1
100
2
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https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/52bff05b71d65e4c510241bd457d4ee1.pdf
5756d1ec6bc3c18e630164913f9da7fa
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
Florida Land Colonization Company Collection
Alternative Title
FLCC Collection
Subject
Sanford, Henry Shelton, 1823-1891
Sanford (Fla.)
Mackinnon, William, 1823-1893
Polk County (Fla.)
Sumter County (Fla.)
Hernando County (Fla.)
Brevard County (Fla.)
Volusia County (Fla.)
Manayunk (Philadelphia, Pa.)
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/107" target="_blank">William MacKinnon Collection</a>, Henry Shelton Sanford Papers Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.
Language
eng
Type
Collection
Coverage
Sanford, Florida
Manayunk Bank, Manayunk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
New York City, New York
Washington, D.C.
Brussels, Belgium
Gingelom, Belgium
Hombourg, Belgium
Berlin, Germany
Florida Land and Colonization Company, London, England, United Kingdom
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Fedorka, Drew M.
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Source Repository
General Henry S. Sanford Memorial Library, <a href="http://www.sanfordfl.gov/index.aspx?page=456" target="_blank">Sanford Museum</a>
External Reference
<span>Fry, Joseph A. </span><a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8475473" target="_blank"><em>Henry S. Sanford: Diplomacy and Business in Nineteenth-Century America</em></a><span>. Reno, NV: University of Nevada Press, 1982.</span>
Tischendorf, Alfred P. "<a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35894049" target="_blank">Florida and the British Investor: 1880-1914</a>." <em>Florida Historical Quarterly</em> 33, no. 2 (Oct. 1954): 120-129.
Amundson, Richard J. "<a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4894931414" target="_blank">The Florida Land and Colonization Company</a>." <em>Florida Historical Quarterly</em> 44, no. 3 (Jan. 1966): 153-168.
Munro, J. Forbes. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57653564"><em>Maritime Enterprise and Empire: Sir William MacKinnon and His Business Network, 1823-1893</em></a>. Rochester, NY: Boydell Press, 2003.
Kendall, John S. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1836396" target="_blank"><em>History of New Orleans</em></a>. Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company, 1922.
Description
The Florida Land and Colonization Company (FLCC) was a joint-stock venture that invested in Florida land development and sales in the 1880s and early 1890s. The company was formed by Henry Shelton Sanford (1823-1891) with help from a group of British investors. The original impetus for the company's formation was Sanford's inability to continue his land acquisition and development efforts in Florida independently. In 1879, faced with financial difficulties, Sanford turned to a trusted associate in the United Kingdom, a Scottish industrialist named Sir William Mackinnon (1823-1893), to help him attract investors. The formation of the company was in large part due to the efforts of MacKinnon, whose reputation and influence helped bring investors on board.<br /><br />Located at 13 Austin Friars, the company was officially registered in London on June 10, 1880. With the formation of the FLCC, all of Henry Sanford's Florida properties were transferred to the company in exchange for a £10,000 cash payment and another £50,000 in company stock. The one-time cash payment was a needed reprieve for Sanford, who faced financial difficulties by the end of the 1870s. The board of directors included Mackinnon, as well as W. C. Gray and Edwyn Sandys Dawes, partners in Gray-Dawes and Company, a London-based banking and investment house. Other directors included Alexander Fraser, Anthony Norris, George A. Thomson, and Eli Lee. Sanford was named President and Chairman of the Board. In 1880, the company owned 26,000 acres scattered across Florida, including in the cities of Jacksonville, St. Augustine, and Sanford, as well as in Alachua County and Marion County. <br /><br />Almost from the outset, there was serious friction between the British board members and Henry Sanford. Disagreements erupted over business strategy, as Sanford frequently proposed initiatives deemed too bold for the cautious British investors. From 1882 to 1892, the company saw steady, if meager, profits. Most of its income came from the sale of lots in the city of Sanford. From 1885 until 1890, the company, while remaining solvent, continued to see declining profits. From 1886 to 1890, the profits were so modest that the company declined to pay dividends on its yearly profits. Needed improvements and developments in the city of Sanford during the late 1880s sapped much of the company's income. Following Henry Sanford's death in 1891, many of the investors lost the motivation to continue. On September 15, 1892, the various directors acted to dissolve the company. Its assets, including roughly 65,000 acres of Florida land, were divided among shareholders.
Contributor
<a href="http://www.sanfordfl.gov/index.aspx?page=456" target="_blank">Sanford Museum</a>
Provenance
<span>Collection dontated to the </span><a href="http://www.chs.org/" target="_blank">Connecticut Historical Society</a><span> after 1901.</span>
<span>Collection loaned to the </span><a href="http://www.tn.gov/tsla/" target="_blank">Tennessee State Library and Archives</a><span> for processing until June 1, 1960.</span>
<span>Collection acquired by the General Henry S. Sanford Memorial Library, </span><a href="http://www.sanfordfl.gov/index.aspx?page=456" target="_blank">Sanford Museum</a><span> in 1960.</span>
Rights Holder
<span>The displayed collection items are housed at the General Henry S. Sanford Memorial Library, </span><a href="http://www.sanfordfl.gov/index.aspx?page=456" target="_blank">Sanford Museum</a><span> in Sanford, Florida. Rights to these items belong to the said institution, and therefore inquiries about items should be directed there. </span><a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a><span> has obtained permission from the </span><a href="http://www.sanfordfl.gov/index.aspx?page=456" target="_blank">Sanford Museum</a><span> to display this item for educational purposes only.</span>
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Original Format
1 handwritten telegram
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
Telegram from William MacKinnon to Henry Shelton Sanford (November 29, 1879)
Alternative Title
MacKinnon to Sanford (November 29, 1879)
Subject
MacKinnon, William, 1823-1893
Sanford, Henry Shelton, 1823-1891
Description
A telegram from Sir William MacKinnon (1823-1893) to Henry Shelton Sanford (1823-1891) dated June 16, 1879. The telegram indicated to Sanford the price of telegraphs obtainable from Aden, a seaport in present-day Yemen that was controlled by Britain and administered as part of British India during the period. It was of roughly equal distance between Mumbai, Zanzibar, and the Suez Canal, all of which were important destinations of British shipping routes. <br /><br />Sir William MacKinnon was a Scottish ship-owner and businessman who established significant trade networks and commercial interests in British India and later in East Africa. Among other business ventures, he founded the British India Steam Navigation Company and the short-lived Imperial British East Africa Company. During his lifetime, he was one of the leading ship-owners in the British Empire. By the 1880s, he controlled more shipping tonnage than any other individual in Britain.<br /><br />MacKinnon met Henry Shelton Sanford sometime in the late 1870s and the two began corresponding regularly in 1879. MacKinnon's interest in Sanford stemmed from the former American ambassador's close proximity to King Leopold II (1835-1909) of Belgium and the Brussels inner-circle of businessmen, politicians, and diplomats. Sanford, living in a château in Brussels, provided a valuable lifeline for MacKinnon, who sought Belgian business connections to support his expanding commercial ventures, particularly in East Africa. He was a vital factor in the formation of the Florida Land and Colonization Company (FLCC), going so far as to lend Sanford £8,000 in early January 1880. He also played an essential role in helping Sanford court early participants in the investment plan. Many of the board members of the FLCC, like Edwyn Sandys Dawes (1838-1903), were close associates of MacKinnon. With his business ventures strongly tied to British and Belgian development schemes in Africa, MacKinnon had no ostensible interest in Florida land investment. His participation in Sanford's Florida ambitions was thus directly linked to his interest in maintaining strong relations with Sanford and his valuable connections in Belgium.
Type
Text
Source
Original telegram from William MacKinnon to Henry Shelton Sanford, June 16, 1879: box 127, folder 2, subfolder 127.2.20, Henry Shelton Sanford Papers, General Henry S. Sanford Memorial Library, <a href="http://www.sanfordfl.gov/index.aspx?page=456" target="_blank">Sanford Museum</a>, Sanford, Florida.
Requires
<a href="http://www.adobe.com/reader.html" target="_blank">Adobe Acrobat Reader</a>
Is Part Of
Box 127, folder 2, Henry Shelton Sanford Papers, General Henry S. Sanford Memorial Library, <a href="http://www.sanfordfl.gov/index.aspx?page=456" target="_blank">Sanford Museum</a>, Sanford, Florida.
Is Format Of
Digital reproduction of original telegram from William MacKinnon to Henry Shelton Sanford, June 16, 1879.
Coverage
Brussels, Belgium
London, England, United Kingdom
Creator
MacKinnon, William
Date Created
1879-11-29
Format
application/pdf
Extent
270 KB
Medium
1 handwritten telegram
Language
eng
Mediator
History Teacher
Economics Teacher
Provenance
Originally created by William MacKinnon.
Donated to the <a href="http://www.chs.org/" target="_blank">Connecticut Historical Society</a> after 1901.
Loaned to the <a href="http://www.tn.gov/tsla/" target="_blank">Tennessee State Library and Archives</a> for processing until June 1, 1960.
Acquired by the General Henry S. Sanford Memorial Library, <a href="http://www.sanfordfl.gov/index.aspx?page=456" target="_blank">Sanford Museum</a> in 1960.
Rights Holder
The displayed collection item is housed at the General Henry S. Sanford Memorial Library, <a href="http://www.sanfordfl.gov/index.aspx?page=456" target="_blank">Sanford Museum</a> in Sanford, Florida. Rights to this item belong to the said institution, and therefore inquiries about the item should be directed there. <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> has obtained permission from the <a href="http://www.sanfordfl.gov/index.aspx?page=456" target="_blank">Sanford Museum</a> to display this item for educational purposes only.
Accrual Method
Donation
Curator
Fedorka, Drew M.
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Source Repository
<a href="http://www.sanfordfl.gov/index.aspx?page=456" target="_blank">Sanford Museum</a>
External Reference
Fry, Joseph A. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8475473" target="_blank"><em>Henry S. Sanford: Diplomacy and Business in Nineteenth-Century America</em></a>. Reno, NV: University of Nevada Press, 1982.
Hochschild, Adam. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39042794" target="_blank"><em>King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa</em></a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1998.
Munro, J. Forbes. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57653564"><em>Maritime Enterprise and Empire: Sir William MacKinnon and His Business Network, 1823-1893</em></a>. Rochester, NY: Boydell Press, 2003.
Munro, J. Forbes. “"<a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/772540825" target="_blank">Shipping Subsidies and Railway Guarantees</a>" <em>The Journal of African History</em> 28, no. 2 (1987): 209-230.
Boulger, Demetrius Charles. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2129362"><em>The Congo State or, the Growth of Civilization in Central Africa</em></a>. London: Thacker, 1898.
Transcript
INIDICATIONS DE SERVICE:
ADMINISTRATION DES POSTES ET TÉLÉGRAPHES
TÉLÉGRAMME
BUREAU D’ARRIVÉE:
[Stamped] Bruxelles Ministere 29 Nov. [18]79
Déposé à Londres Le 29/11 a 2:06s No 1770
Aden télégraphes obtainable within one month price between twenty twenty five dollars télégraph your opinion
MacKinnon
Reçu à
2h09s
Le Télégraphiste,
[?]
Sanford Brussels
Aden, Yemen
British India Steam Navigation Company
MacKinnon, William
Sanford, Henry Shelton
telegraphs
-
https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/e4bbc6eae4d7aa7104f8544ce526ecb1.pdf
981296dc4542fb32f3d962e0e620e818
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
Florida Land Colonization Company Collection
Alternative Title
FLCC Collection
Subject
Sanford, Henry Shelton, 1823-1891
Sanford (Fla.)
Mackinnon, William, 1823-1893
Polk County (Fla.)
Sumter County (Fla.)
Hernando County (Fla.)
Brevard County (Fla.)
Volusia County (Fla.)
Manayunk (Philadelphia, Pa.)
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/107" target="_blank">William MacKinnon Collection</a>, Henry Shelton Sanford Papers Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.
Language
eng
Type
Collection
Coverage
Sanford, Florida
Manayunk Bank, Manayunk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
New York City, New York
Washington, D.C.
Brussels, Belgium
Gingelom, Belgium
Hombourg, Belgium
Berlin, Germany
Florida Land and Colonization Company, London, England, United Kingdom
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Fedorka, Drew M.
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Source Repository
General Henry S. Sanford Memorial Library, <a href="http://www.sanfordfl.gov/index.aspx?page=456" target="_blank">Sanford Museum</a>
External Reference
<span>Fry, Joseph A. </span><a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8475473" target="_blank"><em>Henry S. Sanford: Diplomacy and Business in Nineteenth-Century America</em></a><span>. Reno, NV: University of Nevada Press, 1982.</span>
Tischendorf, Alfred P. "<a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35894049" target="_blank">Florida and the British Investor: 1880-1914</a>." <em>Florida Historical Quarterly</em> 33, no. 2 (Oct. 1954): 120-129.
Amundson, Richard J. "<a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4894931414" target="_blank">The Florida Land and Colonization Company</a>." <em>Florida Historical Quarterly</em> 44, no. 3 (Jan. 1966): 153-168.
Munro, J. Forbes. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57653564"><em>Maritime Enterprise and Empire: Sir William MacKinnon and His Business Network, 1823-1893</em></a>. Rochester, NY: Boydell Press, 2003.
Kendall, John S. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1836396" target="_blank"><em>History of New Orleans</em></a>. Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company, 1922.
Description
The Florida Land and Colonization Company (FLCC) was a joint-stock venture that invested in Florida land development and sales in the 1880s and early 1890s. The company was formed by Henry Shelton Sanford (1823-1891) with help from a group of British investors. The original impetus for the company's formation was Sanford's inability to continue his land acquisition and development efforts in Florida independently. In 1879, faced with financial difficulties, Sanford turned to a trusted associate in the United Kingdom, a Scottish industrialist named Sir William Mackinnon (1823-1893), to help him attract investors. The formation of the company was in large part due to the efforts of MacKinnon, whose reputation and influence helped bring investors on board.<br /><br />Located at 13 Austin Friars, the company was officially registered in London on June 10, 1880. With the formation of the FLCC, all of Henry Sanford's Florida properties were transferred to the company in exchange for a £10,000 cash payment and another £50,000 in company stock. The one-time cash payment was a needed reprieve for Sanford, who faced financial difficulties by the end of the 1870s. The board of directors included Mackinnon, as well as W. C. Gray and Edwyn Sandys Dawes, partners in Gray-Dawes and Company, a London-based banking and investment house. Other directors included Alexander Fraser, Anthony Norris, George A. Thomson, and Eli Lee. Sanford was named President and Chairman of the Board. In 1880, the company owned 26,000 acres scattered across Florida, including in the cities of Jacksonville, St. Augustine, and Sanford, as well as in Alachua County and Marion County. <br /><br />Almost from the outset, there was serious friction between the British board members and Henry Sanford. Disagreements erupted over business strategy, as Sanford frequently proposed initiatives deemed too bold for the cautious British investors. From 1882 to 1892, the company saw steady, if meager, profits. Most of its income came from the sale of lots in the city of Sanford. From 1885 until 1890, the company, while remaining solvent, continued to see declining profits. From 1886 to 1890, the profits were so modest that the company declined to pay dividends on its yearly profits. Needed improvements and developments in the city of Sanford during the late 1880s sapped much of the company's income. Following Henry Sanford's death in 1891, many of the investors lost the motivation to continue. On September 15, 1892, the various directors acted to dissolve the company. Its assets, including roughly 65,000 acres of Florida land, were divided among shareholders.
Contributor
<a href="http://www.sanfordfl.gov/index.aspx?page=456" target="_blank">Sanford Museum</a>
Provenance
<span>Collection dontated to the </span><a href="http://www.chs.org/" target="_blank">Connecticut Historical Society</a><span> after 1901.</span>
<span>Collection loaned to the </span><a href="http://www.tn.gov/tsla/" target="_blank">Tennessee State Library and Archives</a><span> for processing until June 1, 1960.</span>
<span>Collection acquired by the General Henry S. Sanford Memorial Library, </span><a href="http://www.sanfordfl.gov/index.aspx?page=456" target="_blank">Sanford Museum</a><span> in 1960.</span>
Rights Holder
<span>The displayed collection items are housed at the General Henry S. Sanford Memorial Library, </span><a href="http://www.sanfordfl.gov/index.aspx?page=456" target="_blank">Sanford Museum</a><span> in Sanford, Florida. Rights to these items belong to the said institution, and therefore inquiries about items should be directed there. </span><a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a><span> has obtained permission from the </span><a href="http://www.sanfordfl.gov/index.aspx?page=456" target="_blank">Sanford Museum</a><span> to display this item for educational purposes only.</span>
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Original Format
3-page handwritten letter
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
Letter from William MacKinnon to Henry Shelton Sanford (June 9, 1879)
Alternative Title
MacKinnon to Sanford (June 9, 1879)
Subject
MacKinnon, William, 1823-1893
Sanford, Henry Shelton, 1823-1891
Description
A letter from Sir William MacKinnon (1823-1893) to Henry Shelton Sanford (1823-1891) dated June 9, 1879. The letter indicated MacKinnon's upcoming travel plans and his interest in speaking with Sanford in greater detail about an unspecified matter. He also provided an update on the acquisition and transportation of four elephants to East Africa. The elephants were meant to aid a Belgian team tasked with exploring East Africa on behalf of King Leopold II of Belgium. The elephants were bought by the Belgian king and shipped from British India. In the letter, MacKinnon noted that he had received a telegram "from Aden" informing him of the safe arrival and landing of the elephants. Aden is a seaport in present-day Yemen. At the time, it was controlled by Britain and administered as part of British India. It was of roughly equal distance between Mumbai, Zanzibar, and the Suez Canal, all of which were important destinations of British shipping routes. MacKinnon added in the letter that he had not heard whether the elephants had subsequently landed safely in Zanzibar, although the carrier had since returned to Aden from its voyage. MacKinnon noted that his "part of the work connected with this experiment is now completed successfully," adding his support for the future success of the expedition. <br /><br />Sir William MacKinnon was a Scottish ship-owner and businessman who established significant trade networks and commercial interests in British India and later in East Africa. Among other business ventures, he founded the British India Steam Navigation Company and the short-lived Imperial British East Africa Company. During his lifetime, he was one of the leading ship-owners in the British Empire. By the 1880s, he controlled more shipping tonnage than any other individual in Britain.<br /><br />MacKinnon met Henry Shelton Sanford sometime in the late 1870s and the two began corresponding regularly in 1879. MacKinnon's interest in Sanford stemmed from the former American ambassador's close proximity to King Leopold II (1835-1909) of Belgium and the Brussels inner-circle of businessmen, politicians, and diplomats. Sanford, living in a château in Brussels, provided a valuable lifeline for MacKinnon, who sought Belgian business connections to support his expanding commercial ventures, particularly in East Africa. He was a vital factor in the formation of the Florida Land and Colonization Company (FLCC), going so far as to lend Sanford £8,000 in early January 1880. He also played an essential role in helping Sanford court early participants in the investment plan. Many of the board members of the FLCC, like Edwyn Sandys Dawes (1838-1903), were close associates of MacKinnon. With his business ventures strongly tied to British and Belgian development schemes in Africa, MacKinnon had no ostensible interest in Florida land investment. His participation in Sanford's Florida ambitions was thus directly linked to his interest in maintaining strong relations with Sanford and his valuable connections in Belgium.
Type
Text
Source
Original letter from William MacKinnon to Henry Shelton Sanford, June 9, 1879: box 127, folder 2, subfolder 127.2.6, Henry Shelton Sanford Papers, General Henry S. Sanford Memorial Library, <a href="http://www.sanfordfl.gov/index.aspx?page=456" target="_blank">Sanford Museum</a>, Sanford, Florida.
Requires
<a href="http://www.adobe.com/reader.html" target="_blank">Adobe Acrobat Reader</a>
Is Part Of
Box 127, folder 2, Henry Shelton Sanford Papers, General Henry S. Sanford Memorial Library, <a href="http://www.sanfordfl.gov/index.aspx?page=456" target="_blank">Sanford Museum</a>, Sanford, Florida.
Is Format Of
Digital reproduction of original letter from William MacKinnon to Henry Shelton Sanford, June 9, 1879.
Coverage
London, England, United Kingdom
Aden, Yemen
Zanzibar, Tanzania
Creator
MacKinnon, William
Date Created
1879-06-09
Format
application/pdf
Extent
263 KB
Medium
3-page handwritten letter
Language
eng
Mediator
History Teacher
Economics Teacher
Provenance
Originally created by William MacKinnon.
Donated to the <a href="http://www.chs.org/" target="_blank">Connecticut Historical Society</a> after 1901.
Loaned to the <a href="http://www.tn.gov/tsla/" target="_blank">Tennessee State Library and Archives</a> for processing until June 1, 1960.
Acquired by the General Henry S. Sanford Memorial Library, <a href="http://www.sanfordfl.gov/index.aspx?page=456" target="_blank">Sanford Museum</a> in 1960.
Rights Holder
The displayed collection item is housed at the General Henry S. Sanford Memorial Library, <a href="http://www.sanfordfl.gov/index.aspx?page=456" target="_blank">Sanford Museum</a> in Sanford, Florida. Rights to this item belong to the said institution, and therefore inquiries about the item should be directed there. <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> has obtained permission from the <a href="http://www.sanfordfl.gov/index.aspx?page=456" target="_blank">Sanford Museum</a> to display this item for educational purposes only.
Accrual Method
Donation
Curator
Fedorka, Drew M.
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Source Repository
<a href="http://www.sanfordfl.gov/index.aspx?page=456" target="_blank">Sanford Museum</a>
External Reference
Fry, Joseph A. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8475473" target="_blank"><em>Henry S. Sanford: Diplomacy and Business in Nineteenth-Century America</em></a>. Reno, NV: University of Nevada Press, 1982.
Hochschild, Adam. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39042794" target="_blank"><em>King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa</em></a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1998.
Munro, J. Forbes. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57653564"><em>Maritime Enterprise and Empire: Sir William MacKinnon and His Business Network, 1823-1893</em></a>. Rochester, NY: Boydell Press, 2003.
Munro, J. Forbes. “"<a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/772540825" target="_blank">Shipping Subsidies and Railway Guarantees</a>" <em>The Journal of African History</em> 28, no. 2 (1987): 209-230.
Boulger, Demetrius Charles. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2129362"><em>The Congo State or, the Growth of Civilization in Central Africa</em></a>. London: Thacker, 1898.
Aden, Yemen
expeditions
Indian elephants
MacKinnon, William
Sanford, Henry Shelton
shipping
Zanzibar, Tanzania