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https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/3da2cef58471c6e942834f73448816cb.mp3
4e82a1f35c2e960aedcffe0ff393d822
https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/c082f79011d3bb6dc365c694170b623e.pdf
cd9bc9537642de3a8bd248b0ed3a2661
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
Jared Muha Collection
Subject
Lake Apopka (Fla.)
Agriculture--Florida
Migrant labor
Apopka (Fla.)
Description
A collection of oral history interviews conducted by Jared Muha.
Creator
Muha, Jared
Publisher
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank"> RICHES</a>
Rights Holder
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank"> RICHES</a>
Curator
Cravero, Geoffrey
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank"> RICHES MI</a>
Oral History
A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
Oral Memoirs of Jeannie Economos
Alternative Title
Oral History, Economos
Subject
Lake Apopka (Fla.)
Apopka (Fla.)
Migrant labor
Agriculture--Florida
Description
An oral history interview of Jeannie Economos, the Pesticide Safety and Environmental Health Project Coordinator at the Farmworker Association of Florida (FAF), who also worked as Lake Apopka Project Coordinator for the FAF, as well as for non-profit organizations such as the Audubon Society and Save the Manatee Club. The interview was conducted by Jared Muha at the FAF in Apopka on December 10, 2014. Topics discussed in the interview include a summary of her career, the Lake Apopka Project versus the Lake Apopka Restoration Act of 1996, the Farmworker Association of Florida, pesticide health and safety, common environmental challenges facing farmworkers, the necessity of farmworkers, the evolution of farmworkers, African-American farmworkers in Apopka, the shutdown of Lake Apopka, effects of the shutdown on African-American farmworkers, the influx of Hispanic farmworkers, and the future of farm labor in the United States.
Table Of Contents
0:00:00 Introduction<br /> 0:01:16 Lake Apopka Project and the Lake Apopka Restoration Act of 1996<br /> 0:02:52 Farmworker Association of Florida<br /> 0:04:57 Pesticide health and safety<br /> 0:06:01 Common environmental challenges facing farmworkers<br /> 0:08:48 Necessity and evolution of the FAF<br /> 0:13:15 Ethnic makeup and race relations among farmworkers in Apopka<br /> 0:24:47 Shutdown of Lake Apopka<br /> 0:32:18 Replacing African-American workers with Hispanic workers<br /> 0:38:32 Remembering farmworkers<br /> 0:46:45 The future of farm labor<br /> 0:50:59 Closing remarks
Abstract
Oral history interview of Jeannie Economos. Interview conducted by Jared Muha in Apopka, Florida, on December 10, 2014.
Type
Sound
Source
Economos, Jeannie. Interviewed by Jared Muha, December 10, 2014. Audio record available. <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES</a>, Orlando, Florida.
Requires
Multimedia software, such as <a href="http://www.apple.com/quicktime/download/" target="_blank"> QuickTime</a>.
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/53" target="_blank">Apopka Collection</a>, Orange County Collection, RICHES.
Has Format
Digital transcript of original 54-minute and 55-second oral history: Economos, Jeannie. Interviewed by Jared Muha. Audio record available. <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank"> RICHES</a>, Orlando, Florida.
Coverage
Farmworker Association of Florida, Apopka, Florida
Hawthorne Village, Apopka, Florida
Lake Apopka, Florida
Creator
Economos, Jeannie
Muha, Jared
Publisher
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank"> RICHES</a>
Contributor
Cravero, Geoffrey
Date Created
2014-12-10
Date Copyrighted
2014-12-10
Format
audio/mp3
application/pdf
Extent
50.2 MB
Medium
54-minute and 55-second audio recording
24-page digital transcript
Language
eng
Mediator
History Teacher
Civics/ Government Teacher
Economics Teacher
Provenance
Originally created by Jeannie Economos and Jared Muha, and transcribed by Geoffrey Cravero.
Rights Holder
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank"> RICHES</a>
Accrual Method
Donation
Curator
Cravero, Geoffrey
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank"> RICHES MI</a>
External Reference
Palm, Matthew P. "<a href="http://www.orlandosentinel.com/health/os-last-harvest-crealde-school-20140819-story.html" target="_blank">Crealde School's 'Last Harvest' exhibit in Winter Garden</a>." <em>The Orlando Sentinel</em>, August 20, 2014. Accessed June 13, 2016. http://www.orlandosentinel.com/health/os-last-harvest-crealde-school-20140819-story.html.
Ailworth, Erin. "<a href="http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2007-01-18/news/MHAWTHORNE18_1_lonnie-jackson-hawthorne-south-apopka" target="_blank">Displaced from Hawthorne Village, families struggle to weave new lives</a>." <em>The Orlando Sentinel</em>, January 18, 2007. Accessed June 13, 2016. http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2007-01-18/news/MHAWTHORNE18_1_lonnie-jackson-hawthorne-south-apopka.
Wilson, Becky. "<a href="http://www.gainesvilleiguana.org/2015/articles/linda-lee-a-voice-for-lake-apopka-farmworkers/" target="_blank">Linda Lee: A Voice for Lake Apopka Farmworkers</a>." <em>The Gainesville Iguana</em>, October 15, 2015. Accessed June 13, 2016.
Slongwhite, Dale Finley, and Jeannie Economos. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/857802909" target="_blank"><em>Fed Up: The High Costs of Cheap Food</em></a>. 2014.
Comas, Martin E. "<a href="http://www.orlandosentinel.com/health/os-apopka-farmworkers-lupus-20150918-story.html" target="_blank">Sick Apopka farmworkers hope for major study of their illnesses</a>." <em>The Orlando Sentinel</em>, September 19, 2015. Accessed May 25 ,2016. http://www.orlandosentinel.com/health/os-apopka-farmworkers-lupus-20150918-story.html.
Giagnoni, Silvia. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/715188868" target="_blank"><em>Fields of Resistance The Struggle of Florida's Farmworkers for Justice</em></a>. Chicago, Ill: Haymarket Books, 2011.
Rothenberg, Daniel. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38475492" target="_blank"><em>With These Hands: The Hidden World of Migrant Farmworkers Today</em></a>. New York: Harcourt Brace & Co, 1998.
McCauley, Linda A., Michael R. Lasarev, Gregory Higgins, Joan Rothlein, Juan Muniz, Caren Ebbert, and Jackie Phillips. "<a href="http://resolver.flvc.org/ucf?sid=google&auinit=LA&aulast=McCauley&atitle=Work+characteristics+and+pesticide+exposures+among+migrant+agricultural+families:+a+community-based+research+approach.&id=pmid:11401767" target="_blank">Work Characteristics and Pesticide Exposures among Migrant Agricultural Families: A Community-Based Research Approach</a>." <em>Environmental Health Perspectives</em>, Vol. 109, No. 5. (May, 2001): 533-538.
Das, Rupali, Andrea Steege, Sherry Baron, John Beckman, and Robert Harrison. "<a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/107735201800339272" target="_blank">Pesticide-related Illness among Migrant Farm Workers in the United States</a>." <em>International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health</em>, Vol. 7, Issue 4 (2001): 303-312.
Transcript
Muha
This is Jared Muha on December 10th, 2014, with Jeannie Economos at the Farmworker Association of Florida. So, Jeannie, uh, do you wanna start by, uh, telling us who you are and a little bit about yourself?
Economos
Sure, my name is Jeannie Economos. I, um, am the Pesticide Safety and Environmental Health Project Coordinator here at the Farmworker Association of Florida. I’ve been in this position since 2007. Um, I came back to work at the Farmworker Association in 2006, um, and in 2006, I was working on immigration issues, um, but prior to that, from, um, 1996 until 2001, I worked at the farmworker association as the Lake Apopka Project Coordinator, um, and prior to that, um, I’ve spent the last—since—well, the last 30 years, um, working for non-profit organizations on everything from the Audubon Society and Save the Manatee Club, um, to the farmworker association and the botanical gardens, but my passion is environmental justice and social justice, and I—and I worked on Indian rights issues, uh, for a while also, as a volunteer.
Muha
Great, thank you.
Economos
Mmhmm.
Muha
Um, I—I heard you mention the Lake Apopka w—w—can you say that one more time? The Lake Apopka Project?
Economos
Well, um, it—we didn’t have an official name, but, um, when I began in 1996—um, that was before the farms closed on Lake Apopka—when the State of Florida passed the, uh, Lake Apopka Restoration Act of 1996, which was, um, the, um—the legislation that gave the [St. Johns River] Water Management District the authority to buy out the farms on the north shore of Lake Apopka. So the farmworker association began work on trying to address the issues of the farmworkers related to this proposed buyout. Initially, we actually tried to stop the State [of Florida] from—before the legislation was passed, we tried to stop the state from buying the farmland, and tried to, um, get a coalition of groups together to, uh, support sustainable agriculture instead. That didn’t work. Um, the state bought out the farms, um, and so, from ‘96 to ‘98, we tried to get programs for the farmworkers, um, and then after the farms closed, we were doing, um, disaster control—trying to get housing and food for people—before we learned about the serious contamination and health issues. Um, so—um, so—yeah—so I was the Lake Apopka Project Coordinator from ’96 to 2001.
Muha
Great, thank you.
Economos
Mmhmm.
Muha
Okay, um, so I’d like to start by just asking about, um, farmworker association much more broadly.
Economos
Mmhmm.
Muha
Um, so can you just tell us broadly what the Farmworker Association of Florida is and what it does?
Economos
Well, it would take a long time to tell you everything that we do. Um, we were founded in 1983, uh, incorporated in 1986, expanded statewide in 1992. Um, we do a lot of things. I guess our two main focuses over the past, um, 30 years, um, have been immigrants’ rights and, um, pesticide health and safety. Um, we do lots of other things, too, which would take a long time to say, including things like wage theft, disaster, um, education and response, um, civic participation, um, housing. We did housing for a while, but, basically, I think the best way to describe our organization is that we are very grassroots. Um, our Board of Directors are[sic] almost all current or former farmworkers. The head of the organization is a former farmworker. We have leadership committees of farmworkers in each of the areas where we have an office, and we’re—we really feel that we are run by the grassroots. We are not top-down, we’re bottom-up. Um, even though we work on, uh, individual, local, state, regional, national, and international issues, we’re really driven by our base, which is—are—which are the farmworkers in each of the areas, and I think that’s the beauty of our organization. That’s why—one of the things that I feel so strongly about is that we are a really, um, you know—we—we—we offer services to farmworkers, like we help people fill out food stamp applications and unemployment. So we do help people on an individual level, but we’re not a service organization. Our—our—our goals are to change policy and empower farmworkers to become agents of social change.
Muha
Oh[?].
Economos
Mmhmm.
Muha
And—and you mentioned earlier that your role has been in pesticide health and safety.
Economos
Yes, yes.
Muha
Mmhmm.
Economos
Um, and so that entails a lot…
Muha
[clears throat].
Economos
Of different things. Um, it—we—we have a training for farmworkers to train them about pesticide health and safety, um, and we train a minimum of 500 farmworkers every year in Florida, um, and that—we have five offices in the state, so that’s about a hundred workers in each area. Um, we also train healthcare providers on how to identify, treat, diagnose, and report pesticide-related illnesses. We file complaints when there are violations of regulations in the workplace, um, and we work on pesticide policy issues. We try and[sic] change pesticide policy at the state level and at the national level, and—and we work internationally too with Pesticide Action Network. Um, so I could go on, but that’s [laughs]—gives you a little overview of it.
Muha
Great. Well, thank you.
Economos
Mmhmm.
Muha
Um, so—and—and I know this—this might be a challenging one to—to do briefly, but do it in whatever length you’d like. Um, so can you speak to, um, you know, environmental harms that farmworkers are—are commonly exposed, uh, to and—and—and why that’s important?
Economos
Um, a lot of farmworker organizations—well, first of all, there aren’t many farmworker organizations, but the ones that do exist, um, are often times focused on wages, um, because farmworkers are low on the totem pole. They get very poor wages, um, and some of them are focused on other kinds [sic]—kinds of abuse, like labor camps and things like that, um, but, uh, um, pesticides are really harmful to farmworkers’ health, and scientific studies over the past seven to eight years have increasingly showed[sic] that pesticide exposure can harm the second generation and the third generation of farmworkers, and they can also have—in the past, um, farmworker organizations were focused on acute effects of pesticide exposure, like, um, you know, farmworkers in the field vomiting or—or passing out or whatever from pesticides, but we know more and more now about long term effects of pesticide exposure, um, and farmworkers standards. Um, they’re, um—they are, um, under the [Agricultural] Worker Protection Standard of the Environmental Protection Agency, and those standards are lower—less than the OSHA regulations that protect workers from chemicals[sic] exposures in other kinds of industries. So, um, it’s vitally important, because these people are making money for the owners of the industry. Whether they’re a small grower or a large grower, industry could not operate without the workers, and yet, the workers are risking their health and their lives and that of their families by being exposed to pesticides on a regular basis, and we should all care because we’re all human, but we should also all care because it affects our food and our environment, and what happens to the least of us happens to the—to all of us. So it’s, uh, critically important, um, and I could go on, but I won’t [laughs].
are the invisible ones. They are, um, treated like workhorses, not like people, um, andthey are not afforded the same protections—health and safety protections—that other workers are protected under OSHA1 standards. Um, they’re, um—they are, um,under the [Agricultural]Worker Protection Standard of the Environmental Protection Agency,and those standards are lower—less than the OSHA regulations that protect workers from chemicals[sic]exposures in other kinds of industries. So, um, it’s vitally important,because these people are making money for the owners of the industry. Whether they’re a small grower or a large grower, industry could not operate without the workers,and yet, the workers are risking their health and their lives and that of their families by being exposed to pesticides on a regular basis, and we should all care because we’re all human, but we should also all care because it affects our food and our environment, and what happens to the least of us happens to the—to all of us. So it’s, uh, critically important, um, and I could go on, but I won’t [laughs].
Muha
Good, thank you.
Um, so why do you think there’s a need for an organization like Farmworkers Association of Florida?
Economos
Um, well,let me just give you a little example. We do pesticide trainings, as I mentioned earlier, and we have five offices in the state, so we tend to work with farmworkers in the counties in the areas where we have offices. A few years ago,we ended—started going to different areas, like Wimauma and Wahneta and Winter Haven, where there’s farmworker populations—migrants—and there is no farmworker organization there as a support for them, and when we have gone and done pesticide trainings in those areas,we’ve seen a huge difference. The level of education of the—of—or—or knowledge—not education—the level of knowledge of the workers of their rights and about pesticide exposure is much less, and we have gone and done trainings in areas where there was no farmworker organization presence,and the people have begged us—after an hour and a half or two hour training, they’ve begged us not to leave. They’ve begged us to come back, and, to me, that says it all, because even if we don’t touch farmworkers directly—for example, here in the Apopka area—even if we don’t touch them directly, what we are doing here, by osmosis, gets out into the broader community, and it raises people’s level of understanding of their rights, it raises their understanding of the risks in their workplace, um, and people know that they can come here for things like help with wage theft and things like that.So, um, not only do I feel that, you know—I see what—what we do here every day, but also, having gone to these other areas and seen the difference in the level of, um, information that the people have. It’s really been a stark contrast. So that to me justis—says it all.
Muha
Well, thank you.
Economos
Mmhmm.
Muha
So you mentioned that, um, Farmworkers Association was founded in—in 1983. Uh, can you speak to—and I know you’ve—you’ve been involved since the ‘90s—but can you speak to how you think it’s changed since its founding?
Economos
Yeah, um…
Muha
[clears throat].
Economos
I mean, we have expanded, um, statewide. I think one of the biggest things—I mean, we—lots of things have changed, but I think one of the biggest things that, um, I’ve seen change is our, um, deeper connection to, understanding of, and action on a global level—an international level. So, um, while we continue to be very grassroots, we work in coalition with groups like Pesticide Action Network International, La Via Campesina, uh, Domestic Fair Trade Association, and other organizations like that, um, that, um, make us, um, connect what we’re doing at the local level to much bigger, broader global, um, trends, policies, um, actions, um, multinational corporations and how they’re affecting things at the local level. So I think we’re much more involved in that, and I think that helps, uh, eh, reinforce what we’re doing locally, but also, um, moves us to a different level where we can, eh, rather than just trying to get a—a particular nursery or farm to pay their workers better or to, you know, um, stop using or—or exposing their workers, we’re looking at it on a much more global level. That it’s systemic—not just systemic in the United States, but systemic globally, because of transnational corporations and how they’re affecting governments, and, you know, international trade agreements. So I think that that’s really significant and that helps inform the work that we do locally by having that big, broad national perspective and working in coalitions, uh, nationally and internationally.
Muha
Okay, great. Thank you. Um, so having spoken now for, uh, about 13 and half minutes, um, I haven’t yet, uh, heard about, um, farmworkers’ role in—in black community—and bl—black farmworkers. So I’d like to ask about that if you don’t mind.
Economos
Mmhmm.
Muha
Um, so what has been your role, um, in the lives of former black farmworkers in Apopka?
Economos
Well, um, we, eh—we used to have, um, an African-American, um, organizer with the farmworker association, um, and for two reasons—one, we no longer had funding for the Lake Apopka Project, um, and also, the African-American
organizer that we had became very sick. We don’t have an African-American organizer in our organization right now, um, but because I’ve been working with the farmworker community on Lake Apopka since 1996, even though I was gone for a few years and came back, um, you know, I—and since Lake Apopka is my passion, I have become the African-American farmworker organizer for the farmworker association, and, um, th—uh, the people know me and we have a long-term relationship and the African Americans in this community, um, know that—they trust me I hope—I think. I like to believe that they do, um, and, um—and they know that, um, I really care about them on an individual level, but I care about the cause too.
Maybe I should start by saying that, um, when the farms on Lake Apopka were operating, um, there were, um, mostly Haitian, Hispanic, and African-American farmworkers. I know I might be jumping ahead on your questions, but, um—but, um—and, uh—when—by the time the farms closed in 1998, the majority of farmworkers on Lake Apopka, at that time, were Hispanic. Uh, the Haitians that worked on Lake Apopka were mostly migrants that would come up from South Florida, harvest corn, and then travel the seasons. Um, there were some Haitians that were more permanent, or seasonal residents here, but a lot of the Haitians that worked on the farms were migrant. Um, a lot of the Hispanics were seasonal, so they were here eight, nine, ten months out of the year. Some of them were here permanently all year-round, because Lake Apopka had such a long growing season, okay? Um, the African- American community was older, uh, in general, um, on Lake Apopka and smaller, um, in—in—in—in terms of numbers, um, and because a lot of them were older, a lot of them worked in the packing houses. Um, even though some of them still worked out in the fields, a lot of the older women worked in the packing houses, so they could sit during the day and help grade—you know, grade the—the product as it came through.
Um, so when the farms closed on Lake Apopka, a lot of the Hispanics were absorbed—were younger, uh, in general. This is, you know, a generalization. Um, a lot of them were either able to move to other areas to work or they were absorbed in other kinds of industries, like the nursery industry or construction or laying sod, but the African Americans, because they were older, um, because they didn’t know anything else but farm work, um, they pretty much, um, got left behind, and so, um, when I came back, um, after being gone for several years, um, I wanted to make sure that the Lake Apopka story didn’t get lost, and so I began working with mostly the African-American farmworker community to keep the Lake Apopka story alive. Most of the Hispanics, um, again, were not, um, um, as interested in continuing the Lake Apop—there were a few. Um, uh, a couple of them moved away, um, but the African Americans really feel like their story needs to be told, because today, if you talk to people about farmworkers, you know—there’s other farmworker organization that seem to be all focused on Hispanic farmworkers. If you talked—if you talk to people about farmworkers, they think, Oh, Hispanics, Mexicans, okay? Well the African Americans feel upset about that, okay? Because they say, “Wait a minute. We’re farmworkers. We were farmworkers here before the Hispanics were here,” and this is not to be, you know—to—to, uh—to pit—to pit the races against each other by any means. It’s just that that that history needs to be captured and not lost, and I know that the farm—the African-American farmworkers that I work with feel very strongly about that, um. Because I feel like I work for them, I feel very strongly about that, um, and because what I have read, not that I’m the most well-read person in the world, but, um, I haven’t seen anything in Florida history. I’ve seen like—like, um, peripheral references in other books, like you’ll read books about, you know, uh, discrimination against blacks in Florida…
Muha
[clears throat].
Economos
And there might be a reference to, um, oh, um, “It—it happened in an orange grove,” or, oh, um, “and he was an orange picker,” but I have not seen anything that has really talked about, specifically, the role of African-American farmworkers in Florida history. I haven’t seen it anywhere. I don’t know. Did I answer your question? I kind of…
Muha
Absolutely.
Economos
Okay.
Muha
Not a problem. Well, so you said a few things that I—I want to pick up on later, if you don’t mind, um—or expand on later, um, and I’ll—I’ll ask about that, um, but I—I would like to, um—to—to return to—to your role, um, within black farmworker communities, um, and then I’ll—I’ll—I’ll come back to—to s—a few things you mentioned, uh, about memorialization of—of, um, black farm labor in Florida and, um, some perspectives and what have you. Um, so, um, you mentioned that you’re currently the person that acts as like, um, a liaison between the farmworker association and—and former black farmworkers. Um, so I’d like to know—I mean, it—is—is that—well, so—so is your work then centered around, um, their lives as it pertains to employment or their role in the community? Or, like, what—what do—what do you do, um, with them?
Economos
Well first of all, I wouldn’t use the word “liaison.”
Muha
Oh.
Economos
Because, um, we actually—it can—we have, um, what we call “leadership committees,” and so, um, because our—our office in Apopka has a Hispanic, a Haitian…
Muha
[clears throat].
Economos
And a[sic] African-American leadership committee, s o I call the—the African Americans that I work with mostly, um, are key people—are leadership committee. So they’re actually part of the organization.
Muha
Okay.
Economos
Um, so, um, um, yeah, so I—I would put it in—in those kinds of terms. Um, uh—initially, um—well, we have tried everything over the years, in terms of the Lake Apopka farmworkers, um, and initially, it was not just African Americans, it was all the farmworkers. I—you know, we—we talked about trying to get class-action lawsuits to address the health issues of the farmworkers. That didn’t work. Um, we tried to get, um, funding, uh, from the National Institutes of Health to do, um, a[sic] scientific studies where we can actually test the blood of farmworkers, and that wasn’t just His—uh, African-American, but all Lake Apopka farmworkers—to look at, uh, levels of pesticides in their body to see if, you know—to—to identify that as a problem. That didn’t work. We’ve tried—we did a health survey, um, actually Geraldine [Matthew], an African-American farmworker who was a staff member here, did a survey in 2005 of about 150 mostly African-American farmworkers, ‘cause they were still here. That didn’t get any traction. So basically, what my position in—in—has evolved into, I guess, since everything else has not gotten anywhere, is to keep the legacy alive…
Economos
And to tell their stories.
Muha
[inaudible].
Economos
Because I feel like that’s what they want, that’s what I want to see happen, that’s what they deserve.
Muha
Mmhmm.
Economos
So that’s kind of what my role has evolved into. Um, the book, Fed Up [: The High Costs of Cheap Food], that was published as way to keep those stories alive. Talking to you [laughs] is a way to do that too. Um, the quilts is[sic] a way to try and do that. Um, you know, um, hopefully, we’re gonna have an iTunes film, um, so those are some things that we’ve done, but kind of an answer to your question, um— most of the people that I work with are too old and too sick. They’re—I shouldn’t say “too old,” because Geraldine [Matthew] and Linda [Lee] are my age, you know, and I’m still working, but most of the people I work with are on disability [benefits].
Muha
Mmhmm.
Economos
They’re not even—some of them are over 65, but a lot of them aren’t over 65, but they’re sick. So they—so it’s not in terms of trying to get anybody any jobs because they can’t work, and that says a lot to me, um, but, um—so it’s not in terms of getting jobs. um, it’s mostly to keep the legacy alive, but at the same time, you know, they’ve become friends. I’m close to ‘em. It’s personal, you know? So I do things like take food to Geraldine when she’s on dialysis and she doesn’t have anything to eat and she has nobody to help her, or I’ll—Um, so it’s a, you know—it’s a commitment, and it’s become personal. I care about ‘em.
Linda has a problem with her—this county trying to—code enforcement trying to cite her house because of her roof. So we’re trying to help her, uh, get the right paperwork to get her roof fixed. So, um, I mean,it ends up, um, you know, for our community, and that’s what it’s all about is really feeling like a community, and that’s how you build trust, you know? Um, they call me on the weekends to see how I’m doing. I call them, you know? Its, uh—um, we took a field trip to St.Augustine because they had a—an exhibit on 500 years of African-American history in the United States. We were gonna take a field trip this weekend to the Harry T. Moore museum.2 Um, so it’s a, you know—it’s a commitment, and it’s become personal. I care about ‘em.
Muha
Thank you. Appreciate that.
Economos
Mmhmm.
Muha
[clears throat] So—and, again, I—I do—a lot of what you said I do want to ask about later. Um, but, um, just to—so I’m clear, um, most farmworkers, uh, or former farmworkers from your observation, if I understand correctly, um, you know, after—after the shutdown of Lake Apopka, what did they do?I mean,from your observation, it seems like you’re saying most of them didn’t return to—to any jobs or…
Economos
Well, so that’s a long story too.Right after the farms closed it’s a—I’ll try to do this short—um, th—there was a thing called the Jobs and Education Partnership and they set up this outreach thing for—I think it lasted a year and a half maybe—to try and do retraining of farmworkers, to try and offer them classes, to try and get them other jobs. Um, it was real mess. It was for all f—not just for African Americans. I mean, like—like part of it was English classes for Hispanics. Um, it was pretty unsuccessful. Some farmworkers, like Linda Lee’s sister,Margie, got a job at a nursery. This was before the [Great] Recession happened in the, you know—a few years ago.3 This was at the boom of building and construction and nurseries and stuff, So some of them did get other jobs for a period of time, but most of the African Americans—again, most of the Hispanics and Haitians were absorbed, so, um, they eventually settled out into something—most of them—a lot of them.
Muha
Mmhmm.
Economos
Most of the African Americans got left behind.Geraldine always talks about how, um, “I don’t know what happened, but after the farms closed, people started getting[phone rings]sick and started dying.”
[phone rings]
Economos
And I know from I own experience, sometimes, you know, when you’re, you know…
[phone rings]
Economos
If you’re not active, you know, you—you start to get depressed and you, you know—and people had this—they had to go to work every day and they probably didn’t have time to even think about their healthcare, but a—after the farms closed, a lot of people did start getting sick. A lot of them were sick beforehand, um, like Linda Lee had, you know, a kidney transplant beforehand. Some of them were absorbed for a little while in other jobs, but most of them were older and not in the best of health and didn’t last very long.
Muha
Hm.
Economos
Um, but some of them were already on disability.
Muha
Mmhmm.
Economos
Um, so, um, I don’t know of many that got jobs in farm work. Um, Magaline[sp] was smart. She got out early, before the farms closed, and got a job as a janitor in a school, and worked there up until about a year ago, um, but the ones that stayed in farm work, most of them, um, didn’t know anything else, um, didn’t really get plugged into anything else in terms of a job and/or, you know, were sick and really couldn’t—couldn’t get out there in the world, but had serious health problems. So, yeah.
Muha
Thank you. Um, so, okay—so what I’d like to ask, um—right. Okay, so I’d like to ask, um—and this might be a—a difficult question to—to answer, but, I mean, so, since the—the shutdown of m—most Lake Apopka farms, w—what has been the most dramatic change that you’ve noticed in the lives of—of the former farmworkers who are black?
Economos
Um, I think—well, uh, I think that there’s been a little bit of—there’s been a little bit of dissolution of community. So, um—for example, um, the African-American community in this area are [sic] not what you would traditionally think of, because they are very settled here. Um, there might be two or three or four generations. A lot of them might have come here—their parents or grandparents might have come here in the ’30s and ‘40s. Well, probably I should say ‘40s, because that’s when the farms started on Lake Apopka, okay? And so, w—they—whereas the Hispanics came later, like in the ‘60s and then again a wave in the ‘80s, um, the African Americans were here much longer. Um, there was some public housing, subsidized housing, USDA4 housing for farmworkers. It was called Hawthorne Village. When the farms closed on Lake Apopka—you could only live there if you had so much of your income from farm work. That included nurseries, okay? When the farms closed on Lake Apopka, the African Americans that lived in Hawthorne Village, like Louisee [sp] and other people, uh, Angela Tanner, they were no longer working in farms, so they couldn’t, um, record that…
Muha
[clears throat].
Economos
“I get this much money from farm work.” They couldn’t live there anymore. They had to go find someplace else to live. Some of them had to go find rental housing, and it wasn’t subsidized, so it was too much money for ‘em. Um, some of them had to go live with family members. Then they finally closed down Hawthorne Village completely. They tore it down, ‘cause [sic] it was in bad shape. Those African-American f—farm—former farmworkers ended up having to go to Lake City, so, some—so, it—it did affect some of the—a little bit—there’s still quite a bit of community cohesion, okay? ‘Cause [sic] some people like Linda and Geraldine and Betty and Irma are, you know—own their own homes, okay? But it did separate some families because of that. So some families had to leave the area, um, because of the housing issues. Some of the younger ones—because there was no more work here—did have to leave and find work other places. So it did affect the community, in that sense, and then, it also affected the community because I think when people weren’t working, again, you have issues of, you know, people being depressed because they can’t work, financial problems because they’re not working. Um, some people were sick, but they just kept working, and then they had to try to get on disability, and if they were under 60, they had to wait two or three years. Oh, it was terrible. Some of them had to wait—uh, you know, in the meantime, while you’re waiting to get on disability, even though you’re on, you know—you have all kinds of health problems. Um, how do you survive in the meantime, you know? You’re not old enough to get Social Security, you know, you’re not well enough to work, so you’re in this limbo. How—so it did cause a lot of financial problems for people. Like I said, when the farms first closed on Lake Apopka, we weren’t thinking about health then. We were just thinking about trying to get people, you know, housing and jobs and food and furniture and a place, you know, uh—just real immediate needs.
Muha
Yeah.
Economos
Um, so, yeah, but long term, I think, uh, the health issue is the biggest—biggest thing.
Muha
Okay, thank you.
Economos
Mmhmm.
Muha
Appreciate that.
Economos
Mmhmm.
Muha
Um, okay, and so—so—and—okay. So next one I’d like to ask—I mean, you mentioned a couple times a difference between, um
[phone rings]
Muha
How the shutdown affected…
[phone rings]
Muha
Hispanic farmworkers and how it affected black farmworkers in—in Florida. So I’d like to ask
[phone rings]
Muha
A little bit about, I guess, a shift that occurred, um, on farms in—in Florida and—and specifically in Apopka, um, and—and what you mentioned, you said that there were, uh, waves of—of Hispanic immigrants in the ‘60s and ‘80s, as…
Economos
Mmhmm.
Muha
As you perceived it.
Economos
Right. Mmhmm, mmhmm.
Muha
Um, so the thing[?] that I’d like to ask—so why do you—why do you think that—that that shift took place, eh, eh, from—in our opinion. Um, was it growers’ preferencing [sic] Hispanic farmworkers? What do you think…
Economos
Well, I think…
Muha
The reason…
Economos
It was several things. Um, one is I think the Civil Rights Act—the passage of the Civil Rights Act in 1964 was one influence, because, um, after that, um, blacks had more opportunities to, um, get out of farm work and get into other kinds of jobs, um, and the younger generation of, uh, African Americans—this next generation—wasn’t, um, subject to the same Jim Crow—not that it didn’t still happen, especially in Apopka, um—but, legally, it wasn’t supposed to happen. So the second generation, um—whereas for example—I’m jumping around—but, like, um, Linda’s parents—Linda’s grandparents were farmworkers, Linda’s parents were farmworkers, and she was a farmworker. Well, her kids didn’t have to be farmworkers. They were born after the Civil Rights Act was passed, okay? Same thing with Geraldine, same thing with Betty, you know? Their next generation, um, didn’t have to—they had more options than, um, the previous generation. So the Civil Rights Act was one thing.
The end of the Bracero Program was another thing, okay? Um, so when the Bracero Program ended, um—well, that was mostly in—that was here too, but the end of the Bracero Program, um—which brought, um, Hispanics into the United States—okay, it ended, but then the growers had an opportunity to go and get, uh, thr—without the Bracero Program to go and get cheaper labor from, you know, Mexico and bring them here to work, okay? And then, I think conditions in Mexico, um—people, you know—workers coming from Mexico, I think, um, you know, the—well, in the ‘90s, NAFTA5 made a big difference too. There was an influx of, um, farmworkers from Mexico after NAFTA, but in the ‘60s and the ‘80s, it was conditions in Mexico, it was the end of the Bracero Program, but I think it was just, you know, demographic changes. A lot of African-American farmworkers were getting older and moving out, and Linda will tell you a story about how, you know, it was mostly African-American farmworkers. She remembers one day going out to the orange groves. They would get up every morning, go to the orange groves, pick oranges, and then take the bus—you know, the crew bus back home. She said one day, they went out to the grove and there was a—as she says, a Mexican f—family there that had slept there all night long, okay? Well, the African-American farmworkers were upset, because the Hispanics that were there—and this is, you know—this is how the industry ends up causing racial divide. The Hispanics that were there all night long could pick earlier in the morning. They could stay and pick later at night, and when you’re being paid by the piece, you know, you’re not getting paid by the hour, they were able to make more money, okay?
So, um, you know, people from Mexico saw econom—economic opportunity here and they started coming here, and they kind of, you know—the—the—it—there became that clash of—and the Hispanics would work cheaper, and—and sometimes they would work faster, and part of that was because a lot—some of the African Americans were beginning to know what their rights were, um, and some of them would stand up for their rights. Whereas, the—a lot of time the Hispanics didn’t know they even had any rights, and they would put up with more abuse, and that’s—again, that’s kind of a generalization, you know? Um, but, um, G— Geral—Geraldine would s—says sometimes, you know, “Oh, I felt sorry for the Hispanics, because they would come here—s—some stuff that we wouldn’t put up with, you know, they would come and they would—they would take it.” So I think there’s [sic] lots of different factors, but I think those are some of them.
Muha
Mmhmm.
Economos
Yeah.
Muha
And then, from your observation, uh, what do you think the perception on that question of—of black farmworkers is? What do you think—do you think they would say the same?
Economos
Well that’s—like I said, a lot of that’s stuff that I’ve heard. In terms of the Civil Rights Act, that’s my perception and th—things I’ve read too, um, but in terms of some of the other things, I mean, I—I hear that directly from them, you know? That they—they have said that. That, you know—that, um, the Hispanic workers would work longer hours, they would put up with more abuse, um, sometimes they would work faster. Again, if you have—especially after the 1960s, um, if you have an aging African-American population, they might not harvest as fast. Whereas, the Hispanics coming in are younger, um, you know, and they would work faster. If you see the—and now it’s not even Mexicans as much as it is Gua—uh, you know, Guatemalans and Salvadorans. the training that we here—had here last night for the farmworker women, they were all young and they were from Guatemala, um, and they were all—I would say—20s, um, early 30s. They were young and they were all farmworkers. So, you know, I think that had a—is a factor too.
Muha
[clears throat].
Muha
Great, um, and—and then, um—following that question, um, in your experiences with former farmworkers in Apopka today, I mean, what—what stands out, uh, to you about their perspec—perspectives on farm labor? Um, given that most of them are now former farmworkers. Most of their children aren’t farmworkers. Um, what do you notice about their perspectives?
Economos
Well, I think they’re all very proud of it. Um, there are some, like Mary Tinsley, who will say, uh, “Oh, I—I used to pick oranges when I was a teenager and I never, ever wanted to do it again, so I decided to go to college and never do it again,” you know, um, but, um, her mom is proud of the work she did, you know? Betty Woods, who died last year, um, said that she loved it. She loved being a farmworker. Geraldine—she’ll say, “We fed the world.” Um, I love Geraldine. She’s so powerful, um, and they’re—they’re proud of what they did, um, and they should be. They deserve to be proud of what they did, um, and, um—and I think the ones that I—I work with, of course, probably have a higher consciousness about all of these issues, because they have been working on this, and, you know, um…
[phone rings]
Economos And have been connected with the farmworker association. We, you know, do do consciousness raising stuff, but even…
[phone rings]
Economos
When we go down to Indiantown, and the farmworkers there—the African Americans there—I think they’re proud of what they’ve done…
[phone rings]
Economos
And their contribution. Um, some of them love it. Geraldine’s really proud that she was the fastest corn packer [laughs], you know, and it was kind of competitive. Um, Linda’s proud that her father was a crew leader and he was a good crew leader…
Muha
Mmhmm.
Economos
And he treated his people well and—and, um, they have all kinds of stories. You could listen to them for hours and days and months and never get all the stories that they have, and it’s a very rich, uh, history, which is why I think it’s so important to capture that, because it’s just very, very rich, both in terms of good and bad. Um, you know, it’s—we—we talk about the discrimination against the blacks in Florida, the country, um, but…
[phone rings]
Economos
What was it like to be black and a farmworker? Kind of the—the…
[phone rings]
Economos
And I hate to put it like this, but how society looks at it is like the…
[phone rings]
Economos
Lowest rung on the totem pole in terms of, you know, the type of job that you do. Um…
[phone rings]
Economos
So I think that that’s a really super rich history, and, um…
[phone rings]
Economos
They have stories talking about being on the mule train and them laughing and…
[phone rings]
Economos
And singing slave songs to get them through the day, um, and it’s just very, very, uh, rich, cultural history, um, and they talk about their interactions with the Hispanics and the Haitians, um, and some of it’s good and some of it’s bad, you know? Um, and—and, uh, um, so, yeah—I forgot what the original question was [laughs].
Muha
No, you did great. Well, the original question was about farm—farmworker perspecti—or black farmworker perspectives…
Economos
Oh, yeah.
Muha
Today and what stands out to you.
Economos
Yeah, yeah.
Muha
So if there’s anything else you wanted to add…
Economos
Um, well, I—I, a—again, what stands out to me, because of the people I work with is that they feel very strongly that they want to be remembered. Yeah.
Muha
Well, I wanted to ask you about that because, uh, throughout this—this interview, a few times you’ve mentioned the importance of, um—of history and—and being remembered, um, so—so, yeah, I mean, and—and you’ve mentioned, uh, the quilt, which—which was Linda’s project…
Economos
Hm, yeah.
Muha
Um…
Economos
Well, every—it—Linda did the most of it…
Muha
Okay.
Economos
It was everybo—I don’t want to—yeah.
Muha
Okay.
Economos
Yeah, it was everybody’s pro—it was a project of the farmworker association. Linda was the one that really did most of the quilt squares, but everybody was involved…
Muha
Great.
Economos
So…
Muha
Well, if I understand, she was l—like the—I—I don’t—I…
Economos
[laughs].
Muha
Perhaps the leader of it? Or…
Economos
She and Sara [Downs]—Sara.
Muha
Okay.
Economos
Together were—yeah. If it weren’t for—they—they were the two that really drove it forward. So, yeah.
Muha Okay.
Economos
Yeah.
Muha
Well, so…
Economos
Mmhmm.
Muha
But I—I wanted to ask you, I mean, you know, it seems i—if I—if I understand correct[sic] I, uh—I mean, has—do you think the history of—of black farm labor has been remembered in Apopka?
Economos No, I don’t. I don’t. I—no. If you go to the, uh, uh, Museum of the Apopkans over here, um, there’s almost nothing in there about African Americans at all, much less African-American farmworkers. They finally did—actually, I need to—they finally did invite us to bring the quilts there during, uh, Black History Month. That was nice of ‘em, um, finally, um, but, um, uh, there’s almost nothing about bla—the, um—if you go to Winter Garden—because I don’t want it to sound like it’s just Apopka, ‘cause[sic] it’s the whole—Lake Apopka is really big, so there’s farmworkers f—that worked on Lake Apopka that were from Zellwood and Eustis and Mount Dora and Astatula and, um, Winter Garden. Winter Garden—there’s a big African-American community there. Linda’s sister lived in Winter Garden. Um, I used to go ride my bike in Winter Garden, and they have a big mural on the side of one of the main buildings in Winter Garden of citrus, and it’s a white guy picking oranges, um, and I’m like, No. [laughs] It probably wasn’t a white guy picking oranges, and, um, you know, and you go to Winter Garden and there’s almost nothing about, um—I think it’s a little bit better over the last couple of years. Um, Winter Garden just had “The Last Harvest[: A History and Tribute to the Life and Work of the Farmworkers on Lake Apopka”] exhibit there and I didn’t even get to go see it, um, but, uh, it’s virtually—no. It’s—it‘s—it’s hidden. It’s deliberate. If you go to, um, Oakland Nature Preserve, um, that was started by Friends of Lake Apopka, there is nothing there about farmworkers at all. If you go to Magnolia Park and the boat ramp and you see the sign there about the history of Lake Apopka, there is nothing there about farmworkers or African Americans in the community. So, no, I think it’s not there and I think it’s deliberate. Yeah.
Muha
And—and you’ve noticed that you—you—you think it’s important to the farmworkers in Apopka and—and those who worked on Lake Apopka that they be remembered.
Economos
Absolutely, and—and they have talked about—I mean, the quilts are great, and the book is great, and we’re—I think everybody’s happy to have both of those things, um, have happened, but, um, I think—some of them have told me that they would like to see a memorial in the city of—that—that—sanctioned by—because the book and the quilt and “The Last Harvest”—that was the farmworker association doing that. Nobody outside—I mean, Dale [Finley Slongwhite] is outside the fa—you know, but nobody outside the farmworker association. What are they doing? It’s all been driven by, you know, the farmworker association. Who else out there has made a concerted effort…
Muha
Mmhmm.
Economos
To do anything to remember the farmworker association? You are, but, I mean, who else is really doing anything to recognize farmworkers at all here—much less African-American farmworkers in this community? So no, I don’t think it’s remembered, um, and I think it’s deliberate.
Muha
Well, thank you, um, and then, as—as my last question, I—I wanted to ask you, um, if you had any thoughts on, uh, the future of farm labor in—in Florida, and perhaps, uh, more broadly in the United States or the South.
Economos That’s a really good question, because, um—that’s a really big question, because, um, you know, there’s continuing competition from globalization, um, the recession has affected the…
Muha
[clears throat].
Economos
Nursery industry in Florida, um, imports of tomatoes from Mexico has a—affected the tomato industry in Florida, the drought is affecting the nut industry in California, as well as other kinds of crops. Um, so lots of different factors are affecting, um, agriculture in the United States. Um, subsidies for commodity crops, like, um, corn, soy, and wheat are affecting—they, eh—it just blows my mind that they call fruits and vegetables “specialty crops.” That just is mind-boggling to me, you know? tomatoes are a specialty crop. Corn is not a specialty crop. Gen—genetically-modified corn is not a specialty crop, but, you know, your healthy carrots are. Um, so specialty crops are at risk, um, because of the huge agribusiness farms. Um, so I think that there is a real danger of, um—or threat to agriculture in the United States. The global, you know—forces of globalization around the world, um—I do take hope from the food movement, um, where a lot of, um, people are, um, wanting healthy, organic, local, sustainable food, even though it might not be fair trade food, um, for workers, but a lot of, um, small, independent farms are starting up at a very small scale, but poor people can’t afford to buy that. I can’t afford [laughs] to buy that, um, produce. Um, so you’re still going to have your big grocery store chains, you’re still going to have, um, you know, your, um, need for cheap food. So I do think it’s a really big concern where—and I think farmers know that. The writing is on the wall for some of them.
Um, tomatoes, you know, the—tomatoes are a big issue in Florida. Um, the tomato industry in Florida wants to continue growing tomatoes the way they’re growing them, which is picking them early and—and, um, then treating them with methyl bromide to ripen them, whereas Mexico is growing vine-ripe tomatoes and that they’re shipping here, and people want those more. So, um, if agriculture, um, diminishes—and we’ve already seen that on a small scale in Apopka. The recession, um, put a lot of farmworkers out of work in Florida. Um, nurseries went under. Miguel estimated about 50 percent of the nurseries. I don’t know if that’s accurate or not, but quite a few nurseries, um, closed, which put a lot of workers out of work. Immigration policies have affected agriculture. A lot of workers, um, are afraid to travel, um, the seasons like they used to, because of immigration policies in other states, um, like Georgia and Alabama that might be really horrible. Um, immigration policies have affected migration into the United States, which has affected how many people come here to be farmworkers. So, um, there’s lots of different forces at play here, and, uh, I’m not real[sic] good at forecasting the future, but I think we have some real issues that—that are gonna come up, um, and I think we’re gonna end up seeing a lot more imported food and a loss—lot less work for farmworkers. So…
Muha
Good, okay. Well, um, as far as my questions, that’s all. Um, was there anything you wanted to add or say before I stop the recording?
Economos
Um, I just want to say that I think—I think there’s a real place and a real need in Florida history to document the role of African-American farmworkers. I mean, I—I kind of said that already several times, but, um, I want to say it kind of in a different way now, because I think it’s important to put African-American farmworkers—not just to remember that they were here and they had lives, but to really look at that in terms of the economic development of Florida. That—you know, we hear about, um, [Henry] Flagler and the railroad and other people in, you know, uh, uh, major, uh—who I can’t think of right now—major people in Florida history who, you know, created the development of Florida, but none of that could happen, okay? A lot of that was based on—a lot of the economy in Florida was driven by agriculture, okay? And the railroad and all these other things—where part of it was to move agricultural products, part of it was to bring people down here to start orange groves and vegetable fields, and none of that could have happened without African-American farmworkers, and I think it’s really crucial not only to remember the lives of the farmworkers here, but to put them in some kind of really profound historical context, um, in the—in Florida’s history, you know?
Even, um, Patrick [D.] Smith, who wrote that book, Angel City [: A Novel], okay? The main characters in that book where white farmworkers that came down from Tennessee or Kentucky or something like that, um, and the peripheral characters in the book were African American, okay? I—it’s really vitally important to see how—there’s even more about, um, the Indians—the native Indians in Florida and what happened to them then there are[sic] about African Americans historically in Florida as part of the development and what caused the economy to grow in the state, and I also think—one more thing I think is crucially important is to—to demonstrate or to understand that African-American farmworkers, in Florida and other parts of the South, have a direct line to slavery, and I think that that thread needs to be pulled through, um, because the conditions that farmworkers experienced and continue to experience, but, again, it was—e—e—even before Lake Apopka, you go back into the ‘20s and ‘30s and ‘40s before Lake Apopka, you know, that—it was still the legacy of slavery. So I think somehow that thread needs to be woven through all of this, um, because I don’t think you can look at—at—at it in a—in a vacuum without bringing—bringing that in, and how the conditions on the farms were related to, um—how con—plantation conditions and slavery in the United States. So…
Muha
Okay. Well, thank you so much. Um, this…
Economos
Thank you.
Muha
Has been—oh, absolutely [laughs]. This has been Jared Muha with Jeannie Economos of the Farmworker Association [of Florida] on December 10th, 2014.
agribusiness farms
agricultural labor
Agricultural Worker Protection Standard
agriculture
Angel City: A Novel
Angela Tanner
Apopka
Astatula
Audubon Society
AWPS
Betty Woods
Bracero Program
bromomethane
carrots
Central Americans
citrus
Civil Rights Act of 1964
commodity crops
corn
Dale Finley Slongwhite
DI
disability benefits
disability income insurance
disability insurance
disaster education
disaster responses
Domestic Fair Trade Association
economic development
educational programs
environmental advocacy
environmental justice
Environmental Protection Agency
EPA
Eustis
fair trade
Farmworker Association of Florida
farmworkers
farmworkers' rights
Fed Up: The High Costs of Cheap Food
FOLA
food movements
Friends of Lake Apopka
Geraldine Matthew
Geraldine Shannon
globalization
Great Recession
Guatemalans
Haitians
Harry and Harriette Moore Memorial Park
Harry T. & Harriette V. Moore Cultural Complex
Hawthorne Village
Henry Flagler
Henry Morrison Flagler
Hispanic Americans
Hispanics
immigrants
immigrants’ rights
immigration
income protection
Indiantown
Jared Muha
Jobs and Education Partnership
La Via Campesina
Lake Apopka
Lake Apopka Farmworker Memorial Quilts Project
Lake Apopka Project
Lake Apopka Restoration Act of 1996
Lake City
Latin Americans
Latinas
Latinos
Linda Lee
Magnolia Park
Mary Tinsley
methyl bromide
Mexican Americans
Mexicans
Mexico
migrant farms
migrant farmworkers
migrant labor
migrant laborers
migrant workers
Mount Dora
Museum of the Apopkans
NAFTA
National Institutes Of Health
NIH
non-profit
North American Free Trade Agreement
not-for[profit
nurseries
nursery
nuts
Oakland Nature Preserve
OASDI
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance
oranges
OSHA
Patrick D. Smith
Pesticide Action Network International
pesticide exposure
pesticide health and safety
Pesticide Safety and Environmental Health Project Coordinator
pesticides
public housing
race relations
railroads
railways
retraining
Salvadorans
Sara Downs
Save the Manatee Club
slavery
slaves
Social Security
Social Security Disability Insurance
soy
specialty crops
SSD
SSDI
St. Augustine
St. Johns River Water Management District
The Last Harvest: A History and Tribute to the Life and Work of the Farmworkers on Lake Apopka
tomato
tomato industry
tomatoes
U.S. Department of Agriculture
unfree labor
USDA
wage theft
Wahneta
wheat
Wimauma
Winter Garden
Winter Haven
Worker Protection Standard
Zellwood
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A History of Central Florida Collection
Alternative Title
History of Central Florida Collection
Subject
Podcasts
Documentaries
Description
A History of Central Florida Podcast series explores Central Florida's history through the artifacts found in local area museums and historical societies.
Contributor
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a>
Cassanello, Robert
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/70" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida.
Language
eng
Type
Collection
Coverage
Altoona, Florida
Astor, Florida
Brevard County, Florida
Bushnell, Florida
Clermont, Florida
Cocoa Beach, Florida
Daytona Beach, Florida
DeLand, Florida
Disston City, Florida
Fort King, Florida
Geneva, Florida
Goldenrod, Florida
Groveland, Florida
Holly Hill, Florida
Hontoon Island, DeLand, Florida
Jacksonville, Florida
Kissimmee, Florida
Lake Apopka, Florida
Lake County, Florida
Lake Mary, Florida
Marion County, Florida
Merritt Island, Florida
Miami, Florida
Mims, Florida
Mount Dora, Florida
Newnans Lake, Gainesville, Florida
New Smyrna, Florida
New Smyrna Beach, Florida
Ocala, Florida
Ocklawaha River, Florida
Orlando, Florida
Ormond Beach, Florida
Osceola County, Florida
Sanford, Florida
Silver Springs, Florida
St. Augustine, Florida
St. Cloud, Florida
St. Johns River, Florida
St. Petersburg, Florida
Tampa, Florida
Tavares, Florida
Weirsdale, Florida
Winter Garden, Florida
Winter Park, Florida
Ybor City, Tampa, Florida
Rights Holder
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES</a>
Contributing Project
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a>
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Source Repository
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a>
External Reference
"<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a>." RICHES of Central Florida. http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php.
Moving Image
A series of visual representations that, when shown in succession, impart an impression of motion.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A History of Central Florida, Episode 42: Jim Crow Signs
Alternative Title
Jim Crow Signs Podcast
Subject
Podcasts
Documentaries
Eatonville (Fla.)
African Americans--Florida--Sanford
Sanford (Fla.)
African Americans--Segregation--Florida
Desegregation
Description
Episode 42 of A History of Central Florida podcasts: Jim Crow Signs. RICHES Podcast Documentaries are short form narrative documentaries that explore Central Florida history and are locally produced. These podcasts can involve the participation or cooperation of local area partners.<br /><br />Episode 42 features a discussion of racial segregation signs used in the Jim Crow South, which are housed at the Orange County Regional History Center in Orlando, Florida. This podcast also includes interviews with Dr. Stephen Caldwell Wright of Seminole State College and Dr. Julian C. Chambliss of Rollins College.
Table Of Contents
0:00:00 Introduction<br />0:01:52 The Jim Crow South<br />0:02:35 Origins of racial segregation<br />0:04:24 Origins of “Jim Crow”<br />0:05:08 Segregation in practice<br />0:07:07 African-American communities and business districts<br />0:09:09 <em>Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka</em> and desegregation<br />0:11:12 Desegregating schools<br />0:11:59 African-American communities post-segregation<br />0:14:58 Conclusion<br />0:15:21 Credits
Type
Moving Image
Source
Original 15-minute and 48-second podcast by Kevin Stapleton, 2015: RICHES Podcast Documentaries, Orlando, Florida. <a href="http://youtu.be/wvzC9ergWHg" target="_blank">http://youtu.be/wvzC9ergWHg</a>.
Requires
<a href="http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/" target="_blank"> Adobe Flash Player</a>
Application software, such as <a href="http://java.com/en/download/index.jsp" target="_blank"> Java</a>
Is Part Of
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a>, Orlando, Florida.
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/137" target="_blank">A History of Central Florida Collection</a>, RICHES Podcast Documentaries Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.
Coverage
Orange County Regional History Center, Orlando, Florida
Hannibal Square, Winter Park, Florida
Goldsboro, Sanford, Florida
Eatonville, Orlando, Florida
Parramore, Orlando, Florida
Derns Elementary School, Orange County, Florida
Durrance Elementary School, Orlando, Florida
Creator
Stapleton, Kevin
Publisher
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES</a>
Contributor
Stapleton, Kevin
Wright, Stephen Caldwell
Chambliss, Julian
French, Scot
Cassanello, Robert
Ford, Chip
Clarke, Bob
Gibson, Ella
Hazen, Kendra
Kelley, Katie
Velásquez, Daniel
<a href="https://www.thehistorycenter.org/" target="_blank">Orange County Regional History Center</a>
<a href="http://www.floridamemory.com/" target="_blank">Florida Memory Project</a>
<a href="http://www.loc.gov/" target="_blank">Library of Congress</a>
Date Created
ca. 2015-03-30
Date Issued
2015-03-30
Date Copyrighted
2015-03-30
Format
application/website
Extent
75.1 MB
Medium
15-minute and 48-second podcast
9-page digital transcript
Language
eng
Mediator
History Teacher
Civics/Government Teacher
Economics Teacher
Geography Teacher
Provenance
Originally created by Kevin Stapleton and published by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES</a>.
Rights Holder
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES</a>
Accrual Method
Item Creation
Contributing Project
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a>
Curator
Raffel, Sara
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Source Repository
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a>
External Reference
Winsboro, Irvin D. S. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/797855859" target="_blank"><em>Old South, New South, or Down South?: Florida and the Modern Civil Rights Movement</em></a>. 2009.
Colburn, David R., and Jane Landers. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48138716" target="_blank"><em>The African American Heritage of Florida</em></a>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1995.
Borman, Kathryn M., and Sherman Dorn. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/137526262" target="_blank"><em>Education Reform in Florida Diversity and Equity in Public Policy</em></a>. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2007.
Click to View (Movie, Podcast, or Website)
<a href="http://youtu.be/RjOg09aeokc" target="_blank">A History of Central Florida, Episode 42: Jim Crow Signs</a>
15th Amendment
7-Up
A History of Central Florida
activism
African American
Amendment XV
American Civil War
Bailey, Tom
bomber
Boo-Boo's Bar
Brooks, Gwendolyn
Brooks, Gwendolyn Elizabeth
Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka
bus
business
Campus Theater
Carver Theater
Castiglia, Francesco
Central Boulevard
Chambliss, Julian C.
City of Sanford
civil rights
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Civil Rights Movement
Civil War
Clarke, Bob
class
clinic
colored section
Constitution
constitutionality
Costello, Frank "The Prime Minister
county government
Crow, Jim
desegregation
Downtown Orlando
Durrance Elementary School
Eatonville
economic class
economics
education
equal rights
equality
Fifteenth Amendment
Ford, Chip
Fort Lauderdale
France
French
French Republic
French, Scot
gang
Georgetown
Gibson, Ella
Goldsboro
Goldwyn Avenue
government
Hannibal Square
Hazen, Kendra
imprisonment
incarceration
Indochina
integration
jail
Jim Crow
Jordan, Louis
Jordan, Lucius
Kelley, Katie
Key West
law
Lincoln, Abraham
local business
local government
Mainland Southeast Asia
mayor
McCarthy
Miami
middle class
minstrel
minstrelsy
mob
movie theater
NAACP
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
OCRHC
orange county
Orange County Courthouse
Orange County Public Schools
Orange County Regional History Center
organized crime
orlando
parole
Parramore
Plessy v. Ferguson
podcast
primary election
Prime Minister of the Underworld
prison
public education
public school
race relations
racism
racist
railroad
Reconstruction
RICHES
Robert Cassanello
Rollins College
Sanford
school
segregation
Seminole State College
separate but equal
sign
slavery
social class
SSC
Stapleton, Kevin
state government
State of Florida
stereotype
Stone's
street car
Supreme Court
Taylor, Robert
The Bribe
The Prime Minister
The Tallahassee Democrat
theater
Town & Country
U.S. Constitution
U.S. Supreme Court
UCF
unconstitutional
University of Central Florida
upper class
Velásquez, Daniel
war
Washington Shores Federal Savings and Loan Association
welfare
welfare board
welfare department
Winter Park
working class
Wright, Stephen Caldwell
-
https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/61afbab29e1c782c5c275d00aa526a27.pdf
bc3a1254a045c2f94ca80ba04218df8b
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A History of Central Florida Collection
Alternative Title
History of Central Florida Collection
Subject
Podcasts
Documentaries
Description
A History of Central Florida Podcast series explores Central Florida's history through the artifacts found in local area museums and historical societies.
Contributor
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a>
Cassanello, Robert
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/70" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida.
Language
eng
Type
Collection
Coverage
Altoona, Florida
Astor, Florida
Brevard County, Florida
Bushnell, Florida
Clermont, Florida
Cocoa Beach, Florida
Daytona Beach, Florida
DeLand, Florida
Disston City, Florida
Fort King, Florida
Geneva, Florida
Goldenrod, Florida
Groveland, Florida
Holly Hill, Florida
Hontoon Island, DeLand, Florida
Jacksonville, Florida
Kissimmee, Florida
Lake Apopka, Florida
Lake County, Florida
Lake Mary, Florida
Marion County, Florida
Merritt Island, Florida
Miami, Florida
Mims, Florida
Mount Dora, Florida
Newnans Lake, Gainesville, Florida
New Smyrna, Florida
New Smyrna Beach, Florida
Ocala, Florida
Ocklawaha River, Florida
Orlando, Florida
Ormond Beach, Florida
Osceola County, Florida
Sanford, Florida
Silver Springs, Florida
St. Augustine, Florida
St. Cloud, Florida
St. Johns River, Florida
St. Petersburg, Florida
Tampa, Florida
Tavares, Florida
Weirsdale, Florida
Winter Garden, Florida
Winter Park, Florida
Ybor City, Tampa, Florida
Rights Holder
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES</a>
Contributing Project
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a>
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Source Repository
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a>
External Reference
"<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a>." RICHES of Central Florida. http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php.
Moving Image
A series of visual representations that, when shown in succession, impart an impression of motion.
Original Format
1 podcast
Duration
14 minutes and 16 seconds
Compression
135kbps
Producer
Cassanello, Robert
Director
Stapleton, Kevin
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A History of Central Florida, Episode 42: Jim Crow Signs
Alternative Title
Jim Crow Signs Podcast
Subject
Podcasts
Documentaries
Eatonville (Fla.)
African Americans--Florida--Sanford
Sanford (Fla.)
African Americans--Segregation--Florida
Desegregation
Description
Episode 42 of A History of Central Florida podcasts: Jim Crow Signs. RICHES Podcast Documentaries are short form narrative documentaries that explore Central Florida history and are locally produced. These podcasts can involve the participation or cooperation of local area partners.<br /><br />Episode 42 features a discussion of racial segregation signs used in the Jim Crow South, which are housed at the Orange County Regional History Center in Orlando, Florida. This podcast also includes interviews with Dr. Stephen Caldwell Wright of Seminole State College and Dr. Julian C. Chambliss of Rollins College.
Table Of Contents
0:00:00 Introduction<br />0:01:52 The Jim Crow South<br />0:02:35 Origins of racial segregation<br />0:04:24 Origins of “Jim Crow”<br />0:05:08 Segregation in practice<br />0:07:07 African-American communities and business districts<br />0:09:09 <em>Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka</em> and desegregation<br />0:11:12 Desegregating schools<br />0:11:59 African-American communities post-segregation<br />0:14:58 Conclusion<br />0:15:21 Credits
Type
Moving Image
Source
Original 15-minute and 48-second podcast by Kevin Stapleton, 2015: RICHES Podcast Documentaries, Orlando, Florida. <a href="http://youtu.be/wvzC9ergWHg" target="_blank">http://youtu.be/wvzC9ergWHg</a>.
Requires
<a href="http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/" target="_blank"> Adobe Flash Player</a>
Application software, such as <a href="http://java.com/en/download/index.jsp" target="_blank"> Java</a>
Is Part Of
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a>, Orlando, Florida.
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/137" target="_blank">A History of Central Florida Collection</a>, RICHES Podcast Documentaries Collection, RICHES.
Coverage
Orange County Regional History Center, Orlando, Florida
Hannibal Square, Winter Park, Florida
Goldsboro, Sanford, Florida
Eatonville, Orlando, Florida
Parramore, Orlando, Florida
Derns Elementary School, Orange County, Florida
Durrance Elementary School, Orlando, Florida
Creator
Stapleton, Kevin
Publisher
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES</a>
Contributor
Stapleton, Kevin
Wright, Stephen Caldwell
Chambliss, Julian
French, Scot
Cassanello, Robert
Ford, Chip
Clarke, Bob
Gibson, Ella
Hazen, Kendra
Kelley, Katie
Velásquez, Daniel
<a href="https://www.thehistorycenter.org/" target="_blank">Orange County Regional History Center</a>
<a href="http://www.floridamemory.com/" target="_blank">Florida Memory Project</a>
<a href="http://www.loc.gov/" target="_blank">Library of Congress</a>
Date Created
ca. 2015-03-30
Date Issued
2015-03-30
Date Copyrighted
2015-03-30
Format
application/website
Extent
75.1 MB
160 KB
Medium
15-minute and 48-second podcast
9-page digital transcript
Language
eng
Mediator
History Teacher
Civics/Government Teacher
Economics Teacher
Geography Teacher
Provenance
Originally created by Kevin Stapleton and published by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES</a>.
Rights Holder
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES</a>
Accrual Method
Item Creation
Contributing Project
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a>
Curator
Raffel, Sara
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Source Repository
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a>
External Reference
Winsboro, Irvin D. S. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/797855859" target="_blank"><em>Old South, New South, or Down South?: Florida and the Modern Civil Rights Movement</em></a>. 2009.
Colburn, David R., and Jane Landers. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48138716" target="_blank"><em>The African American Heritage of Florida</em></a>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1995.
Borman, Kathryn M., and Sherman Dorn. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/137526262" target="_blank"><em>Education Reform in Florida Diversity and Equity in Public Policy</em></a>. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2007.
Click to View (Movie, Podcast, or Website)
<a href="http://youtu.be/RjOg09aeokc" target="_blank">A History of Central Florida, Episode 42: Jim Crow Signs</a>
Transcript
<p><em>A History of</em></p>
<p><em>Central Florida</em></p>
<p><em>Presented By</em></p>
<p><em>RICHES</em></p>
<p><em>OF CENTRAL FLORIDA</em></p>
<p><em>ORANGE COUNTY REGIONAL</em></p>
<p><em>HISTORY CENTER</em></p>
<p><em>Smart. Surprising. Fun.</em></p>
<p><em>A History of</em></p>
<p><em>Central Florida</em></p>
<p><em>RICHES</em></p>
<p><em>OF CENTRAL FLORIDA</em></p>
<p><em>PODCAST</em></p>
<p><em>DOCUMENTARIES</em></p>
<p><strong>Stapleton<br /></strong>Thank you for downloading this episode of A History of Central Florida podcast. This is the podcast where we explore Central Florida’s history through the artifacts found in local museums and historical societies. This series is brought to you by RICHES, the Regional Initiative to Collect the History, Experiences, and Stories of Central Florida, and the Orange County Regional History Center.</p>
<p><em>ORANGE COUNTY REGIONAL</em></p>
<p><em>HISTORY CENTER</em></p>
<p><em>Smart. Surprising. Fun.</em></p>
<p><strong>Stapleton<br /></strong>I am Kevin Stapleton, and I will be your host for this episode titled, “Jim Crow Signs.”</p>
<p><em>Episode 42</em></p>
<p><em>Jim Crow Signs</em></p>
<p><em>WHITE</em></p>
<p><em>ONLY</em></p>
<p><strong>Stapleton</strong> <br />As Central Florida grew in the late 19<sup>th</sup> century, urban centers like Orlando and Sanford, as well as smaller communities in the region, became racially segregated. Segregation was initially and tacitly supported by most white residents, and soon became the official policy supported by the state government, cities, and local communities in Florida and the rest of the South. In this episode, we will examine the artifacts of racial segregation in Orlando.</p>
<p><em>WHITE ENTRANCE</em></p>
<p><em>CIVIL RIGHTS</em></p>
<p><strong>Stapleton<br /></strong>Signs denoting separate places for white and black residents had its origins in the late 19<sup>th</sup> century, as a way to remind African Americans of their second-class status.</p>
<p><em>COLORED ENTRANCE</em></p>
<p><strong>Stapleton<br /></strong>The same governments and legislatures—that only decades later granted citizenship and equal rights to blacks after slavery and the [American] Civil War—now gave sanction to the strict separation of the races.</p>
<p><em>LINCOLN</em></p>
<p><em>WITH MALICE</em></p>
<p><em>TOWARD NONE</em></p>
<p><em>WITH CHARITY</em></p>
<p><em>FOR ALL.</em></p>
<p><em>“Equal Rights</em></p>
<p><em>Before the Law.</em></p>
<p><em>The “Jim Crow” Street Car</em></p>
<p><em>THE WAY IT WORKS IN </em>[illegible]</p>
<p><strong>Stapleton<br /></strong>These signs were colloquially known as “Jim Crow Signs,” which transmitted their social and cultural meaning as spaces or places of inferior status and accommodation.</p>
<p>Dr. Stephen Caldwell Wright was born in Sanford, Florida, and came of age during the height of the Civil Rights Movement. He tells us what Jim Crow meant.</p>
<p><em>COLORED</em></p>
<p><strong>Wright<br /></strong>Uh, Jim Crow was a system of segregation, essentially. Um, separate, uh, economic, political, social systems within a community and throughout the nation, and, uh, it simply meant, um, supposedly, “separate but equal” after a while, but somehow the “equal” got lost [<em>laughs</em>].</p>
<p><strong>Stapleton<br /></strong>Racial segregation came from a series of laws passed at the state and local level at the end of the 19<sup>th</sup> century. This cumulated with the 1896 U.S. Supreme Court decision <em>Plessy v. Ferguson</em>—that established that separate but equal facilities—was constitutional. Dr. Scot French, from the University of Central Florida, tells us about the philosophy behind these segregation laws.</p>
<p><em>COLORED</em></p>
<p><em>MEN</em></p>
<p><em>Orange County Courthouse 1950s Restroom Sign</em></p>
<p><strong>French<br /></strong>These signs are really a product of a system of racial control that replaced slavery. In the aftermath of, uh, Reconstruction, there was a lot of conflict, obviously, in the streets and in public places…</p>
<p><em>COLORED ENTRANCE</em></p>
<p><strong>French<br /></strong>And, uh, the politics of space became very personalized, and of course, this—this problem gets multiplied in the age of railroads when, uh, strangers are confronting one another in passenger cars, and there’s a real effort to control this population of free people, and to remind them of their place in society, and that place in the eyes of the powers that be, the—the white redeemers of the southern, uh, government and politics—their place was, uh, underneath the white man, that this was a white man’s country. After the <em>Plessy</em> decision, the Supreme Court decision which—well, made the—the—the principle of “separate but equal,” uh, the law of the land, there was en effort to begin to codify all of these practices in law to…</p>
<p><em>COLORED ENTRANCE</em></p>
<p><strong>French<br /></strong>Designate certain spaces as for colored and certain spaces as for white…</p>
<p><em>WHITE ENTRANCE</em></p>
<p><em>CIVIL RIGHTS</em></p>
<p><strong>French<br /></strong>and the idea behind this was that it would keep black people and white people from brushing up against each other in ways that would lead to—to conflict.</p>
<p><em>“Equal Rights</em></p>
<p><em>Before the Law.</em></p>
<p><em>The “Jim Crow” Street Car</em></p>
<p><strong>Stapleton<br /></strong>The word “Jim Crow” originally came from African-American activists in the middle of the 19<sup>th</sup> century. African Americans used the term to describe the ways in which they were treated differently from whites in public accommodations and services. From then on, the name stuck.</p>
<p><em>JIM CROW.</em></p>
<p>[illegible]</p>
<p><strong>Stapleton<br /></strong>Jim Crow was a blackface character, performed by white stage actors, during that time which portrayed blacks without human dignity or humanity through racist stereotypes. For African Americans, the system of racial segregation was part of that same dehumanizing legacy.</p>
<p><em>DIRECTORY</em></p>
<p><em>1<sup>ST</sup> FLOOR</em></p>
<p><em>COUNTY WELFARE DEPT</em></p>
<p><em>WHITE WAITING ROOM 8</em></p>
<p><em>COLORED 6</em></p>
<p><em>COUNTY CLINIC 8</em></p>
<p><em>DISTRICT WELFARE BOARD</em></p>
<p><em>INTAKE OFFICE</em></p>
<p><strong>Stapleton<br /></strong>Even though according to the law and court decisions, separate was to be equal, it never was. “Separate” was only a way to reinforce difference. Dr. Wright tells us how he experienced segregation growing up in Central Florida.</p>
<p><strong>Wright<br /></strong>Usually, there was a black section, um, if I remember correctly, uh, usually a smaller area, and usually more crowded than the larger so-called “white section,” and the black sections, uh—what were then called the “colored sections,” were not nearly as well-kept, and—and—and—and the like. That would be true in terms of the bathrooms, as well. For instance, I remember…</p>
<p><em>COLORED</em></p>
<p><strong>Wright<br /></strong>Um, in many instances, um, men and women shared the same bathroom, while in the other section, you’d have women and then men, uh, facilities.</p>
<p>Uh, taking the bus was, um, notable, because it was understood that when you got on the bus you went to the back, and that was understood. There were no signs. The signs were the faces. The driver would, you know—knew that you were going to go to the back, and would give you a funny look if you sat too close up front, and that kind of thing. Not all of them, but some of them would.</p>
<p>If you went downtown, and you were standing at the counter, then you knew that everybody else was going to be waited on, served before you. So you could be standing there, but if a person who was white walked up, then they would reach around you and just continually serve all of them, until they had gone. Then, they would serve you.</p>
<p><strong>Stapleton<br /></strong>Although racial segregation translated to second-class citizenship for African Americans, it did not mean that residents of Central Florida stood idly by.</p>
<p><em>7UP</em></p>
<p><em>BOO-BOO’S BAR</em></p>
<p><em>TOWN& COUNTRY</em></p>
<p><em>Stone’s[?]</em></p>
<p><strong>Stapleton<br /></strong>African Americans founded their own businesses, churches, civic associations, and even towns. Local communities usually had a segregated downtown district, where African American businesses and residents lived. In Sanford, there was Georgetown; in Winter Park, there was Hannibal Square; and Parramore, on the west side of Downtown Orlando.</p>
<p>African Americans even established entire incorporated towns, which elected black officials, such as Goldsboro, west of Sanford, and Eatonville, north of Orlando. Goldsboro eventually was absorbed into the City of Sanford in 1911, but Eatonville is one of the few black municipalities founded during this period that still exists. Dr. Julian [C.] Chambliss, from Rollins College, tells us about these black business districts that emerged out of racially segregated cities.</p>
<p><em>THIS HOME IS FINANCED BY</em></p>
<p><em>Washington</em></p>
<p><em>Shores</em></p>
<p><em>Federal</em></p>
<p><em>Savings And Loan Association</em></p>
<p><em>715 GOLDWYN AVE.</em></p>
<p><em>293-7320 • ORLANDO</em></p>
<p><strong>Chambliss<br /></strong>Well, segregation’s sort of unplanned, perhaps on some level, uh, benefit for an African-American community is to coalesce, uh, the [inaudible] community within the boundaries established by white society. As a result, what you see is a whole infrastructure created around servicing the black community—servicing—so black professionals, doctors, lawyers, teachers, um, black businesses that are serving black residents. All those are situated around the core of the black community. So if you look at a place like, for instance, Hannibal Square in Winter Park, Florida…</p>
<p>[illegible]</p>
<p><em>HOTEL</em></p>
<p>[illegible]</p>
<p><strong>Chambliss<br /></strong>You have everything that African Americans could possibly need within the confines of their segregated community, and this, of course, bolsters the economic standing of those, uh, business owners and those professionals. They are, in fact, servicing a captured audience, but that doesn’t mean that they’re not doing good service to the community.</p>
<p><strong>Stapleton<br /></strong>By the 1950s, many public places did not admit blacks at all, and separate entrances and facilities were common in courthouses and other public buildings for access by African Americans.</p>
<p>Another Supreme Court decision in 1954, <em>Brown v. the Board of Education</em> [<em>of Topeka</em>], finally overturned the <em>Plessy</em> decision, and the Federal Government finally declared that “separate” was not only unequal, but also unconstitutional.</p>
<p><em>Tallahassee Democrat</em></p>
<p><em>Court Bans Segregation</em></p>
<p><em>In Public School Cases</em></p>
<p><em>Court Ruling</em></p>
<p><em>Is Unanimous</em></p>
<p><em>Cases Directly Involve</em></p>
<p><em>Only Five States But 17</em></p>
<p><em>Others May Be Affected</em></p>
<p>[illegible]</p>
<p><em>Paroled Man’s</em></p>
<p><em>Captures Ends</em></p>
<p><em>Reign of Terror</em></p>
<p>[illegible] <em>Retrieved</em></p>
<p><em>As Mayor</em> [illegible]</p>
<p>[illegible]</p>
<p><em>Court Questions</em></p>
<p><em>Suit Challenging</em></p>
<p><em>Second Primary</em></p>
<p>[illegible]</p>
<p><em>Secrecy Clamp</em></p>
<p><em>Put On Talks</em></p>
<p><em>McCarthy Calls Order “Cover Up”</em></p>
<p>[illegible]</p>
<p><em>French Cancel</em></p>
<p><em>Air Evacuation</em></p>
<p><em>In Indochina</em></p>
<p><em>All Out Attack</em></p>
<p><em>Will Be Resumed</em></p>
<p><em>On Rebel Troops</em></p>
<p>[illegible]</p>
<p><em>Frank Costello</em></p>
<p><em>Gets Five Year</em></p>
<p><em>Prison Term</em></p>
<p>[illegible]</p>
<p><em>New US Bomber</em></p>
<p><em>Test Seen Near</em></p>
<p>[illegible]</p>
<p><em>Sober, Careful</em></p>
<p><em>Thought Urged</em></p>
<p><em>By Tom Bailey</em></p>
<p>[illegible]</p>
<p><strong>Stapleton<br /></strong>Although by the 1950s, many Americans were recognizing that racial segregation was wrong, it was a long process for state and local communities to dismantle Jim Crow’s segregation. Dr. French explains.</p>
<p><strong>French<br /></strong>It was really not any secret. Everybody knew this. In many ways…</p>
<p><em>COLORED ENTRANCE</em></p>
<p><strong>French<br /></strong>The—that the—these signs were a part of a fiction of “separate but equal,” but for African Americans, of course, it was never equal. And, in fact, this was the basis for the great challenges to, uh…</p>
<p><em>WHITE ENTRANCE</em></p>
<p><em>CIVIL RIGHTS</em></p>
<p><strong>French<br /></strong>Segregated society. the great legal challenges was the “equal” was not equal under this system, and, uh, you began to see in the 20<sup>th</sup> century a chipping away at this edifice of—of Jim Crow law…</p>
<p><em>Segregation</em></p>
<p><em>IS</em></p>
<p><em>UnAmerican</em>[sic]</p>
<p><strong>French<br /></strong>Based on the fact that the facilities provided to African Americans were profoundly unequal or absent altogether. After <em>Brown v. Board of Education</em>, many civil rights advocates—activists white and black—decided to test the law, to—to take the idea that public spaces should be open, uh, as there were increasingly being made open. The courts began to open up public spaces, particularly in places like interstate travel, and so the waiting rooms at bus stations or railroad stations became desegregated, technically. However, in practice, states and localities continued to enforce segregation. They left those signs on the walls, and they continued to insist that persons of color sit in different waiting rooms—in waiting rooms designated for them.</p>
<p><strong>Stapleton<br /></strong>In Central Florida, racially segregated schools were the norm until the 1960s, when Durrance Elementary was integrated under pressure from the Federal Government. And soon, other Orange County schools agreed to desegregate.</p>
<p>[illegible]</p>
<p><strong>Stapleton<br /></strong>Because of demonstrations by civil rights activists, community leaders, and students, local officials closed some public facilities, rather than allow them to be racially integrated. This public activism and protest against Jim Crow segregation…</p>
<p><em>FT. LAUDERDALE</em></p>
<p><em>NAACP</em></p>
<p><em>YOUTH COUNCIL</em></p>
<p><em>FT. LAUDERDALE</em></p>
<p><em>BRANCH</em></p>
<p><em>NAACP</em></p>
<p><em>NAACP</em></p>
<p><em>FORT LAUDERDALE</em></p>
<p><em>NAACP</em></p>
<p><em>KEY WEST</em></p>
<p><em>BRANCH</em></p>
<p><em>PASS THE</em></p>
<p><em>CIVIL RIGHTS</em></p>
<p><em>BILL!</em></p>
<p><em>NAACP</em></p>
<p><em>MIAMI</em></p>
<p><em>BRANCH</em></p>
<p><strong>Stapleton<br /></strong>Was similar to events throughout the state and the rest of the South. It was through this activism, and because of the passing…</p>
<p><em>THE</em></p>
<p><em>Civil Rights</em></p>
<p><em>Act of 1964</em></p>
<p><strong>Stapleton<br /></strong>Of the 1964 Civil Rights Act by the U.S. Congress that outlawed these forms of racial segregation and relegated the Jim Crow signs to the dust bin of history.</p>
<p>Although the system of Jim Crow disappeared, its absence, while welcomed by all segments of society, left a vacuum in the once-thriving black downtowns, as Dr. Chambliss explains.</p>
<p><em>CAMPUS</em></p>
<p><em>THEATER</em></p>
<p><strong>Chambliss<br /></strong>In order to make sure African Americans had full sorta status as—as Americans, um, they had to break down the segregation system. As a consequence, the restrictions in terms of movement, and space, and regulations associated with zoning housing, uh, gave way, and with that, African Americans had the choice of where they wanted to live and how they wanted to live. This had a direct negative impact—impact on the strong cohesion that was created by that outward force constraining African Americans into their, uh, communities. So you see a spread—a spreading out, but you also, I think, see a kind of breaking down. The strong cohesion created by the outside force threatening the black community goes away. African Americans are able—‘cause, especially middle-class and upper-class African Americans, are able to move to places that are better, and this leaves the working-class African Americans…</p>
<p><em>7UP</em></p>
<p><em>BOO-BOO’S BAR</em></p>
<p><em>TOWN& COUNTRY</em></p>
<p><em>Stone’s[?]</em></p>
<p><strong>Chambliss<br /></strong>Um, in that former space, but without the sort of economic and social connections that they had during segregation.</p>
<p><strong>Stapleton<br /></strong>As Dr. Chambliss mentioned, the legacy of Jim Crow is bittersweet. It is a legacy that residents of these communities confront today. Dr. Wright recalls for us his struggle with this legacy, and the conversation he had with his mentor and friend, the late Gwendolyn [Elizabeth] Brooks, the famous African-American poet.</p>
<p><strong>Wright<br /></strong>It’s interesting that, um, when I think of, um, integration, uh, and the whole business of…</p>
<p><em>CARVER</em></p>
<p><em>DOUBLE</em></p>
<p><em>FEATURE</em></p>
<p><em>ROBERT TAYLOR</em></p>
<p><em>THE BRIBE</em></p>
<p><em>LOUIS JORDAN BEWARE</em></p>
<p>[illegible]</p>
<p><em>NEWS</em></p>
<p><em>WORZ • ARM CLUB• KIDDIE SHOW</em></p>
<p><em>Free STAGE SHOW Here</em></p>
<p><em>• AUCTION • PRIZES • FUN •</em></p>
<p><strong>Wright<br /></strong>Uh, segregation supposedly going away, one of the—one of the great losses is, in fact, the—the black community—the black business community. Um, members of the black community are—are now affiliated with, uh, non-black institutions, and—and that’s the way it is. Reminds me of what Gwendolyn Brooks said to me when I said to her one day, “All of the black principals have moved out of the community,” and she said, “Oh.” Looked at me and she said, “I’m glad you stayed. I’m glad you stayed. They need to see you.”</p>
<p>[illegible]</p>
<p><strong>Wright<br /></strong><strong>“</strong>The children need to see you,” and that’s I think the great loss with—with the, um—with that. But when, um, integration advanced, as far as I’m concerned, uh…</p>
<p><em>COLORED ENTRANCE</em></p>
<p><strong>Wright<br /></strong>The black community suffered irreparably. It will never recover. Uh…</p>
<p><strong>Stapleton<br /></strong>We hope that you have enjoyed this episode of A History of Central Florida podcast. For more information on the objects featured in this episode…</p>
<p><em>Orange County Regional</em></p>
<p><em>History Center</em></p>
<p><em>65 E Central Blvd.</em></p>
<p><em>Orlando, FL 32801</em></p>
<p><strong>Stapleton<br /></strong>Please visit the Orange County Regional History Center at 65 East Central Boulevard, Orlando, Florida, 32801.</p>
<p><em>Episode 43</em></p>
<p><em>Surf Boards</em></p>
<p><strong>Stapleton<br /></strong>Make sure to join us for our next episode entitled “Surf Boards.”</p>
<p><em>Executive Producer</em></p>
<p><em>Robert Cassanello</em></p>
<p><em>Episode Producer</em></p>
<p><em>Kevin Stapleton</em></p>
<p><em>Written by</em></p>
<p><em>Kevin Stapleton</em></p>
<p><em>Directed by</em></p>
<p><em>Kevin Stapleton</em></p>
<p><em>Edited by</em></p>
<p><em>Chip Ford</em></p>
<p><em>Photos</em></p>
<p><em>Bob Clarke</em></p>
<p><em>Photos & Images</em></p>
<p><em>Florida Memory Project</em></p>
<p><em>Photos & Images</em></p>
<p><em>Library of Congress</em></p>
<p><em>Voices</em></p>
<p><em>Kevin Stapleton</em></p>
<p><em>Voices</em></p>
<p><em>Dr. Julian Chambliss</em></p>
<p><em>Voices</em></p>
<p><em>Dr. Scot French</em></p>
<p><em>Voices</em></p>
<p><em>Dr. Stephen Caldwell Wright</em></p>
<p><em>Production Staff</em></p>
<p><em>Bob Clarke</em></p>
<p><em>Production Staff</em></p>
<p><em>Chip Ford</em></p>
<p><em>Production Staff</em></p>
<p><em>Ella Gibson</em></p>
<p><em>Production Staff</em></p>
<p><em>Kendra Hazen</em></p>
<p><em>Production Staff</em></p>
<p><em>Katie Kelley</em></p>
<p><em>Production Staff</em></p>
<p><em>Daniel Velásquez</em></p>
15th Amendment
7-Up
A History of Central Florida
activism
African American
Amendment XV
American Civil War
Bailey, Tom
bomber
Boo-Boo's Bar
Brooks, Gwendolyn
Brooks, Gwendolyn Elizabeth
Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka
bus
business
Campus Theater
Carver Theater
Castiglia, Francesco
Central Boulevard
Chambliss, Julian C.
City of Sanford
civil rights
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Civil Rights Movement
Civil War
Clarke, Bob
class
clinic
colored section
Constitution
constitutionality
Costello, Frank "The Prime Minister
county government
Crow, Jim
desegregation
Downtown Orlando
Durrance Elementary School
Eatonville
economic class
economics
education
equal rights
equality
Fifteenth Amendment
Ford, Chip
Fort Lauderdale
France
French
French Republic
French, Scot
gang
Georgetown
Gibson, Ella
Goldsboro
Goldwyn Avenue
government
Hannibal Square
Hazen, Kendra
imprisonment
incarceration
Indochina
integration
jail
Jim Crow
Jordan, Louis
Jordan, Lucius
Kelley, Katie
Key West
law
Lincoln, Abraham
local business
local government
Mainland Southeast Asia
mayor
McCarthy
Miami
middle class
minstrel
minstrelsy
mob
movie theater
NAACP
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
OCRHC
orange county
Orange County Courthouse
Orange County Public Schools
Orange County Regional History Center
organized crime
orlando
parole
Parramore
Plessy v. Ferguson
podcast
primary election
Prime Minister of the Underworld
prison
public education
public school
race relations
racism
racist
railroad
Reconstruction
RICHES
Robert Cassanello
Rollins College
Sanford
school
segregation
Seminole State College
separate but equal
sign
slavery
social class
SSC
Stapleton, Kevin
state government
State of Florida
stereotype
Stone's
street car
Supreme Court
Taylor, Robert
The Bribe
The Prime Minister
The Tallahassee Democrat
theater
Town & Country
U.S. Constitution
U.S. Supreme Court
UCF
unconstitutional
University of Central Florida
upper class
Velásquez, Daniel
war
Washington Shores Federal Savings and Loan Association
welfare
welfare board
welfare department
Winter Park
working class
Wright, Stephen Caldwell
-
https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/c7d8a7e494694e243a45a41b972c7d8f.pdf
f4789631d253ca61c3d8ea5db3f76151
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
The Long History of the African American Civil Rights Movement in Florida Collection
Alternative Title
Civil Rights Movement in Florida Collection
Subject
Civil rights--Florida
Civil rights movements--Florida
Description
Digitized items of the Long History of the African American Civil Rights Movement in Florida, an exhibit created by Dr. Robert Cassanello and his students at the University of Central Florida. The exhibit chronicles both national and local events in the civil rights movements dating from the Civil War to the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s. Curators for the exhibit were Joseph Corbett and Anne Ladyem McDiviitt. Assistant curators included Patrick Anderson, Laura Cepero, Jennifer Cook, Tanya Engelhardt, Jacob Flynn, William Franklin, Barbara Houser, Rustin Lloyd, Joshua Petitt, Lindsey Turnbull, and Jon Wolfe. Andrew Callovi was the graphic designer.
Contributor
Cassanello, Robert
<a href="http://www.floridamemory.com/photographiccollection/" target="_blank">Florida Photographic Collection</a>
<a href="http://www.harryharriettemoore.org/" target="_blank">Harry T. & Harriette V. Moore Cultural Complex, Inc.</a>
<a href="http://www.loc.gov/" target="_blank">Library of Congress</a>
<a href="http://www.nypl.org/locations/schomburg%20target=">Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture</a>
<a href="http://dlis.dos.state.fl.us/index_Researchers.cfm" target="_blank">State Library and Archives of Florida</a>
Language
eng
Type
Collection
Coverage
Brevard County, Florida
Cocoa, Florida
Daytona Beach, Florida
Eatonville, Florida
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Gainesville, Florida
Groveland, Florida
Live Oak, Florida
Madison County, Florida
Miami, Florida
Miami Gardens, Florida
Mims, Florida
Ocoee, Florida
Palatka, Florida
Rosewood, Florida
Tallahassee, Florida
Tampa, Florida
St. Augustine, Florida
Contributing Project
<a href="http://www.robertcassanello.com/" target="_blank">Dr. Robert Cassanello's</a> Spring 2011 Historiography Graduate Class
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
External Reference
"<a href="http://floridacivilrightsexhibit.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">The Long History of the African American Civil Rights Movement in Florida</a>." The Long History of the African American Civil Rights Movement in Florida. http://floridacivilrightsexhibit.blogspot.com/.
Bartley, Abel A. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41482161" target="_blank"><em>Keeping the Faith: Race, Politics, and Social Development in Jacksonville, Florida, 1940-1970</em></a>. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2000.
Brown, Canter. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44963696" target="_blank"><em>Florida's Black Public Officials, 1867-1924</em></a>. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1998.
Brown, Canter. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44963696" target="_blank"><em>Florida's Black Public Officials, 1867-1924</em></a>. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1998.
Colburn, David R. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11133337" target="_blank"><em>Racial Change and Community Crisis: St. Augustine, Florida, 1877-1980</em></a>. New York: Columbia University Press, 1985.
Corsair, Gary. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53097367" target="_blank"><em>The Groveland Four: The Sad Saga of a Legal Lynching</em></a>. [Bloomington, IN]: 1st Books, 2003.
Crooks, James B. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53435227" target="_blank"><em>Jacksonville: The Consolidation Story, from Civil Rights to the Jaguars</em></a>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2004.
D'Orso, Michael. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/33047183" target="_blank"><em>Like Judgment Day: The Ruin and Redemption of a Town Called Rosewood</em></a>. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1996.
Dunn, Marvin. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49414756" target="_blank"><em>Black Miami in the Twentieth Century</em></a>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1997.
Evans, Arthur S., and David R. Lee. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21563352" target="_blank"><em>Pearl City, Florida: A Black Community Remembers</em></a>. Boca Raton: Florida Atlantic University Press, 1990.
Green, Ben. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40403600" target="_blank"><em>Before His Time: The Untold Story of Harry T. Moore, America's First Civil Rights Martyr</em></a>. New York, NY: Free Press, 1999.
Greenbaum, Susan D. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47965343" target="_blank"><em>More Than Black: Afro-Cubans in Tampa</em></a>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002.
McCarthy, Kevin. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/74987559" target="_blank"><em>African American Sites in Florida</em></a>. Sarasota, Fla: Pineapple Press, 2007.
Mohl, Raymond A., Matilda Graff, and Shirley M. Zoloth. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52688091" target="_blank"><em>South of the South: Jewish Activists and the Civil Rights Movement in Miami, 1945-1960</em></a>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2004.
Oliver, Kitty. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45301837" target="_blank"><em>Race and Change in Hollywood Florida</em></a>. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub, 2000.
Ortiz, Paul. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58728548" target="_blank"><em>Emancipation Betrayed The Hidden History of Black Organizing and White Violence in Florida from Reconstruction to the Bloody Election of 1920</em></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.
Phelts, Marsha Dean. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48138754" target="_blank"><em>An American Beach for African Americans</em></a>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1997.
Price, Hugh Douglas. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/423585" target="_blank"><em>The Negro and Southern Politics: A Chapter of Florida History</em></a>. [New York]: New York University Press, 1957.
Rabby, Glenda Alice. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39860115" target="_blank"><em>The Pain and the Promise: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Tallahassee, Florida</em></a>. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1999.
Rymer, Russ. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40145621" target="_blank"><em>American Beach: A Saga of Race, Wealth, and Memory</em></a>. New York, NY: HarperCollinsPublishers, 1998.
Saunders, Robert W. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44585446" target="_blank"><em>Bridging the Gap: Continuing the Florida NAACP Legacy of Harry T. Moore, 1952-1966</em></a>. Tampa, Fla: University of Tampa Press, 2000.
Shell-Weiss, Melanie. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/226356610%20target="><em>Coming to Miami: A Social History</em></a>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2009.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
The Long History of the African American Civil Rights Movement in Florida
Alternative Title
History of the Civil Rights Movement in Florida
Subject
Civil rights--Florida
Exhibit
Civil Rights Movement
Civil rights movements--Florida
Description
The Long History of the African American Civil Rights Movement in Florida, an exhibit created by Dr. Robert Cassanello and his students at the University of Central Florida. The exhibit chronicles both national and local events in the civil rights movements dating from the Civil War to the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s. Curators for the exhibit were Joseph Corbett and Anne Ladyem McDiviitt. Assistant curators included Patrick Anderson, Laura Cepero, Jennifer Cook, Tanya Engelhardt, Jacob Flynn, William Franklin, Barbara Houser, Rustin Lloyd, Joshua Petitt, Lindsey Turnbull, and Jon Wolfe. Andrew Callovi was the graphic designer.
Type
Physical Object
Source
Original exhibit by Robert Cassanello's Spring 2011 Historiography Graduate Class: <a href="http://history.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">University of Central Florida Department of History</a>, Orlando, Florida.
Requires
<a href="http://www.adobe.com/reader.html" target="_blank">Adobe Acrobat Reader</a>
Is Part Of
<a href="http://floridacivilrightsexhibit.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">The Long History of the African American Civil Rights Movement in Florida</a>.
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/114" target="_blank">The Long History of the African American Civil Rights Movement in Florida Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida.
Creator
Corbett, Joseph
McDivitt, Anne Ladyem
Anderson, Patrick
Cepero, Laura
Cook, Jennifer
Englehardt, Tanya
Flynn, Jacob
Franklin, William
Houser, Barbara
Lloyd, Rustin
Petitt, Joshua
Turnbull
Lindsey
Wolfe, Jon
Cassanello, Robert
Callovi, Andrew
Publisher
<a href="http://history.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">University of Central Florida Department of History</a>
Contributor
<a href="http://www.floridamemory.com/photographiccollection/" target="_blank">Florida Photographic Collection</a>
<a href="http://dlis.dos.state.fl.us/index_Researchers.cfm" target="_blank">State Library and Archives of Florida</a>
<a href="http://www.loc.gov/" target="_blank">Library of Congress</a>
<a href="http://www.nypl.org/locations/schomburg%20target=">Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture</a>
Barton, Juanita
Gary, Bill
<a href="http://www.harryharriettemoore.org/" target="_blank">Harry T. &amp</a>
Harriette V. Moore Cultural Complex, Inc.
Date Created
2011
Format
application/pdf
Extent
249 MB
Medium
1 exhibit
Language
eng
Mediator
History Teacher
Civics/Government Teacher
Provenance
Originally created by Robert Cassanello's Spring 2011 Historiography Graduate Class.
Rights Holder
Copyright to this resource is held by the <a href="http://history.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">University of Central Florida Department of History</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only.
Accrual Method
Donation
Contributing Project
Robert Cassanello's Spring 2011 Historiography Graduate Class
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
External Reference
"<a href="http://floridacivilrightsexhibit.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">The Long History of the African American Civil Rights Movement in Florida</a>." The Long History of the African American Civil Rights Movement in Florida. http://floridacivilrightsexhibit.blogspot.com/.
Bartley, Abel A. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41482161" target="_blank"><em>Keeping the Faith: Race, Politics, and Social Development in Jacksonville, Florida, 1940-1970</em></a>. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2000.
Brown, Canter. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44963696" target="_blank"><em>Florida's Black Public Officials, 1867-1924</em></a>. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1998.
Colburn, David R. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11133337" target="_blank"><em>Racial Change and Community Crisis: St. Augustine, Florida, 1877-1980</em></a>. New York: Columbia University Press, 1985.
Corsair, Gary. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53097367" target="_blank"><em>The Groveland Four: The Sad Saga of a Legal Lynching</em></a>. [Bloomington, IN]: 1st Books, 2003.
Crooks, James B. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53435227" target="_blank"><em>Jacksonville: The Consolidation Story, from Civil Rights to the Jaguars</em></a>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2004.
D'Orso, Michael. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/33047183" target="_blank"><em>Like Judgment Day: The Ruin and Redemption of a Town Called Rosewood</em></a>. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1996.
Dunn, Marvin. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49414756" target="_blank"><em>Black Miami in the Twentieth Century</em></a>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1997.
Evans, Arthur S., and David R. Lee. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21563352" target="_blank"><em>Pearl City, Florida: A Black Community Remembers</em></a>. Boca Raton: Florida Atlantic University Press, 1990.
Green, Ben. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40403600" target="_blank"><em>Before His Time: The Untold Story of Harry T. Moore, America's First Civil Rights Martyr</em></a>. New York, NY: Free Press, 1999.
Greenbaum, Susan D. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47965343" target="_blank"><em>More Than Black: Afro-Cubans in Tampa</em></a>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002.
McCarthy, Kevin. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/74987559" target="_blank"><em>African American Sites in Florida</em></a>. Sarasota, Fla: Pineapple Press, 2007.
Mohl, Raymond A., Matilda Graff, and Shirley M. Zoloth. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52688091" target="_blank"><em>South of the South: Jewish Activists and the Civil Rights Movement in Miami, 1945-1960</em></a>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2004.
Oliver, Kitty. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45301837" target="_blank"><em>Race and Change in Hollywood Florida</em></a>. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub, 2000.
Ortiz, Paul. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58728548" target="_blank"><em>Emancipation Betrayed The Hidden History of Black Organizing and White Violence in Florida from Reconstruction to the Bloody Election of 1920</em></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.
Phelts, Marsha Dean. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48138754" target="_blank"><em>An American Beach for African Americans</em></a>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1997.
Price, Hugh Douglas. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/423585" target="_blank"><em>The Negro and Southern Politics: A Chapter of Florida History</em></a>. [New York]: New York University Press, 1957.
Rabby, Glenda Alice. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39860115" target="_blank"><em>The Pain and the Promise: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Tallahassee, Florida</em></a>. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1999.
Rymer, Russ. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40145621" target="_blank"><em>American Beach: A Saga of Race, Wealth, and Memory</em></a>. New York, NY: HarperCollinsPublishers, 1998.
Saunders, Robert W. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44585446" target="_blank"><em>Bridging the Gap: Continuing the Florida NAACP Legacy of Harry T. Moore, 1952-1966</em></a>. Tampa, Fla: University of Tampa Press, 2000.
Shell-Weiss, Melanie. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/226356610%20target="><em>Coming to Miami: A Social History</em></a>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2009.
Coverage
Brevard County, Florida
Cocoa, Florida
Daytona Beach, Florida
Eatonville, Florida
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Gainesville, Florida
Groveland, Florida
Jacksonville, Florida
Live Oak, Florida
Madison County, Florida
Miami, Florida
Miami Gardens, Florida
Mims, Florida
Ocoee, Florida
Palatka, Florida
Rosewood, Florida
Tallahassee, Florida
Tampa, Florida
St. Augustine, Florida
Montogmery, Alabama
Scottsboro, Alabama
Selma, Alabama
Tuskegee, Alabama
Chicago, Illinois
Syracuse, New York
Greensboro, North Carolina
Knoxville, Tennessee
Pulaski, Tennessee
101st Airborne Division
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
99th Fighter Squadron
A Red Record
African Americans
Afro-Cubans
American Civil War
Anderson, Patrick
Asa Philip Randolph
Atlanta Exposition
Bahamians
Barton, Juanita
beach
beaches
Bethel Baptist Institutional Church
Bethune-Cookman College
Bethune, Mary McLeod
Black Cabinet
Booker Taliaferro Washington
Brevard County
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
Brown v. Board of Education of Topek
bus boycotts
Callovi, Andrew
Central Florida
Cepero, Laura
Chambers v. Florida
Chaney, James
Charles Kenzie Steele
Chicago, Illinois
civil disobedience
civil rights
Civil Rights Act of 1875
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Civil Rights March
Civil Rights Movement
Clara White Mission
Cocoa
Cocoa Elementary School
Confederates
Constitution
Constitutional League of Florida
Cook, Jennifer
Cookman Institute
Corbett, Joseph Francis II
Dale Mabry Field
Davis, Ed
Davis, John A.
Daytona Beach
Democratic Party
desegregation
discrimination
disfranchisement
Double V Campaign
Dwight David Eisenhower
Eartha M. M. White
Eartha Mary Magdalene White
Eatonville
educators
Eisenhower, Dwight D.
Englehardt, Tanya
equal pay
exhibits
FDR
Federal Council of Negro Affairs
Fifteenth Amendment
Florida Civil Rights Act
Florida Memorial college
Florida Photographic Collection
Florida Streetcar Segregation Law
Florida Supreme court
Florida Teachers Association
Flynn, Jacob
Fort Lauderdale
Fourteenth Amendment
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Franklin, William
Freedom Riders
Freedom Rides
Freedom Summer
Garvey, Marcus
Gary, Bill
Gibson v. Board of Public Instruction of Dade County
Goff, Cynthia
Goodman, Andrew
Grant, Ulysses S.
Great Depression
Greensboro Sit-in
Greensboro, North Carolina
Groveland
Groveland Four
Harry T. & Harriette V. Moore Cultural Complex, Inc.
Hawkins, Virgil D.
Holland
Houser, Barbara
Houston, Texas
Howard, Willie James
Hurston, Zora Neale
Ida Bell Wells-Barnett
Ike Eisenhower
Jacksonville
Jakes, Wilhelmina
Jim Crow South
King, Martin Luther, Jr.
KKK
Knoxville, Tennessee
Ku Klux Klan
Library of Congress
Lincoln, Abraham
Literary and Industrial Training School for Negro Girls
Little Rock 9
Little Rock Central High School
Little Rock Nine
Little Rock, Arkansas
Live Oak
Lloyd, Rustin
lynchings
Madison County
Marcus Mosiah Garvey, Jr.
Marshall, Thurgood
Mary Jane McLeod Bethune
McCall, Willis V.
McDivitt, Anne Ladyem
Miami
Michael Henry Schwerner
Mississippi Plan
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Montgomery, Alabama
Moore, Harriette V.
Moore, Harriette Vyda Simms
Moore, Harry T.
Moore, Harry Tyson
NAACP
National Afro-American League
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
National Equal Rights League
NERL
New Deal
New York
Niagara Movement
Ocoee Massacre
Ocoee Riot
Omaha, Nebraska
Orchard Villa Elementary School
Palatka
Parks, Rosa
Patterson, Carrie
Payne, Jesse
Petitt, Joshua
Plessy v. Ferguson
Progressive Voter's League
protests
Pulaski, Tennessee
race relations
race riots
racial equality
racism
Randolph, A. Philip
Reconstruction
Red Summer of 1919
Republican Party
Robert Cassanello
Rosa Louise McCauley Parks
Rosewood Massacre
Saunders, Robert
Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture
Schwerner, Michael
Scottsboro Boys
Scottsboro, Alabama
SCOTUS
segregation
Selma, Alabama
separate but equal
Shepard
sit-ins
slavery
Sociedad la Union Marti-Maceo
soldiers
South Carolina
Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases
St. Augustine
State Library and Archives of Florida
Steele, C. K.
Supreme Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Syracuse, New York
Tallahassee
Tallahassee Bus Boycott
Tampa
teachers
The Long History of the African American Civil Rights Movement in Florida
Timothy Thomas Fortune
To Secure These Rights: The Report of the President's Committee on Civil rights
Truman, Harry S.
Turnbull, Lindsey
Tuskegee University
Tuskegee, Alabama
U.S. Armed Forces
U.S. Army
U.S. Supreme Court
UF
UNIA
Union
Universal Negro Improvement Association
University of Florida
veterans
voting
voting rights
Voting Rights Act of 1965
W. E. B. Du Bois
wade-ins
Waldron, J. Milton
Washington, Booker T.
Wells, Ida B.
Wetmore, J. Douglas
white supremacy
White, Clara
William Edward Burghardt Du Bois
Williams, Alice
Willis Virgil McCall
Wolfe, Jon
Woolworth
Woolworth's
World War II
WWII