census. Type Dataset Source Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1950. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1950. Coverage Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> Publisher <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a> Contributor <a href="http://www.defense.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Defense</a> <a href="http://www.state.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of State</a> <a href="http://www.marad.dot.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Maritime Administration</a> Gibson, Ella Date Created ca. 1950-04-01 Format image/jpg Extent 1.59 MB Medium 1 table Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Civics/Government Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> and published by the <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form;</li> <li>create derivative works;</li> <li>perform the work publicly;</li> <li>display the work;</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul> This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Item Creation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1950.html" target="_blank">1950 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1950.html. United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1950. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. Office of the Assistant Director for Statistical Standards, Statistical Reports Division. <a href="http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1950/proceduralHistory/1950proceduralhistory.zip" target="_blank">The 1950 Censuses How They Were Taken</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1955. Transcript U.S. Census of 1950 Population Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Population Total 23,653 3,367 36,340 38,187 114,950 11,406 26,883 74,229 Males 11,830 1,757 17,876 18,648 55,112 5,496 13,129 35,474 Females 11,823 1,610 18,464 19,539 59,838 5,910 13,754 38,755 White Population Total 17,652 1,833 27,798 23,593 92,184 9,914 14,943 57,844 Males 8,849 942 13,631 11,643 43,937 4,748 7,383 27,653 Females 8,803 891 14,167 11,950 48,247 5,166 7,560 30,191 Native-Born Population Males 8,397 85 13,176 11,366 42,144 4,544 7,105 25,983 Females 8,352 826 13,698 11,680 46,263 4,947 7,309 28,455 Foreign-Born Population Males 452 92 455 277 1,793 204 278 1,670 Females 451 65 469 270 1,984 219 251 1,736 Black Population Males 2,972 813 4,240 7,002 11,156 746 5,742 7,799 Females 3,012 718 4,293 7,587 11,575 742 6,193 8,550 Other Race Population Males 9 2 5 3 19 2 4 22 Females 8 1 4 2 16 2 1 14 Population by Marital Status, Aged 14+ Total 17,999 2,445 26,993 27,532 87,882 9,044 19,692 58,330 Single 3,145 414 4,711 5,214 15,291 1,362 3,822 10,445 Married 12,738 1,759 19,245 18,945 62,061 6,249 13,472 39,786 Widowed or Divorced 2,116 272 3,037 3,373 10,530 1,433 2,398 8,099 Male Population by Marital Status, Aged 15+ Total 8,992 1,308 13,249 13,237 41,526 4,311 9,441 27,509 Single 1,967 288 2,702 2,901 8,054 780 2,186 5,566 Married 6,379 901 9,665 9,395 30,748 3,101 6,577 19,819 Widowed or Divorced 646 119 882 941 2,724 430 678 2,104 Female Population by Marital Status, Aged 15+ Total 9,007 1,137 13,744 14,295 46,356 4,733 10,251 30,821 Single 1,178 126 2,009 2,313 7,237 582 1,636 4,859 Married 6,359 858 9,580 9,550 31,313 3,148 6,895 19,967 Widowed or Divorced 1,470 153 2,155 2,432 7,806 1,003 1,720 5,995 Education Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Population by School Completion No School Completed 310 90 500 750 1,085 175 595 1,120 At Least Some Elementary 5,985 1,090 9,610 10,855 27,050 3,685 7,665 17,065 1-4 Years of Elementary 1,555 480 2,730 3,380 6,255 695 2,890 3,795 5-6 Years 1,380 285 2,450 2,750 6,340 890 1,970 3,635 7 Years 900 85 1,295 1,375 4,460 610 970 2,330 8 Years 2,150 240 3,135 3,350 9,995 1,490 1,835 7,305 At Least Some High School 5,585 390 7,510 6,915 28,585 2,445 4,390 18,655 1-3 Years of High School 2,545 215 3,595 3,445 12,440 1,235 2,210 8,400 4 Years of High School 3,040 175 3,915 3,470 16,145 121 2,180 10,255 At Least Some College 2,115 165 3,345 2,300 12,960 995 1,760 8,765 1-3 Years of College 1,125 90 1,795 1,315 7,010 650 995 4,890 4 Years of College 990 75 1,550 985 5,950 345 765 3,875 Unknown Years 840 60 565 570 1,790 250 440 1,235 Agriculture Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Farms by Race Total 705 111 1,711 1,906 1,780 399 541 1,066 White 686 111 1,669 1,348 1,740 397 521 1,038 Non-White 19 0 42 558 40 2 20 28 Acreage of Farms Total 277,842 170,435 249,815 621,134 354,080 766,899 155,595 210,933 Farms by Tenure Livestock-Share Tenants 1 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 Croppers 1 0 4 12 3 0 0 1 Other and Unspecified Tenants 15 4 24 54 20 9 7 19 Other Tenants 9 3 5 20 3 1 1 0 Unspecified Tenants 6 1 19 34 17 8 6 19 All Tenants 22 5 42 116 39 11 17 32 Cash Tenants 4 1 10 37 12 1 8 8 Share-Cash Tenants 1 0 0 5 4 1 1 1 Farms of Full Owners Total 617 89 1,500 1,433 1,585 344 446 919 Tenants with Landlord Living on Farm Total 2 2 9 31 6 1 2 8 Farm Acreage by Ownership and Management Full Owners 94,958 78,912 161,135 255,841 182,321 191,967 92,919 114,807 Part Owners 72,157 70,244 61,915 139,905 112,627 357,850 54,985 50,729 Land Managers 109,430 17,900 24,588 207,067 45,699 213,813 7,362 43,335 Operated by Owner 150,373 106,563 197,473 351,029 268,274 445,689 130,590 136,635 Rented by Farm Operator 18,133 48,555 32,498 71,612 53,907 113,192 17,646 34,672 Managed by Farm Operator 109,945 17,900 24,588 210,715 54,258 213,813 7,442 43,335 Rented Out by Farm Operator 609 2,583 4,744 12,222 22,359 5,795 83 3,709 Farms by Acreage Less than 3 45 5 100 34 124 6 18 51 3-9 140 8 232 194 428 51 113 224 Less than 10 185 13 332 228 552 57 131 275 10-29 214 21 477 415 517 103 178 366 30-49 83 12 266 328 210 56 72 133 50-69 48 8 139 144 107 23 34 66 100-139 34 3 103 129 76 21 31 39 140-179 26 5 52 94 41 13 15 19 180-219 16 5 36 63 20 7 6 23 220-499 8 2 26 47 17 2 3 6 260-499 23 10 62 111 51 23 14 28 500-999 16 7 42 61 39 20 9 20 1,000+ 20 17 48 76 52 50 15 28 Value of All Farm Products Sold Total $4,464,184 $1,789,539 $17,744,044 $6,952,360 $26,072,891 $2,150,345 $9,812,180 $6,618,609 Value of All Crops Sold Total $3,818,351 $1,193,522 $16,777,487 $4,256,057 $23,135,632 $898,137 $9,204,491 $4,854,773 Field Crops, Other Than Vegetables $12,387 $835,574 $56,427 $222,924 $40,197 $8,394 $45,592 $20,241 Vegetables $60,813 $306,610 $691,211 $1,250,620 $1,715,864 $35,666 $6,786,987 $186,424 Fruits and Nuts $3,672,443 $50,858 $15,097,477 $2,738,300 $19,527,596 $853,082 $1,530,597 $3,389,325 Horticultural Specialties $72,708 $480 $932,372 $44,213 $1,851,975 $995 $841,315 $1,258,783 Labor Population in Labor Force Total 9,232 1,317 13,948 142,833 45,869 3,535 10,530 27,998 Civilian Labor Force 8,679 1,316 13,924 14,267 45,750 3,526 10,520 27,944 Armed Forces 553 1 24 16 119 9 10 54 Employed 8,270 1,295 13,486 13,791 43,635 3,333 10,178 26,659 Unemployed 409 21 438 476 2,115 193 342 1,285 Not in Labor Force 8,767 1,128 13,045 13,249 42,013 5,509 9,162 30,332 Male Population in Labor Force Total 6,502 1,009 9,946 10,027 31,191 2,558 6,972 18,757 Civilian Labor Force 5,956 1,008 9,925 10,011 31,085 2,550 6,965 18,705 Armed Forces 546 1 21 16 106 8 7 52 Employed 5,688 996 9,650 9,722 29,651 2,414 6,736 17,870 Unemployed 268 12 275 289 1,434 136 229 835 Not in Labor Force 2,490 299 3,303 3,210 10,335 1,753 2,469 8,752 Female Population in Labor Force Total 2,730 308 4,002 4,256 14,678 977 3,558 9,241 Civilian Labor Force 2,723 308 3,999 4,256 14,665 976 3,555 9,239 Armed Forces 7 0 3 0 13 1 3 2 Employed 2,582 299 3,836 4,069 13,984 919 3,442 8,789 Unemployed 141 9 163 187 681 57 113 450 Not in Labor Force 8,277 829 9,742 10,039 31,678 3,756 6,693 21,580 Population by Sector Private Sector Workers 5,176 937 9,591 9,519 33,124 2,158 7,946 18,466 Government Workers 1,022 98 965 1,182 3,495 379 626 2,489 Self-Employed 1,973 233 2,800 2,850 6,727 772 1,537 5,419 Unpaid Family Works 99 27 130 240 289 24 69 285 Male Population by Sector Private Sector Workers 3,396 730 6,706 6,571 22,041 1,515 5,088 12,037 Government Workers 699 59 580 641 2,127 248 351 1,581 Self-Employed 1,569 198 2,320 2,397 5,426 648 1,266 4,177 Unpaid Family Works 24 9 44 113 57 3 31 75 Female Population by Sector Private Sector Workers 1,780 207 2,885 2,948 11,083 643 2,858 6,429 Government Workers 323 39 385 541 1,368 131 275 908 Self-Employed 404 35 480 453 1,301 124 271 1,242 Unpaid Family Works 75 18 86 127 232 21 38 210 Population by Industry Professional/Technical/Kindred Workers 535 62 866 941 3,780 263 607 2,502 Managers/Proprietors 1,558 236 2,399 2,667 6,189 569 1,304 4,639 Clerical/Kindred Workers 654 29 843 996 4,466 222 658 2,357 Sales Workers 516 34 795 944 4,425 269 557 2,216 Craftsmen/Foremen/Kindred Workers 999 107 1,363 1,446 5,404 431 963 3,584 Operative Workers 933 184 1,955 1,873 5,887 477 1,677 2,816 Private Household Workers 533 22 716 720 2,641 122 408 1,690 Service Workers 737 89 766 1,062 3,685 310 513 3,172 Laborers, Except Mine 1,679 510 3,469 3,011 6,542 592 3,247 3,297 Occupation Not Reported 126 22 314 131 616 78 244 386 Male Population by Industry Professional/Technical/Kindred Workers 309 39 473 469 2,068 140 319 1,451 Managers/Proprietors 1,249 207 2,080 2,341 5,253 482 1,114 3,665 Clerical/Kindred Workers 223 12 271 348 1,436 86 235 772 Sales Workers 319 14 500 591 3,148 156 404 1,424 Craftsmen/Foremen/Kindred Workers 984 106 1,334 1,416 5,273 421 942 3,510 Operative Workers 655 160 1,416 1,516 4,384 387 1,081 2,232 Private Household Workers 26 3 36 23 140 8 14 116 Service Workers 290 23 288 451 1,588 118 237 1,406 Laborers, Except Mine 1,543 418 3,068 2,480 5,957 565 2,245 3,036 Occupation Not Reported 90 14 184 87 404 51 145 258 Female Population by Industry Professional/Technical/Kindred Workers 226 23 393 472 1,712 123 288 1,051 Managers/Proprietors 309 29 319 326 936 87 190 974 Clerical/Kindred Workers 431 17 572 648 3,030 136 423 1,585 Sales Workers 197 20 295 353 1,277 113 153 792 Craftsmen/Foremen/Kindred Workers 15 1 29 30 131 10 21 74 Operative Workers 278 24 539 357 1,503 90 596 584 Private Household Workers 507 19 680 697 2,501 114 394 1,574 Service Workers 447 66 478 611 2,097 192 276 1,766 Laborers, Except Mine 136 92 401 531 585 27 1,002 261 Occupation Not Reported 36 8 130 44 212 27 99 128 African Americans agriculture Anglo Americans Armed Forces Brevard County Caucasian Americans census Census of 1950 civilian labor clerical colleges craftsman craftsmen crops divorced domestic service education employees European Americans farm operators farm products farmland farms females field crops Flagler County foreman foremen forewoman forewomen fruits government horticultural specialties kindred labor labor force laborers Lake County land managers landlords livestock males managers Marion County marital status married nuts operative orange county Osceola County population primary education private household private sector professionals proprietors public sector sales schools secondary education Seminole County service industry sharecroppers sharecropping single technical tenant farmers tenant farming tenants U.S. Census unemployment universities university vegetables Volusia County widowed workers https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/f1daededa509d63078e20ecb89f2a2f4.jpg 3a7ef7ad3a7ce370fedcc74612a39049 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census Collection Alternative Title Census Collection Subject Census--United States Population--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Description Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000. The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation. In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc. The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office. Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data. The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing. The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior. Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities. The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another. The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions. The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire. Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs. The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census. The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input. In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators. Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD. Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Mosquito County, Florida Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul>This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1 table Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1960 Alternative Title Census, 1960 Subject Census--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Population--United States Description The Eighteenth United States Census records for Brevard County, Flagler County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County, Osceola County, Seminole County, and Volusia County, Florida, for 1960. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white", "black", "Japanese", "Chinese", "Filipino", and "other"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who are foreign born are further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the population categorized by age, military service, transportation use, primary and secondary school attendance, and college attendance. The census also collected information on labor and on unemployment. The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Post Office Department delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of work and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input. Type Dataset Source Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1960. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1960. Coverage Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> Publisher <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Date Created ca. 1960-04-01 Format image/jpg Extent 1.75 MB Medium 1 table Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Civics/Government Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> and published by the <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form;</li> <li>create derivative works;</li> <li>perform the work publicly;</li> <li>display the work;</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul> This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Item Creation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1960.html" target="_blank">1960 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1960.html. United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. U.S. Bureau of the Census. <a href="http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1960/proceduralHistory/1960proceduralhistory.zip" target="_blank">1960 Censuses of Population and Housing: Procedural History</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966. Transcript U.S. Census of 1960 Population Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Population Total 111,435 4,566 57,383 51,616 263,540 19,029 54,947 125,319 Males 56,724 2,297 28,893 24,940 129,843 9,237 27,495 59,635 Females 54,711 2,269 28,490 26,676 133,697 9,792 27,452 65,684 White Population Total 98,909 2,826 46,209 33,586 224,105 17,021 41,373 104,177 Males 50,286 1,406 22,691 16,535 109,757 8,239 20,900 49,530 Females 48,623 1,420 23,518 17,051 114,348 8,782 20,473 54,647 Black Population Total 12,334 1,733 11,122 18,001 39,088 1,977 13,500 21,048 Males 6,348 887 6,173 8,392 19,924 982 6,559 10,053 Females 5,986 846 4,949 9,609 19,164 995 6,941 10,995 Indian Population Total 78 2 34 16 89 21 3 24 Males 49 1 18 7 46 11 2 13 Females 29 1 16 9 43 10 1 11 Japanese Population Total 52 0 6 8 102 4 34 13 Males 11 0 2 2 42 2 14 5 Females 41 0 4 6 60 2 20 8 Chinese Population Total 14 0 0 0 60 0 0 19 Males 10 0 0 0 25 0 0 14 Females 4 0 0 0 35 0 0 5 Filipino Population Total 13 4 0 0 35 4 15 6 Males 5 2 0 0 14 2 9 3 Females 8 2 0 0 21 2 6 3 Other Race Population Total 35 1 12 5 61 2 22 32 Males 15 1 9 4 35 1 11 17 Females 20 0 3 1 26 1 11 15 Native-Born Population Total 11,374 N/A 5,825 2,751 27,317 2,065 4,391 20,186 Foreign-Born Population Total 100,061 N/A 51,558 48,865 236,223 16,964 50,556 105,133 Foreign-Born Population by Country of Origin United Kingdom 1,810 N/A 924 314 4,390 434 728 4,106 Irish Free State 414 N/A 171 97 845 96 113 1,010 Norway 164 N/A 113 20 444 34 59 290 Sweden 440 N/A 274 110 984 114 168 883 Denmark 158 N/A 75 33 321 28 66 259 Netherlands 147 N/A 77 32 381 26 74 253 Switzerland 103 N/A 87 52 287 29 48 215 France 295 N/A 109 83 543 63 78 430 Germany 1,969 N/A 981 516 4,214 460 737 3,566 Poland 433 N/A 157 390 1,125 58 183 634 Czechoslovakia 392 N/A 109 27 632 18 217 256 Austria 297 N/A 86 102 721 40 104 604 Hungary 197 N/A 74 48 577 33 70 415 Yugoslavia 73 N/A 31 21 222 28 31 201 USSR 275 N/A 77 63 931 13 98 555 Lithuania 118 N/A 12 61 154 4 30 120 Finland 88 N/A 55 4 166 9 66 129 Rumania 29 N/A 11 4 151 4 12 92 Greece 135 N/A 28 36 221 4 71 216 Italy 983 N/A 264 149 1,814 70 299 1,178 Portugal 57 N/A 4 4 43 0 12 74 Other European Countries 181 N/A 50 52 382 8 83 318 Asia 217 N/A 21 46 726 7 70 279 Canada 1,583 N/A 665 365 4,087 400 665 3,147 Mexico 46 N/A 26 0 167 4 4 33 Other North American Countries 533 N/A 1,194 79 2,115 61 139 508 Other 163 N/A 33 27 185 4 95 81 Unknown 74 N/A 117 16 489 16 71 334 Male Population by Marital Status Single 7,306 322 4,528 3,726 18,536 1,120 3,924 7,981 Married 28,357 1,125 15,250 11,960 66,364 5,148 13,327 33,219 Married, but Separated 587 76 372 545 1,967 108 491 990 Widowed 914 64 965 780 2,772 419 650 2,397 Divorced 960 36 448 444 2,189 177 345 1,230 Female Population by Marital Status Single 4,355 242 2,825 3,199 13,670 850 2,501 7,463 Married 28,245 1,072 14,909 1,304 66,413 5,155 12,350 33,699 Married, but Separated 664 52 371 781 2,394 135 656 1,357 Widowed 2,924 165 2,947 2,871 11,093 1,275 2,128 8,398 Divorced 1,017 28 494 584 3,038 178 442 1,974 Veteran Population by War or Conflict Total 178,181 491 6,962 5,615 35,621 2,555 6,478 18,002 Korean War 3,987 28 863 820 6,248 294 954 2,274 Korean War and World War II 1,529 32 233 204 2,485 136 454 605 World War II 9,091 293 3,420 3,068 18,672 1,105 3,488 8,857 World War I 1,389 33 1,552 832 4,014 611 800 4,269 Other Services 1,822 105 894 691 4,202 409 782 1,997 Population by Work Transportation Method Private Automobile 33,840 1,038 13,369 12,143 73,302 3,999 14,640 28,467 Railroad or Subway 17 N/A 13 4 13 N/A 8 70 Bus or Streetcar 542 18 71 64 4,505 42 70 1,510 Walking 3,022 144 1,859 2,081 7,529 617 1,689 4,002 Other Means 1,543 224 1,785 1,655 5,327 328 1,464 2,295 Working from Home 816 113 526 1,112 2,384 338 518 2,120 Not Reported 1,541 109 819 571 3,701 325 439 2085 Education Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Population by School Enrollment Kindergarten 944 9 232 268 1,252 21 275 571 Public Kindergarten 317 5 129 111 558 11 172 370 Elementary (1-8 Years) 18,421 789 8,805 9,288 42,850 2,771 9,801 16,565 Public Elementary (1-8 Years) 17,139 785 8,708 9,078 40,071 2,739 9,026 15,728 High School (1-4 Years) 5,195 125 2,846 3,179 13,018 865 2,782 6,484 Public High School (1-4 Years) 5,005 125 2,755 3,155 12,091 850 2,528 6,204 College 494 16 111 402 1,936 25 162 2,412 Male Population by School Completion No School Completed 342 60 333 617 1,073 137 453 520 1-4 Years of Elementary School 1,583 251 1,808 2,008 5,133 476 1,402 2,372 5-6 Years of Elementary School 1,510 71 2,008 1,331 5,362 619 1,136 2,490 7 Years of Elementary School 1,262 86 1,164 822 3,617 548 750 2,035 8 Years of Elementary School 3,572 194 2,589 1,990 9,061 1,141 1,686 6,482 1-3 Years of High School 5,463 218 3,274 2,291 13,015 1,120 2,503 6,953 4 Years of High School 7,911 242 3,094 2,318 16,949 1,002 3,277 8,929 1-3 Years of College 3,804 56 1,236 898 8,107 366 1,519 3,681 4 Years of College 4,353 29 1,556 868 8,213 332 1,153 3,972 Female Population by School Completion No School Completed 180 30 179 378 742 79 224 384 1-4 Years of Elementary School 946 196 910 1,575 3,201 308 1,019 1,920 5-6 Years of Elementary School 1,439 112 1,569 1,413 4,499 441 1,157 2,243 7 Years of Elementary School 1,355 85 952 1,057 3,396 398 847 1,850 8 Years of Elementary School 3,199 158 2,613 1,894 9,234 1,370 1,645 6,566 1-3 Years of High School 5,829 270 3,615 3,237 15,859 1,496 3,306 9,149 4 Years of High School 10,140 277 4,317 3,353 23,559 1,449 4,282 13,131 1-3 Years of College 3,423 70 1,892 1,173 8,443 475 1,386 486 4 Years of College 2,047 25 1,249 815 5,536 307 830 3,404 Labor Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Male Population in Labor Force Total 31,421 1,243 14,506 12,168 70,773 4,158 14,005 27,526 Civilian Labor Force 28,918 1,243 14,482 12,148 64,546 4,041 11,892 27,425 Armed Forces 2,505 N/A 24 20 6,227 117 2,113 101 Employed 27,957 1,208 13,391 11,662 61,565 3,901 11,232 26,188 Unemployed 961 35 1,091 486 2,981 140 660 1,237 Not in Labor Force 6,257 305 6,683 4,742 19,083 2,706 4,241 17,261 Female Population in Labor Force Total 12,608 499 6,105 6,840 33,714 1,965 6,458 16,457 Employed 11,865 473 5,689 6,411 31,725 1,867 6,127 15,474 Unemployed 727 26 414 429 1,881 98 331 979 Not in Labor Force 23,981 1,008 15,074 12,118 60,497 5,493 12,143 35,117 Employment by Industry Agriculture 1,118 299 3,913 2,400 6,685 626 2,216 1,591 Forestry and Fishery 74 55 46 97 31 27 69 129 Mining 28 9 29 214 54 5 4 21 Construction 4,223 109 1,912 1,542 9,669 783 2,139 4,502 Manufacturing 9,782 367 1,714 1,889 15,701 808 1,976 3,860 Furniture, Lumber, and Wood Products Manufacturing 100 147 235 689 500 217 126 401 Primary Metal Manufacturing 12 N/A 7 N/A 52 4 N/A 53 Fabricated Metal 3,570 N/A 146 56 6,987 266 522 235 Machinery, Except Electrical, Manufacturing 339 4 61 19 570 17 69 199 Electrical Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing 4,141 5 25 49 896 24 146 283 Motor Vehicle Manufacturing 16 N/A 4 12 68 18 4 34 Transportation Equipment, Except Motor Vehicle, Manufacturing 582 N/A 71 74 224 33 51 247 Durable Goods Manufacturing 228 200 294 92 890 47 220 857 Food and Kindred Products Manufacturing 402 N/A 625 524 3,379 74 308 553 Textile Mill Manufacturing 12 N/A 4 5 47 N/A 8 17 Apparel Manufacturing 36 N/A 8 124 195 N/A 154 190 Printing and Publishing 242 11 100 179 1,060 65 244 638 Chemical 35 N/A 102 36 475 22 88 49 Other Non-Durable Goods Manufacturing 67 N/A 31 30 358 21 36 104 Railroad and Railways Services 102 15 106 214 180 39 351 603 Trucking Services and Warehouse 191 36 139 180 1,118 50 242 261 Other Transportation 288 4 110 116 633 47 126 307 Communication 447 N/A 247 228 1,576 28 260 609 Utilities and Sanitary Services 515 18 157 218 1,231 93 327 764 Wholesale and Trade 702 51 1,315 597 4,605 187 706 1,030 Food and Dairy Product 930 50 587 568 2,505 194 349 1,382 Eating and Drinking Establishments 1,397 85 619 915 2,622 213 446 2,121 Other Retail Services 3,345 118 2,213 2,326 10,799 640 1,988 5,783 Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate 1,134 41 675 638 5,258 183 855 1,969 Business Services 3,603 N/A 156 112 1,345 20 157 601 Repair Services 379 14 282 235 1,574 61 297 797 Private Households 1,661 62 936 1,189 4,803 358 986 2,496 Other Personal Services 1,394 94 670 896 3,519 262 635 3,329 Entertainment and Recreation Service 238 4 96 234 922 34 232 647 Hospital 350 29 298 224 1,866 103 270 749 Education Services with the Government 1,306 41 644 826 2,581 257 542 1,431 Education Services with the Private Sector 358 9 134 80 1,115 28 202 911 Welfare and Non-Profit Organizations 295 13 331 210 1,248 85 177 584 Other Professional Services 871 17 439 364 3,184 104 396 1,332 Public Administration 3,322 40 594 827 4,317 237 870 1,707 Industry Not Reported 1,769 101 716 734 4,147 298 541 2,146 Male Population by Employment Technical and Kindred Workers 6,078 61 820 744 7,109 283 956 387 Engineers and Technical Workers 2,107 5 70 65 2,045 39 149 273 Medical and Other Health-Related Salaried Workers 52 N/A 56 38 278 14 32 109 Medical and Other Health-Related Self-Employed Workers 136 N/A 63 54 424 24 48 169 Teachers 251 4 149 133 414 52 139 259 Farmers and Farm Managers 159 53 462 660 663 132 257 348 Managers and Official Workers 3,934 172 1,970 1,788 9,023 490 1,708 4,711 Managers and Official Salaried Workers 2,467 89 1,054 902 5,362 267 944 2,296 Self-Employed Retail Trade Workers 541 45 363 370 1,360 99 304 920 Other Retail Workers 926 38 553 516 2,301 124 460 1,495 Clerical and Kindred Workers 1,894 30 472 487 3,741 171 581 1,226 Sales Workers 1,004 31 757 754 5,234 169 836 2,238 Retail Sales Workers 455 24 375 346 1,930 96 370 983 Sales Other Than Retail Workers 549 7 382 408 3,304 73 466 1,255 Craftsmen and Foremen 6,668 223 2,355 2,019 12,301 868 2,571 5,839 Construction Craftsmen 2,689 73 1,052 854 4,846 448 1,159 2,560 Foremen 841 26 308 191 1,487 79 241 457 Mechanics and Repair Men 1,837 88 644 577 2,949 180 600 1,538 Metal Craftsmen 295 13 53 66 630 49 52 214 Other Craftsmen 1,006 23 278 331 2,389 112 519 1,070 Operative Workers 2,744 196 1,967 2,047 8,192 595 1,537 2,969 Drivers and Deliverymen Workers 976 94 923 870 3,668 288 656 1,289 Private Household Workers 44 N/A 30 39 157 7 11 87 Service Workers 1,543 47 476 609 2,993 205 427 1,942 Protective Services Workers 531 14 148 144 659 61 132 497 Waiters, Bartenders, and Cooks 255 4 114 115 500 16 76 483 Other Service Workers 757 29 214 350 1,834 128 219 962 Farm Laborer and Farm Foremen 468 144 2,384 937 3,734 311 983 615 Laborers, Except Farm and Mine 1,802 185 1,160 1,095 5,175 440 966 2,212 Construction Laborers 713 24 313 271 1,775 172 401 713 Manufacturing Laborers 96 73 170 284 515 105 88 190 Other Industry Laborers 993 88 677 540 2,885 163 477 1,309 Occupation Not Reported 1,619 66 558 483 3,243 230 399 1,614 Female Population by Employment Technical and Kindred Workers 1,495 37 685 693 3,940 241 667 1,883 Medical and Other Health-Related Salaried Workers 245 8 197 111 981 46 152 471 Medical and Other Health-Related Self-Employed Workers 24 N/A 28 4 230 21 12 71 Teachers 690 20 321 326 1,533 112 308 672 Farmers and Farm Managers 12 N/A 37 49 61 16 16 44 Managers and Official Workers 816 41 401 426 1,473 95 344 1,209 Managers and Official Salaried Workers 438 33 165 204 898 44 201 512 Self-Employed Retail Trade Workers 210 8 151 121 322 21 96 318 Self-Employed Other Than Retail Manager Workers 168 N/A 85 101 253 30 47 379 Clerical and Kindred Workers 4,022 54 1,267 1,189 9,493 309 1,468 3,468 Secretaries, Stenographers, and Typists 1,805 4 337 365 3,525 98 515 1,057 Other Clerical Workers 2,217 50 930 824 5,968 211 953 2,411 Sales Workers 818 27 467 517 2,371 141 419 1,396 Retail Sales Workers 678 22 409 455 1,931 126 334 1,191 Sales Other Than Retail Workers 140 5 58 62 440 15 85 205 Craftsmen and Foremen 97 N/A 16 54 294 27 41 145 Private Household Workers 1,481 52 765 1,606 4,064 305 911 2,019 Service Workers 1,665 118 878 1,195 4,376 439 728 3,097 Waiters, Bartenders, and Cooks 902 45 375 571 1,763 220 323 1,268 Other Service Workers 761 73 503 624 2,613 219 405 1,829 Farm Laborer and Farm Foremen 21 48 277 306 772 25 619 174 Laborers 43 25 64 152 11 64 52 Occupation Not Reported 691 47 274 399 1,778 124 263 943 African Americans agriculture Amerindians Anglo Americans apparel Armed Forces Asian Americans Austrian Americans automobiles bars bartenders Brevard County British Americans bus buses business services Canadian Americans cars Caucasian Americans census Census of 1960 Central Americans chemical Chinese Americans civilian labor clerical college education communication construction cooks crafts craftsman craftsmen Czech Americans Czechoslovakian Americans dairy Danish Americans deliverymen deliverywomen divorced domestic services drinking establishments drivers durable goods Dutch Americans eating establishments education educations electrical equipment electrical machinery elementary education employees engineers English Americans entertainment European Americans fabricated metal farm managers farmers females Filipino Americans finance Finnish Americans fishery Flagler County food food products foreman foremen forestry forewoman forewomen French Americans furniture German Americans government Greek Americans health care high school education Hispanic Americans hospitals Hungarian Americans immigrants immigration Indians insurance Irish Americans Italian Americans Japanese Americans kindergarten kindred products Korean War labor labor force laborers Lake County Latin Americans Latinas Latinos Lithuanian Americans lumber machinery males managers manufacturing Marion County marital status married mechanics medical Mexican Americans mining motor vehicles Native Americans non-durable goods non-profit organizations North Americans Norwegian Americans officials operative orange county Osceola County pedestrians personal services Polish Americans population Portuguese Americans primary education primary metal printing professionals protective services public administration public education public transportation publishing railroad services railroads railway services real estate recreation repair restaurants retail Romanian Americans Russian Americans salaried sales sanitary services Scandinavian Americans schools secondary education self-employed Seminole County separated single Slovakian Americans Soviet Americans streetcars subways Swedish Americans Swiss Americans teachers technicak technicians textile mills trade transportation transportation equipment trucking services U.S. Census unemployment university education utilities veterans Volusia County waiters waitresses walking warehouses warehousing welfare wholesale widowed wood products workers World War I World War II WWI WWII Yugoslavian Americans https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/7d7e2487b93969a4abf35b4756c23383.jpg 88b5aabf531eb18928b6abbf7524e70b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census Collection Alternative Title Census Collection Subject Census--United States Population--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Description Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000. The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation. In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc. The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office. Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data. The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing. The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior. Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities. The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another. The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions. The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire. Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs. The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census. The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input. In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators. Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD. Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Mosquito County, Florida Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul>This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1 table Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1970 Alternative Title Census, 1970 Subject Census--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Population--United States Description The Nineteenth United States Census records for Brevard County, Flagler County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County, Osceola County, Seminole County, and Volusia County, Florida, for 1970. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white," "black," "Spanish," and "other"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who are foreign born are further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the population categorized by marital status, type of residence, military service, primary and secondary school attendance, and college attendance. The census also collected information on labor, on unemployment, on transportation, and on ownership of various types of technology. In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators. Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, was an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes. Type Dataset Source Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1970. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1970. Coverage Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> Publisher <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Date Created ca. 1970-04-01 Format image/jpg Extent 2.23 MB Medium 1 table Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Civics/Government Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> and published by the <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form;</li> <li>create derivative works;</li> <li>perform the work publicly;</li> <li>display the work;</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul> This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Item Creation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1970.html" target="_blank">1970 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1970.html. United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. U.S. Bureau of the Census. <a href="http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1970/proceduralHistory/1970proceduralhistory.zip" target="_blank">Procedural History: 1970 Census of Population and Housing</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966. Transcript U.S. Census of 1970 Population Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Population Total 230,006 4,454 69,305 69,030 344,311 25,267 83,692 169,487 Males 115,184 2,211 33,350 33,005 167,980 12,095 40,605 79,328 Females 114,822 2,243 35,955 36,025 176,331 13,172 43,087 90,159 Population by Race White 208,436 3,068 57,104 50,914 294,653 23,098 69,582 145,320 Black 20,664 1,365 12,056 18,060 48,593 2,148 13,977 23,984 Other Race 906 21 145 56 1,065 21 133 183 Population by Descent or Origin Spanish Descent or Origin 5,100 5 761 875 6,940 194 1,012 1,304 Not Spanish Descent or Origin 224,900 4,449 68,544 68,155 337,371 25,073 82,680 168,183 Households Occupied 68,560 1,488 24,621 22,317 108,645 9,092 25,757 62,747 Husband-Wife Families 51,151 949 16,866 15,104 75,525 6,055 19,194 39,510 Other Family Units 7,069 193 2,478 2,768 12,589 1,005 2,619 7,300 Family Units with Male Head 1,731 71 619 729 2,294 229 468 1,417 Family Units with Female Head 5,338 122 1,859 2,039 10,295 776 2,151 5,883 Male Primary Individual Household Units 5,028 168 1,862 1,676 7,213 677 1,420 5,035 Female Primary Individual Household Units 5,312 178 3,415 2,769 13,318 1,355 2,524 10,902 Population in Group Quarters Total 3,250 77 1,163 1,394 10,655 391 446 4,972 Institutionalized People 289 7 800 1,157 2,669 239 267 1,519 Inmates of Mental Hospitals 0 0 0 6 38 0 0 17 Inmates of Homes for the Aged and Dependent 231 0 582 147 1,063 119 245 957 Inmates of Other Institutions 58 7 218 1,004 1,568 120 22 545 Population Not Institutionalized 2,961 70 363 237 7,986 152 179 3,453 Rooming Houses 209 23 175 83 346 32 99 663 Military Barracks 1,824 0 0 0 5,534 0 4 7 College Dormitories 682 0 24 26 1,276 0 0 2,327 Other Group Quarters 246 47 164 128 830 90 76 456 Population by Marital Status Never Married 35,563 735 9,597 10,702 59,514 3,295 12,091 26,855 Married 108,282 2,018 35,798 32,303 158,034 12,957 39,775 83,513 Spouse Present 104,133 1,924 34,419 30,832 153,144 12,550 38,847 80,356 Spouse Absent 4,149 94 1,379 1,471 4,890 407 928 3,157 Separated 2,627 127 1,115 1,460 5,710 384 1,580 2,539 Widowed 7,930 328 5,694 4,822 19,390 2,226 4,149 16,508 Divorced 5,779 78 1,713 1,766 10,333 677 1,752 5,682 Veteran Population by War or Conflict Vietnam Conflict 5,998 16 1,020 1,470 10,602 470 2,556 3,358 Korean War 8,513 125 1,264 1,384 3,522 521 1,957 3,259 Korean War and World War II 2,589 11 278 335 3,764 186 1,083 960 World War II 13,782 334 4,177 4,181 20,725 1,354 4,576 10,861 World War I 984 45 1,623 793 2,873 583 691 4,307 Other Services 5,916 18 1,060 1,505 6,359 493 1,769 3,172 Non-Veterans 31,721 919 14,626 12,902 52,302 5,056 13,199 32,679 Native-Born Population Total 222,761 4,403 67,996 67,786 333,532 24,479 81,601 160,528 Foreign-Born Population Total 6,429 161 1,468 1,710 9,378 699 1,716 9,474 Foreign-Born Population by Country of Origin United Kingdom 1,084 60 188 208 1,705 157 199 1,954 Ireland 190 8 8 6 138 25 0 257 Norway 25 0 19 21 836 0 18 142 Sweden 110 0 44 7 173 39 6 244 Denmark 72 0 26 27 56 0 41 130 Netherlands 88 0 75 0 148 6 31 132 Switzerland 64 0 8 12 59 13 16 74 France 119 9 6 20 157 17 35 179 Germany 966 11 163 306 1,008 129 233 1,647 Poland 73 41 59 279 216 0 12 268 Czechoslovakia 97 0 36 15 160 0 128 70 Austria 62 0 38 38 142 64 44 359 Hungary 178 5 64 0 202 26 18 209 Yugoslavia 29 0 11 27 119 0 11 133 Russia 84 0 7 61 207 6 35 232 Lithuania 15 0 8 11 62 0 13 45 Finland 32 0 51 0 48 0 5 36 Romania 5 0 0 7 48 5 0 39 Greece 35 0 13 0 123 0 11 118 Italy 348 6 60 73 420 5 117 617 Portugal 8 0 0 0 40 0 0 16 Other Europe 177 9 33 26 84 23 77 150 Southwest Asia 125 0 13 6 114 0 77 148 China 35 0 0 0 77 0 0 33 Japan 104 0 0 0 126 17 20 35 Other Asia 252 0 8 24 171 4 26 93 Canada 1,045 12 385 362 1,465 124 275 1,550 Mexico 35 0 27 15 46 4 38 32 Cuba 273 0 7 50 788 0 85 152 Other America 379 0 54 95 660 18 81 195 Africa 44 0 9 7 134 0 0 24 All Other 151 0 39 7 111 10 19 78 Not Reported 125 0 9 0 285 7 45 83 Population by Work Transportation Method Private Automobile 77,928 1,170 18,827 20,689 114,255 7,113 26,710 46,121 Private Driver Automobile 67,363 921 16,021 17,708 98,709 6,038 23,245 39,700 Private Passenger Automobile 10,565 249 2,806 2,981 15,546 1,078 3,465 6,421 Bus or Streetcar 382 41 486 203 4,364 49 475 825 Subway or Elevated Transportation 5 0 15 0 8 0 8 0 Railroad 0 0 0 6 12 8 24 11 Taxicab 245 0 205 248 559 30 230 552 Walking 3,538 125 1,383 984 7,142 499 1,031 3,287 Multiple Means of Transportation 2,839 55 1,300 1,121 4,704 288 1,354 2,410 Work at Home 1,191 23 511 847 2,469 199 450 1,875 Population by Automobile Ownership None 4,227 304 3,398 3,509 13,081 1,433 2,548 9,174 1 30,228 654 13,914 11,530 51,115 5,223 11,884 35,319 1+ 64,333 1,184 21,223 18,808 95,564 7,659 23,209 53,573 2 29,003 447 6,103 6,002 37,100 2,046 9,343 15,419 3+ 5,102 83 1,206 1,276 7,349 390 1,982 2,835 Population by Television Ownership None 2,544 124 1,135 1,461 4,967 266 881 2,488 1 45,788 1,181 18,269 17,649 71,421 7,277 16,907 46,312 1+ 65,864 1,432 23,492 20,856 103,625 8,826 24,876 60,348 2+ 20,076 251 5,223 3,207 32,204 1,549 7,969 14,036 Population by Home Appliance Ownership Clothes Washing Machine 48,116 1,149 16,374 15,148 73,520 5,566 18,445 36,415 Automatic or Semi-Automatic Clothes Washing Machine 46,670 931 14,727 13,226 69,686 4,767 16,836 33,695 Wringer or Separate Clothes Washing Machine 1,446 218 1,647 1,922 3,834 769 1,609 2,720 No Clothes Washing Machine 20,292 407 8,253 7,169 35,072 3,526 7,312 26,421 Clothes Dryers 28,429 358 5,233 5,429 35,056 1,441 8,542 14,018 Electrically-Heated Clothes Dryers 25,214 339 4,867 5,314 33,661 1,247 8,169 13,378 Gas-Heated Clothes Dryers 3,215 19 366 115 1,395 194 373 640 No Clothes Dryers 39,979 1,198 19,394 16,888 73,536 7,651 17,215 48,818 Dishwashers 18,302 121 3,449 3,081 25,069 652 6,851 8,712 No Dishwashers 50,106 1,435 21,178 19,236 83,523 8,440 18,906 54,124 Education Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Population by School Completion No School Completed 689 59 544 582 2,234 192 574 1,036 Elementary School Completed 15,957 876 13,005 11,913 41,362 5,010 10,838 25,266 1-4 Years of Elementary School 2,288 216 2,378 2,397 6,987 563 2,109 3,398 5-6 Years of Elementary School 3,252 222 2,864 2,687 9,767 978 2,389 5,179 7 Years of Elementary School 2,552 118 1,980 1,910 7,213 806 1,901 3,652 8 Years of Elementary School 7,865 320 5,783 4,919 17,395 2,663 4,439 13,037 High School Completed 64,037 1,264 21,359 19,580 96,067 8,354 23,695 55,823 1-3 Years of High School 18,199 501 9,032 8,146 36,723 3,621 8,999 20,155 4 Years of High School 45,838 763 12,327 11,534 59,344 4,733 14,696 35,668 College Completed 38,264 395 8,702 6,924 45,204 2,278 9,681 25,773 1-3 Years of College 20,287 272 4,715 4,043 23,709 1,219 5,467 14,225 4 Years of College 11,605 87 2,713 1,924 13,488 643 2,620 7,418 5+ Years of College 6,372 36 1,274 957 8,007 416 1,594 4,130 Male Population by School Completion No School Completed 374 44 372 360 1,132 116 305 592 Elementary School Completed 8,156 466 6,759 6,245 20,538 2,594 5,371 12,485 High School Completed 27,446 556 8,998 8,514 40,077 3,563 10,183 22,667 College Completed 22,576 194 4,273 3,324 24,310 1,124 5,334 12,547 Female Population by School Completion No School Completed 315 15 172 222 1,102 76 269 444 Elementary School Completed 7,801 410 6,246 5,668 20,824 2,416 5,467 12,781 High School Completed 36,591 708 12,361 11,166 55,990 4,791 13,512 33,156 College Completed 15,688 201 4,429 3,600 20,894 1,154 4,347 13,226 White Population by School Completion No School Completed 408 18 269 247 1,315 128 214 543 Elementary School Completed 12,362 516 10,019 7,779 31,235 4,452 7,168 20,503 1-4 Years of Elementary School 1,082 59 1,210 879 3,581 339 617 1,703 5-6 Years of Elementary School 2,256 117 2,082 1,453 6,801 781 1,365 3,756 7 Years of Elementary School 2,024 71 1,637 1,369 5,614 746 1,375 3,026 8 Years of Elementary School 7,000 269 5,090 4,078 15,239 2,586 3,811 12,018 High School Completed 59,985 1,072 19,070 16,359 87,158 8,014 21,558 51,512 1-3 Years of High School 16,017 406 7,659 6,080 31,501 3,416 7,620 17,807 4 Years of High School 43,968 666 11,411 10,279 55,657 4,598 13,938 33,705 College Completed 37,227 376 8,369 6,253 43,325 2,244 9,343 24,448 1-3 Years of College 19,754 260 4,578 3,730 22,871 1,200 5,274 13,519 4 Years of College 11,249 80 2,579 1,660 12,802 637 2,533 7,035 5+ Years of College 6,224 36 1,212 863 7,652 407 1,536 3,894 Black Population by School Completion No School Completed 277 41 270 335 905 64 360 493 Elementary School Completed 3,570 355 2,972 4,129 9,954 558 3,657 4,757 1-4 Years of Elementary School 1,206 152 1,168 1,518 3,358 224 1,492 1,691 5-6 Years of Elementary School 996 105 772 1,229 2,930 197 1,015 1,423 7 Years of Elementary School 521 47 339 541 1,567 60 522 626 8 Years of Elementary School 847 51 693 841 2,101 77 628 1,014 High School Completed 3,835 176 2,268 3,314 8,603 329 2,076 4,262 1-3 Years of High School 2,128 79 1,357 2,059 5,097 199 1,355 2,330 4 Years of High School 1,707 97 911 1,255 3,506 130 721 1,932 College Completed 841 19 328 659 1,763 34 321 1,294 1-3 Years of College 444 12 132 301 786 19 181 696 4 Years of College 275 4 0 264 657 6 87 366 5+ Years of College 122 0 62 94 320 9 53 232 Other Race Population by School Completion No School Completed 4 0 5 0 14 0 0 0 Elementary School Completed 25 5 14 5 173 0 13 9 1-4 Years of Elementary School 0 5 0 0 50 0 0 4 5-6 Years of Elementary School 0 0 10 5 36 0 9 0 7 Years of Elementary School 7 0 4 0 32 0 4 0 8 Years of Elementary School 18 0 0 0 55 0 0 5 High School Completed 217 16 21 7 306 1 61 49 1-3 Years of High School 54 16 16 7 125 6 24 18 4 Years of High School 163 0 5 0 181 5 37 31 College Completed 196 0 5 12 116 0 17 31 1-3 Years of College 89 0 5 12 52 0 12 10 4 Years of College 81 0 0 0 29 0 0 17 5+ Years of College 26 0 0 0 35 0 5 4 Spanish Population by School Completion No School Completed 7 0 18 0 8 0 5 0 Elementary School Completed 197 0 114 84 707 9 26 100 1-4 Years of Elementary School 21 0 27 20 157 0 5 0 5-6 Years of Elementary School 39 0 37 31 208 9 8 5 7 Years of Elementary School 26 0 5 13 73 0 6 15 8 Years of Elementary School 111 0 45 20 269 0 7 80 High School Completed 1,069 5 67 136 1,291 25 249 362 1-3 Years of High School 213 5 20 38 385 7 73 42 4 Years of High School 856 0 47 98 906 18 176 320 College Completed 1,008 0 117 153 948 44 202 282 1-3 Years of College 500 0 70 69 503 6 133 146 4 Years of College 279 0 27 32 235 20 34 58 5+ Years of College 229 0 20 52 210 18 35 78 Labor Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Population in Labor Force Total 92,489 1,481 24,045 25,369 142,011 8,509 32,266 58,551 Armed Forces 4,502 23 68 62 8,953 28 461 157 Civilian Labor Force 87,987 1,458 23,977 25,307 133,058 8,481 31,805 58,394 Employed 83,051 1,437 22,830 24,428 126,731 8,233 30,242 56,054 Unemployed 4,936 21 1,147 879 6,327 248 1,563 2,340 Not in Labor Force 57,079 1,598 27,182 22,829 96,488 9,994 23,283 70,519 Male Population in Labor Force Total 61,033 951 14,804 15,420 89,238 5,316 20,195 33,902 Armed Forces 4,437 23 68 57 8,817 28 435 150 Civilian Labor Force 56,596 928 14,736 15,363 80,421 5,288 19,760 33,752 Employed 53,911 916 14,100 14,943 77,240 5,114 18,948 32,515 Unemployed 2,685 12 636 420 3,181 174 812 1,237 Not in Labor Force 12,743 542 9,344 7,201 24,663 3,383 6,040 24,880 Female Population in Labor Force Total 31,456 530 9,241 9,949 52,773 3,193 12,071 24,649 Armed Forces 65 0 0 5 136 0 26 7 Civilian Labor Force 31,391 530 9,241 9,944 52,637 3,193 12,045 24,642 Employed 29,140 521 8,730 9,485 49,491 3,119 11,294 23,539 Unemployed 2,251 9 511 459 3,146 74 751 1,103 Not in Labor Force 44,336 1,056 17,838 15,628 71,825 6,611 17,243 45,639 White Population in Labor Force Total 84,261 1,016 19,134 19,279 122,059 7,775 26,956 49,696 Armed Forces 4,121 14 62 50 7,774 28 441 157 Civilian Labor Force 80,140 1,002 19,072 19,229 114,735 7,747 26,515 49,539 Employed 75,669 988 18,219 18,614 109,551 7,508 25,348 47,647 Unemployed 4,471 14 853 615 5,184 239 1,167 1,892 Not in Labor Force 53,174 1,286 24,555 18,017 85,934 9,463 20,093 64,512 Black Population in Labor Force Total 7,870 454 4,850 6,083 19,054 723 5,279 8,786 Armed Forces 297 9 6 12 1,070 0 20 0 Civilian Labor Force 7,573 445 4,844 6,071 17,984 723 5,259 8,786 Employed 7,118 438 4,550 5,807 16,858 714 4,863 8,343 Unemployed 455 7 294 264 1,126 9 396 443 Not in Labor Force 3,688 302 2,613 4,795 10,214 521 3,118 5,928 Other Race Population in Labor Force Total 358 11 61 7 448 11 31 69 Armed Forces 84 0 0 0 109 0 0 0 Civilian Labor Force 274 11 61 7 339 11 31 69 Employed 264 11 61 7 322 11 31 64 Unemployed 10 0 0 0 17 0 0 5 Not in Labor Force 217 10 14 17 340 10 72 79 Spanish Population in Labor Force Total 1,919 5 260 349 2,741 42 355 511 Armed Forces 183 0 0 0 290 5 8 0 Civilian Labor Force 1,736 5 260 349 2,451 37 347 511 Employed 1,610 5 234 336 2,260 37 317 493 Unemployed 126 0 26 13 191 0 30 18 Not in Labor Force 119 0 171 144 1,467 77 291 421 Employment by Sector Private Sector 60,990 1,011 17,072 18,020 98,386 5,974 23,570 41,989 Private Company 59,979 983 16,609 17,744 95,860 5,852 23,034 40,937 Own Corporation 1,011 28 463 276 2,526 122 536 1,052 Public Sector 17,663 296 3,108 4,007 18,233 1,414 4,109 7,893 Federal Government Workers 8,404 32 366 500 4,992 227 1,139 1,189 State Government Workers 1,513 98 615 1,140 3,018 251 755 1,368 Local Government Workers 7,746 166 2,127 2,367 10,223 936 2,215 5,336 Self-Employed Workers 4,018 120 2,479 2,271 9,297 804 2,400 5,726 Unpaid Family Workers 380 10 171 130 815 41 163 446 Male Employment by Sector Private Company 39,740 623 10,193 11,091 57,829 3,563 14,444 23,051 Own Corporation 817 23 394 237 2,111 116 461 833 Federal Government Workers 6,291 27 226 355 3,677 162 835 868 State Government Workers 733 66 331 543 1,320 180 389 730 Local Government Workers 3,315 62 974 864 4,748 464 930 2,586 Self-Employed Workers 2,952 107 1,938 1,827 7,339 617 1,849 4,383 Unpaid Family Workers 63 5 44 26 216 12 40 64 Female Employment by Sector Private Company 20,239 360 6,416 6,653 38,031 2,289 8,590 17,886 Own Corporation 194 5 69 39 415 6 75 219 Federal Government Workers 2,113 5 140 145 1,315 65 304 321 State Government Workers 780 32 284 597 1,698 71 366 638 Local Government Workers 4,431 101 1,153 1,503 5,475 472 1,285 2,750 Self-Employed Workers 1,066 13 541 444 1,958 187 551 1,343 Unpaid Family Workers 317 5 127 104 599 29 123 382 Employment by Industry Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery 1,335 186 3,827 2,518 6,018 922 2,024 2,461 Mining 59 0 82 171 81 12 11 50 Construction 5,255 103 1,689 2,111 11,156 974 2,980 5,013 Furniture and Lumber 39 89 262 447 549 183 144 257 Primary Metal 6 0 62 22 158 6 83 56 Fabricated Metal 7,765 0 116 125 6,051 200 867 673 Machinery, Except Electrical 705 0 115 65 817 129 261 298 Electrical Machinery, Equipment, and Supply 7,959 38 118 36 1,830 94 1,053 1,665 Motor Vehicle 1,252 5 228 506 642 183 272 400 Other Durable Goods 1,004 8 430 347 1,540 134 434 994 Food and Kindred Products 234 0 680 516 2,563 95 359 388 Textile and Fabric 31 0 42 234 233 6 391 177 Printing and Publishing 770 17 164 176 1,731 160 358 698 Chemical 151 0 164 137 484 5 114 93 Other Non-Durable Goods 373 17 187 284 1,240 120 260 313 Railroad and Railways Services 28 7 84 183 222 11 338 231 Trucking Services and Warehousing 390 10 329 193 1,964 119 447 319 Other Transportation 1,547 35 193 171 1,400 90 347 698 Communication 1,187 16 324 422 2,696 104 555 883 Utilities and Sanitary 1,361 42 330 428 2,459 194 598 1,128 Wholesale Trade 1,617 35 1,547 1,100 7,977 268 1,525 1,358 Food and Bakery 2,238 26 710 624 3,203 266 951 1,578 Eating and Drinking Establishments 2,718 72 599 907 4,186 362 879 2,984 General Merchandise Retail 2,641 5 343 585 4,689 170 1,068 1,629 Motor Vehicle Retail 2,159 37 920 1,098 4,091 295 912 1,964 Other Retail Trade 4,141 79 1,577 1,723 8,146 404 1,658 4,488 Banking and Credit 1,033 0 321 316 2,282 136 534 1,108 Insurance, Real Estate, and Finance 2,024 24 550 768 6,109 202 1,369 2,174 Business Service 5,507 3 158 243 2,993 102 681 927 Repair Service 1,483 18 337 379 2,516 97 608 990 Private Household 1,069 48 777 815 2,874 133 606 1,578 Other Personal Services 3,233 147 908 1,129 4,538 304 940 4,205 Entertainment and Recreation Service 640 14 154 545 1,582 39 548 906 Hospital 1,760 67 563 586 3,887 254 828 2,210 Medical and Other Health Service 1,350 14 543 399 2,740 229 658 1,594 School-Related 6,544 114 1,723 1,920 8,361 542 2,024 4,420 Government 5,039 104 1,482 1,578 6,459 479 1,589 2,736 Private 1,505 10 241 342 1,902 63 435 1,684 Other Education and Kindred 283 0 110 61 488 22 66 235 Welfare, Religious, and Non-Profit 930 13 326 345 2,061 92 473 695 Legal, Engineering, and Miscellaneous Professional 1,995 22 467 553 3,629 139 571 1,578 Public Administration 8,235 126 771 1,240 6,545 436 1,447 2,638 Professional, Technical, and Kindred 22,143 200 2,624 2,634 18,976 874 4,281 7,756 Engineer and Technical 6,402 0 128 84 2,788 75 546 791 Physicians, Dentists, and Related Practitioners 395 9 126 104 808 22 134 386 Medical and Health Workers, Except Practitioners 1,059 14 364 344 1,896 87 454 1,103 Teachers, Elementary and Secondary Schools 3,243 75 853 852 4,346 331 975 1,682 Technicians, Except Health 3,835 7 207 181 1,350 69 502 645 Other Professional Workers 7,209 95 946 1,069 7,788 290 1,670 3,149 Managers and Administrators, Except Farms 7,693 162 2,119 2,324 11,907 701 3,270 6,149 Salaried Managers and Administrators 6,686 134 1,595 1,683 9,820 456 2,754 4,407 Salaried Manufacturing Managers and Administrators 1,239 11 179 158 1,281 45 370 436 Salaried Retail Managers and Administrators 1,694 34 434 474 2,533 113 743 1,355 Salaried Other Managers and Administrators 3,753 89 982 1,051 6,006 298 1,641 2,616 Self-Employed Workers 1,007 28 524 641 2,087 245 516 1,742 Self-Employed Retail Trade Workers 436 24 240 334 966 115 223 797 Self-Employed Other Industry Workers 571 4 284 307 1,121 130 293 945 Sales Workers 5,259 59 1,776 1,907 12,620 490 2,972 5,144 Manufacturing and Wholesale Trade Workers 629 10 203 277 2,777 56 728 656 Retail Sales Workers 3,353 38 1,128 1,085 6,413 300 1,445 2,975 Other Sales Workers 1,277 11 445 545 3,430 134 799 1,513 Clerical and Kindred Workers 15,177 145 2,747 3,558 24,021 1,041 4,747 8,942 Bookkeepers 1,495 25 435 618 2,907 154 589 1,141 Secretaries, Stenographers, and Typists 4,728 29 756 1,000 7,382 251 1,399 2,488 Other Clerical Workers 8,954 91 1,556 1,940 13,732 636 2,759 5,313 Craftsmen, Foremen, and Kindred Workers 12,101 172 2,836 3,251 17,269 1,382 4,609 7,896 Automobile Mechanics and Body Workers 1,072 11 365 372 1,980 149 462 881 Mechanics and Repair Men, Except Auto 2,633 22 385 477 2,589 131 748 1,145 Machinists 242 0 26 46 248 39 28 130 Metal Craftsmen, Except Mechanics and Machinists 169 5 29 67 451 46 107 199 Carpenters 962 14 312 438 1,628 196 505 686 Construction Craftsmen 2,526 33 651 792 4,161 383 1,139 2,063 Others Craftsmen 4,497 87 1,068 1,059 6,212 438 1,620 2,792 Operatives, Except Transport, Workers 4,832 128 2,150 2,180 9,301 837 2,674 3,442 Manufacturing Durable Goods Workers 2,137 36 556 492 2,608 386 946 1,235 Manufacturing Non-Durable Goods Workers 343 8 388 623 1,751 96 589 349 Non-Manufacturing Industry 2,352 84 1,206 1,065 4,942 355 1,139 1,858 Transport Equipment Operators 1,803 47 1,179 1,115 5,309 388 1,213 1,719 Truck Drivers 658 26 703 528 2,463 223 631 659 Other Transport Equipment Operatives 1,145 21 476 587 2,846 165 582 1,060 Laborers, Except Farms 2,947 126 1,138 1,445 6,263 417 1,440 2,925 Construction Laborers 767 37 269 299 1,578 116 457 639 Freight, Stock, and Material Handlers 949 23 298 473 2,076 123 395 612 Other Laborers, Except Farm 1,231 66 571 673 2,609 178 588 1,674 Farmers and Farm Managers 169 44 560 587 566 156 220 335 Farm Laborers and Farm Foremen 595 101 2,595 1,466 3,797 574 1,357 973 Farm Laborers, Unpaid Family Workers 12 0 26 13 49 6 9 14 Farm Laborers, Except Unpaid and Farm Foremen 583 101 2,569 1,453 3,748 568 1,348 959 Service Workers, Except Private Household 9,233 208 2,351 3,143 13,759 1,202 2,836 9,290 Cleaning Service Workers 2,168 100 467 674 2,473 199 588 2,063 Food Service Workers 2,974 56 810 1,103 4,824 414 973 3,362 Health Service Workers 765 10 333 307 1,889 236 420 1,174 Personal Service Workers 1,282 10 322 437 1,958 101 400 1,112 Protective Service Workers 1,366 24 224 402 1,493 144 301 885 Service Workers, Except Private Household 678 8 195 220 1,122 108 154 694 Private Household Workers 1,099 45 755 818 2,943 171 623 1,483 administrators African Americans aged agriculture Armed Forces Asian Americans assisted living facilities Austrian Americans automobiles bakeries bakers bakery banking bars bookkeepers Brevard County British Americans bus buses business cabs Canadian Americans Caribbean Americans carpenters cars Caucasian Americans census Census of 1970 Central Americans chemicals Chinese Americans civilian labor cleaning services clerical college dormitories college dorms college education communications construction crafts craftsman craftsmen credit Cuban Americans Czech Americans Czechoslovakian Americans Danish Americans dentists dependents dishwashers divorced divorcees doctors domestic service drinking establishment dryers durable goods Dutch Americans eating establishment education educations electric heat electrical equipment electrical machinery electrical supply elementary education elevated transportation employees employment engineering engineers English Americans entertainment European Americans fabricated metal fabrics families farm managers farmers farming federal government females finance Finnish Americans fishery Flagler County food food services foreman foremen forestry freight French Americans furniture gas eat German Americans government Greek Americans group quarters health care health services high school education higher education Hispanic Americans hospitals households Hungarian Americans inmates institutionalized insurance Irish Americans Italian Americans Japanese Americans kindred Korean War labor labor force laborers Lake County Latin Americans Latinas Latinos legal Lithuanian Americans local government lumber machinery machinists males managers manufacturing Marion County marital status married material handlers mechanics medical medical practitioners mental hospitals merchandise Mexican Americans Middle Eastern Americans military barracks mining motor vehicles non-durable goods non-profit Norwegian Americans nursing homes old folks homes operatives orange county Osceola County pedestrians personal services physicians Polish Americans population Portuguese Americans primary education primary metal printing private sector professionals protective services public administration public sector public transportation publishing railroads railways real estate recreation religious repair restaurants retail Romanian Americans rooming houses Russian Americans salaried sales sanitary sanitation Scandinavian Americans schools secondary education secretaries secretary self-employed Seminole County separated servicemen servicewomen single Slovakian Americans Southwest Asian Americans Spanish Americans spouses state government stenographers stock streetcars subways Swedish Americans Swiss Americans taxicabs teachers technical technicians televisions textiles trade transport equipment transportation truck drivers trucking services TV typists U.S. Census unemployment university education utilities veterans Vietnam War Volusia County walkers walking warehousing washing machines welfare wholesale widowed widowers widows workers World War I World War II wringers WWI WWII Yugoslavian Americans https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/8b547d3a5224a9bfe187723655b82ccf.jpg 3dee748e21788c4592f42ef2eacfc09f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census Collection Alternative Title Census Collection Subject Census--United States Population--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Description Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000. The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation. In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc. The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office. Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data. The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing. The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior. Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities. The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another. The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions. The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire. Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs. The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census. The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input. In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators. Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD. Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Mosquito County, Florida Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul>This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1 table Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1980 Alternative Title Census, 1980 Subject Census--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Population--United States Description The Twentieth United States Census records for Brevard County, Flagler County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County, Osceola County, Seminole County, and Volusia County, Florida for 1980. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white," "black," "American Indian, Eskimo, and Aleut," "Asian and Pacific Islander," "Spanish," "Mexican American," "Puerto Rican American," "Cuban American," "Other Spanish American," "Chinese American," "Japanese American," "Filipino American," "Korean American," "Asian Indian American," "Vietnamese American," "Hawaiian American," "Guamanian American," and "Samoan American"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who are foreign born are further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the population categorized by marital status, type of residence, military service, primary and secondary school attendance, and college attendance. The census also collected information on labor, on unemployment, and on transportation. Due to the success of the 1970 Census' mail-out/mail-back questionnaire, the program was expanded for the Census of 1980 to include approximately 95 percent of the population. The short-form questionnaire for this census contained seven questions related to population and 11 questions related to housing; whereas the long-form questionnaire included 26 questions on population and 10 questions on housing. A question regarding Spanish or Hispanic origin, separate from race inquires, was used in all questionnaires due to its success in a five-percent sample for the 1970 Census. Two surveys were included in the new census: the Components of Inventory Change Survey, making inquiries regarding the number and characteristics of housing units that either changed or remained the same between 1973 and 1980; and the Residential Finance Survey, which collected information on mortgages, shelter costs, housing characteristics, and owner characteristics. The U.S. Census Bureau's Census Publicity Office, established in 1978, directed an extensive public service advertising campaign focusing on public awareness of the census and encouraging individuals to participate. A special effort was made to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses: "M-Night" focused on counting individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories; "T-Night" focused on the enumeration of hotels and motels with permanent residents. The State Data Center Program was established to simplify public access to census data via computer tapes. The Census Bureau was to provide free copies of electronic and printed census information and products to each state; in return, the state agreed to develop a network of affiliated organizations, such as state executive departments, chambers of commerce, councils of government, university research departments, and libraries, by which census information would be housed for public access. All states had joined the program by the middle of the decade. Despite various technological and procedural advances, the U.S. Census undercounted the national population, as it typically did in previous censuses. The African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was 3.7 percentage points higher than the rate for all other races combined. Various cities and states, beginning with the City of Detroit, filed suit against the U.S. Census Bureau, demanding that statistical adjustment be used to compensate for census estimates that had been omitted or improperly counted. In the Fall of 1980, the Bureau announced that it would not adjust its population totals because it was unable to determine the number and distribution of illegal aliens and other undercounted groups. A federal district court ruled in favor of the City of New York and the State of New York that same year, ordering the Census Bureau to correct its numbers. The U.S. Supreme Court stayed this ruling, as well as other similar rulings, in December of 1980, which allowed the Bureau to report its figures to the President unadjusted. In 1987, a federal appeals court ruled that the census figures should not be adjusted because the Census Bureau's decision not to adjust the figures was not arbitrary nor capricious. Type Dataset Source Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1980. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1980. Coverage Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> Publisher <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Date Created ca. 1980-04-01 Format image/jpg Extent 2.26 MB Medium 1 table Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Civics/Government Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> and published by the <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form;</li> <li>create derivative works;</li> <li>perform the work publicly;</li> <li>display the work;</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul> This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Item Creation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1980.html" target="_blank">1980 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1980.html. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. U.S. Bureau of the Census. <a href="http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1980/proceduralHistory/1980proceduralhistory.zip" target="_blank">Procedural History: 1980 Census of Population and Housing</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966. Transcript U.S. Census of 1980 Population Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Population Total 272,959 10,913 104,870 122,488 471,016 49,287 179,752 258,762 Males 134,937 5,297 49,999 58,908 229,001 23,573 86,869 122,668 Females 138,022 5,616 54,871 63,850 242,015 25,714 92,883 136,094 Population by Race White 245,223 9,552 90,196 101,336 390,383 45,468 159,067 227,324 Black 23,832 1,303 13,240 20,276 69,557 3,012 18,026 28,883 American Indian, Eskimo, and Aleut 588 6 191 259 1,351 119 316 427 Asian and Pacific Islander 1,739 29 259 250 3,712 284 1,294 1,046 Other 1,577 23 984 367 6,013 404 1,049 1,082 Population by Descent or Origin Not Spanish Descent or Origin 267,623 10,725 102,615 120,476 451,290 48,198 174,595 254,638 Total 5,336 188 2,255 2,012 19,726 1,089 5,157 4,124 Mexican American 964 38 1,497 451 3,959 258 583 835 Puerto Rican American 1,239 30 170 586 6,662 417 2,079 1,242 Cuban American 760 32 83 218 4,099 148 851 349 Other Spanish American 2,373 88 505 757 5,006 266 1,644 1,698 Japanese American 286 3 27 40 349 23 116 125 Chinese American 333 4 26 74 599 32 281 276 Filipino American 351 14 53 22 918 66 240 143 Korean American 215 4 25 28 314 59 191 96 Asian Indian American 323 4 34 34 418 52 214 232 Vietnamese American 157 0 79 32 923 36 210 113 Hawaiian American 53 0 13 15 115 8 31 37 Guamanian American 16 0 1 4 45 1 6 10 Samoan American 5 0 1 1 31 7 5 14 Households by Race White 93,614 3,971 37,344 39,065 147,099 17,490 56,977 96,107 Black 7,094 369 3,993 6,146 20,699 918 5,518 8,873 American Indian, Eskimo, and Aleut 218 2 71 84 444 41 107 176 Asian and Pacific Islander 403 9 65 54 901 73 330 299 Other 454 8 177 109 1,611 93 315 318 Population by Marital Status Single 49,790 1,474 13,935 18,016 98,234 7,283 29,725 44,851 Married 136,618 5,956 56,658 61,718 204,810 24,636 86,312 127,066 Separated 4,085 174 1,705 2,130 9,805 774 2,618 4,378 Widowed 14,781 750 9,103 8,508 26,475 3,607 8,740 23,400 Divorced 15,655 556 4,846 6,703 32,299 2,891 10,146 15,694 Population in Group Quarters Total 3,787 66 1,856 2,359 15,496 780 1,065 6,031 Institutionalized 1,772 0 1,081 1,929 3,065 522 803 2,468 Inmates of Mental Hospitals 58 0 0 16 52 0 29 42 Inmates of Homes for the Aged 682 0 534 375 1,395 412 551 1,450 Inmates of Other Institutions 1,032 0 547 1,538 1,618 110 223 976 Population Not Institutionalized 215 66 775 430 12,431 258 262 3,563 College Dormitories 1,146 0 206 15 1,340 237 0 3,072 Other Group Quarters 869 66 569 415 11,091 21 262 491 Not in Group Quarters 269,172 108,477 103,014 120,129 455,520 48,507 178,687 252,731 Veteran Population Veterans 48,557 1,962 15,611 18,260 68,100 7,156 28,670 41,139 Non-Veterans 163,042 6,794 68,894 76,268 283,154 31,121 105,124 170,179 Male Veterans 46,069 1,860 14,889 17,456 64,590 6,823 27,126 39,012 Male Non-Veterans 55,977 2,347 24,724 27,362 100,641 11,022 36,005 5,902 Female Veterans 2,488 102 722 804 3,510 333 1,544 2,127 Female Non-Veterans 107,065 4,447 44,170 49,266 182,513 20,099 69,119 111,159 Veteran Population by War or Conflict Veterans from May 1975 or Later 1,657 23 448 535 2,734 173 847 1,345 Vietnam Era 14,973 496 3,492 4,308 23,837 2,205 10,351 9,349 Korean Conflict 9,599 216 2,405 2,504 11,891 1,064 4,882 5,856 World War II 16,684 1,035 7,006 8,424 20,913 2,518 8,578 18,820 World War I 646 17 764 285 1,179 275 318 1,617 Other Engagements 4,998 175 1,496 2,204 7,546 921 3,694 4,152 Native-Born Population Total 258,528 10,351 101,031 118,567 447,689 47,619 181,319 243,731 Born in Florida 65,987 2,804 33,817 49,553 148,940 13,564 50,386 68,762 Born in Different State 188,506 7,493 66,600 68,120 290,061 33,497 118,029 172,711 Born Abroad 435 54 614 894 8,688 558 2,904 2,258 Foreign-Born Population Total 14,431 562 3,839 3,921 23,327 1,668 8,433 15,031 Households by Energy Usage Using Utility Gas for Heat 17,729 141 8,249 6,414 17,954 664 7,657 13,854 Using Bottled, Tank or LP Gas for Heat 9,703 689 8,024 12,765 14,378 6,063 4,210 11,473 Using Electricity for Heat 57,725 2,723 18,616 16,529 97,398 9,877 40,506 51,722 Using Fuel Oil, Kerosene, Etc. for Heat 14,452 619 5,491 7,598 39,819 1,562 9,929 26,858 Using Coal and Coke for Heat 0 0 8 6 6 0 0 5 Using Wood for Heat 1,139 136 979 1,782 1,561 340 619 1,546 Using Other Fuel for Heat 90 8 18 22 92 6 11 37 Using No Fuel for Heat 945 43 265 312 1,546 103 315 548 Population by Work Transportation Method Cars 105,631 3,368 32,929 38,876 195,317 18,106 75,974 82,121 Driving Alone 76,581 2,584 25,033 30,618 151,238 13,316 60,762 64,044 Carpooling 29,050 784 7,896 8,258 44,079 4,790 15,212 18,077 Public Transportation 471 0 387 254 4,752 105 638 1,260 Walking 3,330 196 1,769 1,444 13,113 588 1,557 4,241 Other Means 4,443 144 1,031 8,789 7,073 470 1,722 3,874 Working from Home 1,420 78 675 953 2,652 287 1,167 1,962 Education Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Population by School Completion Elementary School Completed 19,017 895 14,551 16,265 39,319 6,090 12,165 27,795 High School Completed 87,757 4,136 38,182 44,147 141,202 17,626 52,568 94,031 1-3 Years of High School 22,827 1,292 12,981 15,607 41,698 5,888 13,558 30,353 4 Years of High School 64,930 2,844 25,201 28,540 99,504 11,738 39,010 63,678 College Completed 63,518 2,455 19,401 18,205 93,290 7,342 43,339 51,988 1-3 Years of College 34,376 1,427 10,279 10,686 50,228 4,499 22,223 29,456 4+ Years of College 29,142 1,028 9,122 7,519 43,062 2,843 21,116 22,532 White Population by School Completion Elementary School Completed 15,391 619 11,323 12,428 28,406 5,592 8,242 23,155 High School Completed 81,569 3,876 34,898 39,129 122,450 16,651 48,146 86,944 1-3 Years of High School 20,549 1,122 11,425 13,330 33,986 5,434 11,510 27,148 4 Years of High School 61,020 2,754 23,473 25,799 88,464 11,217 36,636 59,796 College Completed 60,523 2,345 18,453 16,292 85,718 7,044 41,325 48,368 1-3 Years of College 32,596 1,343 9,764 9,593 45,750 4,316 21,126 27,358 4+ Years of College 27,927 1,002 8,689 6,699 39,368 2,728 20,199 21,010 Black Population by School Completion Elementary School Completed 3,269 270 2,877 3,631 9,750 386 3,675 4,267 High School Completed 5,234 260 2,964 4,833 16,519 734 3,797 6,417 1-3 Years of High School 2,083 170 1,396 2,228 7,072 365 1,881 3,008 4 Years of High School 3,151 90 1,568 2,605 9,447 369 1,916 3,409 College Completed 2,270 88 792 1,805 6,168 167 1,328 3,021 1-3 Years of College 1,534 70 421 1,011 3,710 112 788 1,812 4+ Years of College 736 18 371 794 2,458 55 540 1,209 Native American, Eskimo, Aleut Population by School Completion Elementary School Completed 70 0 38 52 125 35 46 110 High School Completed 214 0 93 106 475 112 107 215 1-3 Years of High School 60 0 63 35 240 55 63 53 4 Years of High School 154 0 30 71 235 57 44 162 College Completed 123 0 18 39 154 21 112 106 1-3 Years of College 74 0 18 39 112 21 67 78 4+ Years of College 49 0 0 0 42 0 45 28 Asian and Pacific Islander Population by School Completion Elementary School Completed 220 0 26 69 209 32 100 102 High School Completed 579 0 141 39 918 48 354 353 1-3 Years of High School 122 0 53 7 164 18 63 100 4 Years of High School 457 0 88 32 754 30 291 253 College Completed 436 0 65 33 750 66 403 352 1-3 Years of College 116 0 17 21 358 20 138 105 4+ Years of College 320 0 48 12 392 46 265 247 Other Population by School Completion Elementary School Completed 67 6 287 85 829 45 102 161 High School Completed 161 0 86 40 840 81 164 102 1-3 Years of High School 13 0 44 7 236 16 41 44 4 Years of High School 148 0 42 33 604 65 123 58 College Completed 166 22 73 36 500 44 171 141 1-3 Years of College 56 14 59 22 298 30 104 103 4+ Years of College 110 8 14 14 202 14 67 38 Spanish Population by School Completion Elementary School Completed 318 15 480 406 2,573 11 500 578 High School Completed 1,220 31 244 633 4,204 238 1,144 960 1-3 Years of High School 288 12 94 248 1,153 49 319 330 4 Years of High School 932 19 150 385 3,051 189 825 630 College Completed 1,274 17 167 349 3,036 135 1,155 707 1-3 Years of College 621 17 105 182 1,821 60 569 432 4+ Years of College 653 0 62 167 1,215 75 586 275 Labor Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Population in Labor Force Armed Forces 4,022 9 123 93 12,487 23 418 239 Civilian Labor Force 121,034 4,148 39,585 46,567 225,975 21,311 86,174 102,437 Employed 113,941 3,861 37,625 43,511 215,888 20,262 82,316 96,113 Unemployed 7,093 287 1,960 3,056 10,087 1,049 3,858 6,324 Not in Labor Force 90,565 4,608 44,920 48,321 125,279 16,966 47,620 108,881 Male Population in Labor Force Total 73,284 2,415 22,599 26,504 134,581 11,812 49,306 57,030 Armed Forces 3,563 9 101 55 9,080 15 367 239 Civilian Labor Force 69,721 2,406 22,498 26,449 125,501 11,797 48,939 56,791 Employed 66,269 2,261 21,641 24,946 120,264 11,237 46,910 53,436 Unemployed 3,452 145 857 1,503 5,237 560 2,029 3,355 Not in Labor Force 32,325 1,801 17,115 18,369 39,730 6,048 14,192 41,241 Female Population in Labor Force Total 51,772 1,742 17,109 20,156 103,881 9,522 37,286 45,646 Armed Forces 459 0 22 38 3,407 8 51 0 Civilian Labor Force 51,313 1,742 17,087 20,118 100,474 9,514 37,235 45,646 Employed 47,672 1,600 15,984 18,565 95,624 9,025 35,406 42,677 Unemployed 3,641 142 1,103 1,553 4,850 489 1,829 2,969 Not in Labor Force 58,240 2,807 27,805 29,952 85,549 10,918 33,428 67,640 Employment and Unemployment by Race White Employed 104,353 3,404 32,066 36,975 184,092 18,727 74,817 84,965 White Unemployed 5,965 240 1,374 2,355 7,586 932 3,313 5,259 Black Employed 8,147 419 4,868 6,279 27,377 1,119 6,221 10,036 Black Unemployed 933 47 511 659 2,224 461 461 981 American Indian, Eskimo, Aleut Employed 325 0 96 121 653 150 181 318 American Indian, Eskimo, Aleut Unemployed 71 0 33 18 75 33 7 45 Asian and Pacific Islander Employed 750 0 106 41 1,536 106 699 471 Asian and Pacific Islander Unemployed 95 0 0 7 54 0 47 19 Other Employed 366 38 489 95 2,230 160 398 323 Other Unemployed 29 0 42 17 148 18 30 20 Spanish Employed 2,070 45 848 783 8,399 420 2,368 1,568 Spanish Unemployed 146 0 66 63 726 35 154 128 Employment by Industry Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries, and Mining 2,279 298 5,604 3,493 10,157 1,083 2,315 3,407 Construction 9,660 560 2,794 3,997 15,594 1,594 6,706 8,800 Manufacturing 24,729 311 3,577 5,120 25,260 2,384 11,932 10,456 Non-Durable Goods 1,959 54 1,590 1,843 8,639 674 2,818 2,921 Durable Goods 22,770 257 1,987 3,277 16,621 1,710 9,114 7,535 Transportation 3,243 129 1,145 1,507 8,614 693 2,622 2,632 Communications and Other Public Utilities 3,151 86 1,567 1,306 7,095 431 3,325 2,866 Wholesale Trade 2,798 132 1,279 2,393 10,457 521 4,146 2,684 Retail Trade 20,979 523 6,755 8,373 40,454 4,131 15,856 22,590 Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate 5,863 449 2,037 2,551 14,953 1,092 7,167 6,399 Business and Repair Services 6,614 234 1,493 1,612 11,688 675 4,195 3,914 Personal, Entertainment, and Recreation Services 5,605 258 2,687 2,793 24,224 3,926 4,503 8,372 Professional and Related Services 21,398 679 7,242 8,060 37,987 2,720 15,476 18,898 Health Services 6,138 272 2,765 2,743 13,024 1,088 5,232 7,318 Educational Services 8,401 240 3,016 3,792 14,652 1,064 6,658 7,877 Other Professional and Related Services 6,859 167 1,461 1,525 10,311 568 3,586 3,703 Public Administration 7,622 202 1,445 2,306 9,405 1,012 4,073 5,095 Employment by Occupation Managerial and Professional Employees 30,782 1,047 7,424 8,492 48,352 3,451 22,954 21,782 Executive, Administrative and Managerial Employees 13,963 578 3,535 4,369 23,782 2,061 12,020 10,977 Professional Specialty Employees 16,819 469 3,889 4,123 24,750 1,390 10,934 10,805 Technical, Sales, and Administrative Employees 36,748 943 10,391 12,380 69,197 5,980 28,991 29,634 Technicians and Related Support Employees 5,757 63 892 813 6,162 399 2,857 2,798 Sales Employees 12,171 348 4,251 5,073 26,111 2,603 12,084 12,168 Administrative Support, Including Clerical Employees 18,820 532 5,248 6,494 36,924 2,978 14,050 14,668 Service Employees 14,689 579 5,364 6,462 34,770 4,003 9,384 17,248 Private Household Employees 581 43 432 409 1,715 96 375 828 Protective Service Employees 2,166 86 481 763 3,737 444 1,097 2,051 Service, Except Protective and Household Employees 11,942 450 4,451 5,290 29,318 3,463 7,912 14,369 Farming, Forestry, and Fishing Employees 1,772 314 4,018 2,729 7,760 1,071 1,736 3,150 Precision Production, Craft, and Repair Employees 16,292 501 4,806 6,268 25,789 2,731 9,974 12,978 Operators, Fabricators, and Laborers 13,658 477 5,622 7,180 29,840 3,026 9,277 11,321 Machine Operators, Assemblers, and Inspectors 6,205 112 1,848 2,476 10,498 1,026 3,709 4,336 Transportation and Material Moving Employees 3,173 248 1,800 2,223 9,533 1,124 2,221 3,197 Handlers, Equipment Cleaners, Helpers, and Laborers 4,280 117 1,974 2,481 9,809 876 3,347 3,788 Employment by Sector Private Wage and Salary Workers 85,872 2,694 28,084 30,835 172,595 16,228 64,582 72,551 Federal Government Workers 6,842 55 737 882 6,538 270 1,975 1,753 State Government Workers 2,934 134 1,234 2,236 6,410 501 2,598 2,859 Local Government Workers 10,681 358 3,741 4,852 17,411 1,748 7,119 9,605 Self-Employed Workers 6,894 544 3,497 4,278 12,127 1,427 5,582 8,652 Unpaid Family Workers 718 76 332 428 807 88 460 693 administrators African Americans agriculture Aleuts American Indians Amerindians Armed Forces Asian Americans Asian Indian Americans assembles assisted living facilities automobiles bottle gas Brevard County business Caribbean Americans carpooling carpools cars Caucasian Americans census Census of 1980 Central Americans Chinese Americans civilian labor clerical coals Coke college dormitories college dorms college education communications construction craft Cuban Americans divorced divorcees domestic service durable goods education educators electricity elementary education employees employment energy usage entertainment equipment cleaners Eskimos European Americans executives fabricators farmers farming federal government females Filipino Americans finance fishery Flagler County forestry fuel fuel oil gas heat government group quarters Guamanian Americans handlers Hawaiian Americans health care health services helpers high school education higher education Hispanic Americans homes for the aged households immigrants immigration Indian Americans inmates inspectors institutionalized insurance Japanese Americans kerosene Korean Americans Korean War labor labor force laborers Lake County Latin Americans Latinas Latinos local government LP gas machine operators males managers manufacturing Marion County marital status married material movers medical mental hospitals Mexican Americans mining motor vehicles Native Americans non-durable goods nursing homes old folks homes operators orange county Osceola County Pacific Islanders pedestrians personal services population precision production primary education professionals protective services public administration public transportation public utilities Puerto Rican Americans Puerto Ricans real estate recreation repair retail salaried salaries sales Samoan Americans schools secondary education self-employed Seminole County separated service industry servicemen servicewomen single Spanish Americans state government tank gas teachers technicians trade transportation U.S. Census unemployment utility gas veterans Vietnam War Vietnamese Americans Volusia County wages walkers walking wholesale widowed widowers widows wood workers World War I World War II WWI WWII https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/b7fe9b73a3d3dc95e3d2c4ff36030f1b.jpg d192eb411d8345af9e2318eda47216c1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census Collection Alternative Title Census Collection Subject Census--United States Population--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Description Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000. The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation. In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc. The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office. Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data. The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing. The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior. Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities. The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another. The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions. The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire. Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs. The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census. The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input. In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators. Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD. Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Mosquito County, Florida Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul>This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1 table Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1990 Alternative Title Census, 1990 Subject Census--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Population--United States Description The Twenty-First United States Census records for Brevard County, Flagler County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County, Osceola County, Seminole County, and Volusia County, Florida, for 1990. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white," "black," "American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut," "Asian or Pacific Islander," "other," "Hispanic," "Mexican," "Puerto Rican," "Cuban," "Other Hispanic," "Dominican," "Central American Hispanic," "Guatemalan," "Honduran," "Nicaraguan," "Panamanian," "Salvadorian," "Other Central American Hispanic," "South American Hispanic," "Columbian," "Ecuadorian," "Peruvian," "Other South American Hispanic," "Chinese," "Japanese," "Filipino," "Korean," "Asian Indian," "Vietnamese," "Cambodian," "Laotian," "Thai," and "Other Asian"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who are foreign born are further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the population categorized by marital status and military service. The census also collected information on labor, on unemployment, on energy usage, and on transportation. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20-percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compared to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the U.S. Department of Commerce. A federal district court ruleded in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. Type Dataset Source Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1990. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1990. Coverage Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> Publisher <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Date Created ca. 1990-04-01 Format image/jpg Extent 1.65 MB Medium 1 table Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Civics/Government Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> and published by the <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul> This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Item Creation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1990.html" target="_blank">1990 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1990.html. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. U.S. Bureau of the Census. <a href="http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1990/history/Chapter1-14.zip" target="_blank">Procedural History: 1990 Census of Population and Housing</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966. Transcript U.S. Census of 1990 Population Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Population Total 398,978 28,701 152,104 194,833 677,491 107,728 287,529 370,712 Males 197,163 13,756 72,929 93,813 336,061 52,716 140,587 179,481 Females 201,815 14,945 79,175 101,020 341,430 55,012 146,952 191,231 Population by Race White 358,391 25,831 135,619 167,094 539,061 96,231 253,621 328,530 Black 31,417 2,366 14,191 24,844 103,092 5,902 24,314 33,455 American Indian, Eskimo, and Aleut 1,369 52 384 638 2,036 360 803 915 Asian and Pacific Islander 5,379 283 566 945 13,994 1,637 4,843 2,739 Other 2,422 169 1,344 1,312 19,308 3,598 3,948 5,073 Population by Descent or Origin Hispanic 12,279 1,280 4,154 5,705 63,087 12,813 18,758 14,668 Mexican 1,724 82 2,358 685 7,439 1,161 1,801 4,652 Puerto Rican 4,785 418 595 2,535 34,091 8,091 9,521 5,832 Cuban 1,248 240 366 648 7,056 943 2,091 1,257 Other Hispanic 4,522 540 835 1,837 14,501 2,618 5,345 2,927 Dominican 181 38 58 109 1,785 411 484 45 Central American Hispanic 879 34 279 152 2,552 518 667 429 Guatemalan 114 0 50 37 476 165 51 23 Honduran 190 27 27 71 513 56 72 52 Nicaraguan 50 0 0 0 374 42 101 50 Panamanian 248 7 179 44 640 109 274 117 Salvadorian 85 0 15 0 266 96 127 154 Other Central American Hispanic 192 0 8 0 283 50 42 33 South American Hispanic 1,229 222 122 586 5,386 827 2,325 1,047 Colombian 507 90 84 312 3,081 438 1,188 383 Ecuadorian 136 0 0 76 493 120 298 198 Peruvian 213 0 16 37 602 99 161 54 Other South American Hispanic 373 132 22 161 1,210 170 678 412 Other Hispanic American 2,233 246 376 990 4,778 862 1,869 1,406 Chinese 828 47 79 127 2,133 339 873 489 Filipino 1,058 147 114 136 2,450 392 760 435 Japanese 493 11 43 60 697 65 235 198 Asian Indian 1,059 29 114 318 3,244 427 1,235 669 Korean 601 12 66 149 1,046 73 582 273 Vietnamese 474 8 70 71 2,686 87 551 264 Cambodian 33 8 2 0 77 8 21 11 Laotian 11 0 0 0 186 7 103 66 Thai 272 4 21 20 233 61 109 67 Other Asian 358 12 28 38 717 112 277 161 Population by Marital Status Never Married 66,486 3,592 18,793 27,666 154,225 17,676 54,036 65,316 Married 194,871 16,588 82,858 97,858 281,616 51,243 131,451 176,551 Separated 6,527 379 2,236 3,635 14,056 1,690 4,765 6,040 Widowed 24,229 1,873 13,044 14,375 32,388 5,945 13,294 31,185 Divorced 32,790 1,687 10,150 15,039 58,114 8,245 23,290 30,347 Veteran Population Veterans 70,358 5,665 26,923 32,473 83,928 14,560 37,374 60,087 Non-Veterans 246,413 18,064 98,512 123,910 436,056 68,764 185,243 245,155 Veteran Population by War or Conflict Veterans from May 1975 or Later 10,467 326 1,961 3,386 15,270 2,049 5,129 6,322 Vietnam Era 16,445 800 4,821 6,262 23,690 4,279 12,158 12,431 Korean Conflict 8,301 758 2,888 3,887 9,453 1,783 4,041 6,856 World War II 20,618 2,816 12,720 14,030 19,755 4,059 8,087 24,826 World War I 137 0 112 41 98 58 48 306 Multiple Wars 8,515 523 2,162 2,130 7,587 879 3,298 4,103 Other Service 5,875 442 2,259 2,737 8,075 1,453 4,613 5,243 Native-Born Population Total 378,016 26,326 146,809 187,848 626,436 100,071 269,494 349,372 Foreign-Born Population Total 20,962 2,375 5,295 6,985 51,055 7,657 18,035 21,340 Naturalized 11,803 1,577 3,119 4,185 22,480 3,554 8,779 12,076 Non-Citizen 9,159 798 2,176 2,800 28,575 4,103 9,256 9,262 Households by Energy Usage for Heat Gas (Utility, Bottled, Tank, or LP Gas) 28,232 1,127 17,521 23,407 30,664 6,505 12,834 22,707 Electricity 123,633 10,080 42,252 47,220 203,089 30,855 88,181 113,935 Fuel Oil, Kerosene, Etc. 7,230 476 2,713 5,270 18,190 1,165 5,736 14,278 Coal, Coke, and Wood 791 114 846 1,883 1,047 333 491 1,287 Solar Energy 89 17 17 72 60 28 40 102 Other Fuel 159 29 30 91 290 36 40 337 No Fuel 1,231 37 237 234 1,512 228 335 730 Population by Work Transportation Method Car, Truck, or Van 171,569 9,578 52,519 68,824 319,961 48,215 141,039 139,505 Public Transportation 505 25 181 125 7,671 206 740 1,648 Motorcycles 1,309 92 299 331 1,641 235 500 1,373 Bicycles 1,616 79 255 185 2,345 387 709 1,507 Walking 3,564 210 1,662 1,614 15,755 1,043 2,472 4,145 Other Means 931 107 619 618 2,475 503 668 1,282 Working from Home 3,775 293 1,399 1,825 6,423 655 3,805 3,604 Labor Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Population in Labor Force Total 198,490 11,280 61,591 80,415 381,101 55,154 159,464 165,864 Armed Forces 3,773 20 106 107 12,529 39 717 430 Civilian Work Force 194,717 11,260 61,485 80,308 368,572 55,115 158,747 165,434 Employed 183,692 10,542 57,965 74,958 350,953 52,455 151,377 155,529 Unemployed 11,025 718 3,520 5,350 17,619 2,660 7,370 9,905 Not in Work Force 122,054 12,469 63,950 76,075 151,412 28,209 63,870 139,808 Male Population in Labor Force Total 110,881 6,106 33,653 43,092 209,060 29,754 86,497 89,643 Armed Forces 3,395 9 81 100 10,247 34 594 405 Civilian Work Force 107,486 6,097 33,572 42,992 198,813 29,720 85,903 89,238 Employed 101,530 5,786 31,679 40,226 189,907 28,281 82,157 83,833 Unemployed 5,956 311 1,893 2,766 8,906 1,439 3,746 5,405 Not in Work Force 46,033 5,175 25,774 30,815 52,562 10,539 21,026 56,768 Female Population in Labor Force Total 87,609 5,174 27,938 37,323 172,041 25,400 72,967 76,221 Armed Forces 378 11 25 7 2,282 5 123 25 Civilian Work Force 87,231 5,163 27,913 37,316 169,759 25,395 72,844 76,196 Employed 82,162 4,756 26,286 34,732 161,046 24,174 69,220 71,696 Unemployed 5,069 407 1,627 2,584 8,713 1,221 3,624 4,500 Not in Work Force 76,021 7,294 38,176 45,260 98,850 17,670 42,844 83,040 Employment and Unemployment by Race White Employed 167,811 9,574 51,334 65,887 290,042 47,449 136,251 139,601 White Unemployed 9,129 577 2,680 4,180 12,253 2,174 6,220 7,921 Black Employed 11,740 682 5,499 7,647 42,870 2,487 9,920 11,720 Black Unemployed 1,456 98 738 1,144 4,110 255 783 1,681 American Indian, Eskimo, Aleut Employed 816 72 226 405 1,267 202 569 592 American Indian, Eskimo, Aleut Unemployed 82 0 0 36 103 0 51 40 Asian and Pacific Islander Employed 2,266 131 316 469 7,243 814 2,348 1,103 Asian and Pacific Islander Unemployed 268 21 30 37 323 32 153 81 Other Race Employed 1,059 83 590 550 9,531 1,503 2,019 2,513 Other Race Unemployed 90 22 72 15 830 199 163 182 Hispanic Employed 5,533 433 2,020 2,003 30,876 5,588 8,768 6,479 Hispanic Unemployed 412 63 110 139 2,336 521 761 634 Employment by Industry Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishery 3,437 395 4,054 4,030 7,682 1,252 3,095 5,468 Mining 148 8 170 213 215 24 46 138 Construction 14,823 13,559 5,058 5,691 26,863 4,679 11,660 13,254 Manufacturing Non-Durable Goods 3,381 205 2,581 2,884 10,562 1,139 4,434 4,724 Manufacturing Durable Goods 32,952 1,022 3,392 7,910 24,101 2,703 13,580 12,075 Transportation 6,688 396 2,137 2,172 17,333 2,387 5,398 5,128 Communications and Other Public Utility 3,942 314 2,201 1,883 10,585 1,382 4,897 4,189 Wholesale Trade 5,836 357 2,534 3,894 17,169 1,770 8,848 5,477 Retail Trade 34,686 2,006 11,698 15,125 65,210 11,627 29,513 34,590 Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate 10,033 750 3,403 4,856 25,976 2,581 13,789 10,693 Business and Repair Services 11,175 504 2,313 3,543 22,772 2,346 9,592 7,598 Personal Services 5,918 558 2,831 2,582 22,404 6,111 4,903 7,697 Entertainment and Recreation Services 3,144 261 1,885 1,342 24,292 5,037 4,149 3,213 Professional and Related Services 35,933 2,043 11,256 15,291 63,103 7,482 31,675 33,496 Health Services 12,933 697 4,637 6,160 22,052 2,794 11,317 13,573 Educational Services 10,952 777 3,480 5,230 20,327 2,660 9,709 11,197 Other Professional and Related Services 12,048 569 3,139 3,901 20,724 2,028 10,649 8,726 Public Administration 11,596 364 2,452 3,542 12,686 1,935 5,798 7,789 Employment by Occupation Managerial and Professional Employees 53,807 2,301 11,327 15,627 89,965 10,112 47,570 37,311 Executive, Administrative and Managerial Employees 23,616 1,482 5,606 7,511 46,089 5,418 24,616 18,905 Professional Specialty Employees 30,191 1,119 5,721 8,116 43,876 4,694 22,954 18,405 Technical, Sales, and Administrative Employees 59,003 3,409 18,080 24,321 118,893 16,312 55,707 50,263 Technicians and Related Support Employees 9,879 278 1,705 2,193 11,892 1,283 5,883 5,296 Sales Employees 22,290 1,551 8,259 11,631 47,443 6,841 25,621 21,931 Administrative Support, Including Clerical, Employees 26,834 1,580 8,116 10,497 59,558 8,188 24,203 23,036 Service Employees 25,352 1,478 9,047 10,595 57,969 11,489 17,124 25,978 Private Household Employees 430 55 336 199 1,305 128 406 527 Protective Service Employees 4,209 176 1,170 1,756 6,467 1,193 2,565 3,744 Service, Except Protective and Household, Employees 20,713 1,247 7,541 8,640 50,197 10,168 14,153 21,707 Farming, Forestry, and Fishing Employees 3,369 408 3,534 3,545 6,923 1,348 2,468 4,917 Precision Production, Craft, and Repair Employees 23,485 1,345 7,571 9,686 37,308 6,760 14,791 19,699 Operators, Fabricators, and Laborers 18,676 1,301 8,406 11,184 39,895 6,434 13,717 17,361 Machine Operators, Assemblers, and Inspectors 7,021 519 2,981 4,668 12,224 1,862 4,815 8,428 Transportation and Material Moving Employees 5,735 303 2,945 3,349 14,839 2,524 4,438 5,572 Handlers, Equipment Cleaners, Helpers, and Laborers 5,920 479 2,480 3,167 12,832 2,048 4,464 5,361 Employment by Sector Private Sector, Wage and Salary Workers 135,001 7,742 42,595 54,435 274,595 42,410 116,103 112,473 Public Sector, Wage and Salary Workers 27,172 1,217 6,734 10,447 39,665 5,418 16,738 20,540 Self-Employed Workers 10,897 878 4,636 6,246 18,937 2,679 9,759 12,661 Private Sector, Not-For-Profit, Wage and Salary Workers 9,992 618 3,525 3,430 16,556 1,805 8,077 9,125 Unpaid Family Workers 630 87 474 400 1,200 143 700 730 administrative administrative support administrators African Americans agriculture Aleuts American Indians Amerindians Armed Forces Asian Americans assemblers automobiles bicycles bikes bottled gas Brevard County business Cambodian Americans Caribbean Americans cars Caucasian Americans census Census of 1990 Central Americans Chinese Americans citizens civilian work clerical coal Coke Colombian Americans communications construction craft Cuban Americans divorced divorcees domestic services durable goods Ecuadorian Americans education educators electric heat electricity employees employment energy usage entertainment equipment cleaners Eskimos executives fabricators farmers farming females Filipino Americans finance fishery Flagler County forestry fuel oil gas Guatemalan Americans handlers health car heat helpers Hispanic Americans Honduran Americans Indian Americans inspectors insurance Japanese Americans kerosene Korean Americans Korean War labor labor force laborers Lake County Laotian Americans Latin Americans Latinas Latinos LP gas machine operators males managerial managers manufacturing Marion County marital status married material moving medical Mexican Americans mining motor vehicles motorcycles Native Americans naturalized Nicaraguan Americans non-citizens non-durable goods operators orange county Osceola County Pacific Islander Americans Panamanian Americans pedestrians personal services Peruvian Americans population precision production private sector professionals protective services public administration public sector public transportation public utility Puerto Rican Americans Puerto Ricans real estate recreation repair retail salaried salary sales Salvadorian Americans self-employeed Seminole County separated service industry servicemen servicewomen single solar energy specialty tank gas teachers technical technicians Thai Americans trade transportation trucks U.S. Census unemployment utility vans veterans Vietnam War Vietnamese Americans Volusia County wages walkers walking wholesale widowed widowers widows wood workers World War I World War II WWI WWII https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/c15371e0c6ae5885bc6f64ccd636cea1.tif 61de1989e782d8c8396d65702b9fa1dc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census Collection Alternative Title Census Collection Subject Census--United States Population--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Description Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000. The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation. In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc. The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office. Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data. The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing. The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior. Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities. The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another. The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions. The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire. Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs. The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census. The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input. In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators. Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD. Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Mosquito County, Florida Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul>This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1 table Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census for Central Florida, 2000 Alternative Title Census, 2000 Subject Census--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Population--United States Description The Twenty-Second United States Census records for Brevard County, Flagler County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County, Osceola County, Seminole County, and Volusia County, Florida, for 2000. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white alone," "black," "American Indian and Alaska Native," "Asian," Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander," "other race," "two or moreraces," "Hispanic," "Mexican," "Puerto Rican," "Cuban," "Dominican," "Central American," "Costa Rican," "Guatemalan," "Honduran," "Nicaraguan," "Panamanian," "Salvadoran," "Other Central American," "South American," "Argentinean," "Bolivian," "Chilean," "Columbian," "Ecuadorian," "Paraguayan," "Peruvian," "Uruguayan," "Venezuelan," "Other South American," "Spaniard," "Asian Indian," "Bangladeshi," "Cambodian," "Chinese," "Filipino," "Hmong," "Indonesian," "Japanese," "Korean," "Laotian," "Malaysian," "Pakistani,""Sri Lankan," "Taiwanese," "Vietnamese," and "other Asian"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who are foreign born are further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the population categorized by marital status, type of residence, military service, primary and secondary school attendance, and college attendance. The census also collected information on labor, on unemployment, on energy usage, and on transportation. For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and was used for a 17-percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD. Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in six languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100-percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process instead by following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year. Type Dataset Source Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 2000. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 2000. Coverage Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> Publisher <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Date Created ca. 2000-04-01 Format image/jpg Extent 3.12 MB Medium 1 table Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Civics/Government Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> and published by the <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul> This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Item Creation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/2000.html" target="_blank">2000 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/2000.html. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. U.S. Bureau of the Census. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/Census2000v1.pdf" target="_blank">History: 2000 Census of Population and Housing</a><a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/Census2000v1.pdf" target="_blank">, Volume 1</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/Census2000v1.pdf. U.S. Bureau of the Census. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/Census2000v2.pdf" target="_blank">History: 2000 Census of Population and Housing, Volume 2</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/Census2000v2.pdf. Transcript U.S. Census of 2000 Population Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Population Total 476,230 49,832 210,528 258,916 896,344 172,493 365,196 443,343 Males 233,186 23,887 101,866 124,945 443,716 85,022 178,776 215,361 Females 243,044 25,945 108,662 133,971 452,628 87,471 186,420 227,982 Population by Race White Alone 413,411 43,490 184,138 217,909 614,830 133,169 300,948 381,760 Black 40,000 4,401 17,503 29,900 162,899 12,702 34,764 41,198 American Indian and Alaska Native 1,765 133 701 1,158 3,079 790 1,087 1,373 Asian 7,152 583 1,667 1,806 30,033 3,802 9,115 4,430 Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 305 12 76 57 843 142 163 164 Other Race 5,168 480 3,966 4,363 53,889 15,631 11,175 8,071 Two or More Races 8,429 733 2,477 3,723 30,771 6,257 7,944 6,347 Population by Descent or Origin Hispanic 21,970 2,537 11,808 15,616 168,361 50,727 40,731 29,111 Mexican 3,281 237 5,638 3,350 19,755 3,400 3,871 7,733 Puerto Rican 9,111 1,031 2,978 6,997 86,583 30,728 19,609 13,546 Cuban 2,161 292 638 1,049 12,371 2,178 3,610 1,570 Dominican 458 37 102 257 6,358 2,313 1,223 452 Central American 1,296 101 372 561 5,703 1,870 1,595 789 Costa Rican 150 5 39 45 600 188 233 122 Guatemalan 323 23 75 122 949 241 165 83 Honduran 210 15 71 87 1,223 266 212 138 Nicaraguan 93 6 34 78 716 315 220 100 Panamanian 392 34 75 152 1,037 251 402 173 Salvadorian 91 11 58 62 883 521 265 134 Other Central American 37 7 20 15 295 88 98 39 South American 1,690 340 559 1,013 15,436 4,254 4,690 1,541 Argentinean 136 26 32 29 794 217 370 132 Bolivian 26 7 2 1 191 34 83 22 Chilean 116 7 24 33 451 130 114 101 Colombian 661 149 235 520 7,676 2,071 2,182 592 Ecuadorian 156 28 60 181 1,687 474 484 210 Paraguayan 15 0 1 1 25 4 8 7 Peruvian 217 54 114 96 1,629 470 648 141 Uruguayan 15 33 8 8 115 42 41 49 Venezuelan 256 21 60 95 2,315 686 587 190 Other South American 92 15 23 49 553 126 173 97 Other Hispanic 3,973 499 1,521 2,389 22,155 5,984 6,133 3,480 Spaniard 262 37 52 50 599 129 218 147 Spanish 784 88 267 333 1,968 415 759 556 Spanish American 90 4 36 69 329 78 104 63 Other Hispanic or Latino 2,837 370 1,166 1,937 19,259 5,362 5,052 2,714 Asian Indian 1,806 69 562 715 8,166 1,230 2,994 1,345 Bangladeshi 15 0 11 0 101 33 33 14 Cambodian 48 13 9 1 141 6 33 19 Chinese, Except Taiwanese 951 82 217 160 4,227 569 1,428 661 Filipino 1,577 292 332 313 5,066 951 1,281 798 Hmong 0 0 2 0 2 0 10 0 Indonesian 32 2 3 4 71 9 30 25 Japanese 531 16 84 129 1,193 92 307 256 Korean 631 37 153 209 1,950 141 1,094 445 Laotian 20 1 11 1 232 25 154 120 Malaysian 9 0 0 1 33 2 10 7 Pakistani 52 1 13 17 732 245 171 76 Sri Lankan 2 0 3 1 56 14 8 28 Taiwanese 72 11 2 13 226 45 65 21 Thai 351 10 47 26 436 85 123 79 Vietnamese 763 24 174 130 6,189 184 1,074 329 Other Asian 23 0 4 1 58 3 9 4 Other Asian, Not Specified 166 10 19 72 577 90 161 130 Households Total 198,195 21,294 88,413 106,755 336,286 60,977 139,572 184,723 Family Households 132,480 15,683 62,468 74,637 220,258 45,077 97,249 120,064 Married Couple Family 104,964 13,378 52,105 59,339 157,937 34,207 75,718 93,161 Other Family 27,516 2,305 10,363 15,298 62,321 10,870 21,531 26,903 Non- Family 65,715 5,611 25,945 32,118 116,028 15,900 42,323 64,659 Population by Marital Status Never Married 78,006 5,869 27,762 37,350 214,910 32,173 71,780 78,186 Married 224,987 28,530 110,140 127,501 355,270 75,570 162,707 205,036 Separated 7,403 553 2,689 4,160 19,485 3,577 5,162 6,690 Widowed 31,880 3,799 17,018 19,631 36,918 7,860 15,876 34,496 Divorced 47,747 3,707 17,129 24,635 79,329 14,725 32,730 45,397 Population in Group Quarters Total 9,695 462 3,767 6,881 18,831 2,400 3,606 14,737 Institutionalized 6,303 428 3,071 5,644 11,987 1,921 2,260 7,391 Correctional Institutions 2,431 55 1,522 3,780 6,307 903 1,216 2,616 Nursing Homes 2,543 342 1,425 1,579 3,684 862 994 3,931 Other Institutions 1,329 31 124 285 1,996 156 50 844 Non-Institutionalized 3,392 34 696 1,237 6,844 479 1,346 7,346 College Dormitories 1,088 0 0 231 3,402 155 12 4,530 Military Quarters 215 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Other, Non-Institutionalized 2,089 34 696 1,006 3,442 324 1,334 2,811 Not in Group Quarters 466,535 49,370 206,761 252,035 877,513 170,093 361,590 428,606 Population by Military Service Active Armed Forces 2,318 19 129 113 413 76 198 255 Veterans 79,145 9,252 35,534 43,300 84,940 17,226 39,515 66,646 Non-Veterans 290,433 31,631 132,175 160,233 585,412 108,979 233,200 286,986 Veteran Population by War or Conflict Gulf War 6,733 444 1,748 2,324 11,262 1,975 4,764 4,137 Vietnam Era 19,233 1,769 6,720 8,584 23,668 4,829 12,294 15,369 Korean Conflict 10,541 1,739 6,225 7,318 8,673 1,903 4,025 10,017 World War II 15,312 2,797 10,930 12,695 11,921 2,722 5,281 18,058 Multiple Wars 7,086 469 2,240 2,301 4,506 595 2,142 3,455 Other Service 20,240 2,034 7,671 10,078 24,910 5,202 11,009 15,610 Native-Born Population Total 445,229 44,875 199,708 245,564 767,440 148,383 331,911 414,990 Foreign-Born Population Total 31,001 4,957 10,820 13,352 128,904 24,110 33,285 28,353 Naturalized 18,374 3,354 5,084 7,516 53,651 9,514 16,507 14,955 Non-Citizen 12,627 1,603 5,736 5,836 75,253 14,596 16,778 13,398 Foreign-Born Population by Region or Country of Origin Europe 9,881 2,267 2,779 3,458 13,547 3,790 6,769 9,808 Northern Europe 3,374 561 1,091 1,060 4,471 1,560 2,414 2,883 United Kingdom 2,595 413 820 875 3,519 1,388 1,891 2,217 Ireland 317 74 105 79 432 70 214 297 Sweden 172 31 59 26 135 34 115 151 Other Northern Europe 290 43 107 80 385 68 194 218 Western Europe 3,480 585 1,167 1,394 3,827 805 1,735 3,281 Austria 76 21 36 52 112 23 113 164 France 509 17 193 56 754 43 118 293 Germany 2,298 440 867 1,137 2,378 617 1,185 2,407 Netherlands 305 77 20 96 280 71 162 252 Other Western Europe 292 30 51 53 303 51 157 165 Southern Europe 1,616 523 205 477 2,044 457 1,218 1,603 Greece 239 16 21 52 255 25 144 379 Italy 961 230 143 329 1,080 207 706 975 Portugal 132 178 10 41 235 120 108 92 Spain 227 77 31 51 459 89 237 129 Other Southern Europe 57 22 0 4 15 16 23 28 Eastern Europe 1,400 598 316 527 3,195 959 1,402 2,031 Czechoslovakia, Including Czech Republic and Slovakia 128 29 48 48 208 275 129 242 Hungary 166 15 50 144 306 110 217 303 Poland 469 179 101 168 366 169 204 501 Romania 143 15 16 28 252 19 134 101 Belarus 2 0 0 0 16 0 8 18 Russia 166 148 42 10 430 298 116 180 Ukraine 50 187 19 23 259 50 26 147 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0 0 0 0 451 0 214 7 Yugoslavia 62 14 12 41 126 5 128 131 Other Eastern Europe 214 11 28 65 781 33 226 401 Europe, Not Elsewhere Classified 11 0 0 0 10 9 0 10 Asia 6,529 570 1,209 1,704 23,739 3,187 7,205 4,426 Eastern Asia 1,584 36 307 459 5,728 636 1,947 1,224 China 640 16 133 152 2,843 496 852 494 China, Excluding Hong Kong and Taiwan 361 9 75 99 1,635 218 589 267 Hong Kong 57 7 29 19 460 93 64 146 Taiwan 222 0 29 34 748 185 199 81 Japan 410 9 96 133 1,069 52 279 321 Korea 534 11 71 174 1,757 88 801 409 Other Eastern Asia 0 0 7 0 59 0 15 0 South Central Asia 1,558 108 336 501 5,754 1,270 2,060 1,179 Afghanistan 0 0 0 0 1 0 8 31 Bangladesh 12 0 0 8 361 120 15 90 India 1,261 43 273 392 3,298 424 1,268 735 Iran 151 38 39 52 562 25 429 202 Pakistan 126 26 16 18 1,426 574 299 58 Other South Central Asia 8 1 8 31 106 127 41 63 South Eastern Asia 2,426 380 479 581 10,114 1,063 2,339 1,347 Cambodia 54 37 0 9 146 12 13 13 Indonesia 129 19 18 83 88 13 57 57 Laos 0 0 52 5 77 102 194 37 Malaysia 52 6 13 24 140 16 29 58 Philippines 1,177 225 246 200 3,418 647 1,060 783 Thailand 398 18 28 30 452 63 151 128 Vietnam 616 75 121 195 5,730 203 814 271 Other South Eastern Asia 0 0 1 35 63 7 21 0 Western Asia 924 46 78 145 1,774 165 816 610 Iraq 39 0 0 0 61 0 58 12 Israel 29 0 31 12 238 49 163 64 Jordan 33 0 5 27 165 50 77 120 Lebanon 266 0 26 70 437 13 254 85 Syria 24 0 0 5 222 20 104 25 Turkey 122 46 16 7 170 6 87 109 Armenia 6 0 0 7 0 0 0 9 Other Western Asia 405 0 0 17 481 27 73 186 Asia, Not Elsewhere Classified 37 0 9 18 369 53 43 66 Africa 1,088 58 253 251 3,710 804 1,344 828 Eastern Africa 161 8 18 93 820 45 479 183 Ethiopia 14 8 0 11 123 0 0 20 Other Eastern Africa 147 0 18 82 697 45 479 163 Middle Africa 20 0 0 0 98 0 0 36 Northern Africa 474 50 122 9 1,338 519 409 353 Egypt 263 31 80 9 358 42 304 195 Other Northern Africa 211 19 42 0 980 477 105 158 Southern Africa 228 0 15 43 549 30 204 103 South Africa 200 0 15 43 549 30 204 103 Other Southern Africa 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Western Africa 163 0 28 91 561 185 225 108 Ghana 16 0 9 0 69 8 94 15 Nigeria 121 0 19 91 308 6 81 48 Sierra Leone 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 Other Western Africa 26 0 0 0 165 171 50 45 Africa, Not Elsewhere Classified 42 0 70 15 344 25 27 45 Oceania 140 78 36 95 313 38 129 138 Australia and New Zealand Subregion 104 78 36 73 188 23 108 124 Australia 78 21 36 64 142 13 70 109 Other Australian and New Zealand Subregion 26 57 0 9 46 10 38 15 Melanesia 0 0 0 16 17 15 0 0 Micronesia 16 0 0 6 59 0 0 14 Polynesia 20 0 0 0 49 0 15 0 Oceania, Not Elsewhere Classified 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 Americas 13,363 1,984 6,543 7,827 87,595 16,291 17,838 13,153 Latin America 10,644 1,762 5,479 6,469 83,648 15,648 15,711 10,093 Caribbean 5,495 974 1,322 2,559 41,956 6,227 6,632 3,287 Barbados 153 33 19 62 589 141 88 28 Cuba 970 159 424 554 8,809 1,251 2,094 875 Dominican Republic 331 58 128 210 5,153 2,080 931 446 Haiti 213 33 167 143 13,227 569 718 268 Jamaica 2,414 437 375 1,198 8,756 1,248 1,684 790 Trinidad and Tobago 693 180 119 222 2,663 457 586 493 Other Caribbean 721 74 90 170 2,759 481 531 387 Central America 2,553 203 3,396 2,172 16,926 3,549 3,387 4,556 Mexico 1,028 34 2,846 1,597 11,100 1,626 1,364 3,663 Other Central America 1,525 169 550 575 5,826 1,923 2,023 893 Costa Rica 206 0 0 35 506 133 340 172 El Salvador 180 11 91 66 826 572 404 161 Guatemala 355 16 162 112 1,114 172 280 106 Honduras 236 18 116 151 1,457 290 336 141 Nicaragua 94 8 32 70 708 414 155 87 Panama 454 95 137 133 1,066 310 385 199 Other Central America 0 21 12 8 149 32 123 27 South America 2,596 585 761 1,738 24,766 5,872 5,692 2,250 Argentina 255 57 18 0 853 177 417 159 Bolivia 3 0 0 0 442 7 30 7 Brazil 352 25 39 98 4,765 835 435 307 Chile 144 40 30 13 562 184 178 93 Colombia 744 193 211 819 8,550 2,156 2,306 761 Ecuador 121 30 99 270 1,885 607 403 209 Guyana 397 102 113 282 2,741 291 538 185 Peru 226 20 102 142 1,707 574 725 163 Venezuela 299 20 119 80 2,826 878 518 259 Other South America 55 98 30 34 435 163 142 107 Northern America 2,719 222 1,064 1,358 3,947 643 2,127 3,060 Canada 2,682 220 1,055 1,338 3,900 643 2,085 3,030 Other Northern America 37 2 9 20 47 0 42 30 Born at Sea 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 Housing Units Total 222,072 24,452 102,830 122,663 361,349 72,293 147,079 211,938 Occupied 198,195 21,294 88,413 106,755 336,286 60,977 139,572 184,723 Vacant 23,877 3,158 14,417 15,908 25,063 11,316 7,507 27,215 For Rent 5,970 358 2,158 2,341 10,116 2,429 2,819 4,039 For Sale 3,477 370 1,886 2,331 3,619 958 1,319 2,864 Households by Energy Usage for Heat Gas (Utility, Bottled, Tank, or LP Gas) 30,291 645 15,796 19,235 26,907 5,163 12,114 16,924 Electricity 163,791 20,322 70,732 83,373 299,899 54,547 124,260 159,179 Fuel Oil, Kerosene, Etc. 2,073 169 882 2,380 6,047 365 2,233 6,144 Coal, Coke, and Wood 336 36 387 843 506 101 203 660 Solar Energy 39 0 3 0 43 24 57 79 Other Fuel 105 33 130 112 243 33 50 256 No Fuel 1,560 89 483 812 2,641 744 655 1,481 Population by Work Transportation Method Car, Truck, or Van 192,896 17,168 76,050 90,409 404,604 73,183 174,772 171,448 Public Transportation 591 130 348 217 10,923 825 1,227 1,914 Motorcycles 765 76 217 159 853 281 534 981 Bicycles 1,278 78 248 313 2,038 386 660 1,033 Walking 2,653 221 1,129 1,369 6,085 1,054 1,898 3,531 Other Means 1,390 151 838 818 3,642 624 1,317 1,582 Working from Home 5,506 625 2,633 3,019 11,178 1,510 7,186 5,426 Education Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Population by School Completion Completing Less Than High School 46,416 5,453 31,482 40,813 104,591 23,095 27,523 56,982 High School Completed 98,108 12,330 53,339 67,271 148,006 37,536 59,280 102,353 Some College Completed 115,194 12,642 44,940 53,477 171,495 32,560 80,922 101,929 Bachelor's Degree 51,616 5,170 17,509 16,126 104,818 12,052 51,235 36,646 Master's Degree 20,995 2,023 5,458 5,966 29,990 3,610 16,882 12,536 Professional School 4,889 722 2,056 2,638 10,945 1,393 5,472 4,785 Doctorate Degree 2,520 276 788 896 4,256 361 1,902 1,994 Male Population by School Completion Completing Less Than High School 21,055 2,682 15,185 20,255 50,528 11,453 12,856 27,650 High School Completed 42,196 5,366 23,137 29,860 67,485 17,246 25,644 46,259 Some College Completed 53,613 5,775 21,256 24,683 81,995 15,676 36,647 46,461 Bachelor's Degree 28,222 2,753 9,236 7,952 53,117 6,076 27,227 18,609 Master's Degree 12,251 997 2,942 2,950 15,844 1,661 8,764 6,326 Professional School 3,216 459 1,254 1,626 6,803 725 3,674 3,072 Doctorate Degree 1,751 189 579 674 2,822 204 1,369 1,385 Female Population by School Completion Completing Less Than High School 25,361 2,771 16,297 20,558 54,063 11,642 14,667 29,332 High School Completed 55,912 6,964 30,202 37,411 80,521 20,290 33,636 56,094 Some College Completed 61,581 6,867 23,684 28,794 89,500 16,884 44,275 55,468 Bachelor's Degree 23,394 2,417 8,273 8,174 51,701 5,976 24,008 18,037 Master's Degree 8,744 1,026 2,516 3,016 14,146 1,949 8,118 6,210 Professional School 1,673 263 802 1,012 4,142 668 1,798 1,713 Doctorate Degree 769 87 209 222 1,434 157 533 609 White Population by School Completion Completing Less Than High School 37,567 4,500 25,766 33,247 60,146 17,355 19,218 47,006 High School Completed 265,645 29,645 115,146 130,473 358,068 71,834 186,568 236,703 Some College Completed 177,263 18,296 66,168 70,187 250,401 40,341 136,300 143,048 Bachelor's Degree 73,746 7,262 24,294 22,835 121,362 14,077 66,382 50,651 Graduate or Professional School 26,151 2,599 7,793 8,503 36,549 4,353 20,807 17,596 Black Population by School Completion Completing Less Than High School 6,222 612 3,791 5,330 27,290 1,928 5,406 6,694 High School Completed 15,871 2,365 5,630 11,463 61,429 5,240 14,425 15,128 Some College Completed 9,416 1,661 2,351 6,135 36,623 2,845 9,327 9,047 Bachelor's Degree 2,667 564 692 1,768 13,058 828 3,660 3,207 Graduate or Professional School 747 259 267 638 3,681 272 1,397 1,049 American Indian and Alaska Native Population by School Completion Completing Less Than High School 314 12 154 201 461 109 164 191 High School Completed 1,160 87 317 612 1,503 193 842 871 Some College Completed 725 80 145 456 853 106 612 624 Bachelor's Degree 152 26 8 134 284 19 268 180 Graduate or Professional School 38 26 0 31 116 0 99 73 Asian Population by School Completion Completing Less Than High School 904 61 202 336 3,867 394 638 532 High School Completed 4,249 345 798 1,149 15,500 2,031 5,225 2,711 Some College Completed 3,235 267 649 808 12,144 1,610 4,258 2,044 Bachelor's Degree 1,946 151 338 513 7,945 997 2,838 1,190 Graduate or Professional School 947 58 80 190 2,684 256 1,189 408 Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Population by School Completion Completing Less Than High School 24 0 9 10 84 34 0 23 High School Completed 134 0 0 28 327 46 101 57 Some College Completed 81 0 0 28 230 31 40 42 Bachelor's Degree 21 0 0 19 76 5 0 0 Graduate or Professional School 12 0 0 14 25 0 0 0 Some Other Race Population by School Completion Completing Less Than High School 500 143 1,091 1,177 8,193 2,388 1,318 1,630 High School Completed 2,225 258 978 1,147 19,255 5,492 4,552 2,055 Some College Completed 1,666 166 635 646 12,161 3,369 3,005 1,321 Bachelor's Degree 478 70 249 97 3,700 894 1,082 330 Graduate or Professional School 164 19 64 27 985 310 279 88 Hispanic or Latino Population by School Completion Aged 25+ 12,809 1,767 6,248 8,790 95,505 28,364 24,165 16,659 Completing Less Than High School 2,540 461 2,705 3,460 27,742 8,247 5,071 6,202 High School Completed 10,269 1,306 3,543 5,330 67,763 20,117 19,094 10,457 Some College Completed 7,396 741 2,326 3,228 44,475 11,928 13,519 6,860 Bachelor's Degree 2,935 302 907 831 16,194 3,552 5,625 1,954 Graduate or Professional School 972 163 277 374 5,099 939 1,915 658 Population by School Enrollment Enrolled 112,005 9,366 40,624 54,173 248,040 44,944 99,337 101,190 Not Enrolled 349,620 39,284 163,384 197,003 611,968 120,923 252,611 329,318 Public School 91,848 8,149 34,908 46,347 204,974 38,926 80,854 79,381 Public Pre-School 3,521 324 1,400 1,882 7,437 1,321 2,503 2,905 Public K-8 49,627 4,380 19,813 26,299 102,097 22,395 42,047 42,065 Public High School 21,896 2,024 9,201 11,584 45,485 10,211 18,665 19,215 Public College 16,804 1,421 4,494 6,582 49,955 4,999 17,639 15,196 Private School 20,157 1,217 5,716 7,826 43,066 6,018 18,483 21,809 Private Pre-School 3,885 376 1,353 1,592 9,371 1,284 4,830 3,730 Private K-8 7,203 360 2,720 3,620 15,393 2,146 7,126 5,258 Private High School 1,996 118 633 1,118 4,102 495 2,071 1,655 Private College 7,073 363 1,010 1,496 14,200 2,093 4,456 11,166 Labor Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Population in Labor Force Total 220,413 19,670 86,307 104,422 471,974 84,142 198,464 201,913 Armed Forces 2,318 19 129 113 413 76 198 255 Civilian Labor Force 218,095 19,651 86,178 104,309 471,561 84,066 198,266 201,658 Employed 207,366 18,815 82,819 98,248 447,861 79,859 190,973 189,035 Unemployed 10,729 836 3,359 6,061 23,700 4,207 7,293 12,623 Not in Labor Force 163,663 22,200 85,967 105,310 221,452 47,135 84,636 162,621 Male Population in Labor Force Total 119,342 10,349 46,312 54,645 251,471 44,428 106,283 107,321 Armed Forces 2,048 10 109 109 375 58 178 206 Civilian Labor Force 117,294 10,339 46,203 54,536 251,096 44,370 106,105 107,115 Employed 111,595 9,889 44,453 51,569 239,431 42,204 102,411 100,145 Unemployed 5,699 450 1,750 2,967 11,665 2,166 3,694 6,970 Not in Labor Force 66,680 9,544 36,010 44,657 87,278 19,206 30,039 67,395 Female Population in Labor Force Total 101,071 9,321 39,995 49,777 220,503 39,714 92,181 94,592 Armed Forces 270 9 20 4 38 18 20 49 Civilian Labor Force 100,801 9,312 39,975 49,773 220,465 39,696 92,161 94,543 Employed 95,771 8,926 38,366 46,679 208,430 37,655 88,562 88,890 Unemployed 5,030 386 1,609 3,094 12,035 2,041 3,599 5,653 Not in Labor Force 96,983 12,656 49,957 60,653 134,174 27,929 54,597 95,226 Employment and Unemployment by Race White Employed 182,829 16,701 72,821 84,361 324,773 63,838 161,737 164,827 White Unemployed 8,644 722 2,596 4,543 13,878 3,045 5,384 9,831 Black or African American Employed 14,154 1,364 5,894 9,629 67,034 5,376 14,393 15,240 Black or African American Unemployed 1,445 92 520 1,155 5,956 454 1,089 2,144 American Indian and Alaska Native Employed 1,044 60 356 496 1,478 222 826 765 American Indian and Alaska Native Unemployed 81 0 29 62 119 30 46 77 Asian Employed 3,329 220 728 962 14,961 1,702 4,757 2,131 Asian Unemployed 205 14 25 16 675 107 169 88 Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Employed 142 0 12 14 355 63 68 97 Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Unemployed 9 0 0 0 22 0 0 8 Some Other Race Employed 2,289 267 1,901 1,694 24,246 5,983 5,163 3,364 Some Other Race Unemployed 152 6 126 171 1,939 465 289 228 Hispanic or Latino Employed 9,415 873 5,232 5,816 73,233 20,739 19,335 11,101 Hispanic or Latino Unemployed 622 29 334 590 5,428 1,477 1,123 1,797 Employment by Industry Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting, and Mining 1,042 241 2,311 3,432 2,369 482 621 2,075 Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing and Hunting 887 223 2,132 3,266 2,257 434 584 2,058 Mining 155 18 179 166 112 48 37 17 Construction 16,424 1,873 8,556 8,803 33,618 7,030 15,439 16,827 Manufacturing 28,223 1,875 5,264 10,416 28,548 4,325 15,131 16,297 Wholesale Trade 5,177 439 3,399 3,117 17,584 2,559 8,255 5,606 Retail Trade 27,766 3,046 11,145 15,499 54,069 10,596 26,089 26,243 Transportation, Warehousing, and Utilities 8,434 813 4,043 4,789 24,799 4,689 8,412 8,310 Transportation and Warehousing 7,176 611 3,229 3,714 21,872 4,084 7,030 6,655 Utilities 1,258 202 814 1,075 2,927 605 1,382 1,655 Information 6,541 412 2,347 1,892 17,174 1,229 8,357 5,339 Finance, Insurance, Real Estate, and Rental and Leasing 10,828 1,151 4,901 5,100 34,668 4,409 18,231 11,886 Finance and Insurance 5,875 579 2,982 2,896 20,344 1,720 12,994 6,701 Real Estate and Rental and Leasing 4,953 572 1,919 2,204 14,324 2,689 5,237 5,185 Professional, Scientific, Management, Administrative, and Waste Management Services 21,876 1,633 6,716 7,712 51,511 5,497 25,213 17,342 Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services 13,377 823 2,754 3,488 29,078 2,113 16,195 8,448 Management of Companies and Enterprise 57 0 5 24 210 7 80 18 Administrative, Support, and Waste Management Services 8,442 810 3,957 4,200 22,223 3,377 8,938 8,876 Educational, Health, and Social Services 36,027 3,497 14,135 19,167 64,356 9,802 32,953 37,004 Educational Services 13,513 1,634 5,099 7,275 27,559 4,522 14,673 15,296 Health Care and Social Assistance 22,514 1,863 9,036 11,892 36,797 5,280 18,280 21,708 Arts, Entertainment, Recreation, Accommodation, and Food Services 20,476 2,124 11,273 8,440 82,026 23,687 16,862 22,680 Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation 4,542 466 5,154 1,940 31,553 8,907 4,969 4,891 Accommodation and Food Services 15,934 1,658 6,119 6,500 50,473 14,780 11,893 17,789 Other Services, Except Public Administration 9,517 836 4,416 5,305 21,953 3,088 8,218 10,088 Public Administration 15,035 875 4,313 4,576 15,186 2,466 7,192 9,338 Employment by Occupation Management, Business, and Financial Operations Employees 25,257 2,385 10,256 10,089 63,728 8,262 31,322 21,985 Professional and Related Employees 47,217 3,121 13,456 15,821 81,543 10,119 42,507 32,511 Health Care Support Employees 4,085 407 1,996 2,333 5,904 1,160 2,658 4,085 Protective Service Employees 4,921 494 2,225 2,313 8,794 1,852 3,507 4,497 Food Preparation and Serving Related Employees 11,930 1,272 4,274 5,089 30,987 7,844 8,461 12,263 Building, Grounds Cleaning, and Maintenance Employees 7,971 914 4,061 3,995 18,641 5,343 5,128 8,353 Personal Care and Service Employees 5,303 501 2,649 3,458 15,855 2,814 4,895 4,980 Sales and Related Employees 25,845 2,447 10,301 13,270 58,829 10,614 29,534 24,853 Office and Administrative Support Employees 29,940 2,962 12,118 14,457 74,240 12,573 30,850 29,414 Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Employees 642 65 1,540 1,297 1,808 239 314 1,562 Construction, Extraction, and Maintenance Employees 21,793 2,175 10,229 11,851 40,021 9,616 16,353 22,216 Production Employees 12,388 1,242 3,985 7,344 20,704 3,753 7,463 11,721 Transportation and Material Moving Employees 10,074 830 5,729 6,931 26,807 5,670 7,981 10,595 Male Employment by Occupation Management, Business, and Financial Operations Employees 14,925 1,448 6,088 5,838 35,997 4,460 18,881 12,645 Professional and Related Employees 24,396 1,279 5,224 5,957 38,302 4,211 20,386 13,322 Health Care Support Employees 456 51 192 297 843 109 284 453 Protective Service Employees 3,998 414 1,895 1,818 6,603 1,454 2,818 3,558 Food Preparation and Serving Related Employees 4,759 516 1,686 1,611 16,146 3,765 4,144 5,303 Building, Grounds Cleaning, and Maintenance Employees 4,818 633 2,734 2,432 10,339 2,741 3,417 5,346 Personal Care and Service Employees 1,197 147 738 1,088 5,860 975 1,418 1,306 Sales and Related Employees 11,874 1,099 5,047 6,147 29,017 4,668 16,138 11,841 Office and Administrative Support Employees 7,137 672 2,652 3,079 20,733 3,287 7,376 7,067 Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Employees 544 38 999 1,012 1,083 160 212 1,017 Construction, Extraction, and Maintenance Employees 20,941 2,043 9,759 11,359 38,404 9,055 15,590 21,334 Production Employees 7,991 878 2,776 5,006 13,455 2,513 4,841 7,752 Transportation and Material Moving Employees 8,559 671 4,663 5,925 22,649 4,806 6,906 9,201 Female Employment by Occupation Management, Business, and Financial Operations Employees 10,332 937 4,168 4,251 27,731 3,802 12,441 9,340 Professional and Related Employees 22,821 1,842 8,232 9,864 43,241 5,908 22,121 19,189 Health Care Support Employees 3,629 356 1,804 2,036 5,061 1,051 2,374 3,632 Protective Service Employees 923 80 330 495 2,191 398 689 939 Food Preparation and Serving Related Employees 7,171 756 2,588 3,478 14,841 4,079 4,317 6,960 Building, Grounds Cleaning, and Maintenance Employees 3,153 281 1,327 1,563 8,302 2,602 1,711 3,007 Personal Care and Service Employees 4,106 354 1,911 2,370 9,995 1,839 3,477 3,674 Sales and Related Employees 13,971 1,348 5,254 7,123 29,812 5,946 13,396 13,012 Office and Administrative Support Employees 22,803 2,290 9,466 11,378 53,507 9,286 23,474 22,347 Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Employees 98 27 541 285 725 79 102 545 Construction, Extraction, and Maintenance Employees 852 132 470 492 1,617 561 763 882 Production Employees 4,397 364 1,209 2,338 7,249 1,240 2,622 3,969 Transportation and Material Moving Employees 1,515 159 1,066 1,006 4,158 864 1,075 1,394 Employment by Sector Private Sector Employees 140,975 12,217 57,209 67,011 336,958 62,521 135,938 127,632 Public Sector Employees 31,971 2,806 10,183 13,194 47,342 7,878 21,726 25,132 Self-Employed Employees 21,305 2,634 10,119 12,153 37,746 6,330 21,673 22,679 Non-Profit Employees 12,549 1,098 4,964 5,510 24,923 2,983 11,169 13,052 Unpaid Family Workers 566 60 344 380 892 147 467 540 Male Employment by Sector Private Sector Employees 77,045 6,502 31,252 36,394 184,769 33,504 74,886 68,711 Public Sector Employees 16,669 1,214 4,841 5,436 20,573 3,474 9,221 11,784 Self-Employed Employees 13,933 1,867 6,565 7,979 25,601 4,277 14,931 14,977 Non-Profit Employees 3,748 277 1,621 1,605 8,051 898 3,160 4,432 Unpaid Family Workers 200 29 174 155 437 51 213 241 Female Employment by Sector Private Sector Employees 63,930 5,715 25,957 30,617 152,189 29,017 61,052 58,921 Public Sector Employees 15,302 1,592 5,342 7,758 26,769 4,404 12,505 13,348 Self-Employed Employees 7,372 767 3,554 4,174 12,145 2,053 6,742 7,702 Non-Profit Employees 8,801 821 3,343 3,905 16,872 2,085 8,009 8,620 Unpaid Family Workers 366 31 170 225 455 96 254 299 accommodation administrative administrative support administrators Afghan Americans African Americans agriculture Alaska Natives American Indians American War Amerindians Arab Americans Argentinian Americans Armed Forces Armenian Americans arts Asian Americans Australian Americans Austrian Americans automobiles bachelor's degree Bangladeshi Americans Barbadian Americans Belorussian Americans bicycles bikers Bolivian Americans Bosnian Americans bottled gas Brazilian Americans Brevard County British Americans building business Cambodian Americans Canadian Americans car Caribbean Americans cars Caucasian Americans census Census of 2000 Central Americans Chilean Americans Chinese Americans citizens civilian labor coal Coke college dormitories college education Colombian Americans construction correctional institutions Costa Rican Americans Cuban Americans Czech Americans Czechoslovakian Americans divorced divorcees doctorate degree Dominican Americans dorms Dutch Americans Ecuadorian Americans education educational educators Egyptian Americans electric heat electricity employees employment energy usage English Americans enterprise entertainment Ethiopian Americans European Americans extraction families family farmers farming females Filipino Americans finance financial operators First Gulf War First Iraq War fishing Flagler County food preparation food services food serving forestry French Americans fuel oil gas heat German Americans Ghanaian Americans Greek Americans grounds cleaning group quarters Guatemalan Americans Gulf War Gulf War I Haitian Americans Hawaiian Natives health care heat Herzegovinian Americans high school education higher education Hispanic Americans Hmong Americans Honduran Americans Hong Kongese Americans households housing units Hungarian Americans hunting Indian Americans Indonesian Americans information institutionalized insurance Iranian Americans Iraq War Iraqi Americans Irish Americans Israeli Americans Italian Americans Jamaican Americans Japanese Americans Jordanian Americans kerosene Korean Americans Korean War Kuwait War labor labor force laborers Lake County Laotian Americans Latin Americans Latinas Latinos leasing Lebanese Americans LP gas maintenance Malay Americans Malaysian Americans males management managers manufacturing Marion County marital status married master's degree material moving medical care Melanesian Americans Mexican Americans Micronesian Americans Middle Eastern Americans military service mining motor vehicles motorcycles Native Americans naturalized New Zealander Americans Nicaraguan Americans Nigerian Americans non-citizens non-profit nursing homes Oceanic Americans office Operation Desert Shield Operation Desert Storm orange county Osceola County Pacific Islander Americans Pakistani Americans Panamanian Americans Paraguayan Americans pedestrians Persian Americans Persian Gulf War personal care Peruvian Americans PhD Polish Americans Polynesian Americans population Portuguese Americans preschool education primary education private education private schools private sector production professional professional school professionals protective services public administration public education public schools public sector public transportation Puerto Rican Americans Puerto Ricans real estate recreation rental Resistance War Against America retail Romanian Americans Russian Americans sales Salvadorian Americans Scandinavian Americans schools scientific scientists Scotch Americans Scottish Americans Second Indochina War Second World War secondary education self-employed Seminole County separated Sierra Leonean Americans single Slovakian Americans social assistance social services solar energy South Americans Spaniards Spanish Americans Sri Lankan Americans Swedish Americans Syrian Americans Taiwanese Americans tank gas teachers technical Thai Americans Tobagonian Americans trade transportation Trinidadian Americans truck trucks Turkish Americans U.S. Census Ukrainian Americans unemployment Uruguayan Americans utilities utility gas van vans Venezuelan Americans veterans Vietnam War Vietnamese Americans Volusia County walking warehousing waste management Welsh Americans wholesale widowed widowers widows wood workers World War II WWII Yugoslavian Americans https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/08c752ef3296ddebdcb6177468698998.JPG 310c9a1eb606aa64bfd8a948bb80af8c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census Collection Alternative Title Census Collection Subject Census--United States Population--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Description Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000. The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation. In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc. The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office. Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data. The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing. The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior. Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities. The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another. The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions. The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire. Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs. The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census. The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input. In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators. Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD. Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Mosquito County, Florida Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul>This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1 table Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1840 Alternative Title Census, 1840 Subject Census--United States Population--United States Description The Sixth United States Census population records for Mosquito County (including present-day Volusia, Brevard, Indian River, St. Lucie, Martin, Seminole, Osceola, Orange, Lake, Polk, and Palm Beach counties) for 1840. The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation. Type Dataset Source Original census data by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a>, 1840. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original census data by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a>, 1840. Coverage Mosquito County, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> Publisher <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Date Created ca. 1840-06-01 Format image/jpg Extent 59.8 KB Medium 1 table Language eng Mediator History Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> and published by the <a href="http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of the Interior</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul> This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Item Creation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1840.html" target="_blank">1840 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1840.html. United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. Transcript U.S. Census of 1840 Mosquito County* Population Total 73 Males 70 Females 3 *Includes present-day Volusia, Brevard, Indian River, St. Lucie, Martin, Seminole, Osceola, Orange, Lake, Polk, and Palm Beach counties. 6th United States Census Census of 1840 females males men Mosquito County population Sixth United States Census U.S. Census women https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/3d27e89f15ac83518dc1c0c4e5af908f.JPG fb5b583fd1520c829e203f4148e9eea1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census Collection Alternative Title Census Collection Subject Census--United States Population--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Description Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000. The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation. In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc. The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office. Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data. The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing. The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior. Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities. The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another. The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions. The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire. Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs. The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census. The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input. In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators. Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD. Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Mosquito County, Florida Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul>This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1 table Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1850 Alternative Title Census, 1850 Subject Census--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Population--United States Description The Seventh United States Census records for Orange County (including present-day Seminole County and part of Lake County and Osceola County) and Marion County for 1850. The census divides the population by race ("White" vs. "Black") and gender. The "Black" population is further divided into slaves and "free blacks." The population is also divided by out-of-state origin and foreign origin. Finally, the census collected information on agriculture, including number of farms, cash value of farms, acres of improved land of farms, acres of unimproved land of farms, and value of livestock. In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc. Type Dataset Source Original census data by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a>, 1850. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original census data by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a>, 1850. Coverage Orange County, Florida Marion County, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> Publisher <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Date Created ca. 1850-06-01 Format image/jpg Extent 209 KB Medium 1 table Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> and published by the <a href="http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of the Interior</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul> This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Item Creation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1850.html" target="_blank">1850 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1850.html. United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright.<a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. Transcript U.S. Census of 1850 Population Marion County Orange County* White Population Total 2,068 238 Male 1,147 139 Female 921 99 Free Black Population Total 1 2 Male 1 2 Female 0 0 Slave Population Total 1,269 226 Male 633 107 Female 636 66 People Born Out of State Total 1,358 66 People Born Out of the United States of America Total 16 6 Agriculture Marion County Orange County* Farms Total 329 19 Cash Value of Farms Farms $346,695 $60,000 Farming Implements and Machinery $31,885 $14,095 Acres of Farmland Improved Land 11,451 963 Unimproved Land 44,168 4,083 Value of Livestock Total $174,703 $27,020 Animals Slaughtered $28,687 $1,475 *Includes present-day Seminole County and parts of present-day Lake and Osceola counties 7th United States Census African Americans agriculture animals Caucasians Census of 1850 European Americans farming implements farms females free black freedman freedmen improved land livestock machinery males Marion County men orange county population Seventh United States Census slaughter slaves U.S. Census women https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/2f2ea119eac56515205242e901f9b1b7.jpg 10197b9be33d1acc880744108368155f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census Collection Alternative Title Census Collection Subject Census--United States Population--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Description Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000. The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation. In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc. The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office. Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data. The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing. The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior. Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities. The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another. The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions. The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire. Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs. The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census. The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input. In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators. Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD. Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Mosquito County, Florida Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul>This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1 table Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1860 Alternative Title Census, 1860 Subject Census--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Population--United States Description The Eighth United States Census records for Brevard County (including present-day St. Lucie County), Marion County, Orange County (including present-day Seminole County and parts of present-day Lake and Osceola counties), and Volusia County (including present-day Flagler County), Florida, for 1860. The census divides the population by race ("white" and "colored"), gender, and native-born vs. foreign-born. The census also documented the number of slaves and slaveholders. The census collected information on agriculture and on manufacturing. The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office. Type Dataset Source Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> and the <a href="http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en.html" target="_blank">General Land Office</a>, 1860. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> and the <a href="http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en.html" target="_blank">General Land Office</a>, 1860. Coverage Brevard County, Florida Orange County, Florida Marion County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> <a href="http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en.html" target="_blank">General Land Office</a> Publisher <a href="http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of the Interior</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Date Created ca. 1860-06-01 Format image/jpg Extent 449 KB Medium 1 table Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> and the <a href="http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en.html" target="_blank">General Land Office</a>, and published by the <a href="http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of the Interior</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul> This resource is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Item Creation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1860.html" target="_blank">1860 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1860.html. United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. Transcript U.S. Census of 1860 Population Brevard County* Marion County Orange County** Volusia County*** Population Total 246 8,609 987 1,158 White Population Total 224 3,294 823 861 Males 136 1,796 452 467 Females 88 1,498 371 394 Native-Born White Population Total 217 3,260 819 855 Males 129 1,768 449 462 Females 88 1,492 370 393 Free Colored Population Total 1 1 1 0 Males 1 1 1 0 Females 0 0 0 0 Free Foreign-Born Population Total 7 34 4 6 Foreign-Born White Population Total 7 34 4 6 Males 7 28 3 5 Females 0 6 1 1 Free Native-Born Persons Total 218 3,261 820 855 Slave Population Total 21 5,314 163 297 Males 8 2,689 88 158 Females 13 2,625 75 139 Slave Holders Total 4 345 31 38 Agriculture Brevard County* Marion County Orange County** Volusia County*** Farms Total 31 408 87 62 Acres of Land of Farms Improved Land 340 54,546 2,768 3,008 Unimproved Land 11,887 129,376 9,435 11,642 Cash Value of Farms Farms $23,340 $1,887,115 $90,555 $99,810 Farming Implements and Machinery $440 $83,790 $48,681 $9,672 Livestock $155,780 $447,268 $58,295 $113,984 Orchard Products $0 $0 $65 $44,150 Homemade Manufactures $0 $500 $372 $60 Market Garden Products $0 $10 $0 $0 Animals Slaughtered $1,900 $73,107 $9,081 6,550 Farms by Acreage 3-9 20 8 17 1 10-19 7 37 23 14 20-49 3 111 32 37 50-99 1 78 9 6 100-499 0 154 6 3 500-999 0 15 0 0 1000+ 0 5 0 1 Manufacturing Brevard County* Marion County Orange County** Volusia County*** Manufacturing Establishments Total N/A 8 N/A N/A Population Employed in Manufacturing Males N/A 65 N/A N/A Female s N/A 0 N/A N/A Capital Invested in Manufacturing Total N/A $35,500 N/A N/A Annual Costs in Manufacturing Labor N/A $23,220 N/A N/A Products N/A $49,400 N/A N/A "*Includes present-day St, Lucie County **Includes present-day Seminole County and parts of present-day Lake and Osceola counties ***Includes present-day Flagler County" agriculture animals Brevard County capital census Census of 1860 costs employees farming implements farmland farms females freeman freemen gardens labor laborers livestock machinery males manufactures manufacturing Marion County orange county orchards population slaveholders slavemasters slaves U.S. Census Volusia County https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/eba79a2268eb5f407da13bc844c868e6.jpg 09bca50dad90ed5d7b3a667b96d18d1e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census Collection Alternative Title Census Collection Subject Census--United States Population--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Description Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000. The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation. In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc. The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office. Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data. The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing. The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior. Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities. The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another. The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions. The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire. Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs. The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census. The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input. In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators. Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD. Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Mosquito County, Florida Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul>This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1 table Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1870 Alternative Title Census, 1870 Subject Census--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Population--United States Description The Ninth United States Census records for Brevard County (including present-day St. Lucie County), Marion County, Orange County (including present-day Seminole County and parts of present-day Lake and Osceola counties), and Volusia County (including present-day Flagler County), Florida, for 1870. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white" and "colored"), native-born vs. foreign-born, and state-born vs. territory-born. Those born outside of Florida are then divided by state or country of origin. This census also collected information on agriculture and on manufacturing. Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire," as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invented a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker (1840-1897), introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data. Type Dataset Source Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a>, 1870. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a>, 1870. Coverage Brevard County, Florida Orange County, Florida Marion County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> Publisher <a href="http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of the Interior</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Date Created ca. 1870-06-01 Format image/jpg Extent 397 KB Medium 1 table Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> and published by the <a href="http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of the Interior</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul> This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Item Creation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1870.html" target="_blank">1870 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1870.html. United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. Transcript U.S. Census of 1870 Population Brevard County* Marion County Orange County** Volusia County*** Population Total 1,216 10,804 2,195 1,723 Males 703 5,507 984 560 Females 513 5,297 1,211 831 Colored Population Total 19 7,878 198 328 Native-Born Population Total 1,216 10,773 2,174 1,695 Foreign-Born Population Total 0 31 21 28 Population Born by State, Territory or Country of Origin Total 437 5,825 1,127 691 Virginia or West Virginia 14 186 16 14 South Carolina 199 2,828 151 288 Alabama 96 276 52 9 Georgia 452 957 663 558 North Carolina 12 453 94 42 Scotland 0 0 0 1 Italy 0 0 0 3 Ireland 0 7 7 4 Great Britain 0 0 0 0 Germany 0 11 1 1 France 0 0 0 0 West Indies 0 0 1 1 British America 0 0 1 2 Cuba 0 0 0 0 England and Wales 0 3 9 15 Sweden and Norway 0 0 1 0 Africa 0 6 0 0 Agriculture Brevard County* Marion County Orange County** Volusia County*** Farms Total 191 736 220 233 Farms by Acreage Less than 3 0 0 0 0 3-9 0 0 24 75 10-19 90 5 89 77 20-49 70 154 91 71 50-99 23 126 12 7 100-499 8 377 4 3 500-999 0 60 0 0 1000+ 0 14 0 0 Present Cash Value of Farms Farms $21,000 $828,795 $174,900 $146,120 Farming Implements and Machinery $3,895 $87,968 $2,618 $3,450 Agriculture Wages Paid Total $0 $80,897 $4,480 $2,940 Value of Livestock Livestock $386,950 $275,905 $124,845 $87,119 Animals Slaughtered or Sold for Slaughter $48,120 $0 $0 $786 Value of Home Manufactures Total $0 $0 $0 $210 Manufacturing Brevard County* Marion County Orange County** Volusia County*** Manufacturing Establishments Total N/A 7 6 2 Value of Manufacturing Products Total N/A $8,560 $10,240 $1,570 Value of Materials Used in Manufacturing Total N/A $4,650 $8,200 $1,150 Capital Invested in Manufacturing Total N/A $3,950 $8,000 $1,300 Hands Employed in Manufacturing Total N/A 19 12 2 Males, Aged 16+ N/A 13 12 2 Females, Aged 16+ N/A 2 0 0 Youths N/A 4 0 0 "*Includes present-day St, Lucie County **Includes present-day Seminole County and parts of present-day Lake and Osceola counties ***Includes present-day Flagler County" African Americans agriculture Anglo Americans animals Brevard County British Americans capital census Census of 1870 employees employment English Americans European Americans farming implements farms females German Americans investments Irish Americans Italian Americans labor laborers livestock machinery males manufactures manufacturing Marion County Norwegian Americans orange county population Scandinavian Americans Scotch Americans Scottish Americans slaughter Swedish Americans U.S. Census Volusia County Welsh Americans West Indian Americans https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/06986ab371e1b80c8cc662cca7f2fd46.jpg c924774d8aff6d620459ed7d9ea3eeb7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census Collection Alternative Title Census Collection Subject Census--United States Population--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Description Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000. The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation. In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc. The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office. Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data. The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing. The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior. Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities. The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another. The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions. The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire. Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs. The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census. The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input. In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators. Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD. Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Mosquito County, Florida Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul>This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1 table Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1880 Alternative Title Census, 1880 Subject Census--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Population--United States Description The Tenth United States Census records for Brevard County (including present-day St. Lucie County), Marion County, Orange County (including present-day Seminole County and parts of present-day Lake County, Osceola County, and Volusia County), and Volusia County (including present-day Flagler County), Florida, for 1880. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white", "colored", and "Indian"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those born outside of Florida are then divided by state or country of origin. The census also collected information on agriculture and on manufacturing. The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census," selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing. Type Dataset Source Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a>, 1880. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a>, 1880. Coverage Brevard County, Florida Orange County, Florida Marion County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> Publisher <a href="http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of the Interior</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Date Created ca. 1880-06-01 Format image/jpg Extent 589 KB Medium 1 table Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> and published by the <a href="http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of the Interior</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul> This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Item Creation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1880.html" target="_blank">1880 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1880.html. United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. Transcript U.S. Census of 1880 Population Brevard County* Marion County Orange County** Volusia County*** Population Total 1,478 13,046 6,618 3,294 Males 819 6,580 3,863 1,796 Females 659 6,466 2,755 1,498 Population by Race White 1,379 4,471 5,595 2,756 Colored 84 8,305 1,023 538 Indian 15 0 0 0 Native-Born Population Total 1,421 12,958 6,315 3,167 Native-Born Population by State of Origin Alabama 38 337 164 31 Georgia 242 949 1,331 461 Massachusetts 9 27 95 58 New York 46 117 187 140 North Carolina 18 181 162 72 Pennsylvania 14 9 55 55 South Carolina 74 2,797 282 209 Tennessee 8 70 73 13 Virginia 5 101 133 23 Foreign-Born Population by Country of Origin Total 57 88 303 127 British America 5 13 44 20 Cuba 0 1 0 0 England and Wales 14 15 40 35 France 0 2 27 0 German Empire 13 14 38 11 Ireland 11 13 20 13 Scotland 6 3 7 11 Sweden and Norway 0 13 99 21 West Indies 2 1 2 9 Other Foreign Places 6 13 26 6 Agriculture Brevard County* Marion County Orange County** Volusia County*** Farms by Ownership and Tenure Total 231 1,434 893 244 Owner-Operated 228 1,170 875 240 Rented for Fixed Money 3 142 8 1 Rented for Shares of Products 0 122 10 3 Farms by Acreage Less than 3 11 0 0 0 3-9 44 79 39 6 10-19 23 129 71 20 20-49 46 240 162 45 50-99 33 465 135 52 100-499 69 467 460 109 500-999 3 34 19 9 1000+ 2 20 7 3 Acres of Land in Farms Improved Land 1,956 52,888 19,024 6,108 Unimproved Land 20,070 163,650 123,241 36,316 Value of Farms Farmland, Fences, and Buildings $309,055 $1,294,066 $3,245,510 $745,910 Farming Machinery and Implements $6,823 $44,391 $30,512 $9,994 Livestock $204,051 $293,360 $174,228 $47,894 Cost of Buildings and Repairing Fences Total $3,442 $34,533 $11,890 $5,542 Bushels of Crops Produced Barley $0 $90 $0 $0 Indian Corn $6,186 186,917 26,727 12,672 Oats $100 $15,629 $1,412 $375 Rye $0 $21 $160 $10 Manufacturing Brevard County* Marion County Orange County** Volusia County*** Manufacturing Establishments Total 1 15 12 4 Average Males Aged 16+ Employed in Manufacturing Total 2 38 50 9 Value of Products in Manufacturing Total $1,800 $46,381 $62,000 $21,944 Capital Invested in Manufacturing Total $1,000 $66,200 $24,500 $15,100 Value of Raw Materials in Manufacturing Total $1,025 $27,900 $33,175 $12,100 Annual Wages Paid in Manufacturing Total $300 $7,582 $8,740 $2,050 "*Includes present-day St, Lucie County **Includes present-day Seminole County and parts of present-day Lake and Osceola counties ***Includes present-day Flagler County" African Americans Amerindians Anglo Americans barley Brevard County British Americans capital census Census of 1880 corn crops Cuban Americans employees employment English Americans European Americans farming implements farmland farms females French Americans German Americans Indian corn Indians investments Irish Americans labor laborers livestock machinery males manufacturing Marion County Native Americans Norwegian Americans oats orange county population raw materials rye Scandinavian Americans Scotch Americans Scottish Americans Swedish Americans U.S. Census Volusia County wages Welsh Americans West Indian Americans https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/4490f890be7c96343f4206f8407c59d2.jpg 8045722343c163b52430a5fd0ace3b02 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census Collection Alternative Title Census Collection Subject Census--United States Population--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Description Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000. The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation. In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc. The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office. Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data. The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing. The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior. Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities. The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another. The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions. The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire. Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs. The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census. The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input. In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators. Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD. Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Mosquito County, Florida Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul>This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1 table Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1890 Alternative Title Census, 1890 Subject Census--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Population--United States Description The Eleventh United States Census records for Brevard County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County (including present-day Seminole County), Osceola County, and Volusia County (including present-day Flagler County), Florida, for 1890. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white," "black," "Chinese," and "civilized Indian"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who are foreign born are further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the number of teachers and students by county, further dividing teachers and students by gender and race ("white" and "colored"). The census also collected information on agriculture and on manufacturing. The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquiries from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese," along with "Chinese," "Negro," "mulatto," "quadroon," "octoroon," and "White." Herman Hollerith (1860-1929), a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invented the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior. Type Dataset Source Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> and the <a href="http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm/" target="_blank">Office of the Secretary of the Interior</a>, 1890. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> and the <a href="http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm/" target="_blank">Office of the Secretary of the Interior</a>, 1890. Coverage Brevard County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> <a href="http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm/" target="_blank">Office of the Secretary of the Interior</a> Publisher <a href="http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of the Interior</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Date Created ca. 1890-06-01 Format image/jpg Extent 930 KB Medium 1 table Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> and the <a href="http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm/" target="_blank">Office of the Secretary of the Interior</a>, and published by the <a href="http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of the Interior</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form;</li> <li>create derivative works;</li> <li>perform the work publicly;</li> <li>display the work;</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul> This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Item Creation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1890.html" target="_blank">1890 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1890.html. United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. Transcript U.S. Census of 1890 Population Brevard County* Lake County Marion County Orange County** Osceola County Volusia County*** Population Total 3,401 8,034 20,796 12,584 3,133 8,467 Males 1,934 4,342 10,861 6,793 1,724 4,478 Females 1,467 3,692 9,935 5,791 1,409 3,989 White Population Total 2,836 6,190 9,310 3,039 2,657 6,004 Males 1,583 3,334 5,013 4,871 1,418 3,141 Females 1,253 2,856 4,297 4,168 1,239 2,863 Black Population Total 541 1,844 11,485 3,536 476 2,462 Chinese Population Total 1 0 1 9 0 0 Civilized Indian Population Total 23 0 0 0 0 1 Native-Born Population Total 3,109 7,558 20,199 11,540 3,005 7,924 Males 1,739 4,039 10,483 6,152 1,629 4,177 Females 1,370 3,519 9,716 5,388 1,373 3,747 Foreign-Born Population Total 292 476 597 1,044 131 543 Males 195 303 378 641 95 301 Females 97 173 219 403 36 242 Foreign-Born Population by Country of Origin Norway and Denmark 14 4 9 10 6 7 Canada and Newfoundland 58 77 71 76 13 62 Cuba and the West Indies 3 6 44 10 1 7 England 100 228 133 370 62 146 France 0 3 21 21 4 2 Germany 47 38 88 158 11 92 Ireland 30 18 38 44 20 47 Italy 2 0 89 42 1 6 Scotland 14 36 33 60 5 45 South America 1 6 10 2 1 0 Spain 1 1 4 0 0 0 Sweden 11 14 16 170 1 84 Other Countries 11 45 41 81 6 45 Education Brevard County* Lake County Marion County Orange County** Osceola County Volusia County*** Teachers Total 48 70 135 93 25 72 White Teachers Total 41 57 87 74 24 57 Males 10 26 31 25 11 22 Females 31 31 56 49 13 35 Colored Teachers Total 5 13 48 19 1 15 Males 3 8 22 10 1 9 Females 2 5 26 9 0 6 Students Total 687 2,237 5,085 2,615 829 2,069 White Students Total 599 1,801 2,286 1,865 785 1,509 Males 286 875 1,198 901 400 807 Females 313 926 1,088 964 385 702 Colored Students Total 88 436 2,799 750 44 560 Males 54 238 1,333 372 26 273 Females 34 198 1,466 378 18 287 Agriculture Brevard County* Lake County Marion County Orange County** Osceola County Volusia County*** Farms by Acreage Total 156 1,361 2,165 2,099 77 1,127 Less than 10 15 191 107 547 4 263 10-19 19 260 192 458 4 281 20-49 42 346 600 568 35 308 50-99 37 222 669 251 19 124 100-499 38 311 564 257 12 135 500-999 3 17 18 8 2 10 1000+ 2 14 15 10 1 6 Owner-Operated Farms by Acreage Total 156 1,311 1,945 2,075 71 1,123 Less than 10 15 188 91 544 1 262 10-19 19 244 146 450 4 280 20-49 42 326 524 561 32 308 50-99 37 217 623 247 19 123 100-499 38 305 530 255 12 134 500-999 3 17 17 8 2 10 1000+ 2 14 14 10 1 6 Cash Rental Tenant Farms by Acreage Total 0 24 146 12 2 2 Less than 10 0 3 9 2 0 0 10-19 0 9 40 6 0 1 20-49 0 10 52 3 2 0 50-99 0 1 28 0 0 0 100-499 0 1 16 1 0 1 500-999 0 0 1 0 0 0 1000+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 Share Crop Farms by Acreage Total 0 26 74 12 4 2 Less than 10 0 0 7 1 3 1 10-19 0 7 6 2 0 0 20-49 0 10 24 4 1 0 50-99 0 4 18 4 0 1 100-499 0 5 18 1 0 0 500-999 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000+ 0 0 1 0 0 0 Acres of Land on Farms Improved Land 2,311 22,219 65,315 24,561 1,803 16,185 Unimproved Land 15,544 101,317 144,702 82,711 4,963 48,402 Present Cash Value of Farming Implements and Machinery Total $4,170 $60,060 $92,940 $82,070 $2,910 $42,010 Value of Livestock Total $36,360 $153,910 $487,460 $214,490 $47,930 $231,640 Bushels of Agricultural Products Produced Total N/A $27,500 $217,941 $12,702 $4,192 $10,611 Indian Corn N/A $26,338 $166,481 $11,870 $4,192 $10,611 Oats N/A $1,381 $41,820 $832 $0 $0 Rye N/A $84 $9,640 $0 $0 $0 Manufacturing Brevard County* Lake County Marion County Orange County** Osceola County Volusia County*** Manufacturing Establishments Total 8 22 28 42 2 26 Manufacturing Employees Total 18 134 336 365 N/A 123 Officers, Firm Members, and Clerks Total 5 13 32 34 N/A 14 Males, Aged 16+ 5 13 30 34 N/A 13 Females, Aged 16+ 0 1 2 0 N/A 1 Skilled and Unskilled Works Total 13 119 301 330 N/A 109 Males, Aged 16+ 12 117 269 317 N/A 102 Females, Aged 16+ 0 1 29 8 N/A 2 Children 1 1 3 5 N/A 5 Piece Workers Total 0 2 3 1 N/A 0 Annual Wages Paid in Manufacturing Establishments Total $9,018 $35,913 $156,642 $186,830 N/A $45,722 Wages Paid to Officers, Firm Members, and Clerks Total $2,438 $8,804 $24,290 $24,487 N/A $2,438 Males $2,438 $7,604 $22,590 $24,487 N/A $8,540 Females N/A $1,200 $1,700 N/A N/A $500 Wages Paid Skilled and Unskilled Works Total $6,580 $26,029 $131,152 $162,215 N/A $36,682 Males $6,430 $25,677 $120,062 $158,975 N/A $35,810 Females N/A $208 $10,240 $2,440 N/A $364 Children $150 $144 $850 $800 N/A $508 Wages Paid Piece Workers Total N/A $1,080 $1,200 $128 N/A N/A Value of Products in Manufacturing Total $18,148 $92,390 $360,140 $613,354 N/A $190,516 "*Includes present-day St, Lucie County **Includes present-day Seminole County ***Includes present-day Flagler County" African Americans agriculture Amerindians Anglo Americans British Americans Canadian Americans census Census of 1890 child labor Chinese Americans clerks corn Cuban Americans Danish Americans education educators employees English Americans European Americans farming implements farmland farms females firm members French Americans German Americans Hispanic Americans Indian corn Indians Irish Americans Italian Americans labor laborers Latin Americans Latinas Latinos livestock machinery males manufacturing Native Americans Norwegian Americans oats officers piece labor population rye Scandinavian Americans Scotch Americans Scottish Americans sharecropping skilled labor South Americans Spanish Americans students Swedish Americans teachers tenant farming tenants U.S. Census unskilled labor wages West Indian Americans https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/8cd9ed4bdc90b01922a119368548b64b.jpg 0944b913e80e3709b97682bb699514b7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census Collection Alternative Title Census Collection Subject Census--United States Population--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Description Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000. The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation. In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc. The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office. Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data. The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing. The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior. Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities. The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another. The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions. The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire. Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs. The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census. The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input. In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators. Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD. Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Mosquito County, Florida Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul>This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1 table Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1900 Alternative Title Census, 1900 Subject Census--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Population--United States Description The Twelfth United States Census records for Brevard County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County (including present-day Seminole County), Osceola County, and Volusia County (including present-day Flagler County), Florida, for 1900. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white" and "black"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who are foreign born are further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the illiterate population categorized by age, race, and gender. The census also collected information on agriculture and on manufacturing. Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor. Type Dataset Source Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> and the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1900. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> and the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1900. Coverage Brevard County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> Publisher <a href="http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of the Interior</a> <a href="https://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce and Labor</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Date Created ca. 1900-06-01 Format image/jpg Extent 787 KB Medium 1 table Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> and the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, and published by the <a href="http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of the Interior</a> and the <a href="https://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce and Labor</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form;</li> <li>create derivative works;</li> <li>perform the work publicly;</li> <li>display the work;</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul> This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Item Creation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1900.html" target="_blank">1900 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1900.html. United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. Transcript U.S. Census of 1900 Population Brevard County* Lake County Marion County Orange County** Osceola County Volusia County*** Population Total 5,158 7,467 24,403 11,374 3,44 10,003 Males 2,842 3,959 12,918 5,767 1,783 5,153 Females 2,316 3,508 11,485 5,607 1,611 4,850 White Population Total 4,003 4,829 9,356 7,347 3,013 6,538 Males 2,188 2,474 4,927 3,698 1,547 3,323 Females 1,815 2,355 4,429 3,649 1,466 3,215 Black Population Total 1,074 2,636 15,047 4,027 431 3,464 Males 613 1,484 7,991 2,069 236 1,829 Females 461 1,152 7,056 1,958 195 1,635 Native-Born Population Total 4,796 7,220 24,058 10,769 3,369 9,538 Males 2,608 3,816 12,704 5,432 1,732 4,904 Females 2,188 3,404 11,354 5,337 1,637 4,634 Foreign-Born Population Total 362 247 345 605 75 465 Males 234 143 214 335 51 249 Females 128 104 131 270 24 216 Foreign-Born Population by Country of Origin English Canada 31 43 44 42 3 68 Cuba 1 1 23 0 0 0 Denmark 57 4 4 3 2 1 England 96 112 84 184 38 131 France 3 4 18 11 1 4 Germany 58 31 57 117 6 96 Ireland 30 8 13 31 8 30 Italy 4 0 22 14 4 0 Norway 15 1 1 3 0 2 Russia 3 3 5 4 0 1 Scotland 18 22 13 31 7 15 Spain 0 0 2 0 1 0 West Indies 13 0 18 2 0 11 Other Countries 17 8 33 48 5 34 Illiteracy Brevard County* Lake County Marion County Orange County** Osceola County Volusia County*** Illiterate Population, Aged 10+ Total 265 765 3,937 993 315 899 White 50 132 180 257 183 149 Colored 206 633 3,757 736 132 750 Black 149 631 9,757 736 132 750 Males, Aged 21+ Illiterate 109 354 1,797 377 119 386 Literate 1,590 1,833 4,955 2,808 714 2,441 Agriculture Brevard County* Lake County Marion County Orange County** Osceola County Volusia County*** Farms by Acreage Total 615 848 2,520 1,218 354 430 1-2 19 24 15 51 99 3 3-9 104 64 216 180 21 41 10-19 140 115 403 202 21 60 20-49 166 245 784 359 111 140 50-99 80 177 556 204 50 69 100-174 65 127 322 145 20 65 175-259 20 52 117 36 9 21 260-499 13 28 76 31 8 16 500-999 5 11 22 7 7 5 1,000+ 3 5 9 3 8 10 Farm Owners Full Owners 479 576 1,824 779 312 362 Part-Owners 11 116 228 79 7 22 Owners and Tenants of Farms Total 2 1 19 2 0 0 Farm Managers Total 99 102 85 279 1 32 Tenants Cash Tenants 12 40 228 58 26 10 Share Tenants 12 13 136 21 8 4 White Farmers Total 579 784 1,246 1,132 351 39 Farm Owners 458 542 894 732 309 338 Part-Owners of Farms 7 106 98 69 7 19 Owners and Tenants of Farms 2 0 12 2 0 0 Farm Managers 89 91 78 271 1 31 Cash Tenants 11 33 103 40 26 7 Share Tenants 12 12 60 18 8 4 Colored Farmers Total 36 64 1,274 86 3 31 Farm Owners 21 34 930 47 3 24 Part-Owners of Farms 4 10 130 10 0 3 Owners and Tenants of Farms 0 1 6 0 0 0 Farm Managers 10 11 7 8 0 1 Cash Tenants 1 7 125 18 0 3 Share Tenants 0 1 76 3 0 0 Acres Land on Farms Improved Land 2,311 22,219 65,315 24,561 1,803 16,185 Unimproved Land 15,544 101,317 144,702 82,711 4,963 48,402 Present Cash Value of Farming Implements and Machinery Total $4,170 $60,060 $92,940 $82,070 $2,910 $42,010 Value of Livestock Total $36,360 $153,910 $487,460 $214,490 $47,930 $231,640 Bushels of Agricultural Products Produced Total N/A $27,811 $217,941 $12,702 $4,192 $10,611 Indian Corn N/A $26,338 $166,481 11,870 $4,192 $10,611 Oats N/A $1,381 $41,820 $832 $0 $0 Rye N/A $84 $9,640 $0 $0 $0 Manufacturing Brevard County* Lake County Marion County Orange County** Osceola County Volusia County*** Manufacturing Establishments Total 17 47 97 57 11 51 Capital Invested in Manufacturing Total $124,209 $331,703 $1,300,901 $726,223 $38,755 $390,364 Capital Invested in Plant Land of Manufacturing Establishments Plant Land $5,500 134,482 $596,203 $168,731 $16,700 $120,457 Building of Manufacturing Establishments $22,050 $27,507 $85,330 $79,582 $1,310 $32,627 Machinery, Tools, and Equipment $67,357 $72,542 $321,929 $276,081 $7,995 $138,120 Cash and Sundries $29,302 $97,172 $297,439 $201,829 $12,750 $99,160 "*Includes present-day St, Lucie County **Includes present-day Seminole County ***Includes present-day Flagler County African Americans agriculture Brevard County British Americans Canadian Americans capital Caribbean Americans census Census of 1900 corn Cuban Americans Danish Americans English Americans European Americans farm managers farmers farming implements farmings farmland females French Americans German Americans Hispanic Americans illiteracy Indian corn investments Irish Americans Italian Americans Lake County Latin Americans Latinas Latinos literacy livestock machinery males manufacturing Marion County Norwegian Americans oats orange county Osceola County population Russian Americans rye Scandinavian Americans Scotch Americans Scottish Americans Spanish Americans sundries tenant farming tenants U.S. Census Volusia County West Indian Americans https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/b7970b2f6d20d05b707e09ec5a4e1ef7.jpg 31c5ce0d05488e82a19429e387250ecb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Veterans Legacy Program Collection Alternative Title VLP Collection Subject Veterans--Florida Description In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Is Part Of Veterans Legacy Program Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"><a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Population Census for New York City, Borough of Manhattan, 1905 Alternative Title New York Census, 1905 Subject Census--United States Population--United States Description The Population of the United States Census for Manhattan, New York, New York, for 1905. The census divides the population by categories of sex, race, age, marital status, number of children, occupation, literacy, whether they owned or rented, farm or house, if they were a Civil War veteran, and whether they were blind, deaf or dumb. A question was added regarding the place of birth and mother tongue of foreign-born persons and their parents. If foreign born, the person was required to provide the year they immigrated, whether they were naturalized and if they were able to speak English. A notable resident listed in this record is Max Blum. Born in 1895, Blum and his family lived on East 45th Street in Manhattan. His parents immigrated to the United States from Germany in the late nineteenth century. His father, Edward Blum, worked as a butcher, and his mother, Tobina Blum, was a housewife. His brother, Joseph, worked as a jeweler’s apprentice. And his brother, Robert, worked as a printer’s helper. Blum served in the United States Army during World War I. His military service began in July of 1918, and he served in the Quartermaster Corps until April of 1919. After his military service, he had a career as a window trimmer and continued to live in New York. Later in life, he moved to Leesburg, Florida, where he was active in Veterans organizations. Blum passed away in 1989 and is buried at Florida National Cemetery in Bushnell. In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Type Text Source Digital reproduction of original census record, June 01, 1905. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/210" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Collection</a> Coverage New York, New York Creator <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">United States Census Bureau</a> Publisher <a href="https://www.census.gov/" target="_blank"> United States Census Bureau</a> Date Created 1905-06-01 Format image/jpg Extent 1.71 MB Medium 1 census record Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Provenance Originally created and published by the <a href="https://www.census.gov/" target="_blank"> United States Census Bureau</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: • reproduce the work in print or digital form • create derivative works • perform the work publicly • display the work • distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. This resource is provided here by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105">Section 5</a> of <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Donation Curator Kelly, Karen Cravero, Geoffrey Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a> <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/"> Ancestry.com</a> <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.archives.nysed.gov/">New York State Archives</a> External Reference Abney, Barb. "<a href="https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/" target="_blank">VA Selects UCF Historians to Archive Stories of Deceased Veterans Veterans</a>." UCF Today, March 13, 2017. Accessed August 9, 2017. https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/. Anderson, Margo J. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/931708638" target="_blank">The American Census: A Social History</a>. New Haven [u.a.]: Yale Univ. Press, 2015. Bushnell census records Florida National Cemetery literacy Manhattan, New York Max Blum military history military service National Cemetery Administration New York State Population Census 1905 population veterans Veterans Administration Veterans Legacy Program https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/8b4d9994874ecab5982b0d6ee7a3a74f.jpg 91469e22721b345c61e98cf8ed7497c6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Veterans Legacy Program Collection Alternative Title VLP Collection Subject Veterans--Florida Description In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Is Part Of Veterans Legacy Program Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"><a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Index of Marriages for California, 1951 Alternative Title California Marriage Index, 1951 Subject Veterans--Florida Description The index of marriages for California for 1951. A notable person listed in this record is Frieda M. Wond and her husband, Conrad H. Lambrecht. Born on August 31, 1913, in Gelsencherkin, Germany, Lambrecht immigrated with her family to the United States in 1926, and naturalized in November 1929. She enlisted in the Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) on February 24, 1945, and worked in Army general hospitals. In 1951, while still serving in the WAAC, she married Conrad Lambrecht, a Warrant Office in the United States Army. Lambrecht died on April 4, 1995, and is buried in the Florida National Cemetery in Bushnell. In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Type Text Source Digital reproduction of original index of marriages. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/210" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Collection</a> Coverage Contra Costa County, California Creator <a href="http://www.co.contra-costa.ca.us/123/Municipal-Services" target="_blank">Contra Costa County Municipal Services</a> Publisher <a href="http://www.co.contra-costa.ca.us/123/Municipal-Services" target="_blank">Contra Costa County Municipal Services</a> Date Created ca. 1951 Format image/jpg Extent 459 KB Medium 1 typewritten index of marriages Language eng Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally created and published by <a href="http://www.co.contra-costa.ca.us/123/Municipal-Services" target="_blank">Contra Costa County Municipal Services</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: • reproduce the work in print or digital form • create derivative works • perform the work publicly • display the work • distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. This resource is provided here by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105">Section 5</a> of <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Donation Curator Stoddard, James Padfield, Abigail Cravero, Geoffrey Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a> <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/"> Ancestry.com</a> <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.co.contra-costa.ca.us/123/Municipal-Services" target="_blank">Contra Costa County Municipal Services</a> External Reference Abney, Barb. "<a href="https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/" target="_blank">VA Selects UCF Historians to Archive Stories of Deceased Veterans Veterans</a>." UCF Today, March 13, 2017. Accessed August 9, 2017. https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/. Bushnell Conrad J. Lambrecht Contra Costa, California Florida National Cemetery Frieda M. Lambrecht marriage marriage index military history military service National Cemetery Administration veterans Veterans Administration Veterans Legacy Program WAAC Women's Army Auxiliary Corps Women's Army Corps https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/53cae27c52953eb25501e53a4045f4a9.jpg f09c9177f680027e95bcb00c54c9527c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Veterans Legacy Program Collection Alternative Title VLP Collection Subject Veterans--Florida Description In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Is Part Of Veterans Legacy Program Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"><a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Dozen Reach 25th Year at New Departure Alternative Title Dozen Reach Twenty-Fifth Year at New Departure Subject Veterans--Florida Description A newspaper article published in The Hartford Courant, on September 19, 1963. The article describes a dozen employees of the New Departure Division of General Motors reaching their 25 years of service. The workers' length of service qualified them for engraved watches or clocks. A notable person included in the article is Paul Waldron Hardy (1904-1989). Born on December 30, 1904, in Boise, Idaho, Paul Waldron Hardy (1904-1989) was 14 years old when World War I ended. Two years later, Hardy lied about his age in order to enlist on September 23, 1920, at the age of sixteen. He served three years in the United States Army before being honorably discharged on September 23, 1923. On March 17, 1923, Hardy married Margaret Agnes Bryant. By 1930, the couple have five children: Margaret R. (1924), Anna (1925), Paul Jr. (1926), Hazel (1928), and Dorothy (1929). The family remained in Hartford, Connecticut, until Paul retired from General Motors on September 6, 1965. The couple retired in Bushnell, Florida, until Paul passed away on April 12, 1989. He was laid to rest in the newly opened Florida National Cemetery in Bushnell on April 17, 1989. In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Type Text Source Digital reproduction of original newspaper article: "Dozen Reach 25th Year at New Departure." The Hartford Courant, September 19, 1963. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/210" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Collection</a> Coverage Bristol, Connecticut Creator <a href="http://www.courant.com/" target="_blank">The Hartford Courant</a> Publisher <a href="http://www.courant.com/" target="_blank">The Hartford Courant</a> Date Created 1963-09-19 Date Copyrighted 1963-09-19 Format image/jpg Extent 1.04 MB Medium 1 newspaper article Language eng Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally created and produced by <a href="http://www.courant.com/" target="_blank">The Hartford Courant</a>. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by The Hartford Courant and is provided here by RICHES for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Curator Connolly, Lehman Cravero, Geoffrey Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a> <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/"> Ancestry.com</a> <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.courant.com/" target="_blank">The Hartford Courant</a> External Reference Abney, Barb. "<a href="https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/" target="_blank">VA Selects UCF Historians to Archive Stories of Deceased Veterans Veterans</a>." UCF Today, March 13, 2017. Accessed August 9, 2017. https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/. Bristol, Connecticut Bushnell Florida National Cemetery General Motors Hartford Connecticut Hartford Courant military history military service national cemeteries, American National Cemetery Administration New Departure Division Paul W. Hardy veterans Veterans Administration Veterans Legacy Program Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Central Florida Historical Resources Collection Description The Central Florida Historical Resources Collection showcases some of the local museums, archives, and historical societies mentioned throughout the RICHES MI database. Each entry provides a summary of the institution's mission and goals, along with necessary contact information. Alternative Title Historical Resources Collection Subject Museums--Florida Archives--Florida Historical societies Orlando (Fla.). Winter Park (Fla.). Mims (Fla.). Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Orange County Regional History Center, Downtown Orlando, Florida Harry T. & Harriette V. Moore Cultural Complex, Mims, Florida Hannibal Square Heritage Center, Hannibal Square, Winter Park, Florida GLBT History Museum of Central Florida, Inc., Orlando, Florida Curator Marra, Katherine Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://thehistorycenter.org/" target="_blank">Orange County Regional History Center</a>." Orange County Regional History Center. http://thehistorycenter.org/. "<a href="http://www.thehistorycenter.org/historicalsocietyofcentralfl" target="_blank">Historical Society of Central Florida, Inc.</a>" Historical Society of Central Florida, Inc. http://www.thehistorycenter.org/historicalsocietyofcentralfl. "<a href="http://www.hannibalsquareheritagecenter.org/" target="_blank">African American-Black History at Hannibal Square Heritage Center</a>." Hannibal Square Heritage Center. http://www.hannibalsquareheritagecenter.org/. "<a href="http://www.harryharriettemoore.org/" target="_blank">Who were Harry T. and Harriette V. Moore?</a>" The Harry T. & Harriette V. Moore Cultural Complex, Inc. http://www.harryharriettemoore.org/. "<a href="http://www.brevardcounty.us/ParksRecreation/North/MooreMemorial/Home" target="_blank">Harry T. & Harriette V. Moore Memorial Park</a>." Brevard County. http://www.brevardcounty.us/ParksRecreation/North/MooreMemorial/Home. "<a href="http://www.nbbd.com/godo/moore/" target="_blank">Harry T. Moore Homesite</a>." Titusville, Florida. http://www.nbbd.com/godo/moore/. "<a href="http://glbthistorymuseum.com/joomla25/index.php?lang=en" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida, Inc.</a>" GLBT History Museum of Central Florida, Inc. http://glbthistorymuseum.com/joomla25/index.php?lang=en. Website A resource comprising of a web page or web pages and all related assets ( such as images, sound and video files, etc. ). Local URL <a title="Hannibal Square Heritage Center" href="http://www.hannibalsquareheritagecenter.org/" target="_blank">http://www.hannibalsquareheritagecenter.org/</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Hannibal Square Heritage Center Alternative Title Hannibal Square Heritage Center Subject Civil rights--Florida Winter Park (Fla.) African Americans--Florida Museums--Florida Description According to its website, "The Hannibal Square Heritage Center represents a first-of-a-kind experience in Central Florida where the history of a community is told by members of the community itself through The Heritage Collection: Photographs and Oral Histories of West Winter Park, The Hannibal Square Timeline, which chronicles significant local and national events in civil rights and African-American history, and public art installations and educational programs that explore the African-American experience, southern folklore and cultural preservation. The center also features a Visiting Exhibition Series. The exhibitions and programs held at the center weave the stories of this unique and proud neighborhood together with African-American history and experience in general. Visitors to the Heritage Center are moved by the immediate, personal stories of the people of west Winter Park and the Hannibal Square community by the beautiful and accessible presentation of the historical information and artwork. Adults as well as children can experience the first-person accounts and pictures collected from memories and shoe boxes stored for generations under the beds of the people who share their stories. The Hannibal Square Heritage Center inspires all visitors to become more aware of, respect, explore, and participate in their own community's history and heritage." Creator <a href="http://www.crealde.org/" target="_blank">Crealdé School of Art</a> Source Hannibal Sqaure Heritage Center 642 West New England Avenue Winter Park, Florida 32789 Format application/http Medium Website Type Website Coverage Winter Park, Florida Spatial Coverage 28.595808, -81.357591 Temporal Coverage 2007-01-01/2014-12-31 Accrual Method Deposit Rights Holder The Hannibal Square Heritage Center holds all rights to the items housed within the institution as well as those items represented digitally on <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>. Contact the <a href="http://www.hannibalsquareheritagecenter.org/" target="_blank">Hannibal Square Heritage Center</a> for the proper permissions for the use of its items. Contributing Project <a href="http://nextexithistory.com/" target="_blank">Next Exit History™</a> Curator Marra, Katherine Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.hannibalsquareheritagecenter.org/" target="_blank">Hannibal Square Heritage Center</a> External Reference "African American-Black History at Hannibal Square Heritage Center." Hannibal Square Heritage Center. http://www.hannibalsquareheritagecenter.org/. External Reference Title "<a href="http://www.hannibalsquareheritagecenter.org/" target="_blank">African American-Black History at Hannibal Square Heritage Center</a>" Click to View (Movie, Podcast, or Website) <a href="http://www.hannibalsquareheritagecenter.org/" target="_blank">http://www.hannibalsquareheritagecenter.org/</a> Date Created 2007-01-01 Contributor <a href="http://cityofwinterpark.org/" target="_blank">City of Winter Park</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/25" target="_blank">Central Florida Historical Resources Collection</a>, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. City of Winter Park Crealdé Crealdé School Crealdé School of Art Hannibal Square Hannibal Square Heritage Center Hannibal Square Timeline Heritage Collection Heritage Collection: Photographs and Oral Histories of West Winter Park, New England Ave. New England Avenue Visiting Exhibition Series West Winter Park https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/0dea004397bb8759f6fe8cc73473bdc9.pdf ad65d0f4fddf46a01703983e41236fd5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Patricia Black Collection Alternative Title Black Collection Subject Sanford (Fla.) Migrant workers Agricultural laborers--Florida Migration, Internal--United States Farm laborers Upstate New York (N.Y.) Chase and Company (Sanford, Fla.) Madison (Fla.) Houses and homes Rochester (N.Y.) Description Collection of photographs and ephemera donated by <a title="Photo of Patricia Black" href="http://s2.postimg.org/4mpxwg2u1/P3212376.jpg">Patricia Ann Black</a> (1956- ), the daughter of Pilgrim Black (1905-2002) and Lula Mae Haynes Black (1917-2007). Pilgrim was born in 1905, although some records list 1907 as his birth year. Pilgrim and Lula were migrant crew leaders, and thus migrated to Upstate New York in the summers and back to their home in Sanford, Florida, for the rest of the year. Pilgrim was the son of Harry Black (d. 1911) and Maggie Benjamin Black (ca. 1870-ca. 1934), who migrated to Sanford from South Carolina in the 1800s. Harry and Maggie had several children: Leckward Black, Mustar Black, Malachi Black, Leatha Black Walker (1889-1976), Pilgrim Black, Margaret Black Jones (1889-1976), and Harriett Black Lawson. In 1911, Harry owned a grocery store at 206 South Sanford Avenue. One day, he came home from work with pneumonia and passed away shortly thereafter. Pilgrim was nine years old when his father passed away. Maggie was the daughter of former slaves, Isaac Benjamin and Roseanna Benjamin, and the sister of Nathan Benjamin, Pledge Benjamin, Sam Benjamin, Louis Benjamin, Chainey Benjamin, Lara Benjamin, Melvina Benjamin, and Katie Benjamin. Pilgrim had to quit school at age 11 in order to provide for his mother, originally working in a mill house until he was 18 years old. After declining a management position, he traveled to Wayne County in Upstate New York to pick cherries, apples, pears, and other crops. He broke a bone after falling from an apple tree his first year and decided to try farm labor on a potato farm in Red Creek instead. Don Holdridge, the farmer who owned the land, noted Pilgrim's high rate of productivity and offered him a management position supervising up to 30 workers at once, which he accepted. Pilgrim also worked as a foreman in Sanford for Chase & Company for over 30 years. He married Lula in 1937 and they had several children together, including Vivian Louise Black (1940-), Lula Yvonne Black (1942-), Charles Samuel Black (1945-), Pilgrim Black, Jr. (ca.1947-), and Patricia. Patricia was born August 31, 1956, and grew up at the end of East Tenth Street in Sanford, Florida. She attended Hopper Elementary through sixth grade, Lakeview Middle School for seventh grade, Sanford Junior High School for eighth grade, Crooms High School for ninth grade, and Seminole High School through twelfth grade. She also attended school in the North Rose-Wolcott district each year while in New York. During fourth grade, integration began and parents were given the choice to have their children to attend other schools, but Patricia chose to continue attending an all-black school until she entered seventh grade in 1968 and began attending integrated schools. In June 1973, Patricia married her first husband, Clint Holt (1955- ); however, the couple quickly separated due to domestic violence and divorced around 1977. Patricia gave birth to her first child, Charmion Le'Antwinetta Holt in 1974. She also had three other children with William Bigham, Jr. (1952- ), who she was married to for 33 years: William Arthur Bigham III (1982- ), Brandon Oliver Black (1990- ), and Tempestt Teonte’ Black (1992- ). She lives in the family home built by her grandmother, Maggie Benjamin Black on East Tenth Street in Sanford. Patricia endured weekly molestation for 11n years from age six to age 17, and was raped at age seventeen while pregnant with Charmion. At age 29, Patricia became severely addicted to smoking cocaine. After seven years, Patricia was able to overcome her addiction and has maintained her sobriety for 21 years. Despite her traumatic experiences, Patricia has developed a devout relationship with God. While in recovery, Patricia refocused her attention on spreading her ministry of love by becoming a foster parent, serving as the Parent Representative of the Committee for Special Education (CSE), and serving on her local school board in the North Rose-Wolcott school district. Patricia also has owned her own business making incense and importing shea butter from Africa. She also became a licensed nail technician specializing in stress-relieving pedicures. As of 2009, Patricia is retired but still maintains some involvement in her business/ministry named GIFTED. Contributor Black, Patricia Ann Language eng Type Collection Coverage Madison, Florida Sanford, Florida Rochester, New York Wayne County, New York Wolcott, New York Accrual Method Donation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Source Repository Private Collection of Patricia Ann Black External Reference Coles, Robert. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67637" target="_blank">Uprooted Children; The Early Life of Migrant Farm Workers</a>. [Pittsburgh]: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1970. Piore, Michael J. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank">Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies</a> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979. Flewellyn, Valada S. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank">African Americans of Sanford</a>. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub, 2009. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1 certificate Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Employment Secruity Farm Labor Contractor Certificate of Registration No. 4-05-5631-71-R Alternative Title Farm Labor Contractor Certificate Subject Sanford (Fla.) Upstate New York (N.Y.) Migrant workers Farm laborers Agricultural laborers--Florida Description Farm labor contractor certificate for Pilgrim Black (1905-2002) issued by William N. Norwood, Jr. of the U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Employment Security on March 9, 1971. The certificate authorized Pilgrim Black for migrant labor. At the time that the certificate was issue, Pilgrim resided at 1101 East Tenth Street in Sanford, Florida. His date of birth was listed as April 2, 1907, but he was actually born in 1905. The certificate also identified Pilgrim as a 5'9" person weighing 155 pounds with black hair and brown eyes. Pilgrim Black was born in 1905, although some records list 1907 as his birth year. Pilgrim and Lula Mae Haynes Black were migrant crew leaders, and thus migrated to Wayne County in Upstate New York in the summers and back to their home in Sanford for the rest of the year. Pilgrim was the son of Harry Black (d. 1911) and Maggie Benjamin Black (ca.1870-ca.1934), who migrated to Sanford from South Carolina in the 1800s. Harry and Maggie had several children: Leckward Black, Mustar Black, Malachi Black, Leatha Black Walker (1889-1976), Pilgrim Black, Margaret Black Jones (1889-1976), and Harriett Black Lawson. In 1911, Harry owned a grocery store at 206 South Sanford Avenue. One day, he came home from work with pneumonia and passed away shortly thereafter. Pilgrim was nine years old when his father passed away. Maggie was the daughter of former slaves, Isaac and Roseanna Benjamin, and the sister of Nathan Benjamin, Pledge Benjamin, Sam Benjamin, Loui Benjamin, Chainey Benjamin, Lara Benjamin, Melvina Benjamin, and Katie Benjamin. Pilgrim had to quit school at age eleven in order to provide for his mother, originally working in a mill house until he was 18n years old. After declining a management position, he traveled to Wayne County to pick cherries, apples, pears, and other crops. He broke a bone after falling from an apple tree his first year and decided to try farm labor on a potato farm in Red Creek, New York, instead. Don Holdridge, the farmer who owned the land, noted Pilgrim's high rate of productivity and offered him a management position supervising up to thirty workers at once, which he accepted. While in Sanford, Pilgrim also worked as a foreman in Sanford for Chase & Company for over 30 years. He married Lula in 1937 and they had several children together, including Vivian Louise Black (1940- ); Lula Yvonne Black (1942- ); Charles Samuel Black (1945- ); Pilgrim Black, Jr. (ca.1947- ), and Patricia Ann Black (1956- ). Type Text Source Original certificate by <a href="http://www.dol.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Labor</a> Bureau of Employment Security, 1971: Private Collection of Patricia Ann Black. Requires <a href="http://www.adobe.com/reader.html" target="_blank">Adobe Acrobat Reader</a> Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original certificate by the <a href="http://www.dol.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Labor</a> Bureau of Employment Security, 1971. Coverage Sanford, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.dol.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Labor</a> Bureau of Employment Security Contributor Black, Patricia Ann Date Created 1971-03-09 Format application/pdf Extent 501 KB Medium 1 certificate Language eng Mediator History Teacher Civics/Government Teacher Economics Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally created by the <a href="http://www.dol.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Labor</a> Bureau of Employment Security and owned by Pilgrim Black. Inherited by Patricia Ann Black in 2002. Rights Holder Copyright to the resource is held by Patricia Ann Black and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/72/" target="_blank">Patricia Black Collection</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference Coles, Robert. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67637" target="_blank">Uprooted Children: The Early Life of Migrant Farm Workers</a>. [Pittsburgh]: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1970. Piore, Michael J. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank">Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979. Transcript S-411 (Rev. 11/67) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Bureau of Employment Security FARM LABOR CONTRACTOR CERTIFICTE OF REGISTRATION NO. 4-05-5631-71-R EXPIRES DECEMBER 31, 1971 Name BLACK, PILGRIM I certify that the person named above is registered pursuant to the Farm Labor Cot[?] Registration Act of 1963 and is authorized to perform activities covered by the Act, s[?] to the restrictions indicated below. RESTRICTIONS The transportation of migrant workers within the meaning of the Act is authorized only during[?] the period beginning 3/9/71 and ending 12/22/71, unless [?] authorization is otherwise terminated. APPROVED William K.[?] Norwood Jr.[?] Regional Administrator DATE 3/9[?] Social Security No. Permanent Home Address 1101 E. 10th St. Sanford, Florida Date of Birth 4/02/07 Weight 155 Hieght Ft. 5 In. 9 Color Hair Blk. Color Eyes Brn. Certificate is based on the Farm Lanor Contractor Registration Act of 1963 and regulated[?] [?] thereunder, and on my application for registraion. It may be revoked or suspended or its renewal denied, for noncompliance with the Act or regulations, including application requirements for transporting migrant workers. Such noncompliance may constitute a federal offense. Pilgrim Black GPO; 1968-O-290-619 Source Repository Private Collection of Patricia Ann Black 10th Street agricultural laborer Bigham, Patricia Ann Black Black, Pilgrim Bureau of Employment Security contractor Department of Labor DOL employment employment security farm labor contractor certificate Farm Labor Contractor Registration Act of 1963 farm laborer labor laborer migrant worker New York Norwood, William N., Jr. Sanford Tenth Street U.S. Department of Labor U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Employment Security Upstate New York https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/8bf734dcf0df0b15122590cd44270ee6.jpg 4e1a9c7263e41eaf0607ed5f5d9ea768 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Marie Jones Francis Collection Alternative Title Francis Collection Subject Midwives, African American Midwives--Florida Midwifery--United States Georgetown (Sanford, Fla.) Sanford (Fla.) African Americans--Florida--Sanford Description Collection of digital images, documents, and other records depicting the life and work of Marie Jones Francis. Francis, the "midwife of Sanford," lived at 621 East Sixth Street in Sanford, Florida. Francis, the "midwife of Sanford," left behind a successful hotel and restaurant she owned in Sarasota in 1942 to return to Sanford and become a midwife. World War II caused a shortage in doctors and nurses, so Florida's Children's Bureau sent Francis to Florida A & M to acquire her practical nursing license in 1945. She specialized in premature babies and returned to Sanford to aid her mother, Carrie Jones, at Fernald-Laughton Memorial Hospital before they opened the ward in their home. "When her health starting failing," she recollects in a newspaper article, "I took over." Francis converted her house at 621 East Sixth Street to also serve as a maternity ward, where she delivered over 40,000 babies over her 32 year career. She became a midwife in the same vein as her mother, Carrie Jones, and together they ran the Jones-Francis Maternity Hall in Georgetown. Francis served her community in several ways. She delivered babies for both white and black families from Seminole County, primarily patrons who either preferred natural births or could not afford deliveries at a hospital. In the 1950s, it cost $70 to stay nine days where soon-to-be mothers were taken care of. Francis was assisted by her sister, Annie Walker, who did the cooking. The house and ward also served as a school, where Marie Francis taught nurses the art of midwifery. Nurses would come from across the state to learn how to delivery infants naturally. A heavy burden on a single working mother, Marie Francis had three daughters, Cassandra Clayton, Daphne Humphrey, and Barbara Torre. Clayton and Humphrey became school teachers and Torre became a purchaser at Seminole Memorial Hospital. Contributor Firpo, Julio R. Humphrey, Daphne Francis Language eng Type Collection Coverage Georgetown, Sanford, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/buildingblocks.php" target="_blank">Building Blocks</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Firpo, Julio R. Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference Dickinson, Joy Wallace. "<a href="http://www.tmcnet.com/usubmit/2008/02/24/3287685.htm" target="_blank">A Very Rich Trail: Florida’s Black Heritage is Celebrated in an Updated and Expanded State Publication</a>." The Orlando Sentinel, February 24, 2008, page J1. http://www.tmcnet.com/usubmit/2008/02/24/3287685.htm. Moore, Stacy. "<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/2922" target="_blank">Midwife on Job Here 32 Years</a>." The Little Sentinel, April 4, 1979, page 26. Jeria, Michelle. "<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/2933" target="_blank">Sanford's Birth Place: Marie Jones Francis Delivered More than 40,000 Babies in Her Sixth Street Home</a>." The Sanford Herald, Feb 16, 2003, page 1C. "<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/2944" target="_blank">Midwives Supply Needed Service Community</a>." The Sanford Herald, July 24, 1964, page 3. Flewellyn, Valada Parker, and the Sanford Historical Society. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/320804616" target="_blank">African Americans of Sanford</a>. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing, 2009. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/44" target="_blank">Seminole County Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/16" target="_blank">Sanford Collection</a>, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/41" target="_blank">Georgetown Collection</a>, Sanford Collection, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1 license certificate Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title License to Practice Midwifery for Carrie Jones Alternative Title Jones Midwifery License Subject Sanford (Fla.) Midwives--United States Licenses--Florida Description A License to Practice Midwifery, issued by the Florida State Board of Health, certifying the completion of midwifery requirements by Carrie Jones. The certificate was issued in Sanford, Florida, on July 23, 1943, and signed by Dr. Lucille J. Marsh, the Director of the Bureau of Maternal and Child Health. Jones originally served as a midwife at Fernald-Laughton Memorial Hospital, located at 500 South Oak Avenue in Sanford. Along with her daughter, Marie Jones Francis, Jones co-founded the Jones-Francis Maternity Hall, located at 621 East Sixth Street in Georgetown, an historic African-American neighborhood in Sanford. Type Text Source Original license, July 23, 1943: <a href="http://www.floridahealth.gov/" target="_blank">Florida State Board of Health</a>, Jacksonville, Florida: Private Collection of Daphne F. Humphrey. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original license, July 23, 1943: <a href="http://www.floridahealth.gov/" target="_blank">Florida State Board of Health</a>, Jacksonville, Florida. Coverage Sanford, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.floridahealth.gov/" target="_blank">Florida State Board of Health</a> Date Created 1943-07-23 Format image/jpg Extent 212 KB Medium 1 license certificate Language eng Mediator History Teacher Civics/Government Teacher Provenance Originally created by the <a href="http://www.floridahealth.gov/" target="_blank">Florida State Board of Health</a> and owned by Carrie Jones. Inherited by Daphne F. Humphrey. Rights Holder Copyright to the resource is held by Daphne F. Humphrey and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/buildingblocks.php" target="_blank">Building Blocks</a> Curator Firpo, Julio R. Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/3309" target="_blank">Oral History of Daphne F. Humphrey</a>." Interview by Julio R. Firpo. Home of Daphne F. Humphrey. April 8, 2011. Audio record available. RICHES of Central Florida. Flewellyn, Valada Parker, and the Sanford Historical Society. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/320804616" target="_blank">African Americans of Sanford</a>. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing, 2009. Transcript No. 459 FLORIDA STATE BOARD OF HEALTH JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA Date of Issue July 23, 1943 License to Practice Midwifery This is to Certify, That Carrie Jones of Sanford, Florida County of SEminole Florida, has met the requirements of Chapters 457 and 154, Sections 381.49 - 381.57, Florida Statutes 1941. State Health Officer Lucille J. Marsh, M.D. Director, Bureau of Maternal and Child Health Date Issued 1943-07-23 Contributor March, Lucille J. Humphrey, Daphne F. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/78" target="_blank">Marie Jones Francis Collection</a>, Georgetown Collection, Sanford Collection, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Source Repository Private Collection of Daphne F. Humphrey Bureau of Maternal and Child Health Florida State Board of Health Humphrey, Daphne F. Jones, Carrie License to Practice Midwifery Marsh, Lucille J. midwife Sanford https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/f23d005433395ed07ea77fde99d970da.jpg b8b1e3e8b5188589244a6bb1ebb2300f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Marie Jones Francis Collection Alternative Title Francis Collection Subject Midwives, African American Midwives--Florida Midwifery--United States Georgetown (Sanford, Fla.) Sanford (Fla.) African Americans--Florida--Sanford Description Collection of digital images, documents, and other records depicting the life and work of Marie Jones Francis. Francis, the "midwife of Sanford," lived at 621 East Sixth Street in Sanford, Florida. Francis, the "midwife of Sanford," left behind a successful hotel and restaurant she owned in Sarasota in 1942 to return to Sanford and become a midwife. World War II caused a shortage in doctors and nurses, so Florida's Children's Bureau sent Francis to Florida A & M to acquire her practical nursing license in 1945. She specialized in premature babies and returned to Sanford to aid her mother, Carrie Jones, at Fernald-Laughton Memorial Hospital before they opened the ward in their home. "When her health starting failing," she recollects in a newspaper article, "I took over." Francis converted her house at 621 East Sixth Street to also serve as a maternity ward, where she delivered over 40,000 babies over her 32 year career. She became a midwife in the same vein as her mother, Carrie Jones, and together they ran the Jones-Francis Maternity Hall in Georgetown. Francis served her community in several ways. She delivered babies for both white and black families from Seminole County, primarily patrons who either preferred natural births or could not afford deliveries at a hospital. In the 1950s, it cost $70 to stay nine days where soon-to-be mothers were taken care of. Francis was assisted by her sister, Annie Walker, who did the cooking. The house and ward also served as a school, where Marie Francis taught nurses the art of midwifery. Nurses would come from across the state to learn how to delivery infants naturally. A heavy burden on a single working mother, Marie Francis had three daughters, Cassandra Clayton, Daphne Humphrey, and Barbara Torre. Clayton and Humphrey became school teachers and Torre became a purchaser at Seminole Memorial Hospital. Contributor Firpo, Julio R. Humphrey, Daphne Francis Language eng Type Collection Coverage Georgetown, Sanford, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/buildingblocks.php" target="_blank">Building Blocks</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Firpo, Julio R. Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference Dickinson, Joy Wallace. "<a href="http://www.tmcnet.com/usubmit/2008/02/24/3287685.htm" target="_blank">A Very Rich Trail: Florida’s Black Heritage is Celebrated in an Updated and Expanded State Publication</a>." The Orlando Sentinel, February 24, 2008, page J1. http://www.tmcnet.com/usubmit/2008/02/24/3287685.htm. Moore, Stacy. "<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/2922" target="_blank">Midwife on Job Here 32 Years</a>." The Little Sentinel, April 4, 1979, page 26. Jeria, Michelle. "<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/2933" target="_blank">Sanford's Birth Place: Marie Jones Francis Delivered More than 40,000 Babies in Her Sixth Street Home</a>." The Sanford Herald, Feb 16, 2003, page 1C. "<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/2944" target="_blank">Midwives Supply Needed Service Community</a>." The Sanford Herald, July 24, 1964, page 3. Flewellyn, Valada Parker, and the Sanford Historical Society. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/320804616" target="_blank">African Americans of Sanford</a>. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing, 2009. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/44" target="_blank">Seminole County Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/16" target="_blank">Sanford Collection</a>, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/41" target="_blank">Georgetown Collection</a>, Sanford Collection, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1 license certificate Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title License to Practice Midwifery for Marie Jones Francis Alternative Title Franics Midwifery License Subject Sanford (Fla.) Midwives, African American Midwives--United States Licenses--Florida Description A License to Practice Midwifery, issued by the Florida State Board of Health Department, certifying the completion of midwifery requirements by Marie Jones Francis. The certificate was issued in Sanford, Florida, on May 27, 1943, and signed by Dr. Lucille J. Marsh, the Director of the Bureau of Maternal and Child Health. Marie Jones Francis, the "midwife of Sanford," left behind a successful hotel and restaurant she owned in Sarasota in 1942 to return to Sanford and become a midwife. World War II caused a shortage in doctors and nurses, so Florida's Children's Bureau sent Francis to Florida A & M to acquire her practical nursing license in 1945. She specialized in premature babies and returned to Sanford to aid her mother, Carrie Jones, at Fernald-Laughton Memorial Hospital before they opened the ward in their home. "When her health starting failing," she recollects in a newspaper article, "I took over." Francis converted her house at 621 East Sixth Street to also serve as a maternity ward, where she delivered over 40,000 babies over her 32 year career. She became a midwife in the same vein as her mother, Carrie Jones, and together they ran the Jones-Francis Maternity Hall in Georgetown. Francis served her community in several ways. She delivered babies for both white and black families from Seminole County, primarily patrons who either preferred natural births or could not afford deliveries at a hospital. In the 1950s, it cost $70 to stay nine days where soon-to-be mothers were taken care of. Francis was assisted by her sister, Annie Walker, who did the cooking. The house and ward also served as a school, where Marie Francis taught nurses the art of midwifery. Nurses would come from across the state to learn how to delivery infants naturally. A heavy burden on a single working mother, Marie Francis had three daughters, Cassandra Clayton, Daphne Humphrey, and Barbara Torre. Clayton and Humphrey became school teachers and Torre became a purchaser at Seminole Memorial Hospital. Type Text Source Original license, May 27, 1943: <a href="http://www.floridahealth.gov/" target="_blank">Florida State Board of Health</a>, Jacksonville, Florida: Private Collection of Daphne F. Humphrey. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original license, May 27, 1943: <a href="http://www.floridahealth.gov/" target="_blank">Florida State Board of Health</a>, Jacksonville, Florida. Coverage Sanford, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.floridahealth.gov/" target="_blank">Florida State Board of Health</a> Date Created 1943-05-27 Format image/jpg Extent 223 KB Medium 1 license certificate Language eng Mediator History Teacher Civics/Government Teacher Provenance Originally created by the <a href="http://www.floridahealth.gov/" target="_blank">Florida State Board of Health</a> and owned by Marie Jones Francis. Inherited by Daphne F. Humphrey. Rights Holder Copyright to the resource is held by Daphne F. Humphrey and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/buildingblocks.php" target="_blank">Building Blocks</a> Curator Firpo, Julio R. Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference Dickinson, Joy Wallace. “<a href="http://www.tmcnet.com/usubmit/2008/02/24/3287685.htm" target="_blank">A Very Rich Trail: Florida’s Black Heritage is Celebrated in an Updated and Expanded State Publication</a>." The Orlando Sentinel, February 24, 2008, J1. http://www.tmcnet.com/usubmit/2008/02/24/3287685.htm. Moore, Stacy. "<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/2922" target="_blank">Midwife on Job Here 32 Years</a>." The Little Sentinel, April 4, 1979, 26. Jeria, Michelle. "<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/2933" target="_blank">Sanford'S Birth Place: Marie Jones Francis Delivered More than 40,000 Babies in Her Sixth Street Home</a>." The Sanford Herald, Feb 16, 2003, 1C. Flewellyn, Valada Parker, and the Sanford Historical Society. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/320804616" target="_blank">African Americans of Sanford</a>. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing, 2009. "<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/3309" target="_blank">Oral History of Daphne F. Humphrey</a>." Interview by Julio R. Firpo. Home of Daphne F. Humphrey. April 8, 2011. Audio record available. RICHES of Central Florida. Transcript No. 419 FLORIDA STATE BOARD OF HEALTH JACKSONVILEE, FLORIDA Date of Issue May 27, 1943 License to Practice Midwifery This is to Certify, That Marie Francis of Sanford, Florida County of Seminole Florida, has met the requirements of Chapters 457 and 154, SEctions 381.49 - 381.57, Florida Statutes 1941. State Health Officer Lucille J. Marsh, M.D. Director, Bureau of Maternal and Child Health Date Issued 1943-05-27 Contributor March, Lucille J. Humphrey, Daphne F. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/78" target="_blank">Marie Jones Francis Collection</a>, Georgetown Collection, Sanford Collection, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Source Repository Private Collection of Daphne F. Humphrey Bureau of Maternal and Child Health Florida State Board of Health Francis, Marie J. Humphrey, Daphne F. License to Practice Midwifery Marsh, Lucille J. midwife Sanford https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/4392819eb3f2314c650edc9ea0103963.pdf 79d9f8f84328692c8a62e316bc221ab1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title LGBTQ+ Collection Is Part Of LGBTQ+ Collection, RICHES Program Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"> </div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Pride, Prejudice and Protest Alternative Title Planning Document for LGBTQ Display Subject Gay culture--United States Orlando (Fla.) Description A planning document for a display at the Orange County Regional History Center in Orlando, Florida. The exhibition, entitled "Pride, Prejudice and Protest", chronicles the history of the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender community, sharing the progress and setbacks of the Central Florida LGBTQ+ community over the past five decades. The planning document is divided into three columns: Text, Theme and Image or Artifact. Creator <a href="http://www.floridalgbtqmuseum.org/%20">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida, Inc.</a> Source Original color planning document: <a href="http://www.floridalgbtqmuseum.org/%20">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida, Inc.</a>, Orlando, Florida. Publisher <a href="http://glbthistorymuseum.com/joomla25/index.php?lang=en">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida, Inc.</a> Date Created ca. 2016-05-05 Date Copyrighted ca. 2016-05-05 Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/207">LGBTQ+ Collection</a> Format application/pdf Extent 4.63 MB Medium 1 color planning document Language eng Type Still Image Coverage Orange County Regional History Center, Orlando, Florida Accrual Method Donation Mediator History Teacher Humanities Teacher Provenance Originally created and published by <a href="http://www.floridalgbtqmuseum.org/%20">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida, Inc.</a> Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by <a href="http://www.floridalgbtqmuseum.org/%20">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida, Inc.</a> and is provided here by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. Curator Cravero, Geoffrey Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a> External Reference O'Conner, Brendan. "<a href="https://bungalower.com/2016/09/21/new-exhibit-shares-stories-pride-prejudice-protest-five-decades/" target="_blank">New Exhibit Shares Stories of Pride, Prejudice and Protest Over Five Decades</a>." Bungalower, September 21, 2016. Accessed February 26, 2019. https://bungalower.com/2016/09/21/new-exhibit-shares-stories-pride-prejudice-protest-five-decades/. Ruiter, Jason. "<a href="https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/pulse-orlando-nightclub-shooting/os-pulse-gay-history-20161009-story.html" target="_blank">GLBT Central Florida history exhibit chronicles victories and losses</a>." Orlando Sentinel, October 9, 2016. Accessed February 26, 2019. https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/pulse-orlando-nightclub-shooting/os-pulse-gay-history-20161009-story.html. Anita Jane Bryant bisexual gay GLBT History Museum of Central Florida homosexuality Johns Committee lesbian LGBT Center of Central Florida LGBTQ LGBTQ+ Orange County Regional History Center orlando Parliament House Pride, Prejudice and Protest The Gay and Lesbian Gang The Palace Club transgender https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/595c0eb83d3f762dbcb45304b56f9229.jpg a03b52b0420dee3a0c640b8bef60dfec Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Veterans Legacy Program Collection Alternative Title VLP Collection Subject Veterans--Florida Description In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Is Part Of Veterans Legacy Program Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"><a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Fort Lauderdale City Directory Alternative Title City Directory Subject World War, 1939-1945 Veterans--Florida Description The city directory for Fort Lauderdale, Florida, for 1956. This public record served to provide an alphabetical list of citizens by head of household, their address, and relevant occupational information. A spouse’s name is listed next to the head of household. Death dates of those who have been previously listed in the directory, names of employers, and information about migration to other towns are also included. A notable individual listed is Everett Farrar. Farrar was born in St. Louis, Missouri, on September 19, 1920. Completing high school around 1940, Farrar worked as a grocery clerk during the Great Depression and enlisted in the United States Navy in 1942, after Pearl Harbor. Farrar was assigned to the 62nd Naval Construction Battalion. He provided vital construction and infrastructure repair after the attack on Pearl Harbor, and eventually airfield construction at Iwo Jima in 1945. Farrar later moved to Florida with his wife, Neva, whom he married in 1945. By 1957, Farrar worked for a large realtor in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. He passed away on May 20, 1996, and is buried in Florida National Cemetery in Bushnell. In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Type Text Source Digital reproduction of original city directory. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/210" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Collection</a> Coverage Fort Lauderdale, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.fortlauderdale.gov/" target="_blank">City of Fort Lauderdale</a> Publisher <a href="http://www.fortlauderdale.gov/" target="_blank">City of Fort Lauderdale</a> Date Created ca. 1956 Format image/jpg Extent 1.17 MB Medium 2 page city directory Language eng Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally created and published by the <a href="http://www.fortlauderdale.gov/" target="_blank">City of Fort Lauderdale</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: • reproduce the work in print or digital form • create derivative works • perform the work publicly • display the work • distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. This resource is provided here by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105">Section 5</a> of <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Donation Curator Stoddard, James Cravero, Geoffrey Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a> <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/"> Ancestry.com</a> <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a> Source Repository <a href="http://dos.myflorida.com/library-archives/about-us/about-the-state-archives-of-florida/">State Archives of Florida</a> External Reference Abney, Barb. "<a href="https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/" target="_blank">VA Selects UCF Historians to Archive Stories of Deceased Veterans Veterans</a>." UCF Today, March 13, 2017. Accessed August 9, 2017. https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/. Bushnell City directory Everett Farrar Florida National Cemetery Fort Lauderdale military history military service National Cemetery Administration veterans Veterans Administration Veterans Legacy Program World War II World War, 1939-1945 WWII https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/7110be9592dc475ddb1672a237b8a002.jpg 90697308cca0d654c628e86e275ccd30 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Veterans Legacy Program Collection Alternative Title VLP Collection Subject Veterans--Florida Description In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Is Part Of Veterans Legacy Program Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"><a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Benjamin Franklin High School Yearbook Alternative Title Franklin HS Yearbook Subject Veterans--Florida Description A page from the Benjamin Franklin High School Yearbook in Rochester, New York, in 1940. The page contains images of the students with their names, home addresses, and clubs and organizations they participated in. A notable student listed is Richard H. Vaisey (1924-1996). Born on October 18, 1924, in Rochester, New York, Vaisey completed three years of high school before enlisting in the United States Army at the age of eighteen in November 1942. Vaisey served on a mortar squadron in the Southwest Pacific Ocean during World War II. He was discharged on January 11, 1946, and returned home to Rochester, where he worked as a lineman for Rochester Gas and Electric. He retired to Venice, Florida, where he passed away on December 28, 1996. He is memorialized at Florida National Cemetery in Bushnell. In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Type Still Image Source Digital reproduction of original yearbook page. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/210" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Collection</a> Coverage Benjamin Franklin High School, Rochester, New York Creator <a href="http://www.franklinhighschool.net/" target="_blank">Benjamin Franklin High School</a> Publisher <a href="http://www.franklinhighschool.net/" target="_blank">Benjamin Franklin High School</a> Date Created ca. 1940 Format image/jpg Extent 755 KB Medium 1 yearbook page Language eng Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally created and published by <a href="http://www.franklinhighschool.net/" target="_blank">Benjamin Franklin High School</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: • reproduce the work in print or digital form • create derivative works • perform the work publicly • display the work • distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. This resource is provided here by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105">Section 5</a> of <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Donation Curator Norris, Harper Connolly, Lehman Cravero, Geoffrey Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a> <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a> <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/">Ancestry.com</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.franklinhighschool.net/" target="_blank">Benjamin Franklin High School</a> External Reference Abney, Barb. "<a href="https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/" target="_blank">VA Selects UCF Historians to Archive Stories of Deceased Veterans Veterans</a>." UCF Today, March 13, 2017. Accessed August 9, 2017. https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/. Benjamin Franklin High School Bushnell Florida National Cemetery military history military service national cemeteries, American National Cemetery Administration Richard H. Vaisey Rochester, New York veterans Veterans Administration Veterans Legacy Program yearbook yearbooks https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/036205948d4a655040c8fab50e2e245d.jpg e578bd6889716fe77499049b50d5405a https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/8bf09390f561b7b7e49eb8edde64feb6.jpg 1068c63778761622cb14f4a345fe51e2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Orlando Regions Bank Collection Alternative Title Regions Bank Collection Subject Orlando (Fla.) Churches--Florida Banks and banking--Florida Description Historic artifacts from an exhibit created by Orlando Remembered at the Regions Bank building, located at 111-113 North Orange Avenue in Downtown Orlando, Florida. The Orlando Remembered Committee of the Historical Society of Central Florida, Inc. was created to "showcase artistic renderings of the time depicted, with artifacts and historical memorabilia from the location in an effort to preserve the memory of Orlando's history while acknowledging the potential of the City's future." The exhibit at Regions Bank memorializes several businesses and churches located around the Sears, Roebuck & Company building (now the Regions Bank building), including Frigidaire, the Cathedral of St. Luke, St. James Catholic Church, Denmark's Sporting Goods, Kiddie Korner, Main Street Market, Associated Radio Store, and Gibbs-Louis, Inc. The exhibit was designed by Bob Buck and the artwork was created by Jim Stohl. Contributor <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Buck, Bob Stohl, Jim Daily, Mrs. Garrett E. Daily, Patricia F. Bourgeois, Charles Denmark, Pete Fair, Mrs. George C. MacJordan, Walton Jr. McAllister, Nancy Meeks, Curtis Serros, Andy Serros, Helen Gentile Smith, Daniel B. Smith, Ellen McGee Van Den Berg, Peggy Pound Wolfe, Claude Jr. <a href="http://www.stlukescathedral.org/History.html/History.html/" target="_blank">Cathedral Church of St. Luke</a> <a href="http://thehistorycenter.org/" target="_blank">Orange County Regional History Center</a> Williams, Rachel Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/106" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered Collection</a>, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Cathedral Church of St. Luke, Downtown Orlando, Florida Denmark's Sporting Goods, Downtown Orlando, Florida Frigidaire Store, Downtown Orlando, Florida Fulford Van & Storage Company, Downtown Orlando, Florida Gibbs-Louis, Downtown Orlando, Florida Kiddie Korner, Downtown Orlando, Florida Main Street Market, Downtown Orlando, Florida Sears, Roebuck & Company, Downtown Orlando, Florida St. James Catholic Cathedral, Downtown Orlando, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.historiciconsoforlando.com/" target="_blank">The Historic Icons of Orlando</a>." Orlando Remembered. http://www.historiciconsoforlando.com/. Bacon, Eve. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2020029" target="_blank">Orlando: A Centennial History</a>. Chuluota, Fla: Mickler House, 1975. Rajtar, Steve. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70911136" target="_blank">A Guide to Historic Orlando</a>. Charleston, SC: History Press, 2006. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format 1 digital color image Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title General Electric Radio from Associated Radio Store Alternative Title General Electric Radio Subject Orlando (Fla.) Radios General Electric Company Description A General Electric Radio purchased from the Associated Radio Store, located at 149 North Orange Avenue in Downtown Orlando, Florida. Before the advent of television, radio served as a major source of communication and entertainment. In 1885, Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894) discovered that electricity could be sent through electromagnetic waves. This discovery would aid ships in communicating with each other when out at sea, rather than using pigeons and flags. Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) would further this research by transmitting electromagnetic energy wirelessly in 1893. In 1897, Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937) patented his own radio device and created a wireless radio transmission company. In 1901, he sent the first transatlantic signal, which was sent from Ireland and reached Canada. Type Still Image Source Original radio: <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Exhibit, <a href="https://www.regions.com/Map.rf?id=1668" target="_blank">Regions Bank</a>, Orlando, Florida. Is Part Of <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Exhibit, <a href="https://www.regions.com/Map.rf?id=1668" target="_blank">Regions Bank</a>, Orlando, Florida. <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered Collection</a>, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection. RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Original color digital images by Rachel Williams, 2014. Coverage Associated Radio Store, Downtown Orlando, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.ge.com/" target="_blank">General Electric</a> Date Created ca. 1919-1959 Format image/jpg Extent 97.7 KB 87.4 KB Medium 1 radio Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Provenance Originally manufactured by <a href="http://www.ge.com/" target="_blank">General Electric</a>. Donated to <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> by Rod Davis. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by the <a href="https://www.thehistorycenter.org/" target="_blank">Orange County Regional History Center</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Curator Williams, Rachel Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository Orlando Remembered External Reference Garratt, G. R. M. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/657865305" target="_blank">The Early History of Radio From Faraday to Marconi</a>. London, UK: Institution of Electrical Engineers, in association with the Science Museum, 1994. Aitken, Hugh G. J. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11316285" target="_blank">The Continuous Wave: Technology and American Radio, 1900-1932</a>. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1985. Transcript GENERAL GE ELECTRIC Radio from Associated Radio Store From Rod Davis Associated Radio Store Davis, Rod eadios GE General Electric Company Orange Avenue orlando https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/78659057ff98fb65954abe2409c9dbe8.jpg 9449db8ff09e6ef5f3f081bd6860b01a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Oviedo Historical Society Collection Alternative Title Oviedo Historical Society Collection Subject Oviedo (Fla). Description The Oviedo Historical Society Collection encompasses historical artifacts donated for digitization at the Oviedo Historical Society's History Harvest in the Spring semester of 2015. The Oviedo Historical Society was organized in November 1973 by a group of citizens. The society is a 501(3) non-profit organization. Its purpose is to help preserve the community identity of Oviedo by collecting and disseminating knowledge about local history, serve as a repository for documents and artifacts relating to Oviedo history, promote the preservation and marking of historic sites and buildings in the Oviedo area and foster interest in local, state, national, and world history. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/128" target="_blank">Oviedo Collection</a>, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Oviedo, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://oviedohs.com/" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society</a> <a href="http://history.cah.ucf.edu/staff.php?id=304" target="_blank">Dr. Connie L. Lester</a>'s Introduction to Public History course, Spring 2015 Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://oviedohs.com/" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society</a>." Oviedo Historical Society, Inc. http://oviedohs.com/. Adicks, Richard, and Donna M. Neely. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5890131" target="_blank">Oviedo, Biography of a Town</a>. S.l: s.n.], 1979. Robison, Jim. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/796757419" target="_blank">Around Oviedo</a>. 2012. "<a href="http://www.cityofoviedo.net/node/68" target="_blank">History</a>." City of Oviedo, Florida. http://www.cityofoviedo.net/node/68. "<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/audio/Ep41-Oviedo.mp3" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries, Episode 41: Oviedo, with Dr. Richard Adicks</a>." RICHES of Central Florida. http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/audio/Ep41-Oviedo.mp3. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1 certificate Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title General Federation of Women's Clubs Certificate of Membership for the Oviedo Woman's Club Alternative Title GFWC Certificate of Membership for Oviedo Woman's Club Subject Oviedo (Fla.) Clubs--United States Description A certificate of membership in the General Federation of Woman's Clubs (GFWC) for the Oviedo Woman's Club (OWC). The certificate was issued on November 26, 1923, and signed by GFWC President Alice Ames Winter and GFWC secretary Lonese T. Hays. The Oviedo Woman's Club was founded in 1906 as the Oviedo Magazine Club by seven charter members: H. B. McCall, Edith Meade, Georgia Lee Wheeler, Lillian Lee Lawton, Mattie Aulin Wheeler, Milcah Yonge, and Mary King. The first clubhouse was constructed in 1914 and also served as Oviedo's first library. In 1916, the club joined the FFWC and officially changed its name to the Oviedo Woman's Club. In 1923, the woman's club was federated under the umbrella of the GFWC. A new clubhouse was built in 1961 on property donated by R. L. Croom, a former member, which is located at 414 King Street. The Oviedo Woman's Club is involved in many civic projects, including the annual Great Day in the Country Arts and Crafts Festival, the Spring Fundraiser, Tasting Luncheons, and Celebrate Spring Teas. Type Text Source Original certificate, November 26, 1923: Private Collection of Beatrice Gestrich. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/147" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society Collection</a>, Oviedo Collection, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original certificate, November 26, 1923. Coverage Oviedo Woman's Club, Oviedo, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.gfwc.org/" target="_blank">General Federation of Women's Clubs</a> Contributor Winter, Alice Ames Hays, Lonese T. <a href="http://www.oviedowomansclub.org/" target="_blank">Oviedo Woman's Club</a> Gestrich, Beatrice Date Created ca. 1923-11-26 Date Issued 1923-11-26 Date Copyrighted 1923-11-26 Format image/jpg Medium 1 certificate Language eng Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally created by the <a href="http://www.gfwc.org/" target="_blank">General Federation of Women's Clubs</a>. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by <a href="http://www.oviedowomansclub.org/" target="_blank">Oviedo Woman's Club</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="http://oviedohs.com/" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository Private Collection of Beatrice Gestrich External Reference "<a href="http://www.oviedowomansclub.org/our-community/our-history.html" target="_blank">Our History</a>." Oviedo Woman's Club. http://www.oviedowomansclub.org/our-community/our-history.html. Alice Ames Winter civic club club General Federation of Woman's Clubs GFWC Lonese T. Hays Oviedo Oviedo Woman's Club OWC Woman's Club women Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Goldenrod Historical Society & Museum Collection Subject Museums--Florida Goldenrod (Fla.) Description The Goldenrod Historical Society, located at 4755 Palmetto Avenue in Goldenrod, Florida, was established on October 17, 1984. On Friday, August 11, 2000, the society received permission to begin development of the Goldenrod Station and Museum using the Goldenrod Fire Station. The Grand Opening was held on October 6, 2001. The fire station is also available as a community center for rent and also houses the Goldenrod Chamber of Commerce. Contributor <a href="http://www.goldenrodhistoricalsociety.com/" target="_blank">Goldenrod Historical Society & Museum</a> Language eng Type Collection Coverage Goldenrod Historical Society & Museum, Goldenrod, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://www.goldenrodhistoricalsociety.com/" target="_blank">Goldenrod Historical Society & Museum</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.goldenrodhistoricalsociety.com/" target="_blank">Goldenrod Historical Society & Museum</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.goldenrodhistoricalsociety.com/" target="_blank">Goldenrod Historical Society & Museum</a>." Goldenrod Historical Society & Museum. http://www.goldenrodhistoricalsociety.com/. Johnston, Mary E. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27201700" target="_blank">Gathering Clusters of Goldenrod</a>. Goldenrod, Fla: Goldenrod Historical Society, 1992. Alternative Title Goldenrod Museum Collection Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/56" target="_blank">Goldenrod Collection</a>, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Website A resource comprising of a web page or web pages and all related assets ( such as images, sound and video files, etc. ). Local URL <a href="http://www.goldenrodhistoricalsociety.com/" target="_blank">http://www.goldenrodhistoricalsociety.com/</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Goldenrod Historical Society & Museum Alternative Title Goldenrod Historical Society & Museum Subject Museums--Florida Goldenrod (Fla.) Description The Goldenrod Historical Society, located at 4755 Palmetto Avenue in Goldenrod, Florida, was established on October 17, 1984. On August 11, 2000, the society began the development of the Goldenrod Station and Museum, which is housed in the former Goldenrod Fire Station. The Grand Opening was held on October 6, 2001. The fire station is available as a community center for rent and also houses the Goldenrod Chamber of Commerce. Creator <a href="http://www.goldenrodhistoricalsociety.com/" target="_blank">Goldenrod Historical Society & Museum</a> Source <a href="http://www.goldenrodhistoricalsociety.com/" target="_blank">Goldenrod Historical Society & Museum</a> 4755 Palmetto Avenue Goldenrod, Florida 32792 Date Created 1984-10-17 Format application/http Language eng Type Website Coverage Goldenrod Historical Society & Museum, Goldenrod, Florida Rights Holder The <a href="http://www.goldenrodhistoricalsociety.com/" target="_blank">Goldenrod Historical Society & Museum</a> holds all rights to the items from the society, as well as those items represented digitally on the <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/">RICHES MI</a>. Contact the <a href="http://www.goldenrodhistoricalsociety.com/" target="_blank">Goldenrod Historical Society & Museum</a> for the proper permissions for the use of its items. Contributing Project <a href="http://www.goldenrodhistoricalsociety.com/" target="_blank">Goldenrod Historical Society & Museum</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.goldenrodhistoricalsociety.com/index.html" target="_blank">Goldenrod Historical Society and Museum</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.goldenrodhistoricalsociety.com/" target="_blank">Goldenrod Historical Society & Museum</a>." Goldenrod Historical Society & Museum. http://www.goldenrodhistoricalsociety.com/. Click to View (Movie, Podcast, or Website) <a href="http://www.goldenrodhistoricalsociety.com/" target="_blank">Goldenrod Historical Society & Museum</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/57" target="_blank">Goldenrod Historical Society & Museum Collection</a>, Goldenrod Collection, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Mediator History Teacher Goldenrod Goldenrod Historical Society & Museum Goldenrod Station and Museum museum Palmetto Avenue Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Seminole County Centennial Celebration Collection Description The Seminole County Centennial Celebration Collection contains digital items related to the 100 year celebration of the creation of Seminole County. Items include ephemera distributed before and during the celebration, photographs, and other digital items. Seminole County will turn 100 years old on April 25, 2013. This centennial benchmark is being commemorated as Seminole Celebrates A Century of Success with a 100-day celebration beginning January 16, 2013, and will conclude with a community-wide Centennial Festival planned for April 20, 2013. Seminole Celebrates will highlight the county Points of Pride and is designed to celebrate Seminole County's heritage while embracing its future. Collaboration among the business community, faith-based organizations, art and historical societies, civic groups, and educational institutions will provide our residents with numerous fun family oriented events and activities over the 100 days of celebration. Contributor <a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/" target="_blank">Creative Sanford, Inc.</a> <a href="http://www.goldenrodhistoricalsociety.com/" target="_blank">Goldenrod Historical Society Museum</a><a href="http://www.goldsboromuseum.com/" target="_blank"> </a> <a href="http://www.goldsboromuseum.com/" target="_blank">Goldsboro Historical Museum</a> <a href="http://www.sanfordwelcomecenter.com/" target="_blank">Historic Sanford Welcome Center</a> <a href="http://www.lakemaryhistory.org/" target="_blank">Lake Mary Historical Museum</a> <a href="http://www.usgennet.org/usa/fl/county/seminole/Geneva/museum.htm" target="_blank">Museum of Geneva History</a> <a href="http://www.seminolecountyfl.gov/departments-services/leisure-services/parks-recreation/museum-of-seminole-county-history/" target="_blank">Museum of Seminole County History</a> <a href="http://oviedohs.com/" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society</a> <a href="http://www.ruralheritagecenter.net/" target="_blank">Rural Heritage Center</a> <a href="http://www.sanfordfl.gov/index.aspx?page=108" target="_blank">Sanford Museum</a> <a href="http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">UCF Public History Center</a> Alternative Title Seminole Centennial Collection Subject Seminole County (Fla.) Goldenrod (Fla.) Sanford (Fla.) Lake Mary (Fla.) Oviedo (Fla.) Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/30" target="_blank">Seminole County Centennial Celebration Collection</a>, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Creative Sanford, Inc., Sanford, Florida Goldenrod Historical Society Museum, Goldenrod, Florida Goldsboro Historical Museum, Goldsboro, Sanford, Florida Historic Sanford Welcome Center, Sanford, Florida Lake Mary Historical Museum, Lake Mary, Florida Museum of Geneva History, Geneva, Florida Museum of Seminole County History, Sanford, Florida Oviedo Historical Society, Oviedo, Florida Rural Heritage Center, Geneva, Florida Sanford Museum, Sanford, Florida UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://apps.seminolecountyfl.gov/centennial/index.aspx" target="_blank">Seminole County Centennial Celebration</a> Curator Marra, Katherine Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference <a href="http://apps.seminolecountyfl.gov/centennial/index.aspx" target="_blank">Seminole County Centennial Celebration</a> Francke, Arthur E. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39871004" target="_blank">Early Days of Seminole County, Florida</a>. [Sanford, FL]: Seminole County Historical Commission, 1988. Website A resource comprising of a web page or web pages and all related assets ( such as images, sound and video files, etc. ). Local URL <a title="Goldsboro Historical Museum" href="http://www.goldsboromuseum.com/default.html" target="_blank">http://www.goldsboromuseum.com/default.html</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Goldsboro Historical Museum Alternative Title Goldsboro Museum Subject Seminole County (Fla.) African Americans--Florida--Sanford Sanford (Fla.) Museums--Florida Description The Goldsboro Historical Museum is located at 1211 Historic Goldsboro Boulevard in the Goldsboro community of Sanford, Florida. The museum highlights this heritage with exhibits about Goldsboro as a city and as a part of Sanford. Exhibits focus on the people, schools, churches, and businesses of Goldsboro. The museum is open Tuesday-Friday 1:00-5:00 PM. Admission is free. Creator <a href="http://www.goldsboromuseum.com/" target="_blank">Goldsboro Historical Museum</a> Source <a href="http://www.goldsboromuseum.com/" target="_blank">Goldsboro Historical Museum</a> 1211 Historic Goldsboro Boulevard Sanford, Florida 32771 Format application/http Language eng Type Website Coverage Goldsboro, Sanford, Florida Spatial Coverage 28.800784, -81.280391 Temporal Coverage 1891-12-01/2014-12-31 Accrual Method Deposit Rights Holder The Goldsboro Historical Museum holds all rights to the items housed within the institution as well as those items represented digitally on <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>. Contact the <a href="http://www.goldsboromuseum.com/" target="_blank">Goldsboro Historical Museum</a> for the proper permissions for the use of its items. Contributing Project <a href="http://apps.seminolecountyfl.gov/centennial/index.aspx" target="_blank">Seminole County Centennial Celebration</a> Curator Marra, Katherine Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.goldsboromuseum.com/" target="_blank">Goldsboro Historical Museum</a> Click to View (Movie, Podcast, or Website) http://www.goldsboromuseum.com/default.html Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/30" target="_blank">Seminole County Centennial Celebration Collection</a>, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Mediator History Teacher External Reference "About Us." Goldsboro Historical Museum. http://www.goldsboromuseum.com/About-Us.html. "The Rich History of Goldsboro." Goldsboro Historical Museum. http://www.goldsboromuseum.com/The-History-of-Goldsboro.html. Robison, Jim. "Political Sham - The Rise and Fall of Goldsoboro." The Orlando Sentinel, September 1, 1991. http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1991-09-01/news/9108310447_1_sanford-goldsboro-hurston. Robison, Jim. "A Tale Of 2 Cities In Sanford's Past: Goldsboro And Georgetown Get Credit For Creating A Hub." The Orlando Sentinel, September 20, 1992. http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1992-09-20/news/9209180388_1_sanford-railroads-goldsboro. Imperiale, Nancy. "Discovering A Lost City Historian Finds Surprising Past Of The Goldsboro Community." The Orlando Sentinel, May 20, 1990. http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1990-05-20/news/9005190395_1_sanford-goldsboro-elliott. González, Eloísa Ruano. "New Goldsboro history museum preserves town's forgotten lore." The Orlando Sentinel, November 12, 2011. http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2011-11-12/news/os-goldsboro-history-museum-20111112_1_goldsboro-avenue-novelist-zora-neale-hurston-museum-documents. Flewellyn, Valada S. African Americans of Sanford. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub, 2009. External Reference Title "<a href="http://www.goldsboromuseum.com/About-Us.html" target="_blank">About Us</a>" "<a href="http://www.goldsboromuseum.com/The-History-of-Goldsboro.html" target="_blank">The Rich History of Goldsboro</a>" "<a href="http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1991-09-01/news/9108310447_1_sanford-goldsboro-hurston" target="_blank">Political Sham - The Rise and Fall of Goldsoboro</a>" "<a href="http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1992-09-20/news/9209180388_1_sanford-railroads-goldsboro" target="_blank">A Tale Of 2 Cities In Sanford's Past: Goldsboro And Georgetown Get Credit For Creating A Hub</a>" "<a href="http://www.greenwood-cemetery.net/history.htm" target="_blank">Discovering A Lost City Historian Finds Surprising Past Of The Goldsboro Community</a>" "<a href="http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2011-11-12/news/os-goldsboro-history-museum-20111112_1_goldsboro-avenue-novelist-zora-neale-hurston-museum-documents" target="_blank">New Goldsboro history museum preserves town's forgotten lore</a>" <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank">African Americans of Sanford</a> African-American community African-American neighborhood Goldsboro Goldsboro Historical Museum Goldsboro Museum Historic Goldsboro Blvd. Historic Goldsboro Boulevard Historic Goldsboro Bv. Seminole County Centennial Celebration Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Central Florida Historical Resources Collection Description The Central Florida Historical Resources Collection showcases some of the local museums, archives, and historical societies mentioned throughout the RICHES MI database. Each entry provides a summary of the institution's mission and goals, along with necessary contact information. Alternative Title Historical Resources Collection Subject Museums--Florida Archives--Florida Historical societies Orlando (Fla.). Winter Park (Fla.). Mims (Fla.). Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Orange County Regional History Center, Downtown Orlando, Florida Harry T. & Harriette V. Moore Cultural Complex, Mims, Florida Hannibal Square Heritage Center, Hannibal Square, Winter Park, Florida GLBT History Museum of Central Florida, Inc., Orlando, Florida Curator Marra, Katherine Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://thehistorycenter.org/" target="_blank">Orange County Regional History Center</a>." Orange County Regional History Center. http://thehistorycenter.org/. "<a href="http://www.thehistorycenter.org/historicalsocietyofcentralfl" target="_blank">Historical Society of Central Florida, Inc.</a>" Historical Society of Central Florida, Inc. http://www.thehistorycenter.org/historicalsocietyofcentralfl. "<a href="http://www.hannibalsquareheritagecenter.org/" target="_blank">African American-Black History at Hannibal Square Heritage Center</a>." Hannibal Square Heritage Center. http://www.hannibalsquareheritagecenter.org/. "<a href="http://www.harryharriettemoore.org/" target="_blank">Who were Harry T. and Harriette V. Moore?</a>" The Harry T. & Harriette V. Moore Cultural Complex, Inc. http://www.harryharriettemoore.org/. "<a href="http://www.brevardcounty.us/ParksRecreation/North/MooreMemorial/Home" target="_blank">Harry T. & Harriette V. Moore Memorial Park</a>." Brevard County. http://www.brevardcounty.us/ParksRecreation/North/MooreMemorial/Home. "<a href="http://www.nbbd.com/godo/moore/" target="_blank">Harry T. Moore Homesite</a>." Titusville, Florida. http://www.nbbd.com/godo/moore/. "<a href="http://glbthistorymuseum.com/joomla25/index.php?lang=en" target="_blank">GLBT History Museum of Central Florida, Inc.</a>" GLBT History Museum of Central Florida, Inc. http://glbthistorymuseum.com/joomla25/index.php?lang=en. Website A resource comprising of a web page or web pages and all related assets ( such as images, sound and video files, etc. ). Local URL <a title="Harry T. & Harriette Moore Cultural Complex" href="http://www.harryharriettemoore.org/" target="_blank">http://www.harryharriettemoore.org/</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Harry T. & Harriette V. Moore Cultural Complex Alternative Title Moore Cultural Complex Subject Civil rights--Florida Mims (Fla.) African Americans--Florida Museums--Florida Moore, Harry T., 1905-1951 Description According to its website, the organization's vision statement is "To develop a national civil rights resource and tourist center incorporating the latest technology and information management systems. To form cooperative working relationships with academic, corporate and cultural institutions throughout the nation and the world to link the historical trail of the early civil rights pioneers and their effect on communities both large and small." Creator <a href="http://www.harryharriettemoore.org/" target="_blank">Harry T. & Harriette V. Moore Cultural Complex, Inc.</a> Source Harry T. & Harriette V. Moore Cultural Complex 2180 Freedom Avenue Mims, Florida 32754 Format application/http Type Website Coverage Mims, Florida Spatial Coverage 28.655081, -80.845461 Temporal Coverage 2012-08-06/2014-12-31 Accrual Method Deposit Rights Holder The Harry T. & Harriette V. Moore Cultural Complex holds all rights to the items housed within the institution as well as those items represented digitally on <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>. Contact the <a href="http://www.harryharriettemoore.org/" target="_blank">Harry T. & Harriette V. Moore Cultural Complex</a> for the proper permissions for the use of its items. Contributing Project <a href="http://nextexithistory.com/" target="_blank">Next Exit History™</a> Curator Marra, Katherine Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.harryharriettemoore.org/" target="_blank">Harry T. and Harriette V. Moore Cultural Complex</a> External Reference "Who were Harry T. and Harriette V. Moore?" The Harry T. & Harriette V. Moore Cultural Complex, Inc. http://www.harryharriettemoore.org/. "Harry T. & Harriette V. Moore Memorial Park." Brevard County. http://www.brevardcounty.us/ParksRecreation/North/MooreMemorial/Home. "Harry T. Moore Homesite." Titusville, Florida. http://www.nbbd.com/godo/moore/. External Reference Title "<a href="http://www.harryharriettemoore.org" target="_blank">Who were Harry T. and Harriette V. Moore?</a>" "<a href="http://www.brevardcounty.us/ParksRecreation/North/MooreMemorial/Home" target="_blank">Harry T. & Harriette V. Moore Memorial Park</a>" "<a href="http://www.nbbd.com/godo/moore/" target="_blank">Harry T. Moore Homesite</a>" Click to View (Movie, Podcast, or Website) <a href="http://www.harryharriettemoore.org/" target="_blank">http://www.harryharriettemoore.org/</a> Date Created 2012-08-06 Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/25" target="_blank">Central Florida Historical Resources Collection</a>, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Freedom Ave. Freedom Avenue Harry & Harriette Moore Cultural Complex Harry T. & Harriette V. Moore Cultural Complex Harry T. and Harriette V. Moore Memorial Park Moore Cultural Complex Moore, Harriette V. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Cocoa Beach Collection Alternative Title Cocoa Collection Subject Cocoa Beach (Fla.) Description The first non-Amerindian settlement of the present-day Cocoa Beach area, then known as Oceanus, was a group of emancipated slaves following the end of the American Civil War. A group of citizens of neighboring Cocoa purchased the property in 1888, but left it undeveloped for several decades. In 1923, one of the groups members, Gus C. Edwards, purchased the land from his fellow co-owners. Cocoa Beach was incorporated as town on June 5, 1925. Edwards was elected the first mayor. The Florida Department of Transportation constructed State Road 140 (present-day State Road A1A) in 1935, allowing for increased development. In 1944, a Florida Legislature bill that would have dissolved the city government was defeated. The town was incorporated as a city on June 29, 1957. With the construction of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)'s John F. Kennedy Space Center (KCS), the city of Cocoa Beach experienced a major growth in population and economic development. However, the city experienced layoffs and economic decline during the period between the conclusion of the Apollo Program and the introduction of the Space Shuttle Program. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/47" target="_blank">Brevard County Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.cityofcocoabeach.com/144/The-Years-1920---1980" target="_blank">The History of Cocoa Beach, Florida</a>." City of Cocoa Beach. http://www.cityofcocoabeach.com/citylife/city_history1920-1980.htm. Arnold, Wade. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/276818544" target="_blank">Cocoa Beach</a>. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub, 2008. Contributor Cepero, Nancy Lynn Coverage Cocoa Beach, Florida Moving Image A series of visual representations that, when shown in succession, impart an impression of motion. Original Format 1 video Duration 2 minutes and 11 seconds Producer <a href="http://www.ist.ucf.edu//" target="_blank">Institute for Simulation & Training</a> <a href="https://www.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">UCF College of Arts & Humanities</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Cocoa Beach Glass Bank in 3D Alternative Title Glass Bank in 3D Subject Cocoa Beach (Fla.) Banks and banking--Florida Description A video simulation of the Cocoa Beach Glass Bank as it appear in 1963. The video was produced by the Institute for Simulation & Training and the College of Arts & Humanities at the University of Central Florida. Also known as the First Federal Savings and Loan Building, construction for the Cocoa Beach Glass Bank began in 1960 and was completed in 1961. The First Federal Savings and Loan Association of Cocoa officially opened the following year. The Sky Room Restaurant also opened in 1962, but closed in 1963. In 1963, construction on the external Express Elevator began and Ramon's Rainbow Room opened. Ramon's closed in 1970 and was replaced by Marby's Rainbow Room that same year. Marby's, which was not replaced by a new restaurant, closed in 1972. The First Federal Savings and Loan Association was acquired by the First FA in 1983. Reliance Bank occupied the banking facilities on the first floor from 1985 to 1995, when the name was changed to Huntington Bank. In 2004, the lower portion of the building had no tenants. Demolition of the building was approved in 2014 and the building was razed the following year. Abstract The Institute for Simulation & Training and the College of Arts & Humanities at the University of Central Florida are embarking on a virtual recreation of the Cocoa Beach Glass Bank as it appeared in 1963. This video represents the first phase of the project - the exterior of the building and basic ground floor. To enhance our model, we need your assistance - any photographs or your memories will enable us to add more floors and details. Please visit our website at <a href="https://youtu.be/DtVETzCND4M" target="_blank">www.cocoabeachglassbank.com</a>. Type Moving Image Source Original 2-minute and 11-second video: "<a href="https://youtu.be/DtVETzCND4M" target="_blank">Cocoa Beach Glass Bank in 3D</a>." Requires <a href="http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/" target="_blank"> Adobe Flash Player</a> <a href="http://java.com/en/download/index.jsp" target="_blank"> Java</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/122" target="_blank">Cocoa Beach Collection</a>, Brevard County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Coverage Cocoa Beach Glass Bank, Cocoa Beach, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.ist.ucf.edu//" target="_blank">Institute for Simulation & Training</a> <a href="https://www.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">UCF College of Arts & Humanities</a> Publisher <a href="http://srealserver.eecs.ucf.edu/chronopoints/" target="_blank">Chronopoints</a> Date Created ca. 2015-07-09 Date Issued 2015-07-09 Date Copyrighted 2015-07-09 Format application/website Medium 2-minute and 11-second video Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Geography Teacher Humanities Teacher Visual Arts Teacher Provenance Originally created by the <a href="http://www.ist.ucf.edu//" target="_blank">Institute for Simulation & Training</a> and the <a href="https://www.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">UCF College of Arts & Humanities</a>, and published by <a href="http://srealserver.eecs.ucf.edu/chronopoints/" target="_blank">Chronopoints</a>. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by the <a href="http://www.ist.ucf.edu//" target="_blank">Institute for Simulation & Training</a> and the <a href="https://www.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">UCF College of Arts & Humanities</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="http://cocoabeachglassbank.eecs.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">Cocoa Beach Glass Bank</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://cocoabeachglassbank.eecs.ucf.edu/history/" target="_blank">Glass Bank Timeline</a>." Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Central Florida. http://cocoabeachglassbank.eecs.ucf.edu/history/. Denemark, Malcolm. "<a href="http://www.floridatoday.com/story/news/local/2015/03/28/unbuilding-cocoa-beachs-glass-bank/70604136/" target="_blank">Glass Bank Timeline</a>." FLORIDA TODAY, March 29, 2015. http://www.floridatoday.com/story/news/local/2015/03/28/unbuilding-cocoa-beachs-glass-bank/70604136/. Click to View (Movie, Podcast, or Website) <a href="https://youtu.be/DtVETzCND4M" target="_blank">Cocoa Beach Glass Bank in 3D</a> banking banks Cocoa Beach Cocoa Beach Glass Bank College of Arts & Humanities First Federal Savings and Loan Association of Cocoa First Federal Savings and Loan Building Institute for Simulation & Training UCF University of Central Florida https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/8edb1ccad0ea2b7706c5b00603e4b0ca.jpg 0f07da5e1f36be05f4c0680c5386c76c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Central Florida Monuments Collection Alternative Title Monuments Collection Subject Florida Orlando (Fla.) Kissimmee (Fla.) Sanford (Fla.) Winter Springs (Fla.) Memorials--Florida Description Central Florida is a unique place. Diversity exists throughout the spectrum of population, neighborhoods, tourism, and attractions. Because of our uniqueness and seemingly never-ending list of things to do, we tend to overlook the things that make us unique. We tend to overlook our past. We walk through parks, down the street, and around lakes, catch a glimpse of a commemorative plaque or statue, but it stops there. Central Florida is rich of monuments and memorials, yet very rarely do we know why it is there and who put it there. Our small University of Central Florida Public History class selected a number of memorials and monuments around Central Florida. We found busts, markers, structures, and statues that stand tall. Some of these are obvious, but others are hidden amongst the brush. We had no idea what we would find in regards to these gems; some of us found very little, but others found gold. We found that monuments in places like Kissimmee, Lake Eola, and Sanford offer a glimpse into our past that has been overlooked, and in some cases untouched. Through the history of our monuments and memorials, we have been able to gauge social sentiment, populations, but more importantly, the reasons why our predecessors have commemorated what they have. Our sampling in no way represents all of the history Central Florida has to offer, but we can offer you a glimpse and hope that you dig further through the history our region has to offer. Come into our exhibit and look through our shared past and see what was important, and what has been forgotten. Come in and see for yourself a familiar statue to which you can finally give meaning. Come in and see Central Florida in a new light— a light that will take you through the years and the changes of our region. Contributor Bowers, Katherine Borawski, Gianna Dunn, Robin Fitzsimons, Daniel Kittel, Carly Messamore, Kyle Schell, Kristal Schuppe, Cody Language eng Type Collection Coverage Bataan-Corregidor Memorial, Lakefront Park, Kissimmee, Florida Battle of the Bulge Memorial, Lake Eola Park, Downtown Orlando, Florida Bust of Simón Bolívar, Lake Eola Park, Downtown Orlando, Florida Confederate Soldiers, Sailors, and Statesmen Memorial, Lake Eola Park, Downtown Orlando, Florida Orange County World War I Soldiers Memorial, Downtown Orlando, Florida Red Chinese Ting, Lake Eola Park, Downtown Orlando, Florida Seminole County World War I Memorial, Sanford, Florida Winter Springs Veterans Memorial, Winter Springs, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://history.cah.ucf.edu/staff.php?id=525" target="_blank">Dr. Anne Lindsay</a>'s Public History: Principles and Techniques Undergraduate Class Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. "<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/exhibits/show/cflmonuments" target="_blank">Hidden in Plain Sight: A Selection of Central Florida Monuments</a>." RICHES of Central Florida. https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/exhibits/show/cflmonuments. External Reference Dickinson, Greg, Carole Blair, and Brian L. Ott. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/663080291" target="_blank">Places of Public Memory The Rhetoric of Museums and Memorials</a>. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2010. Bodnar, John E. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23731520" target="_blank">Remaking America: Public Memory, Commemoration, and Patriotism in the Twentieth Century</a>. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Proclamation of Bataan-Corregidor Day Description Proclamation declaring May 20, 1995, Bataan-Corregidor Day in Kissimmee, Florida. The city holiday was established to honor the thousands of Americans and Filipinos who fought for the Allied Powers at the Battle of Bataan and the Battle of Corregidor during World War II. The proclamation was signed by Mark E. Durbin, the city manager of Kissimmee, on May 16, 1995. The proclamation was created to correspond with the official dedication of the Bataan-Corregidor Memorial, located on the corner of East Monument Avenue and Lakeshore Boulevard at Lakefront Park. The Battle of Bataan lasted from January 7 to April 9, 1942, and marked the most vital phase of the Empire of Japan's invasion of the Philippines during World War II. The United States defended the Commonwealth of the Philippines, but ultimately the battle resulted in the largest surrender in both American and Filipino military history. The forced transfer of 60,000-80,000 Filipino and American prisoners of war (POWs), known as the Bataan Death March, began on April 9. The POWs were subjected to physical abuse and murder. An estimated 2,500 to 10,000 POWs died before reaching Camp O'Donnell. After Bataan fell, organized opposition against Imperial Japan in the Philippines became decimated. The Battle of Corregidor was waged on May 5 and 6  and resulted in another American-Filipino defeat. This event marked the fall of both the Philippines and Asia to Imperial Japan. American and Filipino forces were able to recapture the island in 1945 and the Bataan Death March was declared a war crime following the end of World War II. Date Created 1995-05-16 Coverage Bataan-Corregidor Memorial, Lakefront Park, Kissimmee, Florida Bataan, Central Luzon, Philippines Corregidor Island, Philippines Mariveles, Bataan, Central Luzon, Philippines San Fernando, Pampanga, Philippines Camp O'Donnell, Capas, Tarlac, Philippines Creator <a href="http://www.kissimmee.org/" target="_blank">City of Kissimmee</a> Source Original city proclamation, May 16, 1995: <a href="http://kissimmeechamber.com/tag/city-of-Kissimmee/" target="_blank">City of Kissimmee Archives</a>, Kissimmee, Florida. Source Repository <a href="http://kissimmeechamber.com/tag/city-of-Kissimmee//" target="_blank">City of Kissimmee</a> Archives Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by the <a href="http://www.kissimmee.org/" target="_blank">City of Kissimmee</a> and is provided here by <a title="RICHES of Central Florida" href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Transcript Proclamation Bataan-Corregidor Day WHEREAS, this Country was founded on the principle of democracy and has continually made a commitment to defend this democracy for its citizens; and WHEREAS, The City of Kissimmee wants to honor those who fought for our Country, to give tribute to their courage, show our support, and to remember those who gave the ultimate sacrifices in order to preserve the life and liberty that we all cherish; and WHEREAS, thousands of Americans and Filipinos put their lives on the line in battlefields of the Pacific during World War II; and WHEREAS, Bataan and Corregidor served as the last stand against the invasion of the Philippines at the beginning of World War II, and after ninety-nine days of combat, Bataan fell to the enemy, and all those defending Bataan began what became known as the Bataan Death March, a 65-mile journey with no food, water or rest; and WHEREAS, there has been little recognition for those who sacrificed and lost their lives during this torturous journey; and WHEREAS, the citizens of Kissimmee want the American and Filipino servicemen and civilians, who served at Bataan and Corregidor to alway be remembered and to guard against future acts of inhumanity; NOW, THEREFORE, be it proclaimed that the Kissimmee City Commission acknowledges May 20, 1995 as BATAAN-CORREGIDOR DAY IN WITNESS, THEREOF, this is signed this 16th day May, 1995 Alternative Title Bataan-Corregidor Day Proclamation Subject Kissimmee (Fla.) World War II (1939-1945) Memorials--Florida Monuments--United States Veterans--Florida Date Issued 1995-05-16 Contributor Messamore, Kyle Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original city proclamation, May 16, 1995. Is Part Of <a href="http://kissimmeechamber.com/tag/city-of-Kissimmee//" target="_blank">City of Kissimmee Archives</a>, Kissimmee, Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/admin/collections/show/77" target="_blank">Central Florida Monuments Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. "<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/exhibits/show/cflmonuments" target="_blank">Hidden in Plain Sight: A Selection of Central Florida Monuments</a>." RICHES of Central Florida. Requires <a href="http://get.adobe.com/reader/" target="_blank">Adobe Acrobat Reader</a> Format application/pdf Extent 227 KB Medium 1-page proclamation Language eng Type Text Accrual Method Donation Mediator History Teacher Civics/Government Teacher Provenance Originally created by the <a href="http://www.kissimmee.org/" target="_blank">City of Kissimmee</a>. Contributing Project <a href="http://history.cah.ucf.edu/staff.php?id=525" target="_blank">Dr. Anne Lindsay</a>'s Public History: Principles and Techniques Undergraduate Class Curator Messamore, Kyle Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference Breuer, William B. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/61878968" target="_blank">The Great Raid: Rescuing the Doomed Ghosts of Bataan and Corregidor</a>. New York: Miramax, 2005. Greenberger, Robert. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/245537219" target="_blank">The Bataan Death March: World War II Prisoners in the Pacific</a>. Minneapolis, Minn: Compass Point Books, 2009. Norman, Michael, and Elizabeth M. Norman. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/263984541" target="_blank">Tears in the Darkness: The Story of the Bataan Death March and Its Aftermath</a>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2009. Thompson, Jan, and Alec Baldwin. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/774918273" target="_blank">The Tragedy of Bataan</a>. [United States]: PBS Distribution, 2012. Young, Donald J. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/646854098" target="_blank">The Battle of Bataan A Complete History</a>. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co, 2009. Bataan Death March Bataan-Corregidor Day Bataan, Central Luzon, Philippines Battle of Bataan Battle of Corregidor city commission City of Kissimmee Corregidor Corregidor Island, Philippines death march Durbin, Mark E. Filipino Filipino American holiday Kissimmee Kissimmee City Commission proclamation veteran World War II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Seminole County Centennial Celebration Collection Description The Seminole County Centennial Celebration Collection contains digital items related to the 100 year celebration of the creation of Seminole County. Items include ephemera distributed before and during the celebration, photographs, and other digital items. Seminole County will turn 100 years old on April 25, 2013. This centennial benchmark is being commemorated as Seminole Celebrates A Century of Success with a 100-day celebration beginning January 16, 2013, and will conclude with a community-wide Centennial Festival planned for April 20, 2013. Seminole Celebrates will highlight the county Points of Pride and is designed to celebrate Seminole County's heritage while embracing its future. Collaboration among the business community, faith-based organizations, art and historical societies, civic groups, and educational institutions will provide our residents with numerous fun family oriented events and activities over the 100 days of celebration. Contributor <a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/" target="_blank">Creative Sanford, Inc.</a> <a href="http://www.goldenrodhistoricalsociety.com/" target="_blank">Goldenrod Historical Society Museum</a><a href="http://www.goldsboromuseum.com/" target="_blank"> </a> <a href="http://www.goldsboromuseum.com/" target="_blank">Goldsboro Historical Museum</a> <a href="http://www.sanfordwelcomecenter.com/" target="_blank">Historic Sanford Welcome Center</a> <a href="http://www.lakemaryhistory.org/" target="_blank">Lake Mary Historical Museum</a> <a href="http://www.usgennet.org/usa/fl/county/seminole/Geneva/museum.htm" target="_blank">Museum of Geneva History</a> <a href="http://www.seminolecountyfl.gov/departments-services/leisure-services/parks-recreation/museum-of-seminole-county-history/" target="_blank">Museum of Seminole County History</a> <a href="http://oviedohs.com/" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society</a> <a href="http://www.ruralheritagecenter.net/" target="_blank">Rural Heritage Center</a> <a href="http://www.sanfordfl.gov/index.aspx?page=108" target="_blank">Sanford Museum</a> <a href="http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">UCF Public History Center</a> Alternative Title Seminole Centennial Collection Subject Seminole County (Fla.) Goldenrod (Fla.) Sanford (Fla.) Lake Mary (Fla.) Oviedo (Fla.) Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/30" target="_blank">Seminole County Centennial Celebration Collection</a>, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Creative Sanford, Inc., Sanford, Florida Goldenrod Historical Society Museum, Goldenrod, Florida Goldsboro Historical Museum, Goldsboro, Sanford, Florida Historic Sanford Welcome Center, Sanford, Florida Lake Mary Historical Museum, Lake Mary, Florida Museum of Geneva History, Geneva, Florida Museum of Seminole County History, Sanford, Florida Oviedo Historical Society, Oviedo, Florida Rural Heritage Center, Geneva, Florida Sanford Museum, Sanford, Florida UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://apps.seminolecountyfl.gov/centennial/index.aspx" target="_blank">Seminole County Centennial Celebration</a> Curator Marra, Katherine Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference <a href="http://apps.seminolecountyfl.gov/centennial/index.aspx" target="_blank">Seminole County Centennial Celebration</a> Francke, Arthur E. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39871004" target="_blank">Early Days of Seminole County, Florida</a>. [Sanford, FL]: Seminole County Historical Commission, 1988. Website A resource comprising of a web page or web pages and all related assets ( such as images, sound and video files, etc. ). Local URL <a title="Lake Mary Historical Museum" href="http://www.lakemaryhistory.org/" target="_blank">http://www.lakemaryhistory.org/</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Lake Mary Historical Museum Alternative Title Lake Mary Museum Subject Seminole County (Fla.)--History Lake Mary (Fla.)--History Museums--Florida Description According to its website, "The Lake Mary Historical Museum exists to preserve and promote the history of the city and the surrounding area. Efforts to maintain and enhance the museum are accomplished by members of the Lake Mary Historical Society and other volunteers. The museum houses a collection of artifacts, photographs, documents and other materials related to the history of Lake Mary and the surrounding communities. The artifacts housed in the museum have either been donated or are on permanent or temporary loan." Creator <a href="http://www.lakemaryhistory.org/" target="_blank">Lake Mary Historical Society</a> Source Lake Mary Historical Museum 158 North Country Club Road Lake Mary, Florida 32746 Format application/http Medium Website Language eng Type Website Coverage Lake Mary, Florida Spatial Coverage 28.758379,-81.322282 Temporal Coverage 1994-01-01/2014-12-31 Accrual Method Deposit Rights Holder The <a href="http://www.lakemaryhistory.org/" target="_blank">Lake Mary Historical Museum</a> holds all rights to the items housed within the institution as well as those items represented digitally on <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>. Contact the Lake Mary Historical Museum for the proper permissions for the use of its items. Contributing Project <a href="http://apps.seminolecountyfl.gov/centennial/index.aspx" target="_blank">Seminole County Centennial Celebration</a> Curator Marra, Katherine Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.lakemaryhistory.org/" target="_blank">Lake Mary Historical Museum</a> Click to View (Movie, Podcast, or Website) http://www.lakemaryhistory.org/ Date Created 1994 Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/30" target="_blank">Seminole County Centennial Celebration Collection</a>, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. External Reference "About Us." Lake Mary Historical Museum. http://www.lakemaryhistory.org/About.htm. External Reference Title "<a href="http://www.lakemaryhistory.org/About.htm" target="_blank">About Us</a>" Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Geography Teacher Country Club Rd. Country Club Road Lake Mary Historical Museum Lake Mary Historical Society Lake Mary Museum LMHS Seminole County Centennial Celebration https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/719b12478f4ef87208c6207c97dd14f1.jpg ab71cd6e458fc77bf42a97871781e341 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Veterans Legacy Program Collection Alternative Title VLP Collection Subject Veterans--Florida Description In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Is Part Of Veterans Legacy Program Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"><a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Mississippi A&M (now Mississippi State University) Yearbook Alternative Title The Reveille, Mississippi A&M Subject Yearbooks Veterans--Florida Description A page from the Mississippi A&M (now Mississippi State University) yearbook around 1917. The page features the the yearbook's name, The Reveille, along with a list of seven Junior classmen with their majors and their photographs. A notable student pictured is Alexander Miguel Roberts, who appears in the last photograph in the left column. Born on October 13, 1895 in Mexico City, Mexico, Roberts grew up in both Gulfport, Mississippi, and Havana, Cuba, traveling between the two cities. Roberts enlisted in the aviation branch of the United States Army when the United States entered World War I. His plane was shot down over Belgium and he was captured on his first mission. Roberts worked as a pilot during the interwar years. He was drafted in 1942 and was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel. He served as an official aide and aviation advisor to the United States Army. He died in Tampa, Florida, on July 23, 1988, and is buried at the Florida National Cemetery. In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s<a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/"> Veterans Legacy Program</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Type Still Image Source Digital reproduction of original yearbook page. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/210" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Collection</a> Coverage Mississippi A&M, Starkville, Mississippi Creator <a href="http://www.msstate.edu/" target="_blank">Mississippi A&amp</a> M Publisher <a href="http://www.msstate.edu/" target="_blank">Mississippi A&amp</a> M Date Created ca. 1917 Format image/jpg Extent 606 KB Medium 1 yearbook page Language eng Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally created and published by <a href="http://www.msstate.edu/" target="_blank">Mississippi A&amp</a> M. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by <a href="http://www.msstate.edu/" target="_blank">Mississippi State University</a> and is provided here by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Curator Ortiz, Samuel Cravero, Geoffrey Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a> <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/"> Ancestry.com</a> <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.msstate.edu/" target="_blank">Mississippi State University</a> External Reference Abney, Barb. "<a href="https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/" target="_blank">VA Selects UCF Historians to Archive Stories of Deceased Veterans Veterans</a>." UCF Today, March 13, 2017. Accessed August 9, 2017. https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/. Tuchman, Barbara W., and Robert K. Massie. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881458391" target="_blank">The Guns of August: The Outbreak of World War I</a>. 2014. Alexander Miguel Roberts Bushnell College of Agricultural and Mechanical Florida National Cemetery J. J. Munson John Jared Munson L.B. Grin military history military service Mississippi A&M Mississippi State University National Cemetery Administration United States Air Force veterans Veterans Administration Veterans Legacy Program World War I World War II World War, 1914-1918 World War, 1939-1945 WWI WWII yearbooks https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/2f787f525256636a87c53d9c7398e98b.jpg 8bd2f4265ee40fbaaf256deada5c32e2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Celery Soup: Florida's Folk Life Play Collection Alternative Title Celery Soup Collection Subject Sanford (Fla.) Community theater--United States Theater--United States Description The Celery Soup: Florida’s Folk Life Play Collection encompasses photographs, artifacts, and oral histories related to the production of Creative Sanford, Inc.'s and Celery Soup's play Remade - Not Bought, performed at the Princess Theater in 2013. Many of the items in this collection were collected by Dr. Scot French's Tools in Digital History Seminar Graduate Class during the Fall 2013 semester at the University of Central Florida. Contributor Dingle, Cathy Lee Delgado, Natalie Fedorka, Drew M. Ford, Nancy Harris French, Scot A. Kelley, Katie Lee, Luticia Gormley Maliczowski, Linda Lee Maples, Marilyn Miller, Mark Reisz, Autumn Thompson, Trish Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/44" target="_blank">Seminole County Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/16" target="_blank">Sanford Collection</a>, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Celery Soup: Florida’s Folk Life Play, Sanford, Florida Creative Sanford, Inc., Sanford, Florida Princess Theater, Sanford, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/" target="_blank">Creative Sanford, Inc.</a> <a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/" target="_blank">Celery Soup: Florida’s Folk Life Play</a> Dr. <a href="http://history.scotfrench.com/" target="_blank">Scot A. French</a>'s Tools in Digital History Seminar Graduate Class, Fall 2013 at the <a href="http://www.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">University of Central Florida</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com//about" target="_blank">WHO IS CREATIVE SANFORD, INC?</a>" Celery Soup. http://www.celerysoupsanford.com//about. "<a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/about/" target="_blank">About: History and Purpose</a>." Celery Soup. http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/about/. "<a href="http://www.communityperformanceinternational.org/sanford-florida" target="_blank">Sanford, Florida: How do you make Celery Soup? Add stories, then stir</a>." Community Performance International. http://www.communityperformanceinternational.org/sanford-florida. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format 8.5 x 14 inch color certificate Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A Tribute Recognizing Creative Sanford, Inc. Alternative Title Tribute to Creative Sanford Subject Sanford (Fla.) Community theater--United States Theater--United States Awards--United States Historic preservation--Florida Description A certificate awarded by the Florida House of Representatives to Creative Sanford, Inc. on June 23, 2011. This award recognizes the accomplishments, work, and awards received by Creative Sanford. Some of the achievements cited include the Celery Soup production Touch and Go, the 2011 Cultural Preservation Award, and the completion and transcription of over 100 oral histories. The document is signed by Chris Dorworth, the Florida State Representative for District 34. Creative Sanford, Inc. is a non-profit organization created to manage Celery Soup community theater productions. The original idea for the Celery Soup project came from Jeanine Taylor, the owner of a folk-art gallery on First Street in Sanford, Florida. Their first production was Touch and Go, a play focusing on the people of Sanford and their determination to overcome various obstacles, including the Freeze of 1894-1895, the fall of Sanford's celery industry, and the closing of Naval Air Station (NAS) Sanford in the 1960s. Richard Geer and Jules Corriere, partners from Community Performance International, were in charge of assessing oral histories, converting them into scenes for the play, and writing original songs. Director Geer also used an all-volunteer cast from the local community, many of whom were not experienced actors. In the process of producing the show, Creative Sanford decided to rehabilitate an historic building, the Princess Theater, which is located on 115 West First Street and owned by Stephen Tibstra. The Creative Sanford offices are housed in the Historic Sanford Welcome Center, located at 203 East First Street. Type Text Source Original 8.5 x 14 inch certificate, June 23, 2011: <a href="http://www.myfloridahouse.gov/default.aspx/" target="_blank">Florida House of Representatives</a>, Tallahassee, Florida: <a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/" target="_blank">Creative Sanford, Inc.</a>, Historic Sanford Welcome Center, Sanford, Florida. Is Part Of <a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/" target="_blank">Creative Sanford, Inc.</a>, Sanford Welcome Center, Sanford Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/82" target="_blank">Celery Soup: Florida’s Folk Life Play Collection</a>, Sanford Collection, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Referenced By "<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/3093" target="_blank">Oral History of Trish Thompson</a>." RICHES of Central Florida. https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/3093. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original 8.5 x 14 inch certificate, June 23, 2011: <a href="http://www.myfloridahouse.gov/default.aspx/" target="_blank">Florida House of Representatives</a>, Tallahassee, Florida. Coverage Creative Sanford, Inc., Sanford, Florida Princess Theater, Sanford, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.myfloridahouse.gov/default.aspx/" target="_blank">Florida House of Representatives</a> <a href="http://www.myfloridahouse.gov/Sections/Representatives/details.aspx?MemberId=4419" target="_blank">Chris Dorworth</a> Contributor Thompson, Trish Reisz, Autumn Miller, Mark Date Created ca. 2011-06-23 Date Issued 2011-06-23 Format image/jpg Extent 94.2 KB Medium 8.5 x 14 inch color certificate Language eng Mediator History Teacher Civics/Government Teacher Humanities Teacher Theater Teacher Provenance Originally created by the <a href="http://www.myfloridahouse.gov/default.aspx/" target="_blank">Florida House of Representatives</a> and Christ Dorworth. Rights Holder Copyright to the resource is held by <a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com//" target="_blank">Creative Sanford, Inc.</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/" target="_blank">Creative Sanford, Inc.</a> <a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/" target="_blank">Celery Soup</a> Dr. <a href="http://history.scotfrench.com/" target="_blank">Scot French</a>'s "Tools in Digital History Seminar", Fall 2013 at the <a href="http://www.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">University of Central Florida</a> Curator Reisz, Autumn Source Repository <a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/" target="_blank">Creative Sanford, Inc.</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com//about" target="_blank">WHO IS CREATIVE SANFORD, INC?</a>" Celery Soup. http://www.celerysoupsanford.com//about. "<a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/about/" target="_blank">About: History and Purpose</a>." Celery Soup. http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/about/ "<a href="http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2010-10-20/entertainment/os-celery-soup-sanford-20101020_1_oral-histories-swamp-gravy-celery-soup" target="_blank">Tales of Sanford's resilience are the stars of 'Touch and Go'.</a>" The Orlando Sentinel, October 20, 2010. http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2010-10-20/entertainment/os-celery-soup-sanford-20101020_1_oral-histories-swamp-gravy-celery-soup. Alive After Five award Celery Soup: Florida’s Folk Life Play Central Florida Regional Hospital Children's Theatre Workshop City of Sanford community theater Creative Sanford, Inc. Cultural Preservation Award District 34 Dorworth, Chris Florida House of Representatives Florida House of Representatives Tribute Harvest Time International historic preservation History Consortium representative Sanford Sanford Historic Trust Seminole County state representative theater Touch and Go https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/04d5cf7ffffd8409cfb066c69665e752.jpg 87c828d5a160e93479efe9629a600403 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Dr. Calvin Fowler Collection Alternative Title Fowler Collection Subject Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (Fla.) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (U.S.) NASA John F. Kennedy Space Center Kennedy Space Center Description Collection of images, documents, and other archival items donated by Dr. Calvin "Cal" D. Fowler, who was the manager of Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 14 during the final three launches of Project Mercury. Contributor Fowler, Calvin "Cal" D. <a href="http://srealserver.eecs.ucf.edu/chronopoints/" target="_blank">Chronopoints</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/148" target="_blank">Florida Space Coast History Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Cape Canaveral, Florida General Dynamics/Astronautics, Cocoa Beach, Florida John F. Kennedy Space Center, Merritt Island, Florida Patrick Air Force Base, Florida Covair/Astronautics, Mission Training Center, Port Canaveral, Florida U.S. Space Walk of Fame Museum, Titusville, Florida Daytona Beach, Florida George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, Redstone Arsenal, Hunstville, Alabama Space Systems Division Headquarters, Air Force Systems Command, United States Air Force, El Segundo, California General Dynamics/Astronautics Factory, San Diego, California Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas Space Center Houston, Houston, Texas Fairchild Air Force Base, Washington Francis E. Warren Air Force Base, Wyoming Valley Forge, Pennsylvania Contributing Project <a href="http://virtualheritage.ist.ucf.edu/cchp/" target="_blank">Florida Space Coast History Project</a> Curator Michlowitz, Robert Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/history/mercury/mercury-overview.htm">Project Mercury Overview</a>." John F. Kennedy Space Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/history/mercury/mercury-overview.htm. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format 1 color photographic print Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Prime Crew of the Tenth Manned Apollo Mission Alternative Title Apollo 16 Crew Subject National Aeronautics and Space Administration (U.S.) NASA Apollo Project (U.S.) Project Apollo (U.S.) Apollo 16 (Spacecraft) Astronauts--United States Duke, Charles M. Young, John Watts, 1930- Mattingly, Thomas K. (Thomas Ken) Mattingly, Ken Description A pre-launch publicity photograph of the crew of Apollo 16. This mission was the 10th manned Apollo mission and it was the fifth to put astronauts on the Moon. Apollo 16 launched from Launch Complex 39A at John F. Kennedy Space Center in Merritt Island, Florida, on April 16, 1972 and returned on April 27. Photographed from left to right are Command Module Pilot Ken Mattingly (1936-), Mission Commander John Young (1930-), and Lunar Module Pilot Charles Duke (1935-). Type Still Image Source Original color photographic print: Private Collection of Dr. Calvin D. Fowler. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/149" target="_blank">Dr. Calvin Fowler Collection</a>, Florida Space Coast History Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original color photographic print. Coverage John F. Kennedy Space Center, Merritt Island, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.nasa.gov/" target="_blank">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> Contributor Fowler, Calvin "Cal" D. <a href="http://srealserver.eecs.ucf.edu/chronopoints/" target="_blank">Chronopoints</a> Date Created ca. 1972 Format image/jpg Extent 240 KB Medium 1 color photographic print Mediator History Teacher Civics/Government Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally created by the <a href="http://www.nasa.gov/" target="_blank">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> and owned by Dr. Calvin D. Fowler. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by Dr. Calvin D. Fowler and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="http://virtualheritage.ist.ucf.edu/cchp/" target="_blank">Florida Space Coast History Project</a> Curator Michlowitz, Robert Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo16.html">Apollo 16</a>." National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo16.html. Apollo 16 astronauts Cal Fowler Calvin D. Fowler Charles Moss Duke, Jr. Charlie Duke John Watts Young Ken Mattingly NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration Project Apollo SA-511 space Thomas Kenneth Mattingly II https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/918a5ee8afe7e7bfaa3a85c22a24224b.jpg effbe2074e63dae0a9bbf649f7b21260 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Dr. Calvin Fowler Collection Alternative Title Fowler Collection Subject Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (Fla.) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (U.S.) NASA John F. Kennedy Space Center Kennedy Space Center Description Collection of images, documents, and other archival items donated by Dr. Calvin "Cal" D. Fowler, who was the manager of Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 14 during the final three launches of Project Mercury. Contributor Fowler, Calvin "Cal" D. <a href="http://srealserver.eecs.ucf.edu/chronopoints/" target="_blank">Chronopoints</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/148" target="_blank">Florida Space Coast History Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Cape Canaveral, Florida General Dynamics/Astronautics, Cocoa Beach, Florida John F. Kennedy Space Center, Merritt Island, Florida Patrick Air Force Base, Florida Covair/Astronautics, Mission Training Center, Port Canaveral, Florida U.S. Space Walk of Fame Museum, Titusville, Florida Daytona Beach, Florida George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, Redstone Arsenal, Hunstville, Alabama Space Systems Division Headquarters, Air Force Systems Command, United States Air Force, El Segundo, California General Dynamics/Astronautics Factory, San Diego, California Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas Space Center Houston, Houston, Texas Fairchild Air Force Base, Washington Francis E. Warren Air Force Base, Wyoming Valley Forge, Pennsylvania Contributing Project <a href="http://virtualheritage.ist.ucf.edu/cchp/" target="_blank">Florida Space Coast History Project</a> Curator Michlowitz, Robert Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/history/mercury/mercury-overview.htm">Project Mercury Overview</a>." John F. Kennedy Space Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/history/mercury/mercury-overview.htm. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format 1 color photographic print Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Apollo 17 Crew with Lunar Rover Trainer and Saturn V Alternative Title Apollo 17 Crew, Lunar Rover Trainer, and Saturn V Subject John F. Kennedy Space Center Kennedy Space Center Merritt Island (Fla.) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (U.S.) NASA Apollo Project (U.S.) Project Apollo (U.S.) Apollo 17 (Spacecraft) Astronauts--United States Saturn V (Satellite) Cernan, Eugene Schmitt, Harrison H. Evans, Ronald E., 1933-1990 Description A pre-launch publicity photograph of the crew of Apollo 17 on September 30, 1971. This mission was the 11th manned Apollo mission, the sixth to put astronauts on the Moon, and the final mission of Project Apollo. Apollo 17 launched from Launch Complex 39A at John F. Kennedy Space Center in Merritt Island, Florida, on December 7, 1972, and returned on December 19. Photographed, from left to right, is Command Module Pilot Ronald Evans (1933-1990), Lunar Module Pilot Harrison Schmitt (1935-), and Mission Commander Eugene Cernan (1934-). Type Still Image Source Original color photographic print, September 30, 1971: Private Collection of Dr. Calvin D. Fowler. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/149" target="_blank">Dr. Calvin Fowler Collection</a>, Florida Space Coast History Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original color photographic print, September 30, 1971. Coverage Launch Complex 39A, John F. Kennedy Space Center, Merritt Island, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.nasa.gov/" target="_blank">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> Contributor Fowler, Calvin "Cal" D. <a href="http://srealserver.eecs.ucf.edu/chronopoints/" target="_blank">Chronopoints</a> Date Created 1971-09-30 Format image/jpg Extent 135 KB Medium 1 color photographic print Mediator History Teacher Civics/Government Teacher Provenance Originally created by the <a href="http://www.nasa.gov/" target="_blank">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> and owned by Dr. Calvin D. Fowler. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by Dr. Calvin D. Fowler and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="http://virtualheritage.ist.ucf.edu/cchp/" target="_blank">Florida Space Coast History Project</a> Curator Michlowitz, Robert Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo17.html">Apollo 17</a>." National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo17.html. "<a href="http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/ABSTRACTS/GPN-2000-001151.html">Apollo 17 Prime Crew</a>." Great Images in NASA, National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/ABSTRACTS/GPN-2000-001151.html. Apollo 17 Cal Fowler Calvin D. Fowler Eugene Andrew Cernan Gene Cernan Harrison Hagan Schmitt Jack Schmitt John F. Kennedy Space Center Kennedy Space Center KSC Launch Complex 39 Launch Complex 39A LC-39 LC-39A LRV lunar rover Lunar Roving Vehicle Merritt Island NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration Project Apollo Ron Evans Ronald Ellwin Evans, Jr. SA-512 Saturn V space https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/c621712b25551159a55fdbba6f00f0bb.jpg 5a7f53ba293f22dd563f2daef7fda60e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Dr. Calvin Fowler Collection Alternative Title Fowler Collection Subject Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (Fla.) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (U.S.) NASA John F. Kennedy Space Center Kennedy Space Center Description Collection of images, documents, and other archival items donated by Dr. Calvin "Cal" D. Fowler, who was the manager of Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 14 during the final three launches of Project Mercury. Contributor Fowler, Calvin "Cal" D. <a href="http://srealserver.eecs.ucf.edu/chronopoints/" target="_blank">Chronopoints</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/148" target="_blank">Florida Space Coast History Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Cape Canaveral, Florida General Dynamics/Astronautics, Cocoa Beach, Florida John F. Kennedy Space Center, Merritt Island, Florida Patrick Air Force Base, Florida Covair/Astronautics, Mission Training Center, Port Canaveral, Florida U.S. Space Walk of Fame Museum, Titusville, Florida Daytona Beach, Florida George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, Redstone Arsenal, Hunstville, Alabama Space Systems Division Headquarters, Air Force Systems Command, United States Air Force, El Segundo, California General Dynamics/Astronautics Factory, San Diego, California Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas Space Center Houston, Houston, Texas Fairchild Air Force Base, Washington Francis E. Warren Air Force Base, Wyoming Valley Forge, Pennsylvania Contributing Project <a href="http://virtualheritage.ist.ucf.edu/cchp/" target="_blank">Florida Space Coast History Project</a> Curator Michlowitz, Robert Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/history/mercury/mercury-overview.htm">Project Mercury Overview</a>." John F. Kennedy Space Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/history/mercury/mercury-overview.htm. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format 1 color photographic print Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Apollo 8 Liftoff Alternative Title Apollo 8 Liftoff Subject John F. Kennedy Space Center Kennedy Space Center Merritt Island (Fla.) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (U.S.) NASA Apollo Project (U.S.) Project Apollo (U.S.) Apollo 8 (Spacecraft) Saturn V (Satellite) Description Apollo 8's Saturn V launch vehicle lifting off from Launch Complex 39A at John F. Kennedy Space Center in Merritt Island, Florida, on December 21, 1968. Apollo 8 was the first manned spacecraft to leave Earth's orbit and the first to orbit another celestial body, the Moon. The spacecraft would was manned by Mission Commander Frank Borman (1928-), Lunar Module Pilot William Anders (1933-), and Command Module Pilot Jim Lovell (1928-). Apollo 8 returned to Earth on December 27. Type Still Image Source Original color photographic print, December 21, 1968: Private Collection of Dr. Calvin D. Fowler. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/149" target="_blank">Dr. Calvin Fowler Collection</a>, Florida Space Coast History Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original color photographic print, December 21, 1968. Coverage Launch Complex 39A, John F. Kennedy Space Center, Merritt Island, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.nasa.gov/" target="_blank">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> Contributor Fowler, Calvin "Cal" D. <a href="http://srealserver.eecs.ucf.edu/chronopoints/" target="_blank">Chronopoints</a> Date Created 1968-12-21 Format image/jpg Extent 114 KB Medium 1 color photographic print Mediator History Teacher Civics/Government Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally created by the <a href="http://www.nasa.gov/" target="_blank">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> and owned by Dr. Calvin D. Fowler. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by Dr. Calvin D. Fowler and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="http://virtualheritage.ist.ucf.edu/cchp/" target="_blank">Florida Space Coast History Project</a> Curator Michlowitz, Robert Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo8.html">Apollo 8</a>." National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo8.html#.VYrsV_lVhHw. Apollo 8 Cal Fowler Calvin D. Fowler John F. Kennedy Space Center Kennedy Space Center KSC launch Launch Complex 39 Launch Complex 39A LC-39 LC-39A liftoff Merritt Island NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration Project Apollo SA-503 Saturn V space https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/d55c4e5bd601476077bfa7bee23a8b9f.jpg 7b9d3955bc896acf97e6e7df7d56db2b https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/bf0dcfe62a90bffcd8039365e57b6956.jpg 5251620761965d30ae3848baa0026d9d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Dr. Calvin Fowler Collection Alternative Title Fowler Collection Subject Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (Fla.) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (U.S.) NASA John F. Kennedy Space Center Kennedy Space Center Description Collection of images, documents, and other archival items donated by Dr. Calvin "Cal" D. Fowler, who was the manager of Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 14 during the final three launches of Project Mercury. Contributor Fowler, Calvin "Cal" D. <a href="http://srealserver.eecs.ucf.edu/chronopoints/" target="_blank">Chronopoints</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/148" target="_blank">Florida Space Coast History Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Cape Canaveral, Florida General Dynamics/Astronautics, Cocoa Beach, Florida John F. Kennedy Space Center, Merritt Island, Florida Patrick Air Force Base, Florida Covair/Astronautics, Mission Training Center, Port Canaveral, Florida U.S. Space Walk of Fame Museum, Titusville, Florida Daytona Beach, Florida George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, Redstone Arsenal, Hunstville, Alabama Space Systems Division Headquarters, Air Force Systems Command, United States Air Force, El Segundo, California General Dynamics/Astronautics Factory, San Diego, California Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas Space Center Houston, Houston, Texas Fairchild Air Force Base, Washington Francis E. Warren Air Force Base, Wyoming Valley Forge, Pennsylvania Contributing Project <a href="http://virtualheritage.ist.ucf.edu/cchp/" target="_blank">Florida Space Coast History Project</a> Curator Michlowitz, Robert Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/history/mercury/mercury-overview.htm">Project Mercury Overview</a>." John F. Kennedy Space Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/history/mercury/mercury-overview.htm. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format 2 color photographic prints Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Apollo 8 View of Earth Alternative Title Apollo 8 View of Earth Subject National Aeronautics and Space Administration (U.S.) NASA Apollo Project (U.S.) Project Apollo (U.S.) Earth Description A view of Earth from Apollo 8, the first manned spacecraft to leave Earth's orbit and the first to orbit another celestial body, the Moon. Apollo 8 launched from Launch Complex 39A at John F. Kennedy Space Center in Merritt Island, Florida, on December 21, 1968.. The spacecraft would was manned by Mission Commander Frank Borman (1928-), Lunar Module Pilot William Anders (1933-), and Command Module Pilot Jim Lovell (1928-). Apollo 8 returned to Earth on December 27. Type Still Image Source Original color photographic print, December 1968: Private Collection of Dr. Calvin D. Fowler. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/149" target="_blank">Dr. Calvin Fowler Collection</a>, Florida Space Coast History Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original color photographic print, December 1968. Coverage Launch Complex 39A, John F. Kennedy Space Center, Merritt Island, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.nasa.gov/" target="_blank">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> Contributor Fowler, Calvin "Cal" D. <a href="http://srealserver.eecs.ucf.edu/chronopoints/" target="_blank">Chronopoints</a> Date Created ca. 1968-12-21 Format image/jpg Extent 174 KB 120 KB Medium 2 color photographic prints Mediator History Teacher Civics/Government Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally created by the <a href="http://www.nasa.gov/" target="_blank">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> and owned by Dr. Calvin D. Fowler. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by Dr. Calvin D. Fowler and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="http://virtualheritage.ist.ucf.edu/cchp/" target="_blank">Florida Space Coast History Project</a> Curator Michlowitz, Robert Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo8.html">Apollo 8</a>." National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo8.html#.VYrsV_lVhHw. Apollo 8 Cal Fowler Calvin D. Fowler Earth NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration Project Apollo space