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https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/c15371e0c6ae5885bc6f64ccd636cea1.tif
61de1989e782d8c8396d65702b9fa1dc
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
U.S. Census Collection
Alternative Title
Census Collection
Subject
Census--United States
Population--United States
Orange County (Fla.)
Marion County (Fla.)
Brevard County (Fla.)
St. Lucie County (Fla.)
Seminole County (Fla.)
Volusia County (Fla.)
Flagler County (Fla.)
Lake County (Fla.)
Osceola County (Fla.)
Description
Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000.
The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation.
In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc.
The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office.
Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data.
The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing.
The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior.
Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor.
The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities.
The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another.
The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions.
The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire.
Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs.
The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census.
The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input.
In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators.
Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes.
For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP).
The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online.
As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts.
For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP).
The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online.
As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts.
For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD.
Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year.
Language
eng
Type
Collection
Coverage
Mosquito County, Florida
Brevard County, Florida
Flagler County, Florida
Lake County, Florida
Marion County, Florida
Orange County, Florida
Osceola County, Florida
Seminole County, Florida
Volusia County, Florida
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Contributor
Gibson, Ella
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>.
Rights Holder
<span>This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws:</span>
<ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li>
<li>create derivative works</li>
<li>perform the work publicly</li>
<li>display the work</li>
<li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li>
</ul><span>This resources is provided here by </span><a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a><span> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to </span><a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a><span> of </span><a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a><span>.</span>
Source Repository
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>
External Reference
<span>United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank"><em>Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</em></a></span><span>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf.</span>
<span>United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank"><em>The History and Growth of the United States Census</em></a></span><span>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf.</span>
"<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Original Format
1 table
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
U.S. Census for Central Florida, 2000
Alternative Title
Census, 2000
Subject
Census--United States
Orange County (Fla.)
Marion County (Fla.)
Brevard County (Fla.)
St. Lucie County (Fla.)
Seminole County (Fla.)
Volusia County (Fla.)
Flagler County (Fla.)
Lake County (Fla.)
Osceola County (Fla.)
Population--United States
Description
The Twenty-Second United States Census records for Brevard County, Flagler County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County, Osceola County, Seminole County, and Volusia County, Florida, for 2000. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white alone," "black," "American Indian and Alaska Native," "Asian," Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander," "other race," "two or moreraces," "Hispanic," "Mexican," "Puerto Rican," "Cuban," "Dominican," "Central American," "Costa Rican," "Guatemalan," "Honduran," "Nicaraguan," "Panamanian," "Salvadoran," "Other Central American," "South American," "Argentinean," "Bolivian," "Chilean," "Columbian," "Ecuadorian," "Paraguayan," "Peruvian," "Uruguayan," "Venezuelan," "Other South American," "Spaniard," "Asian Indian," "Bangladeshi," "Cambodian," "Chinese," "Filipino," "Hmong," "Indonesian," "Japanese," "Korean," "Laotian," "Malaysian," "Pakistani,""Sri Lankan," "Taiwanese," "Vietnamese," and "other Asian"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who are foreign born are further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the population categorized by marital status, type of residence, military service, primary and secondary school attendance, and college attendance. The census also collected information on labor, on unemployment, on energy usage, and on transportation.<br /><br />For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and was used for a 17-percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD.<br /><br />Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in six languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100-percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process instead by following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census.<br /><br />Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the <em>U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives</em>, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year.
Type
Dataset
Source
Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 2000.
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida.
Is Format Of
Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 2000.
Coverage
Brevard County, Florida
Flagler County, Florida
Lake County, Florida
Marion County, Florida
Orange County, Florida
Osceola County, Florida
Seminole County, Florida
Volusia County, Florida
Creator
<a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>
Publisher
<a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>
Contributor
Gibson, Ella
Date Created
ca. 2000-04-01
Format
image/jpg
Extent
3.12 MB
Medium
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Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> and published by the <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>.
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Cepero, Laura
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<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
External Reference
"<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/2000.html" target="_blank">2000 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/2000.html.
United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank"><em>The History and Growth of the United States Census</em></a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. <em><a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/Census2000v1.pdf" target="_blank"><em>History: 2000 Census of Population and Housing</em></a></em><a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/Census2000v1.pdf" target="_blank">, Volume 1</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/Census2000v1.pdf.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/Census2000v2.pdf" target="_blank"><em>History: 2000 Census of Population and Housing</em>, Volume 2</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/Census2000v2.pdf.
Transcript
U.S. Census of 2000
Population
Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County
Population Total 476,230 49,832 210,528 258,916 896,344 172,493 365,196 443,343
Males 233,186 23,887 101,866 124,945 443,716 85,022 178,776 215,361
Females 243,044 25,945 108,662 133,971 452,628 87,471 186,420 227,982
Population by Race White Alone 413,411 43,490 184,138 217,909 614,830 133,169 300,948 381,760
Black 40,000 4,401 17,503 29,900 162,899 12,702 34,764 41,198
American Indian and Alaska Native 1,765 133 701 1,158 3,079 790 1,087 1,373
Asian 7,152 583 1,667 1,806 30,033 3,802 9,115 4,430
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 305 12 76 57 843 142 163 164
Other Race 5,168 480 3,966 4,363 53,889 15,631 11,175 8,071
Two or More Races 8,429 733 2,477 3,723 30,771 6,257 7,944 6,347
Population by Descent or Origin Hispanic 21,970 2,537 11,808 15,616 168,361 50,727 40,731 29,111
Mexican 3,281 237 5,638 3,350 19,755 3,400 3,871 7,733
Puerto Rican 9,111 1,031 2,978 6,997 86,583 30,728 19,609 13,546
Cuban 2,161 292 638 1,049 12,371 2,178 3,610 1,570
Dominican 458 37 102 257 6,358 2,313 1,223 452
Central American 1,296 101 372 561 5,703 1,870 1,595 789
Costa Rican 150 5 39 45 600 188 233 122
Guatemalan 323 23 75 122 949 241 165 83
Honduran 210 15 71 87 1,223 266 212 138
Nicaraguan 93 6 34 78 716 315 220 100
Panamanian 392 34 75 152 1,037 251 402 173
Salvadorian 91 11 58 62 883 521 265 134
Other Central American 37 7 20 15 295 88 98 39
South American 1,690 340 559 1,013 15,436 4,254 4,690 1,541
Argentinean 136 26 32 29 794 217 370 132
Bolivian 26 7 2 1 191 34 83 22
Chilean 116 7 24 33 451 130 114 101
Colombian 661 149 235 520 7,676 2,071 2,182 592
Ecuadorian 156 28 60 181 1,687 474 484 210
Paraguayan 15 0 1 1 25 4 8 7
Peruvian 217 54 114 96 1,629 470 648 141
Uruguayan 15 33 8 8 115 42 41 49
Venezuelan 256 21 60 95 2,315 686 587 190
Other South American 92 15 23 49 553 126 173 97
Other Hispanic 3,973 499 1,521 2,389 22,155 5,984 6,133 3,480
Spaniard 262 37 52 50 599 129 218 147
Spanish 784 88 267 333 1,968 415 759 556
Spanish American 90 4 36 69 329 78 104 63
Other Hispanic or Latino 2,837 370 1,166 1,937 19,259 5,362 5,052 2,714
Asian Indian 1,806 69 562 715 8,166 1,230 2,994 1,345
Bangladeshi 15 0 11 0 101 33 33 14
Cambodian 48 13 9 1 141 6 33 19
Chinese, Except Taiwanese 951 82 217 160 4,227 569 1,428 661
Filipino 1,577 292 332 313 5,066 951 1,281 798
Hmong 0 0 2 0 2 0 10 0
Indonesian 32 2 3 4 71 9 30 25
Japanese 531 16 84 129 1,193 92 307 256
Korean 631 37 153 209 1,950 141 1,094 445
Laotian 20 1 11 1 232 25 154 120
Malaysian 9 0 0 1 33 2 10 7
Pakistani 52 1 13 17 732 245 171 76
Sri Lankan 2 0 3 1 56 14 8 28
Taiwanese 72 11 2 13 226 45 65 21
Thai 351 10 47 26 436 85 123 79
Vietnamese 763 24 174 130 6,189 184 1,074 329
Other Asian 23 0 4 1 58 3 9 4
Other Asian, Not Specified 166 10 19 72 577 90 161 130
Households Total 198,195 21,294 88,413 106,755 336,286 60,977 139,572 184,723
Family Households 132,480 15,683 62,468 74,637 220,258 45,077 97,249 120,064
Married Couple Family 104,964 13,378 52,105 59,339 157,937 34,207 75,718 93,161
Other Family 27,516 2,305 10,363 15,298 62,321 10,870 21,531 26,903
Non- Family 65,715 5,611 25,945 32,118 116,028 15,900 42,323 64,659
Population by Marital Status Never Married 78,006 5,869 27,762 37,350 214,910 32,173 71,780 78,186
Married 224,987 28,530 110,140 127,501 355,270 75,570 162,707 205,036
Separated 7,403 553 2,689 4,160 19,485 3,577 5,162 6,690
Widowed 31,880 3,799 17,018 19,631 36,918 7,860 15,876 34,496
Divorced 47,747 3,707 17,129 24,635 79,329 14,725 32,730 45,397
Population in Group Quarters Total 9,695 462 3,767 6,881 18,831 2,400 3,606 14,737
Institutionalized 6,303 428 3,071 5,644 11,987 1,921 2,260 7,391
Correctional Institutions 2,431 55 1,522 3,780 6,307 903 1,216 2,616
Nursing Homes 2,543 342 1,425 1,579 3,684 862 994 3,931
Other Institutions 1,329 31 124 285 1,996 156 50 844
Non-Institutionalized 3,392 34 696 1,237 6,844 479 1,346 7,346
College Dormitories 1,088 0 0 231 3,402 155 12 4,530
Military Quarters 215 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
Other, Non-Institutionalized 2,089 34 696 1,006 3,442 324 1,334 2,811
Not in Group Quarters 466,535 49,370 206,761 252,035 877,513 170,093 361,590 428,606
Population by Military Service Active Armed Forces 2,318 19 129 113 413 76 198 255
Veterans 79,145 9,252 35,534 43,300 84,940 17,226 39,515 66,646
Non-Veterans 290,433 31,631 132,175 160,233 585,412 108,979 233,200 286,986
Veteran Population by War or Conflict Gulf War 6,733 444 1,748 2,324 11,262 1,975 4,764 4,137
Vietnam Era 19,233 1,769 6,720 8,584 23,668 4,829 12,294 15,369
Korean Conflict 10,541 1,739 6,225 7,318 8,673 1,903 4,025 10,017
World War II 15,312 2,797 10,930 12,695 11,921 2,722 5,281 18,058
Multiple Wars 7,086 469 2,240 2,301 4,506 595 2,142 3,455
Other Service 20,240 2,034 7,671 10,078 24,910 5,202 11,009 15,610
Native-Born Population Total 445,229 44,875 199,708 245,564 767,440 148,383 331,911 414,990
Foreign-Born Population Total 31,001 4,957 10,820 13,352 128,904 24,110 33,285 28,353
Naturalized 18,374 3,354 5,084 7,516 53,651 9,514 16,507 14,955
Non-Citizen 12,627 1,603 5,736 5,836 75,253 14,596 16,778 13,398
Foreign-Born Population by Region or Country of Origin Europe 9,881 2,267 2,779 3,458 13,547 3,790 6,769 9,808
Northern Europe 3,374 561 1,091 1,060 4,471 1,560 2,414 2,883
United Kingdom 2,595 413 820 875 3,519 1,388 1,891 2,217
Ireland 317 74 105 79 432 70 214 297
Sweden 172 31 59 26 135 34 115 151
Other Northern Europe 290 43 107 80 385 68 194 218
Western Europe 3,480 585 1,167 1,394 3,827 805 1,735 3,281
Austria 76 21 36 52 112 23 113 164
France 509 17 193 56 754 43 118 293
Germany 2,298 440 867 1,137 2,378 617 1,185 2,407
Netherlands 305 77 20 96 280 71 162 252
Other Western Europe 292 30 51 53 303 51 157 165
Southern Europe 1,616 523 205 477 2,044 457 1,218 1,603
Greece 239 16 21 52 255 25 144 379
Italy 961 230 143 329 1,080 207 706 975
Portugal 132 178 10 41 235 120 108 92
Spain 227 77 31 51 459 89 237 129
Other Southern Europe 57 22 0 4 15 16 23 28
Eastern Europe 1,400 598 316 527 3,195 959 1,402 2,031
Czechoslovakia, Including Czech Republic and Slovakia 128 29 48 48 208 275 129 242
Hungary 166 15 50 144 306 110 217 303
Poland 469 179 101 168 366 169 204 501
Romania 143 15 16 28 252 19 134 101
Belarus 2 0 0 0 16 0 8 18
Russia 166 148 42 10 430 298 116 180
Ukraine 50 187 19 23 259 50 26 147
Bosnia and Herzegovina 0 0 0 0 451 0 214 7
Yugoslavia 62 14 12 41 126 5 128 131
Other Eastern Europe 214 11 28 65 781 33 226 401
Europe, Not Elsewhere Classified 11 0 0 0 10 9 0 10
Asia 6,529 570 1,209 1,704 23,739 3,187 7,205 4,426
Eastern Asia 1,584 36 307 459 5,728 636 1,947 1,224
China 640 16 133 152 2,843 496 852 494
China, Excluding Hong Kong and Taiwan 361 9 75 99 1,635 218 589 267
Hong Kong 57 7 29 19 460 93 64 146
Taiwan 222 0 29 34 748 185 199 81
Japan 410 9 96 133 1,069 52 279 321
Korea 534 11 71 174 1,757 88 801 409
Other Eastern Asia 0 0 7 0 59 0 15 0
South Central Asia 1,558 108 336 501 5,754 1,270 2,060 1,179
Afghanistan 0 0 0 0 1 0 8 31
Bangladesh 12 0 0 8 361 120 15 90
India 1,261 43 273 392 3,298 424 1,268 735
Iran 151 38 39 52 562 25 429 202
Pakistan 126 26 16 18 1,426 574 299 58
Other South Central Asia 8 1 8 31 106 127 41 63
South Eastern Asia 2,426 380 479 581 10,114 1,063 2,339 1,347
Cambodia 54 37 0 9 146 12 13 13
Indonesia 129 19 18 83 88 13 57 57
Laos 0 0 52 5 77 102 194 37
Malaysia 52 6 13 24 140 16 29 58
Philippines 1,177 225 246 200 3,418 647 1,060 783
Thailand 398 18 28 30 452 63 151 128
Vietnam 616 75 121 195 5,730 203 814 271
Other South Eastern Asia 0 0 1 35 63 7 21 0
Western Asia 924 46 78 145 1,774 165 816 610
Iraq 39 0 0 0 61 0 58 12
Israel 29 0 31 12 238 49 163 64
Jordan 33 0 5 27 165 50 77 120
Lebanon 266 0 26 70 437 13 254 85
Syria 24 0 0 5 222 20 104 25
Turkey 122 46 16 7 170 6 87 109
Armenia 6 0 0 7 0 0 0 9
Other Western Asia 405 0 0 17 481 27 73 186
Asia, Not Elsewhere Classified 37 0 9 18 369 53 43 66
Africa 1,088 58 253 251 3,710 804 1,344 828
Eastern Africa 161 8 18 93 820 45 479 183
Ethiopia 14 8 0 11 123 0 0 20
Other Eastern Africa 147 0 18 82 697 45 479 163
Middle Africa 20 0 0 0 98 0 0 36
Northern Africa 474 50 122 9 1,338 519 409 353
Egypt 263 31 80 9 358 42 304 195
Other Northern Africa 211 19 42 0 980 477 105 158
Southern Africa 228 0 15 43 549 30 204 103
South Africa 200 0 15 43 549 30 204 103
Other Southern Africa 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Western Africa 163 0 28 91 561 185 225 108
Ghana 16 0 9 0 69 8 94 15
Nigeria 121 0 19 91 308 6 81 48
Sierra Leone 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 0
Other Western Africa 26 0 0 0 165 171 50 45
Africa, Not Elsewhere Classified 42 0 70 15 344 25 27 45
Oceania 140 78 36 95 313 38 129 138
Australia and New Zealand Subregion 104 78 36 73 188 23 108 124
Australia 78 21 36 64 142 13 70 109
Other Australian and New Zealand Subregion 26 57 0 9 46 10 38 15
Melanesia 0 0 0 16 17 15 0 0
Micronesia 16 0 0 6 59 0 0 14
Polynesia 20 0 0 0 49 0 15 0
Oceania, Not Elsewhere Classified 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0
Americas 13,363 1,984 6,543 7,827 87,595 16,291 17,838 13,153
Latin America 10,644 1,762 5,479 6,469 83,648 15,648 15,711 10,093
Caribbean 5,495 974 1,322 2,559 41,956 6,227 6,632 3,287
Barbados 153 33 19 62 589 141 88 28
Cuba 970 159 424 554 8,809 1,251 2,094 875
Dominican Republic 331 58 128 210 5,153 2,080 931 446
Haiti 213 33 167 143 13,227 569 718 268
Jamaica 2,414 437 375 1,198 8,756 1,248 1,684 790
Trinidad and Tobago 693 180 119 222 2,663 457 586 493
Other Caribbean 721 74 90 170 2,759 481 531 387
Central America 2,553 203 3,396 2,172 16,926 3,549 3,387 4,556
Mexico 1,028 34 2,846 1,597 11,100 1,626 1,364 3,663
Other Central America 1,525 169 550 575 5,826 1,923 2,023 893
Costa Rica 206 0 0 35 506 133 340 172
El Salvador 180 11 91 66 826 572 404 161
Guatemala 355 16 162 112 1,114 172 280 106
Honduras 236 18 116 151 1,457 290 336 141
Nicaragua 94 8 32 70 708 414 155 87
Panama 454 95 137 133 1,066 310 385 199
Other Central America 0 21 12 8 149 32 123 27
South America 2,596 585 761 1,738 24,766 5,872 5,692 2,250
Argentina 255 57 18 0 853 177 417 159
Bolivia 3 0 0 0 442 7 30 7
Brazil 352 25 39 98 4,765 835 435 307
Chile 144 40 30 13 562 184 178 93
Colombia 744 193 211 819 8,550 2,156 2,306 761
Ecuador 121 30 99 270 1,885 607 403 209
Guyana 397 102 113 282 2,741 291 538 185
Peru 226 20 102 142 1,707 574 725 163
Venezuela 299 20 119 80 2,826 878 518 259
Other South America 55 98 30 34 435 163 142 107
Northern America 2,719 222 1,064 1,358 3,947 643 2,127 3,060
Canada 2,682 220 1,055 1,338 3,900 643 2,085 3,030
Other Northern America 37 2 9 20 47 0 42 30
Born at Sea 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0
Housing Units Total 222,072 24,452 102,830 122,663 361,349 72,293 147,079 211,938
Occupied 198,195 21,294 88,413 106,755 336,286 60,977 139,572 184,723
Vacant 23,877 3,158 14,417 15,908 25,063 11,316 7,507 27,215
For Rent 5,970 358 2,158 2,341 10,116 2,429 2,819 4,039
For Sale 3,477 370 1,886 2,331 3,619 958 1,319 2,864
Households by Energy Usage for Heat Gas (Utility, Bottled, Tank, or LP Gas) 30,291 645 15,796 19,235 26,907 5,163 12,114 16,924
Electricity 163,791 20,322 70,732 83,373 299,899 54,547 124,260 159,179
Fuel Oil, Kerosene, Etc. 2,073 169 882 2,380 6,047 365 2,233 6,144
Coal, Coke, and Wood 336 36 387 843 506 101 203 660
Solar Energy 39 0 3 0 43 24 57 79
Other Fuel 105 33 130 112 243 33 50 256
No Fuel 1,560 89 483 812 2,641 744 655 1,481
Population by Work Transportation Method Car, Truck, or Van 192,896 17,168 76,050 90,409 404,604 73,183 174,772 171,448
Public Transportation 591 130 348 217 10,923 825 1,227 1,914
Motorcycles 765 76 217 159 853 281 534 981
Bicycles 1,278 78 248 313 2,038 386 660 1,033
Walking 2,653 221 1,129 1,369 6,085 1,054 1,898 3,531
Other Means 1,390 151 838 818 3,642 624 1,317 1,582
Working from Home 5,506 625 2,633 3,019 11,178 1,510 7,186 5,426
Education
Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County
Population by School Completion Completing Less Than High School 46,416 5,453 31,482 40,813 104,591 23,095 27,523 56,982
High School Completed 98,108 12,330 53,339 67,271 148,006 37,536 59,280 102,353
Some College Completed 115,194 12,642 44,940 53,477 171,495 32,560 80,922 101,929
Bachelor's Degree 51,616 5,170 17,509 16,126 104,818 12,052 51,235 36,646
Master's Degree 20,995 2,023 5,458 5,966 29,990 3,610 16,882 12,536
Professional School 4,889 722 2,056 2,638 10,945 1,393 5,472 4,785
Doctorate Degree 2,520 276 788 896 4,256 361 1,902 1,994
Male Population by School Completion Completing Less Than High School 21,055 2,682 15,185 20,255 50,528 11,453 12,856 27,650
High School Completed 42,196 5,366 23,137 29,860 67,485 17,246 25,644 46,259
Some College Completed 53,613 5,775 21,256 24,683 81,995 15,676 36,647 46,461
Bachelor's Degree 28,222 2,753 9,236 7,952 53,117 6,076 27,227 18,609
Master's Degree 12,251 997 2,942 2,950 15,844 1,661 8,764 6,326
Professional School 3,216 459 1,254 1,626 6,803 725 3,674 3,072
Doctorate Degree 1,751 189 579 674 2,822 204 1,369 1,385
Female Population by School Completion Completing Less Than High School 25,361 2,771 16,297 20,558 54,063 11,642 14,667 29,332
High School Completed 55,912 6,964 30,202 37,411 80,521 20,290 33,636 56,094
Some College Completed 61,581 6,867 23,684 28,794 89,500 16,884 44,275 55,468
Bachelor's Degree 23,394 2,417 8,273 8,174 51,701 5,976 24,008 18,037
Master's Degree 8,744 1,026 2,516 3,016 14,146 1,949 8,118 6,210
Professional School 1,673 263 802 1,012 4,142 668 1,798 1,713
Doctorate Degree 769 87 209 222 1,434 157 533 609
White Population by School Completion Completing Less Than High School 37,567 4,500 25,766 33,247 60,146 17,355 19,218 47,006
High School Completed 265,645 29,645 115,146 130,473 358,068 71,834 186,568 236,703
Some College Completed 177,263 18,296 66,168 70,187 250,401 40,341 136,300 143,048
Bachelor's Degree 73,746 7,262 24,294 22,835 121,362 14,077 66,382 50,651
Graduate or Professional School 26,151 2,599 7,793 8,503 36,549 4,353 20,807 17,596
Black Population by School Completion Completing Less Than High School 6,222 612 3,791 5,330 27,290 1,928 5,406 6,694
High School Completed 15,871 2,365 5,630 11,463 61,429 5,240 14,425 15,128
Some College Completed 9,416 1,661 2,351 6,135 36,623 2,845 9,327 9,047
Bachelor's Degree 2,667 564 692 1,768 13,058 828 3,660 3,207
Graduate or Professional School 747 259 267 638 3,681 272 1,397 1,049
American Indian and Alaska Native Population by School Completion Completing Less Than High School 314 12 154 201 461 109 164 191
High School Completed 1,160 87 317 612 1,503 193 842 871
Some College Completed 725 80 145 456 853 106 612 624
Bachelor's Degree 152 26 8 134 284 19 268 180
Graduate or Professional School 38 26 0 31 116 0 99 73
Asian Population by School Completion Completing Less Than High School 904 61 202 336 3,867 394 638 532
High School Completed 4,249 345 798 1,149 15,500 2,031 5,225 2,711
Some College Completed 3,235 267 649 808 12,144 1,610 4,258 2,044
Bachelor's Degree 1,946 151 338 513 7,945 997 2,838 1,190
Graduate or Professional School 947 58 80 190 2,684 256 1,189 408
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Population by School Completion Completing Less Than High School 24 0 9 10 84 34 0 23
High School Completed 134 0 0 28 327 46 101 57
Some College Completed 81 0 0 28 230 31 40 42
Bachelor's Degree 21 0 0 19 76 5 0 0
Graduate or Professional School 12 0 0 14 25 0 0 0
Some Other Race Population by School Completion Completing Less Than High School 500 143 1,091 1,177 8,193 2,388 1,318 1,630
High School Completed 2,225 258 978 1,147 19,255 5,492 4,552 2,055
Some College Completed 1,666 166 635 646 12,161 3,369 3,005 1,321
Bachelor's Degree 478 70 249 97 3,700 894 1,082 330
Graduate or Professional School 164 19 64 27 985 310 279 88
Hispanic or Latino Population by School Completion Aged 25+ 12,809 1,767 6,248 8,790 95,505 28,364 24,165 16,659
Completing Less Than High School 2,540 461 2,705 3,460 27,742 8,247 5,071 6,202
High School Completed 10,269 1,306 3,543 5,330 67,763 20,117 19,094 10,457
Some College Completed 7,396 741 2,326 3,228 44,475 11,928 13,519 6,860
Bachelor's Degree 2,935 302 907 831 16,194 3,552 5,625 1,954
Graduate or Professional School 972 163 277 374 5,099 939 1,915 658
Population by School Enrollment Enrolled 112,005 9,366 40,624 54,173 248,040 44,944 99,337 101,190
Not Enrolled 349,620 39,284 163,384 197,003 611,968 120,923 252,611 329,318
Public School 91,848 8,149 34,908 46,347 204,974 38,926 80,854 79,381
Public Pre-School 3,521 324 1,400 1,882 7,437 1,321 2,503 2,905
Public K-8 49,627 4,380 19,813 26,299 102,097 22,395 42,047 42,065
Public High School 21,896 2,024 9,201 11,584 45,485 10,211 18,665 19,215
Public College 16,804 1,421 4,494 6,582 49,955 4,999 17,639 15,196
Private School 20,157 1,217 5,716 7,826 43,066 6,018 18,483 21,809
Private Pre-School 3,885 376 1,353 1,592 9,371 1,284 4,830 3,730
Private K-8 7,203 360 2,720 3,620 15,393 2,146 7,126 5,258
Private High School 1,996 118 633 1,118 4,102 495 2,071 1,655
Private College 7,073 363 1,010 1,496 14,200 2,093 4,456 11,166
Labor
Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County
Population in Labor Force Total 220,413 19,670 86,307 104,422 471,974 84,142 198,464 201,913
Armed Forces 2,318 19 129 113 413 76 198 255
Civilian Labor Force 218,095 19,651 86,178 104,309 471,561 84,066 198,266 201,658
Employed 207,366 18,815 82,819 98,248 447,861 79,859 190,973 189,035
Unemployed 10,729 836 3,359 6,061 23,700 4,207 7,293 12,623
Not in Labor Force 163,663 22,200 85,967 105,310 221,452 47,135 84,636 162,621
Male Population in Labor Force Total 119,342 10,349 46,312 54,645 251,471 44,428 106,283 107,321
Armed Forces 2,048 10 109 109 375 58 178 206
Civilian Labor Force 117,294 10,339 46,203 54,536 251,096 44,370 106,105 107,115
Employed 111,595 9,889 44,453 51,569 239,431 42,204 102,411 100,145
Unemployed 5,699 450 1,750 2,967 11,665 2,166 3,694 6,970
Not in Labor Force 66,680 9,544 36,010 44,657 87,278 19,206 30,039 67,395
Female Population in Labor Force Total 101,071 9,321 39,995 49,777 220,503 39,714 92,181 94,592
Armed Forces 270 9 20 4 38 18 20 49
Civilian Labor Force 100,801 9,312 39,975 49,773 220,465 39,696 92,161 94,543
Employed 95,771 8,926 38,366 46,679 208,430 37,655 88,562 88,890
Unemployed 5,030 386 1,609 3,094 12,035 2,041 3,599 5,653
Not in Labor Force 96,983 12,656 49,957 60,653 134,174 27,929 54,597 95,226
Employment and Unemployment by Race White Employed 182,829 16,701 72,821 84,361 324,773 63,838 161,737 164,827
White Unemployed 8,644 722 2,596 4,543 13,878 3,045 5,384 9,831
Black or African American Employed 14,154 1,364 5,894 9,629 67,034 5,376 14,393 15,240
Black or African American Unemployed 1,445 92 520 1,155 5,956 454 1,089 2,144
American Indian and Alaska Native Employed 1,044 60 356 496 1,478 222 826 765
American Indian and Alaska Native Unemployed 81 0 29 62 119 30 46 77
Asian Employed 3,329 220 728 962 14,961 1,702 4,757 2,131
Asian Unemployed 205 14 25 16 675 107 169 88
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Employed 142 0 12 14 355 63 68 97
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Unemployed 9 0 0 0 22 0 0 8
Some Other Race Employed 2,289 267 1,901 1,694 24,246 5,983 5,163 3,364
Some Other Race Unemployed 152 6 126 171 1,939 465 289 228
Hispanic or Latino Employed 9,415 873 5,232 5,816 73,233 20,739 19,335 11,101
Hispanic or Latino Unemployed 622 29 334 590 5,428 1,477 1,123 1,797
Employment by Industry Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting, and Mining 1,042 241 2,311 3,432 2,369 482 621 2,075
Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing and Hunting 887 223 2,132 3,266 2,257 434 584 2,058
Mining 155 18 179 166 112 48 37 17
Construction 16,424 1,873 8,556 8,803 33,618 7,030 15,439 16,827
Manufacturing 28,223 1,875 5,264 10,416 28,548 4,325 15,131 16,297
Wholesale Trade 5,177 439 3,399 3,117 17,584 2,559 8,255 5,606
Retail Trade 27,766 3,046 11,145 15,499 54,069 10,596 26,089 26,243
Transportation, Warehousing, and Utilities 8,434 813 4,043 4,789 24,799 4,689 8,412 8,310
Transportation and Warehousing 7,176 611 3,229 3,714 21,872 4,084 7,030 6,655
Utilities 1,258 202 814 1,075 2,927 605 1,382 1,655
Information 6,541 412 2,347 1,892 17,174 1,229 8,357 5,339
Finance, Insurance, Real Estate, and Rental and Leasing 10,828 1,151 4,901 5,100 34,668 4,409 18,231 11,886
Finance and Insurance 5,875 579 2,982 2,896 20,344 1,720 12,994 6,701
Real Estate and Rental and Leasing 4,953 572 1,919 2,204 14,324 2,689 5,237 5,185
Professional, Scientific, Management, Administrative, and Waste Management Services 21,876 1,633 6,716 7,712 51,511 5,497 25,213 17,342
Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services 13,377 823 2,754 3,488 29,078 2,113 16,195 8,448
Management of Companies and Enterprise 57 0 5 24 210 7 80 18
Administrative, Support, and Waste Management Services 8,442 810 3,957 4,200 22,223 3,377 8,938 8,876
Educational, Health, and Social Services 36,027 3,497 14,135 19,167 64,356 9,802 32,953 37,004
Educational Services 13,513 1,634 5,099 7,275 27,559 4,522 14,673 15,296
Health Care and Social Assistance 22,514 1,863 9,036 11,892 36,797 5,280 18,280 21,708
Arts, Entertainment, Recreation, Accommodation, and Food Services 20,476 2,124 11,273 8,440 82,026 23,687 16,862 22,680
Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation 4,542 466 5,154 1,940 31,553 8,907 4,969 4,891
Accommodation and Food Services 15,934 1,658 6,119 6,500 50,473 14,780 11,893 17,789
Other Services, Except Public Administration 9,517 836 4,416 5,305 21,953 3,088 8,218 10,088
Public Administration 15,035 875 4,313 4,576 15,186 2,466 7,192 9,338
Employment by Occupation Management, Business, and Financial Operations Employees 25,257 2,385 10,256 10,089 63,728 8,262 31,322 21,985
Professional and Related Employees 47,217 3,121 13,456 15,821 81,543 10,119 42,507 32,511
Health Care Support Employees 4,085 407 1,996 2,333 5,904 1,160 2,658 4,085
Protective Service Employees 4,921 494 2,225 2,313 8,794 1,852 3,507 4,497
Food Preparation and Serving Related Employees 11,930 1,272 4,274 5,089 30,987 7,844 8,461 12,263
Building, Grounds Cleaning, and Maintenance Employees 7,971 914 4,061 3,995 18,641 5,343 5,128 8,353
Personal Care and Service Employees 5,303 501 2,649 3,458 15,855 2,814 4,895 4,980
Sales and Related Employees 25,845 2,447 10,301 13,270 58,829 10,614 29,534 24,853
Office and Administrative Support Employees 29,940 2,962 12,118 14,457 74,240 12,573 30,850 29,414
Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Employees 642 65 1,540 1,297 1,808 239 314 1,562
Construction, Extraction, and Maintenance Employees 21,793 2,175 10,229 11,851 40,021 9,616 16,353 22,216
Production Employees 12,388 1,242 3,985 7,344 20,704 3,753 7,463 11,721
Transportation and Material Moving Employees 10,074 830 5,729 6,931 26,807 5,670 7,981 10,595
Male Employment by Occupation Management, Business, and Financial Operations Employees 14,925 1,448 6,088 5,838 35,997 4,460 18,881 12,645
Professional and Related Employees 24,396 1,279 5,224 5,957 38,302 4,211 20,386 13,322
Health Care Support Employees 456 51 192 297 843 109 284 453
Protective Service Employees 3,998 414 1,895 1,818 6,603 1,454 2,818 3,558
Food Preparation and Serving Related Employees 4,759 516 1,686 1,611 16,146 3,765 4,144 5,303
Building, Grounds Cleaning, and Maintenance Employees 4,818 633 2,734 2,432 10,339 2,741 3,417 5,346
Personal Care and Service Employees 1,197 147 738 1,088 5,860 975 1,418 1,306
Sales and Related Employees 11,874 1,099 5,047 6,147 29,017 4,668 16,138 11,841
Office and Administrative Support Employees 7,137 672 2,652 3,079 20,733 3,287 7,376 7,067
Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Employees 544 38 999 1,012 1,083 160 212 1,017
Construction, Extraction, and Maintenance Employees 20,941 2,043 9,759 11,359 38,404 9,055 15,590 21,334
Production Employees 7,991 878 2,776 5,006 13,455 2,513 4,841 7,752
Transportation and Material Moving Employees 8,559 671 4,663 5,925 22,649 4,806 6,906 9,201
Female Employment by Occupation Management, Business, and Financial Operations Employees 10,332 937 4,168 4,251 27,731 3,802 12,441 9,340
Professional and Related Employees 22,821 1,842 8,232 9,864 43,241 5,908 22,121 19,189
Health Care Support Employees 3,629 356 1,804 2,036 5,061 1,051 2,374 3,632
Protective Service Employees 923 80 330 495 2,191 398 689 939
Food Preparation and Serving Related Employees 7,171 756 2,588 3,478 14,841 4,079 4,317 6,960
Building, Grounds Cleaning, and Maintenance Employees 3,153 281 1,327 1,563 8,302 2,602 1,711 3,007
Personal Care and Service Employees 4,106 354 1,911 2,370 9,995 1,839 3,477 3,674
Sales and Related Employees 13,971 1,348 5,254 7,123 29,812 5,946 13,396 13,012
Office and Administrative Support Employees 22,803 2,290 9,466 11,378 53,507 9,286 23,474 22,347
Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Employees 98 27 541 285 725 79 102 545
Construction, Extraction, and Maintenance Employees 852 132 470 492 1,617 561 763 882
Production Employees 4,397 364 1,209 2,338 7,249 1,240 2,622 3,969
Transportation and Material Moving Employees 1,515 159 1,066 1,006 4,158 864 1,075 1,394
Employment by Sector Private Sector Employees 140,975 12,217 57,209 67,011 336,958 62,521 135,938 127,632
Public Sector Employees 31,971 2,806 10,183 13,194 47,342 7,878 21,726 25,132
Self-Employed Employees 21,305 2,634 10,119 12,153 37,746 6,330 21,673 22,679
Non-Profit Employees 12,549 1,098 4,964 5,510 24,923 2,983 11,169 13,052
Unpaid Family Workers 566 60 344 380 892 147 467 540
Male Employment by Sector Private Sector Employees 77,045 6,502 31,252 36,394 184,769 33,504 74,886 68,711
Public Sector Employees 16,669 1,214 4,841 5,436 20,573 3,474 9,221 11,784
Self-Employed Employees 13,933 1,867 6,565 7,979 25,601 4,277 14,931 14,977
Non-Profit Employees 3,748 277 1,621 1,605 8,051 898 3,160 4,432
Unpaid Family Workers 200 29 174 155 437 51 213 241
Female Employment by Sector Private Sector Employees 63,930 5,715 25,957 30,617 152,189 29,017 61,052 58,921
Public Sector Employees 15,302 1,592 5,342 7,758 26,769 4,404 12,505 13,348
Self-Employed Employees 7,372 767 3,554 4,174 12,145 2,053 6,742 7,702
Non-Profit Employees 8,801 821 3,343 3,905 16,872 2,085 8,009 8,620
Unpaid Family Workers 366 31 170 225 455 96 254 299
accommodation
administrative
administrative support
administrators
Afghan Americans
African Americans
agriculture
Alaska Natives
American Indians
American War
Amerindians
Arab Americans
Argentinian Americans
Armed Forces
Armenian Americans
arts
Asian Americans
Australian Americans
Austrian Americans
automobiles
bachelor's degree
Bangladeshi Americans
Barbadian Americans
Belorussian Americans
bicycles
bikers
Bolivian Americans
Bosnian Americans
bottled gas
Brazilian Americans
Brevard County
British Americans
building
business
Cambodian Americans
Canadian Americans
car
Caribbean Americans
cars
Caucasian Americans
census
Census of 2000
Central Americans
Chilean Americans
Chinese Americans
citizens
civilian labor
coal
Coke
college dormitories
college education
Colombian Americans
construction
correctional institutions
Costa Rican Americans
Cuban Americans
Czech Americans
Czechoslovakian Americans
divorced
divorcees
doctorate degree
Dominican Americans
dorms
Dutch Americans
Ecuadorian Americans
education
educational
educators
Egyptian Americans
electric heat
electricity
employees
employment
energy usage
English Americans
enterprise
entertainment
Ethiopian Americans
European Americans
extraction
families
family
farmers
farming
females
Filipino Americans
finance
financial operators
First Gulf War
First Iraq War
fishing
Flagler County
food preparation
food services
food serving
forestry
French Americans
fuel oil
gas heat
German Americans
Ghanaian Americans
Greek Americans
grounds cleaning
group quarters
Guatemalan Americans
Gulf War
Gulf War I
Haitian Americans
Hawaiian Natives
health care
heat
Herzegovinian Americans
high school education
higher education
Hispanic Americans
Hmong Americans
Honduran Americans
Hong Kongese Americans
households
housing units
Hungarian Americans
hunting
Indian Americans
Indonesian Americans
information
institutionalized
insurance
Iranian Americans
Iraq War
Iraqi Americans
Irish Americans
Israeli Americans
Italian Americans
Jamaican Americans
Japanese Americans
Jordanian Americans
kerosene
Korean Americans
Korean War
Kuwait War
labor
labor force
laborers
Lake County
Laotian Americans
Latin Americans
Latinas
Latinos
leasing
Lebanese Americans
LP gas
maintenance
Malay Americans
Malaysian Americans
males
management
managers
manufacturing
Marion County
marital status
married
master's degree
material moving
medical care
Melanesian Americans
Mexican Americans
Micronesian Americans
Middle Eastern Americans
military service
mining
motor vehicles
motorcycles
Native Americans
naturalized
New Zealander Americans
Nicaraguan Americans
Nigerian Americans
non-citizens
non-profit
nursing homes
Oceanic Americans
office
Operation Desert Shield
Operation Desert Storm
orange county
Osceola County
Pacific Islander Americans
Pakistani Americans
Panamanian Americans
Paraguayan Americans
pedestrians
Persian Americans
Persian Gulf War
personal care
Peruvian Americans
PhD
Polish Americans
Polynesian Americans
population
Portuguese Americans
preschool education
primary education
private education
private schools
private sector
production
professional
professional school
professionals
protective services
public administration
public education
public schools
public sector
public transportation
Puerto Rican Americans
Puerto Ricans
real estate
recreation
rental
Resistance War Against America
retail
Romanian Americans
Russian Americans
sales
Salvadorian Americans
Scandinavian Americans
schools
scientific
scientists
Scotch Americans
Scottish Americans
Second Indochina War
Second World War
secondary education
self-employed
Seminole County
separated
Sierra Leonean Americans
single
Slovakian Americans
social assistance
social services
solar energy
South Americans
Spaniards
Spanish Americans
Sri Lankan Americans
Swedish Americans
Syrian Americans
Taiwanese Americans
tank gas
teachers
technical
Thai Americans
Tobagonian Americans
trade
transportation
Trinidadian Americans
truck
trucks
Turkish Americans
U.S. Census
Ukrainian Americans
unemployment
Uruguayan Americans
utilities
utility gas
van
vans
Venezuelan Americans
veterans
Vietnam War
Vietnamese Americans
Volusia County
walking
warehousing
waste management
Welsh Americans
wholesale
widowed
widowers
widows
wood
workers
World War II
WWII
Yugoslavian Americans
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https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/7d7e2487b93969a4abf35b4756c23383.jpg
88b5aabf531eb18928b6abbf7524e70b
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
U.S. Census Collection
Alternative Title
Census Collection
Subject
Census--United States
Population--United States
Orange County (Fla.)
Marion County (Fla.)
Brevard County (Fla.)
St. Lucie County (Fla.)
Seminole County (Fla.)
Volusia County (Fla.)
Flagler County (Fla.)
Lake County (Fla.)
Osceola County (Fla.)
Description
Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000.
The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation.
In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc.
The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office.
Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data.
The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing.
The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior.
Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor.
The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities.
The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another.
The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions.
The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire.
Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs.
The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census.
The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input.
In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators.
Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes.
For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP).
The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online.
As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts.
For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP).
The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online.
As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts.
For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD.
Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year.
Language
eng
Type
Collection
Coverage
Mosquito County, Florida
Brevard County, Florida
Flagler County, Florida
Lake County, Florida
Marion County, Florida
Orange County, Florida
Osceola County, Florida
Seminole County, Florida
Volusia County, Florida
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Contributor
Gibson, Ella
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>.
Rights Holder
<span>This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws:</span>
<ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li>
<li>create derivative works</li>
<li>perform the work publicly</li>
<li>display the work</li>
<li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li>
</ul><span>This resources is provided here by </span><a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a><span> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to </span><a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a><span> of </span><a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a><span>.</span>
Source Repository
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>
External Reference
<span>United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank"><em>Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</em></a></span><span>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf.</span>
<span>United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank"><em>The History and Growth of the United States Census</em></a></span><span>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf.</span>
"<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Original Format
1 table
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1970
Alternative Title
Census, 1970
Subject
Census--United States
Orange County (Fla.)
Marion County (Fla.)
Brevard County (Fla.)
St. Lucie County (Fla.)
Seminole County (Fla.)
Volusia County (Fla.)
Flagler County (Fla.)
Lake County (Fla.)
Osceola County (Fla.)
Population--United States
Description
The Nineteenth United States Census records for Brevard County, Flagler County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County, Osceola County, Seminole County, and Volusia County, Florida, for 1970. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white," "black," "Spanish," and "other"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who are foreign born are further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the population categorized by marital status, type of residence, military service, primary and secondary school attendance, and college attendance. The census also collected information on labor, on unemployment, on transportation, and on ownership of various types of technology.<br /><br />In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators.<br /><br />Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, was an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes.
Type
Dataset
Source
Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1970.
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida.
Is Format Of
Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1970.
Coverage
Brevard County, Florida
Flagler County, Florida
Lake County, Florida
Marion County, Florida
Orange County, Florida
Osceola County, Florida
Seminole County, Florida
Volusia County, Florida
Creator
<a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>
Publisher
<a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>
Contributor
Gibson, Ella
Date Created
ca. 1970-04-01
Format
image/jpg
Extent
2.23 MB
Medium
1 table
Language
eng
Mediator
History Teacher
Economics Teacher
Civics/Government Teacher
Geography Teacher
Provenance
Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> and published by the <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>.
Rights Holder
This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws:
<ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form;</li>
<li>create derivative works;</li>
<li>perform the work publicly;</li>
<li>display the work;</li>
<li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li>
</ul>
This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>.
Accrual Method
Item Creation
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Source Repository
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>
External Reference
"<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1970.html" target="_blank">1970 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1970.html.
United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank"><em>Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</em></a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf.
United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank"><em>The History and Growth of the United States Census</em></a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. <a href="http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1970/proceduralHistory/1970proceduralhistory.zip" target="_blank"><em>Procedural History: 1970 Census of Population and Housing</em></a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966.
Transcript
U.S. Census of 1970
Population
Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County
Population Total 230,006 4,454 69,305 69,030 344,311 25,267 83,692 169,487
Males 115,184 2,211 33,350 33,005 167,980 12,095 40,605 79,328
Females 114,822 2,243 35,955 36,025 176,331 13,172 43,087 90,159
Population by Race White 208,436 3,068 57,104 50,914 294,653 23,098 69,582 145,320
Black 20,664 1,365 12,056 18,060 48,593 2,148 13,977 23,984
Other Race 906 21 145 56 1,065 21 133 183
Population by Descent or Origin Spanish Descent or Origin 5,100 5 761 875 6,940 194 1,012 1,304
Not Spanish Descent or Origin 224,900 4,449 68,544 68,155 337,371 25,073 82,680 168,183
Households Occupied 68,560 1,488 24,621 22,317 108,645 9,092 25,757 62,747
Husband-Wife Families 51,151 949 16,866 15,104 75,525 6,055 19,194 39,510
Other Family Units 7,069 193 2,478 2,768 12,589 1,005 2,619 7,300
Family Units with Male Head 1,731 71 619 729 2,294 229 468 1,417
Family Units with Female Head 5,338 122 1,859 2,039 10,295 776 2,151 5,883
Male Primary Individual Household Units 5,028 168 1,862 1,676 7,213 677 1,420 5,035
Female Primary Individual Household Units 5,312 178 3,415 2,769 13,318 1,355 2,524 10,902
Population in Group Quarters Total 3,250 77 1,163 1,394 10,655 391 446 4,972
Institutionalized People 289 7 800 1,157 2,669 239 267 1,519
Inmates of Mental Hospitals 0 0 0 6 38 0 0 17
Inmates of Homes for the Aged and Dependent 231 0 582 147 1,063 119 245 957
Inmates of Other Institutions 58 7 218 1,004 1,568 120 22 545
Population Not Institutionalized 2,961 70 363 237 7,986 152 179 3,453
Rooming Houses 209 23 175 83 346 32 99 663
Military Barracks 1,824 0 0 0 5,534 0 4 7
College Dormitories 682 0 24 26 1,276 0 0 2,327
Other Group Quarters 246 47 164 128 830 90 76 456
Population by Marital Status Never Married 35,563 735 9,597 10,702 59,514 3,295 12,091 26,855
Married 108,282 2,018 35,798 32,303 158,034 12,957 39,775 83,513
Spouse Present 104,133 1,924 34,419 30,832 153,144 12,550 38,847 80,356
Spouse Absent 4,149 94 1,379 1,471 4,890 407 928 3,157
Separated 2,627 127 1,115 1,460 5,710 384 1,580 2,539
Widowed 7,930 328 5,694 4,822 19,390 2,226 4,149 16,508
Divorced 5,779 78 1,713 1,766 10,333 677 1,752 5,682
Veteran Population by War or Conflict Vietnam Conflict 5,998 16 1,020 1,470 10,602 470 2,556 3,358
Korean War 8,513 125 1,264 1,384 3,522 521 1,957 3,259
Korean War and World War II 2,589 11 278 335 3,764 186 1,083 960
World War II 13,782 334 4,177 4,181 20,725 1,354 4,576 10,861
World War I 984 45 1,623 793 2,873 583 691 4,307
Other Services 5,916 18 1,060 1,505 6,359 493 1,769 3,172
Non-Veterans 31,721 919 14,626 12,902 52,302 5,056 13,199 32,679
Native-Born Population Total 222,761 4,403 67,996 67,786 333,532 24,479 81,601 160,528
Foreign-Born Population Total 6,429 161 1,468 1,710 9,378 699 1,716 9,474
Foreign-Born Population by Country of Origin United Kingdom 1,084 60 188 208 1,705 157 199 1,954
Ireland 190 8 8 6 138 25 0 257
Norway 25 0 19 21 836 0 18 142
Sweden 110 0 44 7 173 39 6 244
Denmark 72 0 26 27 56 0 41 130
Netherlands 88 0 75 0 148 6 31 132
Switzerland 64 0 8 12 59 13 16 74
France 119 9 6 20 157 17 35 179
Germany 966 11 163 306 1,008 129 233 1,647
Poland 73 41 59 279 216 0 12 268
Czechoslovakia 97 0 36 15 160 0 128 70
Austria 62 0 38 38 142 64 44 359
Hungary 178 5 64 0 202 26 18 209
Yugoslavia 29 0 11 27 119 0 11 133
Russia 84 0 7 61 207 6 35 232
Lithuania 15 0 8 11 62 0 13 45
Finland 32 0 51 0 48 0 5 36
Romania 5 0 0 7 48 5 0 39
Greece 35 0 13 0 123 0 11 118
Italy 348 6 60 73 420 5 117 617
Portugal 8 0 0 0 40 0 0 16
Other Europe 177 9 33 26 84 23 77 150
Southwest Asia 125 0 13 6 114 0 77 148
China 35 0 0 0 77 0 0 33
Japan 104 0 0 0 126 17 20 35
Other Asia 252 0 8 24 171 4 26 93
Canada 1,045 12 385 362 1,465 124 275 1,550
Mexico 35 0 27 15 46 4 38 32
Cuba 273 0 7 50 788 0 85 152
Other America 379 0 54 95 660 18 81 195
Africa 44 0 9 7 134 0 0 24
All Other 151 0 39 7 111 10 19 78
Not Reported 125 0 9 0 285 7 45 83
Population by Work Transportation Method Private Automobile 77,928 1,170 18,827 20,689 114,255 7,113 26,710 46,121
Private Driver Automobile 67,363 921 16,021 17,708 98,709 6,038 23,245 39,700
Private Passenger Automobile 10,565 249 2,806 2,981 15,546 1,078 3,465 6,421
Bus or Streetcar 382 41 486 203 4,364 49 475 825
Subway or Elevated Transportation 5 0 15 0 8 0 8 0
Railroad 0 0 0 6 12 8 24 11
Taxicab 245 0 205 248 559 30 230 552
Walking 3,538 125 1,383 984 7,142 499 1,031 3,287
Multiple Means of Transportation 2,839 55 1,300 1,121 4,704 288 1,354 2,410
Work at Home 1,191 23 511 847 2,469 199 450 1,875
Population by Automobile Ownership None 4,227 304 3,398 3,509 13,081 1,433 2,548 9,174
1 30,228 654 13,914 11,530 51,115 5,223 11,884 35,319
1+ 64,333 1,184 21,223 18,808 95,564 7,659 23,209 53,573
2 29,003 447 6,103 6,002 37,100 2,046 9,343 15,419
3+ 5,102 83 1,206 1,276 7,349 390 1,982 2,835
Population by Television Ownership None 2,544 124 1,135 1,461 4,967 266 881 2,488
1 45,788 1,181 18,269 17,649 71,421 7,277 16,907 46,312
1+ 65,864 1,432 23,492 20,856 103,625 8,826 24,876 60,348
2+ 20,076 251 5,223 3,207 32,204 1,549 7,969 14,036
Population by Home Appliance Ownership Clothes Washing Machine 48,116 1,149 16,374 15,148 73,520 5,566 18,445 36,415
Automatic or Semi-Automatic Clothes Washing Machine 46,670 931 14,727 13,226 69,686 4,767 16,836 33,695
Wringer or Separate Clothes Washing Machine 1,446 218 1,647 1,922 3,834 769 1,609 2,720
No Clothes Washing Machine 20,292 407 8,253 7,169 35,072 3,526 7,312 26,421
Clothes Dryers 28,429 358 5,233 5,429 35,056 1,441 8,542 14,018
Electrically-Heated Clothes Dryers 25,214 339 4,867 5,314 33,661 1,247 8,169 13,378
Gas-Heated Clothes Dryers 3,215 19 366 115 1,395 194 373 640
No Clothes Dryers 39,979 1,198 19,394 16,888 73,536 7,651 17,215 48,818
Dishwashers 18,302 121 3,449 3,081 25,069 652 6,851 8,712
No Dishwashers 50,106 1,435 21,178 19,236 83,523 8,440 18,906 54,124
Education
Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County
Population by School Completion No School Completed 689 59 544 582 2,234 192 574 1,036
Elementary School Completed 15,957 876 13,005 11,913 41,362 5,010 10,838 25,266
1-4 Years of Elementary School 2,288 216 2,378 2,397 6,987 563 2,109 3,398
5-6 Years of Elementary School 3,252 222 2,864 2,687 9,767 978 2,389 5,179
7 Years of Elementary School 2,552 118 1,980 1,910 7,213 806 1,901 3,652
8 Years of Elementary School 7,865 320 5,783 4,919 17,395 2,663 4,439 13,037
High School Completed 64,037 1,264 21,359 19,580 96,067 8,354 23,695 55,823
1-3 Years of High School 18,199 501 9,032 8,146 36,723 3,621 8,999 20,155
4 Years of High School 45,838 763 12,327 11,534 59,344 4,733 14,696 35,668
College Completed 38,264 395 8,702 6,924 45,204 2,278 9,681 25,773
1-3 Years of College 20,287 272 4,715 4,043 23,709 1,219 5,467 14,225
4 Years of College 11,605 87 2,713 1,924 13,488 643 2,620 7,418
5+ Years of College 6,372 36 1,274 957 8,007 416 1,594 4,130
Male Population by School Completion No School Completed 374 44 372 360 1,132 116 305 592
Elementary School Completed 8,156 466 6,759 6,245 20,538 2,594 5,371 12,485
High School Completed 27,446 556 8,998 8,514 40,077 3,563 10,183 22,667
College Completed 22,576 194 4,273 3,324 24,310 1,124 5,334 12,547
Female Population by School Completion No School Completed 315 15 172 222 1,102 76 269 444
Elementary School Completed 7,801 410 6,246 5,668 20,824 2,416 5,467 12,781
High School Completed 36,591 708 12,361 11,166 55,990 4,791 13,512 33,156
College Completed 15,688 201 4,429 3,600 20,894 1,154 4,347 13,226
White Population by School Completion No School Completed 408 18 269 247 1,315 128 214 543
Elementary School Completed 12,362 516 10,019 7,779 31,235 4,452 7,168 20,503
1-4 Years of Elementary School 1,082 59 1,210 879 3,581 339 617 1,703
5-6 Years of Elementary School 2,256 117 2,082 1,453 6,801 781 1,365 3,756
7 Years of Elementary School 2,024 71 1,637 1,369 5,614 746 1,375 3,026
8 Years of Elementary School 7,000 269 5,090 4,078 15,239 2,586 3,811 12,018
High School Completed 59,985 1,072 19,070 16,359 87,158 8,014 21,558 51,512
1-3 Years of High School 16,017 406 7,659 6,080 31,501 3,416 7,620 17,807
4 Years of High School 43,968 666 11,411 10,279 55,657 4,598 13,938 33,705
College Completed 37,227 376 8,369 6,253 43,325 2,244 9,343 24,448
1-3 Years of College 19,754 260 4,578 3,730 22,871 1,200 5,274 13,519
4 Years of College 11,249 80 2,579 1,660 12,802 637 2,533 7,035
5+ Years of College 6,224 36 1,212 863 7,652 407 1,536 3,894
Black Population by School Completion No School Completed 277 41 270 335 905 64 360 493
Elementary School Completed 3,570 355 2,972 4,129 9,954 558 3,657 4,757
1-4 Years of Elementary School 1,206 152 1,168 1,518 3,358 224 1,492 1,691
5-6 Years of Elementary School 996 105 772 1,229 2,930 197 1,015 1,423
7 Years of Elementary School 521 47 339 541 1,567 60 522 626
8 Years of Elementary School 847 51 693 841 2,101 77 628 1,014
High School Completed 3,835 176 2,268 3,314 8,603 329 2,076 4,262
1-3 Years of High School 2,128 79 1,357 2,059 5,097 199 1,355 2,330
4 Years of High School 1,707 97 911 1,255 3,506 130 721 1,932
College Completed 841 19 328 659 1,763 34 321 1,294
1-3 Years of College 444 12 132 301 786 19 181 696
4 Years of College 275 4 0 264 657 6 87 366
5+ Years of College 122 0 62 94 320 9 53 232
Other Race Population by School Completion No School Completed 4 0 5 0 14 0 0 0
Elementary School Completed 25 5 14 5 173 0 13 9
1-4 Years of Elementary School 0 5 0 0 50 0 0 4
5-6 Years of Elementary School 0 0 10 5 36 0 9 0
7 Years of Elementary School 7 0 4 0 32 0 4 0
8 Years of Elementary School 18 0 0 0 55 0 0 5
High School Completed 217 16 21 7 306 1 61 49
1-3 Years of High School 54 16 16 7 125 6 24 18
4 Years of High School 163 0 5 0 181 5 37 31
College Completed 196 0 5 12 116 0 17 31
1-3 Years of College 89 0 5 12 52 0 12 10
4 Years of College 81 0 0 0 29 0 0 17
5+ Years of College 26 0 0 0 35 0 5 4
Spanish Population by School Completion No School Completed 7 0 18 0 8 0 5 0
Elementary School Completed 197 0 114 84 707 9 26 100
1-4 Years of Elementary School 21 0 27 20 157 0 5 0
5-6 Years of Elementary School 39 0 37 31 208 9 8 5
7 Years of Elementary School 26 0 5 13 73 0 6 15
8 Years of Elementary School 111 0 45 20 269 0 7 80
High School Completed 1,069 5 67 136 1,291 25 249 362
1-3 Years of High School 213 5 20 38 385 7 73 42
4 Years of High School 856 0 47 98 906 18 176 320
College Completed 1,008 0 117 153 948 44 202 282
1-3 Years of College 500 0 70 69 503 6 133 146
4 Years of College 279 0 27 32 235 20 34 58
5+ Years of College 229 0 20 52 210 18 35 78
Labor
Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County
Population in Labor Force Total 92,489 1,481 24,045 25,369 142,011 8,509 32,266 58,551
Armed Forces 4,502 23 68 62 8,953 28 461 157
Civilian Labor Force 87,987 1,458 23,977 25,307 133,058 8,481 31,805 58,394
Employed 83,051 1,437 22,830 24,428 126,731 8,233 30,242 56,054
Unemployed 4,936 21 1,147 879 6,327 248 1,563 2,340
Not in Labor Force 57,079 1,598 27,182 22,829 96,488 9,994 23,283 70,519
Male Population in Labor Force Total 61,033 951 14,804 15,420 89,238 5,316 20,195 33,902
Armed Forces 4,437 23 68 57 8,817 28 435 150
Civilian Labor Force 56,596 928 14,736 15,363 80,421 5,288 19,760 33,752
Employed 53,911 916 14,100 14,943 77,240 5,114 18,948 32,515
Unemployed 2,685 12 636 420 3,181 174 812 1,237
Not in Labor Force 12,743 542 9,344 7,201 24,663 3,383 6,040 24,880
Female Population in Labor Force Total 31,456 530 9,241 9,949 52,773 3,193 12,071 24,649
Armed Forces 65 0 0 5 136 0 26 7
Civilian Labor Force 31,391 530 9,241 9,944 52,637 3,193 12,045 24,642
Employed 29,140 521 8,730 9,485 49,491 3,119 11,294 23,539
Unemployed 2,251 9 511 459 3,146 74 751 1,103
Not in Labor Force 44,336 1,056 17,838 15,628 71,825 6,611 17,243 45,639
White Population in Labor Force Total 84,261 1,016 19,134 19,279 122,059 7,775 26,956 49,696
Armed Forces 4,121 14 62 50 7,774 28 441 157
Civilian Labor Force 80,140 1,002 19,072 19,229 114,735 7,747 26,515 49,539
Employed 75,669 988 18,219 18,614 109,551 7,508 25,348 47,647
Unemployed 4,471 14 853 615 5,184 239 1,167 1,892
Not in Labor Force 53,174 1,286 24,555 18,017 85,934 9,463 20,093 64,512
Black Population in Labor Force Total 7,870 454 4,850 6,083 19,054 723 5,279 8,786
Armed Forces 297 9 6 12 1,070 0 20 0
Civilian Labor Force 7,573 445 4,844 6,071 17,984 723 5,259 8,786
Employed 7,118 438 4,550 5,807 16,858 714 4,863 8,343
Unemployed 455 7 294 264 1,126 9 396 443
Not in Labor Force 3,688 302 2,613 4,795 10,214 521 3,118 5,928
Other Race Population in Labor Force Total 358 11 61 7 448 11 31 69
Armed Forces 84 0 0 0 109 0 0 0
Civilian Labor Force 274 11 61 7 339 11 31 69
Employed 264 11 61 7 322 11 31 64
Unemployed 10 0 0 0 17 0 0 5
Not in Labor Force 217 10 14 17 340 10 72 79
Spanish Population in Labor Force Total 1,919 5 260 349 2,741 42 355 511
Armed Forces 183 0 0 0 290 5 8 0
Civilian Labor Force 1,736 5 260 349 2,451 37 347 511
Employed 1,610 5 234 336 2,260 37 317 493
Unemployed 126 0 26 13 191 0 30 18
Not in Labor Force 119 0 171 144 1,467 77 291 421
Employment by Sector Private Sector 60,990 1,011 17,072 18,020 98,386 5,974 23,570 41,989
Private Company 59,979 983 16,609 17,744 95,860 5,852 23,034 40,937
Own Corporation 1,011 28 463 276 2,526 122 536 1,052
Public Sector 17,663 296 3,108 4,007 18,233 1,414 4,109 7,893
Federal Government Workers 8,404 32 366 500 4,992 227 1,139 1,189
State Government Workers 1,513 98 615 1,140 3,018 251 755 1,368
Local Government Workers 7,746 166 2,127 2,367 10,223 936 2,215 5,336
Self-Employed Workers 4,018 120 2,479 2,271 9,297 804 2,400 5,726
Unpaid Family Workers 380 10 171 130 815 41 163 446
Male Employment by Sector Private Company 39,740 623 10,193 11,091 57,829 3,563 14,444 23,051
Own Corporation 817 23 394 237 2,111 116 461 833
Federal Government Workers 6,291 27 226 355 3,677 162 835 868
State Government Workers 733 66 331 543 1,320 180 389 730
Local Government Workers 3,315 62 974 864 4,748 464 930 2,586
Self-Employed Workers 2,952 107 1,938 1,827 7,339 617 1,849 4,383
Unpaid Family Workers 63 5 44 26 216 12 40 64
Female Employment by Sector Private Company 20,239 360 6,416 6,653 38,031 2,289 8,590 17,886
Own Corporation 194 5 69 39 415 6 75 219
Federal Government Workers 2,113 5 140 145 1,315 65 304 321
State Government Workers 780 32 284 597 1,698 71 366 638
Local Government Workers 4,431 101 1,153 1,503 5,475 472 1,285 2,750
Self-Employed Workers 1,066 13 541 444 1,958 187 551 1,343
Unpaid Family Workers 317 5 127 104 599 29 123 382
Employment by Industry Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery 1,335 186 3,827 2,518 6,018 922 2,024 2,461
Mining 59 0 82 171 81 12 11 50
Construction 5,255 103 1,689 2,111 11,156 974 2,980 5,013
Furniture and Lumber 39 89 262 447 549 183 144 257
Primary Metal 6 0 62 22 158 6 83 56
Fabricated Metal 7,765 0 116 125 6,051 200 867 673
Machinery, Except Electrical 705 0 115 65 817 129 261 298
Electrical Machinery, Equipment, and Supply 7,959 38 118 36 1,830 94 1,053 1,665
Motor Vehicle 1,252 5 228 506 642 183 272 400
Other Durable Goods 1,004 8 430 347 1,540 134 434 994
Food and Kindred Products 234 0 680 516 2,563 95 359 388
Textile and Fabric 31 0 42 234 233 6 391 177
Printing and Publishing 770 17 164 176 1,731 160 358 698
Chemical 151 0 164 137 484 5 114 93
Other Non-Durable Goods 373 17 187 284 1,240 120 260 313
Railroad and Railways Services 28 7 84 183 222 11 338 231
Trucking Services and Warehousing 390 10 329 193 1,964 119 447 319
Other Transportation 1,547 35 193 171 1,400 90 347 698
Communication 1,187 16 324 422 2,696 104 555 883
Utilities and Sanitary 1,361 42 330 428 2,459 194 598 1,128
Wholesale Trade 1,617 35 1,547 1,100 7,977 268 1,525 1,358
Food and Bakery 2,238 26 710 624 3,203 266 951 1,578
Eating and Drinking Establishments 2,718 72 599 907 4,186 362 879 2,984
General Merchandise Retail 2,641 5 343 585 4,689 170 1,068 1,629
Motor Vehicle Retail 2,159 37 920 1,098 4,091 295 912 1,964
Other Retail Trade 4,141 79 1,577 1,723 8,146 404 1,658 4,488
Banking and Credit 1,033 0 321 316 2,282 136 534 1,108
Insurance, Real Estate, and Finance 2,024 24 550 768 6,109 202 1,369 2,174
Business Service 5,507 3 158 243 2,993 102 681 927
Repair Service 1,483 18 337 379 2,516 97 608 990
Private Household 1,069 48 777 815 2,874 133 606 1,578
Other Personal Services 3,233 147 908 1,129 4,538 304 940 4,205
Entertainment and Recreation Service 640 14 154 545 1,582 39 548 906
Hospital 1,760 67 563 586 3,887 254 828 2,210
Medical and Other Health Service 1,350 14 543 399 2,740 229 658 1,594
School-Related 6,544 114 1,723 1,920 8,361 542 2,024 4,420
Government 5,039 104 1,482 1,578 6,459 479 1,589 2,736
Private 1,505 10 241 342 1,902 63 435 1,684
Other Education and Kindred 283 0 110 61 488 22 66 235
Welfare, Religious, and Non-Profit 930 13 326 345 2,061 92 473 695
Legal, Engineering, and Miscellaneous Professional 1,995 22 467 553 3,629 139 571 1,578
Public Administration 8,235 126 771 1,240 6,545 436 1,447 2,638
Professional, Technical, and Kindred 22,143 200 2,624 2,634 18,976 874 4,281 7,756
Engineer and Technical 6,402 0 128 84 2,788 75 546 791
Physicians, Dentists, and Related Practitioners 395 9 126 104 808 22 134 386
Medical and Health Workers, Except Practitioners 1,059 14 364 344 1,896 87 454 1,103
Teachers, Elementary and Secondary Schools 3,243 75 853 852 4,346 331 975 1,682
Technicians, Except Health 3,835 7 207 181 1,350 69 502 645
Other Professional Workers 7,209 95 946 1,069 7,788 290 1,670 3,149
Managers and Administrators, Except Farms 7,693 162 2,119 2,324 11,907 701 3,270 6,149
Salaried Managers and Administrators 6,686 134 1,595 1,683 9,820 456 2,754 4,407
Salaried Manufacturing Managers and Administrators 1,239 11 179 158 1,281 45 370 436
Salaried Retail Managers and Administrators 1,694 34 434 474 2,533 113 743 1,355
Salaried Other Managers and Administrators 3,753 89 982 1,051 6,006 298 1,641 2,616
Self-Employed Workers 1,007 28 524 641 2,087 245 516 1,742
Self-Employed Retail Trade Workers 436 24 240 334 966 115 223 797
Self-Employed Other Industry Workers 571 4 284 307 1,121 130 293 945
Sales Workers 5,259 59 1,776 1,907 12,620 490 2,972 5,144
Manufacturing and Wholesale Trade Workers 629 10 203 277 2,777 56 728 656
Retail Sales Workers 3,353 38 1,128 1,085 6,413 300 1,445 2,975
Other Sales Workers 1,277 11 445 545 3,430 134 799 1,513
Clerical and Kindred Workers 15,177 145 2,747 3,558 24,021 1,041 4,747 8,942
Bookkeepers 1,495 25 435 618 2,907 154 589 1,141
Secretaries, Stenographers, and Typists 4,728 29 756 1,000 7,382 251 1,399 2,488
Other Clerical Workers 8,954 91 1,556 1,940 13,732 636 2,759 5,313
Craftsmen, Foremen, and Kindred Workers 12,101 172 2,836 3,251 17,269 1,382 4,609 7,896
Automobile Mechanics and Body Workers 1,072 11 365 372 1,980 149 462 881
Mechanics and Repair Men, Except Auto 2,633 22 385 477 2,589 131 748 1,145
Machinists 242 0 26 46 248 39 28 130
Metal Craftsmen, Except Mechanics and Machinists 169 5 29 67 451 46 107 199
Carpenters 962 14 312 438 1,628 196 505 686
Construction Craftsmen 2,526 33 651 792 4,161 383 1,139 2,063
Others Craftsmen 4,497 87 1,068 1,059 6,212 438 1,620 2,792
Operatives, Except Transport, Workers 4,832 128 2,150 2,180 9,301 837 2,674 3,442
Manufacturing Durable Goods Workers 2,137 36 556 492 2,608 386 946 1,235
Manufacturing Non-Durable Goods Workers 343 8 388 623 1,751 96 589 349
Non-Manufacturing Industry 2,352 84 1,206 1,065 4,942 355 1,139 1,858
Transport Equipment Operators 1,803 47 1,179 1,115 5,309 388 1,213 1,719
Truck Drivers 658 26 703 528 2,463 223 631 659
Other Transport Equipment Operatives 1,145 21 476 587 2,846 165 582 1,060
Laborers, Except Farms 2,947 126 1,138 1,445 6,263 417 1,440 2,925
Construction Laborers 767 37 269 299 1,578 116 457 639
Freight, Stock, and Material Handlers 949 23 298 473 2,076 123 395 612
Other Laborers, Except Farm 1,231 66 571 673 2,609 178 588 1,674
Farmers and Farm Managers 169 44 560 587 566 156 220 335
Farm Laborers and Farm Foremen 595 101 2,595 1,466 3,797 574 1,357 973
Farm Laborers, Unpaid Family Workers 12 0 26 13 49 6 9 14
Farm Laborers, Except Unpaid and Farm Foremen 583 101 2,569 1,453 3,748 568 1,348 959
Service Workers, Except Private Household 9,233 208 2,351 3,143 13,759 1,202 2,836 9,290
Cleaning Service Workers 2,168 100 467 674 2,473 199 588 2,063
Food Service Workers 2,974 56 810 1,103 4,824 414 973 3,362
Health Service Workers 765 10 333 307 1,889 236 420 1,174
Personal Service Workers 1,282 10 322 437 1,958 101 400 1,112
Protective Service Workers 1,366 24 224 402 1,493 144 301 885
Service Workers, Except Private Household 678 8 195 220 1,122 108 154 694
Private Household Workers 1,099 45 755 818 2,943 171 623 1,483
administrators
African Americans
aged
agriculture
Armed Forces
Asian Americans
assisted living facilities
Austrian Americans
automobiles
bakeries
bakers
bakery
banking
bars
bookkeepers
Brevard County
British Americans
bus
buses
business
cabs
Canadian Americans
Caribbean Americans
carpenters
cars
Caucasian Americans
census
Census of 1970
Central Americans
chemicals
Chinese Americans
civilian labor
cleaning services
clerical
college dormitories
college dorms
college education
communications
construction
crafts
craftsman
craftsmen
credit
Cuban Americans
Czech Americans
Czechoslovakian Americans
Danish Americans
dentists
dependents
dishwashers
divorced
divorcees
doctors
domestic service
drinking establishment
dryers
durable goods
Dutch Americans
eating establishment
education
educations
electric heat
electrical equipment
electrical machinery
electrical supply
elementary education
elevated transportation
employees
employment
engineering
engineers
English Americans
entertainment
European Americans
fabricated metal
fabrics
families
farm managers
farmers
farming
federal government
females
finance
Finnish Americans
fishery
Flagler County
food
food services
foreman
foremen
forestry
freight
French Americans
furniture
gas eat
German Americans
government
Greek Americans
group quarters
health care
health services
high school education
higher education
Hispanic Americans
hospitals
households
Hungarian Americans
inmates
institutionalized
insurance
Irish Americans
Italian Americans
Japanese Americans
kindred
Korean War
labor
labor force
laborers
Lake County
Latin Americans
Latinas
Latinos
legal
Lithuanian Americans
local government
lumber
machinery
machinists
males
managers
manufacturing
Marion County
marital status
married
material handlers
mechanics
medical
medical practitioners
mental hospitals
merchandise
Mexican Americans
Middle Eastern Americans
military barracks
mining
motor vehicles
non-durable goods
non-profit
Norwegian Americans
nursing homes
old folks homes
operatives
orange county
Osceola County
pedestrians
personal services
physicians
Polish Americans
population
Portuguese Americans
primary education
primary metal
printing
private sector
professionals
protective services
public administration
public sector
public transportation
publishing
railroads
railways
real estate
recreation
religious
repair
restaurants
retail
Romanian Americans
rooming houses
Russian Americans
salaried
sales
sanitary
sanitation
Scandinavian Americans
schools
secondary education
secretaries
secretary
self-employed
Seminole County
separated
servicemen
servicewomen
single
Slovakian Americans
Southwest Asian Americans
Spanish Americans
spouses
state government
stenographers
stock
streetcars
subways
Swedish Americans
Swiss Americans
taxicabs
teachers
technical
technicians
televisions
textiles
trade
transport equipment
transportation
truck drivers
trucking services
TV
typists
U.S. Census
unemployment
university education
utilities
veterans
Vietnam War
Volusia County
walkers
walking
warehousing
washing machines
welfare
wholesale
widowed
widowers
widows
workers
World War I
World War II
wringers
WWI
WWII
Yugoslavian Americans
-
https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/f1daededa509d63078e20ecb89f2a2f4.jpg
3a7ef7ad3a7ce370fedcc74612a39049
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
U.S. Census Collection
Alternative Title
Census Collection
Subject
Census--United States
Population--United States
Orange County (Fla.)
Marion County (Fla.)
Brevard County (Fla.)
St. Lucie County (Fla.)
Seminole County (Fla.)
Volusia County (Fla.)
Flagler County (Fla.)
Lake County (Fla.)
Osceola County (Fla.)
Description
Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000.
The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation.
In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc.
The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office.
Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data.
The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing.
The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior.
Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor.
The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities.
The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another.
The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions.
The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire.
Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs.
The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census.
The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input.
In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators.
Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes.
For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP).
The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online.
As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts.
For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP).
The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online.
As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts.
For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD.
Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year.
Language
eng
Type
Collection
Coverage
Mosquito County, Florida
Brevard County, Florida
Flagler County, Florida
Lake County, Florida
Marion County, Florida
Orange County, Florida
Osceola County, Florida
Seminole County, Florida
Volusia County, Florida
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Contributor
Gibson, Ella
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>.
Rights Holder
<span>This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws:</span>
<ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li>
<li>create derivative works</li>
<li>perform the work publicly</li>
<li>display the work</li>
<li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li>
</ul><span>This resources is provided here by </span><a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a><span> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to </span><a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a><span> of </span><a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a><span>.</span>
Source Repository
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>
External Reference
<span>United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank"><em>Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</em></a></span><span>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf.</span>
<span>United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank"><em>The History and Growth of the United States Census</em></a></span><span>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf.</span>
"<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Original Format
1 table
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1960
Alternative Title
Census, 1960
Subject
Census--United States
Orange County (Fla.)
Marion County (Fla.)
Brevard County (Fla.)
St. Lucie County (Fla.)
Seminole County (Fla.)
Volusia County (Fla.)
Flagler County (Fla.)
Lake County (Fla.)
Osceola County (Fla.)
Population--United States
Description
The Eighteenth United States Census records for Brevard County, Flagler County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County, Osceola County, Seminole County, and Volusia County, Florida, for 1960. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white", "black", "Japanese", "Chinese", "Filipino", and "other"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who are foreign born are further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the population categorized by age, military service, transportation use, primary and secondary school attendance, and college attendance. The census also collected information on labor and on unemployment.<br /><br />The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Post Office Department delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of work and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input.
Type
Dataset
Source
Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1960.
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida.
Is Format Of
Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1960.
Coverage
Brevard County, Florida
Flagler County, Florida
Lake County, Florida
Marion County, Florida
Orange County, Florida
Osceola County, Florida
Seminole County, Florida
Volusia County, Florida
Creator
<a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>
Publisher
<a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>
Contributor
Gibson, Ella
Date Created
ca. 1960-04-01
Format
image/jpg
Extent
1.75 MB
Medium
1 table
Language
eng
Mediator
History Teacher
Economics Teacher
Civics/Government Teacher
Geography Teacher
Provenance
Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> and published by the <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>.
Rights Holder
This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws:
<ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form;</li>
<li>create derivative works;</li>
<li>perform the work publicly;</li>
<li>display the work;</li>
<li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li>
</ul>
This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>.
Accrual Method
Item Creation
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Source Repository
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>
External Reference
"<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1960.html" target="_blank">1960 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1960.html.
United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank"><em>Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</em></a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf.
United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank"><em>The History and Growth of the United States Census</em></a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. <a href="http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1960/proceduralHistory/1960proceduralhistory.zip" target="_blank"><em>1960 Censuses of Population and Housing: Procedural History</em></a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966.
Transcript
U.S. Census of 1960
Population
Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County
Population Total 111,435 4,566 57,383 51,616 263,540 19,029 54,947 125,319
Males 56,724 2,297 28,893 24,940 129,843 9,237 27,495 59,635
Females 54,711 2,269 28,490 26,676 133,697 9,792 27,452 65,684
White Population Total 98,909 2,826 46,209 33,586 224,105 17,021 41,373 104,177
Males 50,286 1,406 22,691 16,535 109,757 8,239 20,900 49,530
Females 48,623 1,420 23,518 17,051 114,348 8,782 20,473 54,647
Black Population Total 12,334 1,733 11,122 18,001 39,088 1,977 13,500 21,048
Males 6,348 887 6,173 8,392 19,924 982 6,559 10,053
Females 5,986 846 4,949 9,609 19,164 995 6,941 10,995
Indian Population Total 78 2 34 16 89 21 3 24
Males 49 1 18 7 46 11 2 13
Females 29 1 16 9 43 10 1 11
Japanese Population Total 52 0 6 8 102 4 34 13
Males 11 0 2 2 42 2 14 5
Females 41 0 4 6 60 2 20 8
Chinese Population Total 14 0 0 0 60 0 0 19
Males 10 0 0 0 25 0 0 14
Females 4 0 0 0 35 0 0 5
Filipino Population Total 13 4 0 0 35 4 15 6
Males 5 2 0 0 14 2 9 3
Females 8 2 0 0 21 2 6 3
Other Race Population Total 35 1 12 5 61 2 22 32
Males 15 1 9 4 35 1 11 17
Females 20 0 3 1 26 1 11 15
Native-Born Population Total 11,374 N/A 5,825 2,751 27,317 2,065 4,391 20,186
Foreign-Born Population Total 100,061 N/A 51,558 48,865 236,223 16,964 50,556 105,133
Foreign-Born Population by Country of Origin United Kingdom 1,810 N/A 924 314 4,390 434 728 4,106
Irish Free State 414 N/A 171 97 845 96 113 1,010
Norway 164 N/A 113 20 444 34 59 290
Sweden 440 N/A 274 110 984 114 168 883
Denmark 158 N/A 75 33 321 28 66 259
Netherlands 147 N/A 77 32 381 26 74 253
Switzerland 103 N/A 87 52 287 29 48 215
France 295 N/A 109 83 543 63 78 430
Germany 1,969 N/A 981 516 4,214 460 737 3,566
Poland 433 N/A 157 390 1,125 58 183 634
Czechoslovakia 392 N/A 109 27 632 18 217 256
Austria 297 N/A 86 102 721 40 104 604
Hungary 197 N/A 74 48 577 33 70 415
Yugoslavia 73 N/A 31 21 222 28 31 201
USSR 275 N/A 77 63 931 13 98 555
Lithuania 118 N/A 12 61 154 4 30 120
Finland 88 N/A 55 4 166 9 66 129
Rumania 29 N/A 11 4 151 4 12 92
Greece 135 N/A 28 36 221 4 71 216
Italy 983 N/A 264 149 1,814 70 299 1,178
Portugal 57 N/A 4 4 43 0 12 74
Other European Countries 181 N/A 50 52 382 8 83 318
Asia 217 N/A 21 46 726 7 70 279
Canada 1,583 N/A 665 365 4,087 400 665 3,147
Mexico 46 N/A 26 0 167 4 4 33
Other North American Countries 533 N/A 1,194 79 2,115 61 139 508
Other 163 N/A 33 27 185 4 95 81
Unknown 74 N/A 117 16 489 16 71 334
Male Population by Marital Status Single 7,306 322 4,528 3,726 18,536 1,120 3,924 7,981
Married 28,357 1,125 15,250 11,960 66,364 5,148 13,327 33,219
Married, but Separated 587 76 372 545 1,967 108 491 990
Widowed 914 64 965 780 2,772 419 650 2,397
Divorced 960 36 448 444 2,189 177 345 1,230
Female Population by Marital Status Single 4,355 242 2,825 3,199 13,670 850 2,501 7,463
Married 28,245 1,072 14,909 1,304 66,413 5,155 12,350 33,699
Married, but Separated 664 52 371 781 2,394 135 656 1,357
Widowed 2,924 165 2,947 2,871 11,093 1,275 2,128 8,398
Divorced 1,017 28 494 584 3,038 178 442 1,974
Veteran Population by War or Conflict Total 178,181 491 6,962 5,615 35,621 2,555 6,478 18,002
Korean War 3,987 28 863 820 6,248 294 954 2,274
Korean War and World War II 1,529 32 233 204 2,485 136 454 605
World War II 9,091 293 3,420 3,068 18,672 1,105 3,488 8,857
World War I 1,389 33 1,552 832 4,014 611 800 4,269
Other Services 1,822 105 894 691 4,202 409 782 1,997
Population by Work Transportation Method Private Automobile 33,840 1,038 13,369 12,143 73,302 3,999 14,640 28,467
Railroad or Subway 17 N/A 13 4 13 N/A 8 70
Bus or Streetcar 542 18 71 64 4,505 42 70 1,510
Walking 3,022 144 1,859 2,081 7,529 617 1,689 4,002
Other Means 1,543 224 1,785 1,655 5,327 328 1,464 2,295
Working from Home 816 113 526 1,112 2,384 338 518 2,120
Not Reported 1,541 109 819 571 3,701 325 439 2085
Education
Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County
Population by School Enrollment Kindergarten 944 9 232 268 1,252 21 275 571
Public Kindergarten 317 5 129 111 558 11 172 370
Elementary (1-8 Years) 18,421 789 8,805 9,288 42,850 2,771 9,801 16,565
Public Elementary (1-8 Years) 17,139 785 8,708 9,078 40,071 2,739 9,026 15,728
High School (1-4 Years) 5,195 125 2,846 3,179 13,018 865 2,782 6,484
Public High School (1-4 Years) 5,005 125 2,755 3,155 12,091 850 2,528 6,204
College 494 16 111 402 1,936 25 162 2,412
Male Population by School Completion No School Completed 342 60 333 617 1,073 137 453 520
1-4 Years of Elementary School 1,583 251 1,808 2,008 5,133 476 1,402 2,372
5-6 Years of Elementary School 1,510 71 2,008 1,331 5,362 619 1,136 2,490
7 Years of Elementary School 1,262 86 1,164 822 3,617 548 750 2,035
8 Years of Elementary School 3,572 194 2,589 1,990 9,061 1,141 1,686 6,482
1-3 Years of High School 5,463 218 3,274 2,291 13,015 1,120 2,503 6,953
4 Years of High School 7,911 242 3,094 2,318 16,949 1,002 3,277 8,929
1-3 Years of College 3,804 56 1,236 898 8,107 366 1,519 3,681
4 Years of College 4,353 29 1,556 868 8,213 332 1,153 3,972
Female Population by School Completion No School Completed 180 30 179 378 742 79 224 384
1-4 Years of Elementary School 946 196 910 1,575 3,201 308 1,019 1,920
5-6 Years of Elementary School 1,439 112 1,569 1,413 4,499 441 1,157 2,243
7 Years of Elementary School 1,355 85 952 1,057 3,396 398 847 1,850
8 Years of Elementary School 3,199 158 2,613 1,894 9,234 1,370 1,645 6,566
1-3 Years of High School 5,829 270 3,615 3,237 15,859 1,496 3,306 9,149
4 Years of High School 10,140 277 4,317 3,353 23,559 1,449 4,282 13,131
1-3 Years of College 3,423 70 1,892 1,173 8,443 475 1,386 486
4 Years of College 2,047 25 1,249 815 5,536 307 830 3,404
Labor
Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County
Male Population in Labor Force Total 31,421 1,243 14,506 12,168 70,773 4,158 14,005 27,526
Civilian Labor Force 28,918 1,243 14,482 12,148 64,546 4,041 11,892 27,425
Armed Forces 2,505 N/A 24 20 6,227 117 2,113 101
Employed 27,957 1,208 13,391 11,662 61,565 3,901 11,232 26,188
Unemployed 961 35 1,091 486 2,981 140 660 1,237
Not in Labor Force 6,257 305 6,683 4,742 19,083 2,706 4,241 17,261
Female Population in Labor Force Total 12,608 499 6,105 6,840 33,714 1,965 6,458 16,457
Employed 11,865 473 5,689 6,411 31,725 1,867 6,127 15,474
Unemployed 727 26 414 429 1,881 98 331 979
Not in Labor Force 23,981 1,008 15,074 12,118 60,497 5,493 12,143 35,117
Employment by Industry Agriculture 1,118 299 3,913 2,400 6,685 626 2,216 1,591
Forestry and Fishery 74 55 46 97 31 27 69 129
Mining 28 9 29 214 54 5 4 21
Construction 4,223 109 1,912 1,542 9,669 783 2,139 4,502
Manufacturing 9,782 367 1,714 1,889 15,701 808 1,976 3,860
Furniture, Lumber, and Wood Products Manufacturing 100 147 235 689 500 217 126 401
Primary Metal Manufacturing 12 N/A 7 N/A 52 4 N/A 53
Fabricated Metal 3,570 N/A 146 56 6,987 266 522 235
Machinery, Except Electrical, Manufacturing 339 4 61 19 570 17 69 199
Electrical Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing 4,141 5 25 49 896 24 146 283
Motor Vehicle Manufacturing 16 N/A 4 12 68 18 4 34
Transportation Equipment, Except Motor Vehicle, Manufacturing 582 N/A 71 74 224 33 51 247
Durable Goods Manufacturing 228 200 294 92 890 47 220 857
Food and Kindred Products Manufacturing 402 N/A 625 524 3,379 74 308 553
Textile Mill Manufacturing 12 N/A 4 5 47 N/A 8 17
Apparel Manufacturing 36 N/A 8 124 195 N/A 154 190
Printing and Publishing 242 11 100 179 1,060 65 244 638
Chemical 35 N/A 102 36 475 22 88 49
Other Non-Durable Goods Manufacturing 67 N/A 31 30 358 21 36 104
Railroad and Railways Services 102 15 106 214 180 39 351 603
Trucking Services and Warehouse 191 36 139 180 1,118 50 242 261
Other Transportation 288 4 110 116 633 47 126 307
Communication 447 N/A 247 228 1,576 28 260 609
Utilities and Sanitary Services 515 18 157 218 1,231 93 327 764
Wholesale and Trade 702 51 1,315 597 4,605 187 706 1,030
Food and Dairy Product 930 50 587 568 2,505 194 349 1,382
Eating and Drinking Establishments 1,397 85 619 915 2,622 213 446 2,121
Other Retail Services 3,345 118 2,213 2,326 10,799 640 1,988 5,783
Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate 1,134 41 675 638 5,258 183 855 1,969
Business Services 3,603 N/A 156 112 1,345 20 157 601
Repair Services 379 14 282 235 1,574 61 297 797
Private Households 1,661 62 936 1,189 4,803 358 986 2,496
Other Personal Services 1,394 94 670 896 3,519 262 635 3,329
Entertainment and Recreation Service 238 4 96 234 922 34 232 647
Hospital 350 29 298 224 1,866 103 270 749
Education Services with the Government 1,306 41 644 826 2,581 257 542 1,431
Education Services with the Private Sector 358 9 134 80 1,115 28 202 911
Welfare and Non-Profit Organizations 295 13 331 210 1,248 85 177 584
Other Professional Services 871 17 439 364 3,184 104 396 1,332
Public Administration 3,322 40 594 827 4,317 237 870 1,707
Industry Not Reported 1,769 101 716 734 4,147 298 541 2,146
Male Population by Employment Technical and Kindred Workers 6,078 61 820 744 7,109 283 956 387
Engineers and Technical Workers 2,107 5 70 65 2,045 39 149 273
Medical and Other Health-Related Salaried Workers 52 N/A 56 38 278 14 32 109
Medical and Other Health-Related Self-Employed Workers 136 N/A 63 54 424 24 48 169
Teachers 251 4 149 133 414 52 139 259
Farmers and Farm Managers 159 53 462 660 663 132 257 348
Managers and Official Workers 3,934 172 1,970 1,788 9,023 490 1,708 4,711
Managers and Official Salaried Workers 2,467 89 1,054 902 5,362 267 944 2,296
Self-Employed Retail Trade Workers 541 45 363 370 1,360 99 304 920
Other Retail Workers 926 38 553 516 2,301 124 460 1,495
Clerical and Kindred Workers 1,894 30 472 487 3,741 171 581 1,226
Sales Workers 1,004 31 757 754 5,234 169 836 2,238
Retail Sales Workers 455 24 375 346 1,930 96 370 983
Sales Other Than Retail Workers 549 7 382 408 3,304 73 466 1,255
Craftsmen and Foremen 6,668 223 2,355 2,019 12,301 868 2,571 5,839
Construction Craftsmen 2,689 73 1,052 854 4,846 448 1,159 2,560
Foremen 841 26 308 191 1,487 79 241 457
Mechanics and Repair Men 1,837 88 644 577 2,949 180 600 1,538
Metal Craftsmen 295 13 53 66 630 49 52 214
Other Craftsmen 1,006 23 278 331 2,389 112 519 1,070
Operative Workers 2,744 196 1,967 2,047 8,192 595 1,537 2,969
Drivers and Deliverymen Workers 976 94 923 870 3,668 288 656 1,289
Private Household Workers 44 N/A 30 39 157 7 11 87
Service Workers 1,543 47 476 609 2,993 205 427 1,942
Protective Services Workers 531 14 148 144 659 61 132 497
Waiters, Bartenders, and Cooks 255 4 114 115 500 16 76 483
Other Service Workers 757 29 214 350 1,834 128 219 962
Farm Laborer and Farm Foremen 468 144 2,384 937 3,734 311 983 615
Laborers, Except Farm and Mine 1,802 185 1,160 1,095 5,175 440 966 2,212
Construction Laborers 713 24 313 271 1,775 172 401 713
Manufacturing Laborers 96 73 170 284 515 105 88 190
Other Industry Laborers 993 88 677 540 2,885 163 477 1,309
Occupation Not Reported 1,619 66 558 483 3,243 230 399 1,614
Female Population by Employment Technical and Kindred Workers 1,495 37 685 693 3,940 241 667 1,883
Medical and Other Health-Related Salaried Workers 245 8 197 111 981 46 152 471
Medical and Other Health-Related Self-Employed Workers 24 N/A 28 4 230 21 12 71
Teachers 690 20 321 326 1,533 112 308 672
Farmers and Farm Managers 12 N/A 37 49 61 16 16 44
Managers and Official Workers 816 41 401 426 1,473 95 344 1,209
Managers and Official Salaried Workers 438 33 165 204 898 44 201 512
Self-Employed Retail Trade Workers 210 8 151 121 322 21 96 318
Self-Employed Other Than Retail Manager Workers 168 N/A 85 101 253 30 47 379
Clerical and Kindred Workers 4,022 54 1,267 1,189 9,493 309 1,468 3,468
Secretaries, Stenographers, and Typists 1,805 4 337 365 3,525 98 515 1,057
Other Clerical Workers 2,217 50 930 824 5,968 211 953 2,411
Sales Workers 818 27 467 517 2,371 141 419 1,396
Retail Sales Workers 678 22 409 455 1,931 126 334 1,191
Sales Other Than Retail Workers 140 5 58 62 440 15 85 205
Craftsmen and Foremen 97 N/A 16 54 294 27 41 145
Private Household Workers 1,481 52 765 1,606 4,064 305 911 2,019
Service Workers 1,665 118 878 1,195 4,376 439 728 3,097
Waiters, Bartenders, and Cooks 902 45 375 571 1,763 220 323 1,268
Other Service Workers 761 73 503 624 2,613 219 405 1,829
Farm Laborer and Farm Foremen 21 48 277 306 772 25 619 174
Laborers 43 25 64 152 11 64 52
Occupation Not Reported 691 47 274 399 1,778 124 263 943
African Americans
agriculture
Amerindians
Anglo Americans
apparel
Armed Forces
Asian Americans
Austrian Americans
automobiles
bars
bartenders
Brevard County
British Americans
bus
buses
business services
Canadian Americans
cars
Caucasian Americans
census
Census of 1960
Central Americans
chemical
Chinese Americans
civilian labor
clerical
college education
communication
construction
cooks
crafts
craftsman
craftsmen
Czech Americans
Czechoslovakian Americans
dairy
Danish Americans
deliverymen
deliverywomen
divorced
domestic services
drinking establishments
drivers
durable goods
Dutch Americans
eating establishments
education
educations
electrical equipment
electrical machinery
elementary education
employees
engineers
English Americans
entertainment
European Americans
fabricated metal
farm managers
farmers
females
Filipino Americans
finance
Finnish Americans
fishery
Flagler County
food
food products
foreman
foremen
forestry
forewoman
forewomen
French Americans
furniture
German Americans
government
Greek Americans
health care
high school education
Hispanic Americans
hospitals
Hungarian Americans
immigrants
immigration
Indians
insurance
Irish Americans
Italian Americans
Japanese Americans
kindergarten
kindred products
Korean War
labor
labor force
laborers
Lake County
Latin Americans
Latinas
Latinos
Lithuanian Americans
lumber
machinery
males
managers
manufacturing
Marion County
marital status
married
mechanics
medical
Mexican Americans
mining
motor vehicles
Native Americans
non-durable goods
non-profit organizations
North Americans
Norwegian Americans
officials
operative
orange county
Osceola County
pedestrians
personal services
Polish Americans
population
Portuguese Americans
primary education
primary metal
printing
professionals
protective services
public administration
public education
public transportation
publishing
railroad services
railroads
railway services
real estate
recreation
repair
restaurants
retail
Romanian Americans
Russian Americans
salaried
sales
sanitary services
Scandinavian Americans
schools
secondary education
self-employed
Seminole County
separated
single
Slovakian Americans
Soviet Americans
streetcars
subways
Swedish Americans
Swiss Americans
teachers
technicak
technicians
textile mills
trade
transportation
transportation equipment
trucking services
U.S. Census
unemployment
university education
utilities
veterans
Volusia County
waiters
waitresses
walking
warehouses
warehousing
welfare
wholesale
widowed
wood products
workers
World War I
World War II
WWI
WWII
Yugoslavian Americans
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https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/3bee9bb2e9e2f39ea2b9ec6fd93d25b3.jpg
ce2af4d58276e348032e8c08d8bf1102
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
U.S. Census Collection
Alternative Title
Census Collection
Subject
Census--United States
Population--United States
Orange County (Fla.)
Marion County (Fla.)
Brevard County (Fla.)
St. Lucie County (Fla.)
Seminole County (Fla.)
Volusia County (Fla.)
Flagler County (Fla.)
Lake County (Fla.)
Osceola County (Fla.)
Description
Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000.
The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation.
In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc.
The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office.
Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data.
The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing.
The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior.
Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor.
The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities.
The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another.
The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions.
The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire.
Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs.
The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census.
The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input.
In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators.
Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes.
For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP).
The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online.
As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts.
For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP).
The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online.
As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts.
For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD.
Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year.
Language
eng
Type
Collection
Coverage
Mosquito County, Florida
Brevard County, Florida
Flagler County, Florida
Lake County, Florida
Marion County, Florida
Orange County, Florida
Osceola County, Florida
Seminole County, Florida
Volusia County, Florida
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Contributor
Gibson, Ella
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>.
Rights Holder
<span>This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws:</span>
<ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li>
<li>create derivative works</li>
<li>perform the work publicly</li>
<li>display the work</li>
<li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li>
</ul><span>This resources is provided here by </span><a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a><span> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to </span><a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a><span> of </span><a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a><span>.</span>
Source Repository
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>
External Reference
<span>United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank"><em>Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</em></a></span><span>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf.</span>
<span>United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank"><em>The History and Growth of the United States Census</em></a></span><span>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf.</span>
"<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Original Format
1 table
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1940
Alternative Title
Census, 1940
Subject
Census--United States
Orange County (Fla.)
Marion County (Fla.)
Brevard County (Fla.)
St. Lucie County (Fla.)
Seminole County (Fla.)
Volusia County (Fla.)
Flagler County (Fla.)
Lake County (Fla.)
Osceola County (Fla.)
Population--United States
Description
The Sixteenth United States Census records for Brevard County, Flagler County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County, Osceola County, Seminole County, and Volusia County, Florida for 1940. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white" and "black"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who were foreign born were further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the population categorized by age, primary and secondary school attendance, and college attendance. The census also collected information on agriculture, on manufacturing, on commerce, on unemployment, and on labor.<br /><br />Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probablity sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and was also able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs.
Type
Dataset
Source
Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1940.
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida.
Is Format Of
Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1940.
Coverage
Brevard County, Florida
Flagler County, Florida
Lake County, Florida
Marion County, Florida
Orange County, Florida
Osceola County, Florida
Seminole County, Florida
Volusia County, Florida
Creator
<a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>
Publisher
<a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>
Contributor
Gibson, Ella
Date Created
ca. 1940-04-01
Format
image/jpg
Extent
2.05 MB
Medium
1 table
Language
eng
Mediator
History Teacher
Economics Teacher
Civics/Government Teacher
Geography Teacher
Provenance
Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> and published by the <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>.
Rights Holder
This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws:
<ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form;</li>
<li>create derivative works;</li>
<li>perform the work publicly;</li>
<li>display the work;</li>
<li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li>
</ul>
This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>.
Accrual Method
Item Creation
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
External Reference
"<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1940.html" target="_blank">1940 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1940.html.
United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank"><em>Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</em></a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf.
United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank"><em>The History and Growth of the United States Census</em></a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1940. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf.
"<a href="http://www.census.gov/1940census/" target="_blank">Taking You Back to the 1940s</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/1940census/.
Transcript
U.S. Census of 1940
Population
Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County
Population Total 16,142 3,008 27,255 31,243 70,074 10,119 22,304 53,710
Males 8,175 1,631 13,553 15,574 33,901 5,118 11,234 25,899
Females 7,967 1,377 13,702 15,669 36,173 5,001 11,070 27,811
Black Population Total 5,256 1,334 7,602 13,671 16,940 2,061 10,751 14,787
Other Race Population Total 15 5 0 0 2 12 3 18
Native-Born Population Total 10,421 1,561 19,039 17,220 50,977 7,777 11,182 36,813
Males 7,912 1,569 13,224 15,374 32,841 4,967 11,024 24,890
Females 7,753 1,329 13,411 15,511 35,059 4,878 10,898 26,692
Foreign-Born Population Total 450 108 614 352 2,155 269 368 2,092
Males 263 62 329 200 1,060 151 210 1,009
Females 214 48 291 158 1,114 123 172 1,119
Foreign-Born Population by Country of Origin Latvia 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0
Finland 4 0 28 1 2 1 3 18
Rumania 0 0 1 3 15 0 10 7
Bulgaria 0 0 3 0 2 0 8 2
Greece 5 0 4 4 29 1 9 34
Italy 28 1 25 11 80 8 10 51
Lithuania 2 4 3 0 3 1 0 5
U.S.S.R. (Russia) 4 3 13 6 86 0 10 58
Yugoslavia 4 0 2 0 7 1 0 25
Hungary 3 6 14 2 33 4 8 36
Austria 16 4 12 6 59 14 4 40
Czechoslovakia 29 3 3 1 47 0 29 6
Belgium 1 0 4 0 10 0 1 8
Netherlands 15 1 7 8 22 3 2 32
Denmark 22 0 10 4 27 4 3 33
Sweden 13 5 73 13 107 12 31 107
Norway 11 1 11 4 38 2 2 23
Irish Free State 19 1 11 9 44 18 8 43
Northern Ireland 1 0 6 4 18 2 4 23
Wales 7 0 4 0 16 4 0 13
Scotland 8 5 25 20 69 11 20 81
England 71 18 102 73 372 48 57 489
Poland 5 34 22 17 40 1 2 43
Germany 91 8 73 60 266 54 44 267
France 12 6 6 11 46 3 9 33
Switzerland 3 0 10 3 27 4 9 24
Spain 1 0 1 0 6 1 2 5
Portugal 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 9
Azores 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 5
Australia 0 1 5 1 7 0 0 7
Central and South America 1 0 6 1 12 0 4 12
Cuba and Other West Indies 5 0 6 3 44 2 4 27
Mexico 1 0 1 0 5 1 1 1
Canada, Other 61 5 102 57 481 59 56 441
French Canada 2 1 9 4 34 6 2 33
Asian Countries 0 0 6 0 21 1 2 9
Turkey (Asia) 1 0 0 1 28 1 4 3
Palestine and Syria 0 1 0 22 22 1 5 27
Other European Countries 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 2
Luxemburg 2 0 0 1 2 1 5 0
Education
Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County
Population Attending School by Age 5-6 188 29 279 323 650 76 239 493
7-13 1,830 329 3,008 4,001 7,671 1,011 2,592 5,559
14-15 505 81 836 1,131 2,071 298 677 1,705
16-17 373 44 592 848 1,597 207 482 1,259
18-20 199 21 354 422 906 86 276 845
21-24 37 10 81 91 227 29 68 184
Years of School Completed for Males 0 181 112 431 669 688 176 429 639
1-4 847 286 1,367 1,715 3,008 456 1,501 2,054
5-6 650 130 1,103 1,286 2,356 499 1,019 1,946
7-8 1,313 208 2,065 1,932 4,810 1,062 1,377 4,283
Years of High School Completed for Males 1-3 619 101 941 1,133 2,861 389 727 2,181
4 639 54 958 834 3,231 359 650 2,260
Years of College Completed for Males 1-3 308 33 500 346 1,505 139 322 1,091
4+ 255 19 489 307 1,602 127 224 1,165
Males with School Completion Not Reported Total 55 11 64 188 257 13 34 81
Years of School Completed for Females 0 133 50 224 467 493 90 265 447
1-4 575 178 940 1,309 2,141 294 1,138 1,596
5-6 577 116 983 1,249 2,414 384 1,024 1,828
7-8 1,199 157 1,912 1,981 4,999 1,026 1,248 4,536
Years of High School Completed for Females 1-3 689 100 1,197 1,357 3,529 523 852 3,005
4 887 77 1,339 1,102 4,939 546 891 3,678
Years of College Completed for Females 1-3 389 31 670 477 1,849 163 420 1,547
4+ 200 14 437 295 1,334 98 237 1,016
Females with School Completion Not Reported Total 26 5 44 46 191 1 12 74
Agriculture
Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County
Number of Farms by Race White 715 104 1,966 1,324 2,337 432 706 1,454
Non-White 49 3 51 822 62 10 54 64
Acreage of Farms by Race White 169,671 30,726 111,511 188,138 207,353 488,471 64,934 261,864
Non-White 1,268 60 2,013 31,912 2,482 117 810 1,422
Farms by Ownership and Management Full Owners 649 88 1,767 1,399 1,399 355 583 1,292
Part Owners 25 12 50 334 334 25 68 80
Manager-Operated 60 2 117 69 69 15 39 34
Farms by Tenure Total 30 5 83 344 107 47 70 112
Share Tenants and Croppers 0 0 11 62 12 3 9 12
Share-Cash Tenants 0 0 0 8 1 0 1 2
Cash Tenant-Operated 9 4 34 171 53 30 45 63
Other Tenant-Operated 21 1 38 103 41 14 15 37
Farm Acreage by Ownership and Management Full Owners 8,750 3,175 32,704 34,004 33,942 3,409 7,140 12,749
Part Owners 292 1,446 2,384 16,380 1,586 198 1,917 1,862
Manager-Operated 28,717 N/A 17,453 34,549 41,939 62,552 4,211 70,395
Acres of Land in Farms of Full Owners Total 28,438 8,868 83,123 123,333 135,783 189,299 41,437 65,959
Acres of Land in Farms of Part Owners Total 112,463 18,743 8,080 36,018 28,108 143,323 18,300 118,971
Owned Land 31,403 1,233 3,468 21,809 4,996 14,542 11,861 9,179
Farm Acreage by Tenure Total 1,321 61 4,868 26,150 4,005 93,414 1,796 7,961
Share Tenants and Croppers 0 N/A 369 4,255 N/A 138 N/A 5,257
Share-Cash Tenants 0 61 0 379 518 0 308 0
Cash Tenants 236 N/A 2,191 15,049 1,377 92,716 661 1,235
Other Tenants 1,085 N/A 2,308 6,467 2,110 560 827 1,469
Farms by Acreage 3-9 162 6 327 216 567 84 211 381
10-19 274 26 819 559 898 138 267 568
20-29 174 13 523 306 585 91 169 375
30-49 126 28 336 431 371 80 100 205
50-69 47 12 141 190 143 23 56 86
70-99 43 8 145 256 138 29 29 74
100-139 30 4 93 125 85 15 31 52
140-179 26 9 36 112 50 11 10 23
175-179 0 2 3 5 2 0 1 2
180-219 9 3 29 68 30 3 9 14
220-259 4 0 2 38 16 3 1 14
260-379 7 3 21 61 22 9 1 20
380-499 4 1 12 26 11 3 5 5
500-699 3 1 9 23 10 3 4 4
700-999 7 1 6 13 10 2 1 3
1,000+ 14 5 10 24 9 36 7 24
Acres of Cropland Harvested on Farms of Managers Total 2,935 N/A 9,271 8,325 11,386 931 2,944 2,844
Acres of Cropland Harvested on Farms of Tenants Total 560 26 1,911 8,442 528 313 555 506
Share Tenants and Croppers 0 N/A 125 2,023 N/A 81 N/A 71
Share-Cash Tenants 0 26 0 112 150 0 162 0
Cash Tenants 31 N/A 450 4,160 143 106 307 305
Other Tenants 529 N/A 1,336 2,147 235 126 86 130
Value of Farms Under 10 Acres Total $170 $6 $340 $220 $606 $87 $239 $423
Value of Farm Buildings on Tenant Farms Total $57,580 $800 $49,350 $176,635 $77,100 $39,475 $61,275 $124,190
Share Tenants and Croppers $0 $0 $4,950 $27,655 $17,700 $6,100 $21,300 $17,100
Share-Cash Tenants $0 $0 $0 $3,710 $0 $0 N/A $0
Cash Tenants $13,450 N/A $29,850 $98,250 $35,250 $23,450 $33,425 $70,750
Other Tenants $44,130 N/A $14,550 $47,020 $24,150 $9,925 $5,550 $36,340
Value of Farm Land Buildings By Ownership and Management Full Owners $6,524,000 $468,000 $14,608,732 $4,220,440 $20,378,911 $2,041,470 $4,986,379 $8,333,465
Part Owners $490,700 $153,500 $642,155 $1,160,466 $1,037,610 $345,313 $1,465,319 $1,031,531
Manager-Operated $2,179,500 N/A $3,940,936 $2,136,970 $6,052,604 $320,880 $1,363,018 $1,820,022
Value of Farm Land Buildings on Tenant Farms Total $480,200 $4,150 $234,380 $624,360 $472,190 $449,085 $382,550 $342,185
Share Tenants and Croppers $0 N/A $16,995 $93,490 N/A $28,000 N/A $51,200
Share-Cash Tenants $0 $4,150 $0 $10,465 $139,200 $0 $95,600 $0
Cash Tenants $24,400 N/A $87,745 $341,600 $143,020 $357,335 $226,550 $188,325
Other Tenants $455,800 N/A $129,640 $178,805 $189,970 $63,750 $60,400 $102,660
Value of Farm Land Buildings by Race White $9,373,800 $686,850 $19,282,088 $7,485,731 $7,485,731 $3,139,498 $8,104,051 $11,357,438
Non-White $300,600 $5,000 $144,115 $656,505 $656,505 $17,250 $93,215 $169,765
Value of Farm Implements and Machinery by Ownership and Operation Full Owners $1,250,220 $145,775 $2,398,955 $1,444,823 $3,787,109 $470,435 $1,209,070 $2,139,500
Part Owners $47,600 $25,325 $96,645 $365,566 $157,250 $30,650 $220,675 $199,935
Manager-Operated $218,500 N/A $196,090 $192,015 $444,016 $37,651 $139,524 $148,894
Value of Farm Implements and Machinery on Tenant Farms Total $9,575 $800 $16,610 $89,513 $13,085 $9,873 $27,177 $30,840
Share Tenants and Croppers $0 $0 $1,975 $13,255 $2,440 $1,970 $11,117 $2,535
Share-Cash Tenants $0 $0 $0 $1,165 N/A $0 N/A $0
Cash Tenants $6,250 N/A $14,080 $54,562 $8,550 $6,040 $14,650 $23,975
Other Tenants $3,325 N/A $555 $20,531 $2,070 $1,863 $1,210 $4,330
Value of Farm Implements and Machinery by Ownership and Operation Full Owners $260,622 $80,526 $333,441 $380,938 $510,070 $81,756 $332,728 $345,871
Part Owners $30,540 $42,717 $41,220 $159,302 $59,630 $7,890 $133,112 $58,115
Manager-Operated $62,470 N/A $178,375 $113,821 $145,223 $10,400 $53,052 $59,095
Value of All Crops Harvested Total $1,038,148 $501,412 $2,922,914 $1,410,710 $3,796,758 $307,552 $3,083,712 $1,401,807
Vegetables (for sale and for farm households) $39,560 $78,230 $239,125 $392,898 $219,593 $26,705 $2,325,406 $81,734
Fruits and Nuts $942,134 $2,429 $2,393,123 $486,945 $3,350,438 $271,885 $406,025 $809,119
Horticultural Specialties $52,249 N/A $238,247 $25,111 $197,802 $2,127 $298,859 $470,353
All Other Crops $878 N/A $2,932 $17,901 $807 $877 $95 $1,459
Irish and Sweet Potatoes $2,688 $367,580 $10,344 $24,872 $2,903 $3,244 $20,856 $17,578
Cereals N/A $28,406 $7,927 $165,793 $2,500 $631 $27,304 $8,604
Corn (harvested for grain) N/A $28,406 $7,909 $164,222 $2,448 $610 $27,304 $8,572
Other Grains and Seeds $24 $290 $5,264 $120,720 $362 $570 $71 $2,151
Hay and Forage $99 $23,572 $9,705 $145,127 $22,353 $1,513 $4,853 $10,809
Forest Products Sold Total 755 N/A 5,263 36,190 1,421 3,133 2,322 18,088
Manufacturing and Labor
Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County
Manufacturing Establishments Total 15 7 30 39 71 12 16 59
Wages Paid in Manufacturing Total $71,590 $4,073 $471,766 $382,112 $842,257 $371,217 $162,698 $467,223
Value of Products of Manufacturing Establishments Total $329 $93 $1,923 $2,447 $5,991 $1,020 $1,488 $2,451
Cost of Materials, Supplies, Fuels, Purchased Electrical Energy Total $120 $64 $872 $1,208 $2,964 $367 $792 $1,021
Wholesale Business Establishments Total 31 5 53 36 146 9 16 69
Active Proprietors of Unincorporated Wholesale Business Establishments Total 22 3 37 27 75 9 23 55
Number of Employees of Wholesale Business Establishments Total 495 4 1,285 356 3,284 90 744 479
Service Business Establishments Total 89 7 107 66 369 37 125 270
Active Proprietors of Unincorporated Service Business Establishments Total 89 5 104 64 366 42 131 274
Retail Stores Total 409 59 442 362 1,192 146 411 1,083
Amount of Retail Sales Total $5,366 $478 $7,010 $7,734 $31,510 $2,144 $5,189 $19,364
Active Proprietors of Unincorporated Retail Businesses Total 381 48 407 306 1,046 143 357 977
Persons in the Labor Force Males 4,908 1,059 7,909 9,021 20,740 2,776 6,842 14,854
Females 1,835 187 2,634 3,111 10,132 851 3,081 6,907
Employed Persons Males 4,385 1,016 6,941 8,090 18,408 2,424 6,293 12,236
Females 1,615 164 2,294 2,603 8,864 690 2,841 6,076
Employed Clerical, Sales, and Kindred Workers Males 352 26 609 648 2,860 180 488 1,562
Females 230 15 384 390 1,879 113 291 1,100
Employed Craftsmen, Foremen, and Kindred Workers Males 429 68 632 675 2,396 301 561 1,685
Females 6 0 5 8 66 4 9 27
Employed Operatives and Kindred Workers Males 543 83 766 992 2,461 307 1,128 1,513
Females 165 1 267 158 999 78 592 330
Employed Domestic Service Workers Males 67 7 121 80 457 8 51 338
Females 623 56 769 903 2,971 176 627 2,134
Employed Service Workers, Except Domestic Males 234 33 310 351 1,343 104 227 1,208
Females 221 12 240 278 1,145 127 183 1,129
Employed Proprietors, Managers and Officials Males 601 92 745 790 2,545 262 665 1,978
Females 128 12 144 148 441 66 85 424
Employed Professional Workers Males 149 18 248 257 835 84 167 669
Females 136 12 311 314 1,025 85 191 693
Employed Semiprofessional Workers Males 38 2 50 36 175 15 30 151
Females 9 0 12 3 57 9 6 34
Employed Farm Laborers, Unpaid Family Workers Males 15 11 40 186 39 21 46 38
Females 2 1 8 55 9 3 16 51
Employed Laborers, Except Farm Males 758 419 995 1,093 2,007 664 689 1,656
Females 4 2 13 35 31 3 49 18
Employed Farmers and Farm Managers Males 345 84 675 1,518 767 228 480 596
Females 43 2 43 68 69 13 37 46
Employed Female Farm Laborers and Foremen (Wage Workers) Total 20 50 73 222 116 3 826 52
Registered Emergency Workers Total 248 56 310 463 653 192 344 693
White Males 90 31 165 234 302 110 101 311
White Females 61 19 69 58 173 40 77 118
Black Males 80 6 54 136 118 30 139 245
Black Females 17 0 22 35 60 12 27 19
Persons Employed in Public Emergency Workers Males 217 21 315 411 723 147 243 1,106
Females 89 17 132 146 367 76 130 252
Employed Persons, Occupation Not Reported Males 35 6 79 46 139 19 31 73
Females 28 1 25 21 56 10 11 38
Totally Unemployed Persons, Registered Total 529 39 629 1,290 1,952 405 809 1,956
White Males 146 24 269 360 780 208 199 586
White Females 75 10 156 186 506 114 90 332
Black Males 107 4 103 352 346 37 336 499
Black Females 201 1 101 392 317 46 184 537
Partially Unemployed Persons, Registered Total 606 43 723 1,090 1,736 322 810 1,724
White Males 179 24 368 356 905 159 196 682
White Females 48 5 64 47 204 70 35 114
Black Males 233 13 208 512 424 54 410 646
Black Females 126 1 82 174 201 39 169 281
Persons Seeking Work Males 306 22 653 520 1,609 205 306 1,512
Females 131 6 208 362 901 85 110 579
New Persons Workers Seeking Work Males 26 2 24 32 68 8 12 97
Females 9 1 11 28 65 7 5 53
African Americans
agriculture
Asian Americans
Australian Americans
Azorean Americans
Belgian Americans
Brevard County
British Americans
Bulgarian Americans
Canadian Americans
Caribbean Americans
Caucasian Americans
census
Census of 1940
Central Americans
cereals
clerical
college
corn
crop
cropland
Cuban Americans
Czech Americans
Czechoslovakian Americans
Danish Americans
domestic service
Dutch Americans
education
electricity
emergency workers
employees
employment
energy
English Americans
European Americans
farm laborers
farm managers
farm workers
farming
farming implements
farms
females
Finnish Americans
Flagler County
forage
forest products
forestry
French Americans
fruits
fuel
German Americans
grain
Greek Americans
hay
Hispanic Americans
horticultural specialties
horticulture
Hungarian Americans
Irish Americans
Irish potatoes
Italian Americans
kindred
labor
laborers
Lake County
Latin Americans
Latinas
Latinos
Latvian Americans
Lithuanian Americans
Luxembourger Americans
machinery
males
managers
manufacturing
Marion County
Mexican Americans
Northern Irish Americans
Norwegian Americans
nuts
officials
operatives
orange county
Osceola County
Palestinian Americans
Polish Americans
population
Portuguese Americans
potatoes
primary education
professionals
proprietors
public emergency workers
retail
Romanian Americans
Russian Americans
sales
Scandinavian Americans
school
Scotch Americans
Scottish Americans
secondary education
seeds
Seminole County
semiprofessionals
service industry
sharecroppers
sharecropping
Slovakian Americans
South Americans
Soviet Americans
Spanish Americans
stores
Swedish Americans
sweet potatoes
Swiss Americans
Syrian Americans
tenant farmers
tenant farming
tenants
Turkish Americans
U.S. Census
unemployment
university
vegetables
Volusia County
wages
Welsh Americans
West Indian Americans
wholesale
workers
Yugoslavian Americans
-
https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/ee509e0bf2aa8f9ca179841ea5393069.jpg
ae7185ec1a3e743ab87b32dd6dd4c446
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
U.S. Census Collection
Alternative Title
Census Collection
Subject
Census--United States
Population--United States
Orange County (Fla.)
Marion County (Fla.)
Brevard County (Fla.)
St. Lucie County (Fla.)
Seminole County (Fla.)
Volusia County (Fla.)
Flagler County (Fla.)
Lake County (Fla.)
Osceola County (Fla.)
Description
Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000.
The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation.
In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc.
The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office.
Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data.
The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing.
The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior.
Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor.
The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities.
The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another.
The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions.
The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire.
Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs.
The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census.
The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input.
In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators.
Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes.
For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP).
The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online.
As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts.
For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP).
The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online.
As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts.
For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD.
Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year.
Language
eng
Type
Collection
Coverage
Mosquito County, Florida
Brevard County, Florida
Flagler County, Florida
Lake County, Florida
Marion County, Florida
Orange County, Florida
Osceola County, Florida
Seminole County, Florida
Volusia County, Florida
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Contributor
Gibson, Ella
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>.
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</ul><span>This resources is provided here by </span><a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a><span> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to </span><a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a><span> of </span><a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a><span>.</span>
Source Repository
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>
External Reference
<span>United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank"><em>Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</em></a></span><span>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf.</span>
<span>United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank"><em>The History and Growth of the United States Census</em></a></span><span>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf.</span>
"<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Original Format
1 table
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1930
Alternative Title
Census, 1930
Subject
Census--United States
Orange County (Fla.)
Marion County (Fla.)
Brevard County (Fla.)
St. Lucie County (Fla.)
Seminole County (Fla.)
Volusia County (Fla.)
Flagler County (Fla.)
Lake County (Fla.)
Osceola County (Fla.)
Population--United States
Description
The Fifteenth United States Census records for Brevard County, Flagler County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County, Osceola County, Seminole County, and Volusia County, Florida, for 1930. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white" and "black"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who are foreign born are further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the population categorized by age, family size (as well as rural families vs. urban families), family radio ownership, marital status, school attendance, and literacy. The census also collected information on agriculture, on manufacturing, and on unemployment.<br /><br />The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for censuses of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their respective territories. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demand and the bureau was accused of presenting unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire.
Type
Dataset
Source
Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1930.
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida.
Is Format Of
Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1930.
Coverage
Brevard County, Florida
Flagler County, Florida
Lake County, Florida
Marion County, Florida
Orange County, Florida
Osceola County, Florida
Seminole County, Florida
Volusia County, Florida
Creator
<a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>
Publisher
<a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>
Contributor
Gibson, Ella
Date Created
ca. 1930-04-01
Format
image/jpg
Extent
1.99 MB
Medium
1 table
Language
eng
Mediator
History Teacher
Economics Teacher
Geography Teacher
Provenance
Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> and published by the <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>.
Rights Holder
This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws:
<ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form;</li>
<li>create derivative works;</li>
<li>perform the work publicly;</li>
<li>display the work;</li>
<li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li>
</ul>
This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>.
Accrual Method
Item Creation
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
External Reference
"<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1930.html" target="_blank">1930 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1930.html.
United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank"><em>Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</em></a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf.
United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank"><em>The History and Growth of the United States Census</em></a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1930. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf.
Transcript
U.S. Census of 1930
Population
Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County
Population Total 13,283 2,466 23,161 29,578 49,737 10,699 18,735 42,757
Males 6,766 1,355 11,673 14,970 24,034 5,500 9,467 20,850
Females 6,517 1,111 11,488 14,608 25,703 5,199 9,268 21,907
White Population Total 9,062 1,613 16,717 15,065 37,495 7,610 10,302 30,205
Males 4,642 874 8,346 7,664 18,260 3,773 5,228 14,746
Females 4,420 739 8,371 7,401 19,235 3,837 5,074 15,459
Native-Born Population Total 8,593 1,491 16,068 14,645 35,498 7,316 9,875 28,379
Males 4,390 802 7,992 7,439 17,270 3,608 4,984 13,829
Females 4,203 689 8,076 7,206 18,228 3,708 4,891 14,549
Foreign-Born Population Total 469 122 649 420 1,997 294 427 1,827
Males 252 72 354 225 990 165 244 917
Females 217 50 295 195 1,007 129 183 910
Black Population Total 4,199 852 6,442 14,513 12,226 3,056 8,431 12,537
Males 2,112 480 3,235 7,306 5,764 1,710 4,238 6,093
Females 2,087 372 3,117 7,207 6,462 1,346 4,193 6,444
Other Race Population Total 22 1 2 0 16 33 2 15
Males 12 1 2 0 10 17 1 11
Females 10 0 0 0 6 16 1 4
Population by Age Under 1 205 49 393 523 785 180 338 648
1-4 1,028 196 1,894 2,345 3,558 761 1,474 2,938
5-9 1,336 264 2,349 3,126 4,709 1,000 1,911 4,001
10-14 1,230 238 2,109 3,022 4,353 929 1,846 3,729
15-19 1,117 220 2,114 3,092 4,433 933 1,883 3,435
20-24 1,159 235 1,992 2,874 4,486 888 1,753 3,524
25-29 1,068 214 1,826 2,298 4,349 852 1,689 3,471
30-34 981 184 1,656 1,905 3,826 691 1,488 3,132
35-44 1,826 343 3,047 3,653 7,036 1,331 2,703 6,141
45-54 1,452 250 2,326 3,081 5,344 1,100 1,861 4,700
55-64 1,030 162 1,721 2,065 3,711 917 1,022 3,665
65-74 615 79 1,219 1,105 2,184 623 549 2,266
75+ 224 31 498 457 924 470 214 1,033
Age Unknown 12 1 17 32 39 24 4 74
Number of Families Total 3,761 653 6,460 7,483 13,852 3,198 5,043 12,444
Farm 462 131 1,506 2,559 1,308 451 781 892
Rural Farm 454 131 1,468 2,557 1,257 433 722 876
Urban Farm 8 0 38 2 51 18 59 16
Non-Farm 3,299 522 4,954 4,924 12,544 2,747 4,262 11,552
Rural Non-Farm 2,523 522 3,106 3,028 3,775 1,898 1,590 3,887
Urban Non-Farm 776 0 1,848 1,896 8,769 849 2,672 7,665
Number of Families by Size 1 Person 597 91 912 968 1,654 593 611 1,905
2 Persons 1,078 186 1,814 1,778 4,030 984 1,288 3,855
3 Persons 715 123 1,225 1,412 2,895 548 1,052 2,368
4 Persons 514 84 955 1,144 2,117 447 814 1,734
5 Persons 359 60 639 779 1,383 246 516 1,127
6 Persons 196 39 392 530 837 160 319 666
7 Persons 116 33 221 348 422 96 192 378
8 Persons 82 23 144 224 238 65 121 189
9 Persons 52 10 81 135 130 30 67 116
10 Persons 19 3 29 76 84 18 33 60
11 Persons 18 0 19 45 32 7 18 27
12+ Persons 15 1 29 44 30 4 12 19
Radio Ownership Families Reporting Radios 783 57 1,072 680 2,638 323 729 2,164
Urban Families Reporting Radios 165 0 434 319 1,850 140 491 1,526
Rural Families Reporting Radios 618 57 638 361 786 183 238 638
Families Without Radios 2,978 596 5,388 6,803 11,216 2,875 4,314 10,280
Urban Families Without Radios 619 0 1,452 1,579 6,970 727 2,240 6,155
Rural Families Without Radios 2,359 596 3,936 5,224 4,246 2,148 2,074 4,125
Population by Marital Status, Aged 15+ Total 9,484 1,719 16,416 20,562 36,332 7,829 13,166 31,441
Single 2,352 427 4,010 5,432 8,705 1,754 3,094 7,221
Married 6,127 1,170 10,540 12,562 23,568 4,894 8,821 20,237
Widowed 898 104 1,603 2,141 3,404 1,091 1,059 3,388
Divorced 105 18 241 404 474 83 183 539
Unknown Marital Status 2 0 22 23 181 7 9 56
Male Population by Marital Status, Aged 15+ Total 4,850 963 8,306 10,465 17,303 4,080 6,633 15,090
Single 1,442 308 2,407 3,217 4,634 1,138 1,814 3,993
Married 3,060 601 5,252 6,294 11,615 2,454 4,371 10,007
Widowed 299 43 512 747 833 449 348 829
Divorced 49 11 122 193 171 34 94 231
Unknown Marital Status 0 0 13 14 50 5 6 30
Female Population by Marital Status, Aged 15+ Total 4,634 756 8,110 10,097 19,029 3,749 6,533 16,351
Single 910 119 1,603 2,215 4,071 616 1,280 3,228
Married 306 569 5,288 6,268 11,953 2,440 4,450 10,230
Widowed 599 61 1,091 1,394 2,571 642 711 2,559
Divorced 56 7 119 211 303 49 89 308
Unknown Marital Status 2 0 9 9 131 2 3 26
Foreign-Born Population by Country of Origin Austria 18 5 11 7 40 14 1 27
Canada 84 9 140 80 486 62 79 399
Cuba 2 0 0 4 7 3 2 8
Czechoslovakia 27 4 9 2 52 3 28 16
Denmark 6 2 15 8 24 5 3 31
England 76 20 132 101 361 67 62 438
France 8 1 12 11 35 5 10 47
Germany 96 15 59 59 273 50 51 233
Greece 6 0 7 4 58 0 11 36
Irish (free state) 16 0 12 6 51 12 9 50
Italy 17 0 27 15 48 11 12 30
Northern Ireland 2 2 3 7 18 2 2 13
Norway 11 1 9 2 20 1 7 24
Palestine and Syria 0 1 0 18 28 1 4 28
Poland 5 30 8 8 22 0 5 32
Rumania 5 0 3 0 20 1 21 9
Russia 2 8 11 12 83 1 11 32
Scotland 18 6 29 29 68 8 23 61
Spain 0 0 0 2 2 2 1 5
Sweden 17 4 81 18 124 24 40 106
Switzerland 8 2 10 9 23 4 15 24
West Indies 4 0 3 5 13 3 2 14
West Indies, Others 6 0 3 1 6 0 0 6
Other Countries 41 12 68 17 147 18 30 172
Education
Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County
Population, Aged 7-20 Total 3,387 646 6,029 8,598 12,507 2,646 5,221 10,252
Population Attending School, Aged 7-20 Total 2,589 441 4,295 6,304 9,178 1,894 3,764 7,924
Ages 7-13 1,765 297 2,871 4,167 6,043 1,250 2,514 5,285
Ages 14-15 424 81 709 1,049 1,493 320 618 1,288
Ages 16-17 259 43 458 751 1,057 221 426 872
Ages 18-20 141 20 257 367 585 103 206 479
Population Not Attending School, Aged 7-20 Total 798 205 1,734 2,294 3,329 752 1,457 2,328
Ages 7-13 34 32 206 181 274 94 126 159
Ages 14-15 64 19 131 176 265 46 133 144
Ages 16-17 184 42 380 513 725 196 320 523
Ages 18-20 516 112 1,017 1,424 2,065 416 878 1,502
Population, Aged 10+ Total 10,714 1,957 18,525 23,584 40,685 8,758 15,012 35,170
White 7,365 1,266 13,493 12,047 30,806 6,262 8,311 24,894
Black 3,334 690 5,030 11,537 9,865 2,472 6,699 10,262
Other 15 1 2 0 14 24 2 14
Illiterate Population, Aged 10+ Total 503 182 1,089 2,216 1,738 547 1,280 1,749
White 35 13 158 145 257 86 59 161
Black 463 169 931 2,071 1,479 444 1,220 1,585
Other 5 0 0 0 2 17 1 3
Literate Population, Aged 10+ Total 10,211 1,775 17,436 21,368 38,947 8,211 13,732 33,421
White 7,330 1,253 13,335 11,902 30,549 6,176 8,252 24,733
Black 2,871 521 4,099 9,466 8,386 2,028 5,479 8,677
Other 10 1 2 0 12 7 1 11
Agriculture
Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County
Number of Farms by Race Total 633 144 1,981 2,175 1,608 497 780 1,013
White 39 3 109 955 56 10 40 49
Colored 594 141 1,872 1,220 1,552 487 740 964
Acreage of Farms by Race Total 25,608 13,463 127,027 204,467 102,347 75,608 34,471 76,681
White 24,825 13,418 124,578 169,229 100,982 75,501 33,834 75,363
Colored 783 45 2,449 35,238 1,365 107 637 1,318
Farms by Ownership, Tenure, and Management Full Owners 501 105 1,468 1,451 1,380 416 615 900
Part Owners 7 11 66 351 38 21 53 34
Manager-Operated 97 9 285 78 110 22 61 25
Tenant-Operated 28 19 162 295 80 38 51 54
Cash Tenant-Operated 13 16 54 114 48 16 35 31
Other Tenant-Operated 15 3 108 181 32 22 16 23
Farm Acreage by Ownership, Tenure, and Management Full Owners 25,608 13,463 127,027 204,467 102,347 75,608 34,471 76,681
Part Owners 18,856 10,976 70,810 118,675 54,674 23,426 20,430 61,131
Manager-Operated 505 1,015 6,660 33,026 3,982 2,787 1,573 2,753
Tenant-Operated 5,334 345 38,524 32,722 18,419 48,614 10,690 11,441
Cash Tenant-Operated 913 1,127 11,033 20,044 25,272 781 1,778 1,356
Other Tenant-Operated 516 1,043 4,721 7,667 24,182 381 1,392 766
Farms by Acreage Less than 3 15 0 88 16 87 31 36 47
3-9 137 5 391 166 342 92 180 206
10-19 169 17 487 343 416 115 221 251
20-49 183 67 547 793 455 150 237 265
50-99 57 33 234 406 168 60 57 117
100-174 52 12 136 225 71 21 30 69
175-259 13 2 43 94 27 7 9 22
260-499 3 5 32 76 17 7 4 14
500-999 4 1 10 34 16 8 3 8
1,000-4,999 0 2 11 20 7 4 2 14
5,000+ 0 0 2 2 2 2 1 0
Value of Farms Total $12,560,869 $1,152,345 $34,719,355 $14,108,455 $32,468,362 $4,352,981 $13,207,921 $17,052,127
Farmland $9,974,127 $645,100 $28,863,318 $9,560,832 $24,961,455 $3,067,920 $9,712,100 $12,293,764
Buildings $1,402,675 $282,025 $3,100,276 $2,397,812 $4,063,348 $691,705 $1,774,708 $2,600,511
Farmers' Dwellings $982,800 $143,450 $235,270 $1,573,405 $2,866,942 $463,220 $1,241,200 $1,752,640
Farming Implements and Machinery $201,267 $81,770 $405,491 $576,406 $576,617 $130,136 $479,913 $405,212
Value of All Crops Total $2,024,972 $560,114 $3,896,294 $2,489,061 $4,330,237 $434,275 $3,761,321 $1,840,084
Cereal $164 $32,327 $16,425 $293,916 $9,133 $5,830 $36,218 $14,457
Other Grains and Seeds $481 $2,801 $5,359 $85,029 $2,706 $1,859 $50 $4,129
Hay and Forage $145 $10,124 $9,207 $64,930 $19,444 $3,035 $16,658 $12,075
Vegetables $101,832 $496,606 $472,268 $973,677 $395,621 $60,768 $2,904,857 $203,665
Fruits and Nuts $1,910,835 $6,253 $3,356,253 $931,117 $3,878,778 $351,429 $774,298 $1,576,158
All Other Crops $0 $2,213 $8,048 $53,978 $1,576 $2,132 $0 $3,594
Garden Vegetables $11,515 $9,790 $28,734 $86,414 $22,979 $9,222 $29,240 $26,006
Manufacturing
Manufacturing Establishments Total 20 12 35 52 62 19 21 60
Average Number of Wage Earners in Manufacturing Total 257 413 619 913 716 1,202 611 781
Annual Wages in Manufacturing Total $194,907 $195,277 $568,133 $515,673 $741,979 $686,476 $602,100 $681,583
Value of Products of Manufacturing Establishments Total $640,042 $4,359,445 $1,789,513 $2,027,539 $3,695,845 $2,144,695 $3,034,534 $2,613,996
Wholesale Establishments Total 24 5 35 36 62 9 30 46
Number of Employees of Wholesale Establishments Total 91 6 588 106 1,902 15 335 236
Males 78 6 529 96 1,429 14 251 198
Females 13 0 59 10 473 1 84 38
Salaries and Wages Paid in Wholesale Establishments Total $134,450 $13,672 $425,507 $306,370 $1,177,251 $42,041 $394,430 $306,052
Retail Distribution Stores Total 317 68 368 444 799 149 295 801
Number of Retail Distribution Proprietors and Firm Members Total 282 63 351 423 725 137 265 687
Full-time Employees of Retail Stores Total 361 43 560 732 1945 188 393 1427
Labor Force (Gainful Workers, Unemployed, and Lay-off) Total 5,644 1,037 9,382 12,206 22,751 4,373 8,429 18,154
Unemployed (Out of job, Able to work, and Looking for a job) Total 223 8 476 220 1,733 199 224 942
Males 173 7 361 153 1,172 154 162 710
Females 50 1 115 67 561 45 62 232
Registered Fully Unemployed Persons Total 529 39 629 1,290 1,952 405 809 1,956
White 221 34 425 546 1,286 322 289 918
White Males 146 24 269 360 780 208 199 586
White Females 75 10 156 186 506 114 90 332
Black 308 5 204 744 663 83 520 1,036
Black Males 107 4 103 352 346 37 336 499
Black Females 201 1 101 392 317 46 184 537
African Americans
agriculture
Anglo Americans
Austrian Americans
Brevard County
British Americans
Canadian Americans
Caribbean Americans
Caucasian Americans
census
Census of 1930
cereals
crops
Cuban Americans
Czech Americans
Czechoslovakian Americans
Danish Americans
distribution
divorced
dwellings
education
employees
English Americans
European Americans
families
farm
farmers
farming
farming implements
farmland
farms
females
firm members
Flagler County
forage
French Americans
fruits
gainful workers
garden vegetables
German Americans
grains
Greek Americans
hay
Hispanic Americans
illiteracy
Irish Americans
Italian Americans
labor
laborers
Lake County
Latin Americans
Latinas
Latinos
lay-offs
literacy
machinery
males
manufacturing
Marion County
marital status
married
Middle Eastern Americans
Northern Irish Americans
Norwegian Americans
nuts
orange county
Osceola County
Palestinian Americans
Polish Americans
population
proprietors
radios
retail
Romanian Americans
rural
Russian Americans
Scandinavian Americans
school
Scotch Americans
Scottish Americans
seeds
Seminole County
single
Slovakian Americans
Spanish Americans
stores
Swedish Americans
Swiss Americans
Syrian Americans
tenant farmers
tenant farming
tenants
U.S. Census
unemployment
urban
vegetables
Volusia County
wages
West Indian Americans
wholesale
widowed
workers
-
https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/12393dba254f2ac70d22b9a23a09c12d.jpg
8137091dfcd240d36abc411d790e6f51
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
U.S. Census Collection
Alternative Title
Census Collection
Subject
Census--United States
Population--United States
Orange County (Fla.)
Marion County (Fla.)
Brevard County (Fla.)
St. Lucie County (Fla.)
Seminole County (Fla.)
Volusia County (Fla.)
Flagler County (Fla.)
Lake County (Fla.)
Osceola County (Fla.)
Description
Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000.
The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation.
In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc.
The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office.
Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data.
The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing.
The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior.
Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor.
The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities.
The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another.
The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions.
The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire.
Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs.
The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census.
The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input.
In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators.
Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes.
For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP).
The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online.
As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts.
For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP).
The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online.
As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts.
For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD.
Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year.
Language
eng
Type
Collection
Coverage
Mosquito County, Florida
Brevard County, Florida
Flagler County, Florida
Lake County, Florida
Marion County, Florida
Orange County, Florida
Osceola County, Florida
Seminole County, Florida
Volusia County, Florida
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Contributor
Gibson, Ella
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>.
Rights Holder
<span>This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws:</span>
<ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li>
<li>create derivative works</li>
<li>perform the work publicly</li>
<li>display the work</li>
<li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li>
</ul><span>This resources is provided here by </span><a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a><span> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to </span><a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a><span> of </span><a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a><span>.</span>
Source Repository
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>
External Reference
<span>United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank"><em>Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</em></a></span><span>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf.</span>
<span>United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank"><em>The History and Growth of the United States Census</em></a></span><span>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf.</span>
"<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Original Format
1 table
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1920
Alternative Title
Census, 1920
Subject
Census--United States
Orange County (Fla.)
Marion County (Fla.)
Brevard County (Fla.)
St. Lucie County (Fla.)
Seminole County (Fla.)
Volusia County (Fla.)
Flagler County (Fla.)
Lake County (Fla.)
Osceola County (Fla.)
Population--United States
Description
The Fourteenth United States Census records for Brevard County, Flagler County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County, Osceola County, Seminole County, and Volusia County, Florida for 1920. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white" and "black"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who are foreign born are further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the population categorized by age, school attendance, race, and literacy. The census also collected information on agriculture and on manufacturing.<br /><br />The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C., and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every 10 years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, the censuses of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another.<br /><br />The "usual place of abode," the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates, and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquiries related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions.
Type
Dataset
Source
Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1920.
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida.
Is Format Of
Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1920.
Coverage
Brevard County, Florida
Flagler County, Florida
Lake County, Florida
Marion County, Florida
Orange County, Florida
Osceola County, Florida
Seminole County, Florida
Volusia County, Florida
Creator
<a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>
Publisher
<a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>
Contributor
Gibson, Ella
Date Created
ca. 1920-01-01
Format
image/jpg
Extent
1.39 MB
Medium
1 table
Language
eng
Mediator
History Teacher
Economics Teacher
Geography Teacher
Provenance
Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> and published by the <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>.
Rights Holder
This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws:
<ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form;</li>
<li>create derivative works;</li>
<li>perform the work publicly;</li>
<li>display the work;</li>
<li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li>
</ul>
This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>.
Accrual Method
Item Creation
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
External Reference
"<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1920.html" target="_blank">1920 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1920.html.
United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank"><em>Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</em></a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf.
United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank"><em>The History and Growth of the United States Census</em></a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1920. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf.
Transcript
U.S. Census of 1920
Population
Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County
Population Total 8,505 2,442 12,744 23,968 19,890 7,195 10,986 23,374
Males 4,483 1,439 6,612 12,048 10,042 3,662 5,695 11,663
Females 4,022 1,003 6,132 11,920 9,848 3,563 5,291 11,711
White Population Total 6,006 1,481 8,927 11,080 14,423 6,072 5,933 15,159
Males 3,139 833 4,590 5,599 7,22 3,054 3,095 7,435
Females 2,867 648 4,337 5,481 7,201 3,018 2,838 7,724
Black Population Total 2,483 958 3,817 12,887 5,464 1,122 5,044 8,199
Males 1,335 605 2,022 6,448 2,817 578 2,594 4,216
Females 1,148 353 1,795 6,439 2,647 544 2,450 3,983
Native-Born Population Total 5,615 1,317 8,486 10,698 13,609 5,771 5,559 14,070
Males 29,919 730 4,353 5,397 6,786 2,884 2,879 6,897
Females 2,696 587 4,133 5,301 6,823 2,887 2,680 7,173
Foreign-Born Population Total 391 164 441 382 814 301 374 1,089
Males 220 103 237 202 436 170 216 538
Females 171 61 204 180 378 131 158 551
Under Age 7 1,213 347 1,744 3,725 2,485 836 1,532 2,766
Aged 7-13 1,139 347 1,834 4,118 2,589 908 1,628 3,059
Aged 14-15 300 92 484 1,098 653 240 416 786
Aged 16-17 283 91 472 1,037 681 215 368 739
Aged 18-20 434 129 635 1,261 1,039 341 592 1,264
Aged 21-44 3,053 945 4,340 7,501 7,011 1,987 4,282 8,349
Aged 45+ 2,083 491 3,235 5,228 5,432 2,668 2,168 6,411
Foreign-Born Population by Country of Origin Canada 52 23 76 63 130 74 53 228
Austria 13 7 5 4 11 11 5 25
Cuba 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 6
Denmark 13 3 7 4 15 3 3 14
England 74 34 111 86 157 64 51 247
France 7 2 8 14 12 3 12 24
Germany 75 22 51 61 166 66 61 139
Greece 5 2 0 8 3 0 3 14
Holland and the Netherlands 15 3 2 5 13 3 0 9
Born in Hungary 6 1 1 6 10 5 29 9
Ireland 15 4 17 14 37 17 19 57
Italy 11 0 10 20 17 4 22 16
Norway 10 3 6 5 4 4 2 18
Poland 5 35 6 3 13 1 0 19
Romania 2 0 0 0 11 0 8 0
Russia 5 0 2 6 45 5 6 25
Scotland 11 8 24 22 26 9 17 63
Spain 0 0 0 0 2 0 3 1
Sweden 14 3 50 15 61 11 44 93
Switzerland 5 0 6 7 7 12 8 13
Syria 0 0 0 25 8 0 4 6
West Indies 9 0 0 3 5 0 0 11
Other Countries 44 14 59 11 61 9 24 58
Education
Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County
Population Attending School Total 1,499 393 2,191 5,297 3,523 1,268 2,212 3,969
Ages 7-13 1,025 294 1,481 3,635 2,391 831 1,520 2,708
Ages 14-15 266 61 380 916 587 216 376 665
Ages 16-17 148 29 227 560 375 137 208 384
Ages 18-20 60 9 103 186 170 84 108 212
Population Not Attending School Total 657 266 1,234 2,217 1,439 436 792 1,879
Ages 7-13 114 53 353 483 198 77 108 351
Ages 14-15 34 31 104 182 66 24 40 121
Ages 16-17 135 62 245 477 306 78 160 355
Ages 18-20 374 120 532 1,075 869 257 484 1,052
Illiterate Population, Aged 10+ Total 236 319 759 1,685 743 256 713 1,241
White 57 29 91 143 123 68 73 74
Black 179 290 668 1,541 620 188 640 1,167
Other 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Literate Population, Aged 10+ Total 6,555 1,633 9,428 16,823 15,535 5,700 8,091 18,134
White 4,770 1,136 7,089 8,549 11,739 4,993 4,671 12,572
Black 1,776 495 2,339 8,274 3,793 706 3,339 5,549
Other 9 2 0 0 3 1 9 13
Population, Aged 21+ Total 5,136 1,436 7,575 12,729 12,443 4,655 6,450 14,760
Illiterate Population, Aged 21+ Total 211 249 602 1,449 685 233 625 1,157
Males 126 160 334 718 386 122 333 672
Females 85 89 268 731 299 111 292 485
Literate Population, Aged 21+ Total 4,925 1,187 6,973 11,280 11,758 4,422 5,825 13,603
Males 2,675 755 3,603 5,865 5,945 2,256 3,138 6,714
Females 2,250 432 3,370 5,415 5,813 2,166 2,687 6,889
Agriculture
Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County
Number of Farms by Race Ownership Total 672 187 876 2,215 10,093 304 573 998
White-Owned 628 179 826 1,143 1,013 292 510 899
Black-Owned and Other Non-White-Owned 110 8 50 1,072 80 12 63 99
Farms by Acreage Less than 3 15 0 14 5 7 8 19 31
3-9 110 8 65 153 180 34 138 241
10-19 116 37 135 323 234 64 134 219
20-49 169 86 297 770 309 96 139 282
50-99 80 31 160 448 181 47 63 119
100-174 130 21 114 255 100 20 50 54
175-259 22 1 34 110 30 6 14 27
260-499 19 1 40 96 34 7 3 15
500-999 4 1 10 34 7 13 3 3
1,000+ 7 1 7 21 11 9 10 7
Owner-Operated Farms Total 587 152 733 1,802 988 274 463 803
Owners Owning Entire Farm Total 574 139 707 1,458 927 263 418 798
Owners Hiring Additional Land Total 13 13 26 344 61 11 45 5
Farms by Tenure Total 7 25 69 382 41 9 63 48
Share Tenants 2 2 24 123 12 2 11 7
Share-Cash Tenants 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 1
Share-Cropper Tenants 0 0 21 116 7 3 8 11
Stand-In Renters 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Cash Tenants 4 20 24 113 16 2 38 26
Tenants, Tenure Not Specified 1 3 0 29 6 2 4 3
Farm Ownership and Management by Race White 551 148 703 971 914 263 409 726
Black/Non-White 36 4 30 831 74 11 54 77
Tenant Farmers by Race White 7 22 54 143 36 9 56 40
Black/Non-White 0 3 15 239 5 0 7 8
Acres of Land in Farms Improved Land 10,945 4,070 32,917 105,471 70,572 6,304 11,795 18,258
Unimproved Land 47,625 6,547 55,422 119,577 171,871 60,614 53,671 51,365
Acres of Land in Farms by Ownership, Tenure, and Management Total 58,570 10,617 88,339 225,048 242,443 66,918 65,466 69,623
Operated by Owners 50,963 7,289 64,190 182,244 114,688 56,622 50,272 44,706
Operated by Tenants 451 741 6,390 18,093 1,414 191 11,752 1,836
Operated by Managers 7,156 2,587 17,759 24,711 126,341 10,105 3,442 23,081
Value of All Farm Property Total 8,351,940 1,103,571 10,148,325 9,490,125 16,322,344 3,349,955 7,202,407 7,677,096
Land $6,179,710 743,250 7,544,815 5,771,755 12,329,463 2,084,905 4,982,110 4,733,950
Buildings $1,628,265 166,750 1,607,360 1,618,814 2,569,440 485,100 1,265,235 1,742,930
Farming Implements and Machinery $263,303 65,083 512,813 462,004 663,834 121,052 429,834 272,770
Livestock $280,662 128,488 483,337 1,637,552 760,433 658,898 525,228 927,448
Value of All Crops Total 1,459,327 390,476 1,731,903 23,156,002 3,254,302 518,552 3,231,896 1,312,882
Cereal 6,012 10,390 75,515 663,888 90,784 29,382 50,085 78,907
Other Grains and Seeds 1,869 327 10,580 205,601 2,409 7,636 2,287 3,695
Hay and Forage 18,347 20,300 77,736 146,957 96,155 20,536 24,449 34,967
Vegetables 112,003 344,267 374,821 657,611 608,884 88,695 2,559,886 307,790
Fruits and Nuts 1,319,907 7,688 1,148,708 473,202 2,448,047 367,217 586,161 $865,762
All Other Crops 1,189 7,504 44,543 168,343 8,023 5,086 9,028 $21,761
Manufacturing
Manufacturing Establishments Total 32 16 34 53 51 15 25 63
Average Number of Wage Earners in Manufacturing Total 343 212 517 1,173 521 186 560 1,218
Manufacturing Costs Total 520,298 240,385 790,364 1,764,111 1,491,813 288,603 1,533,377 2,152,679
Wages 313,365 146,611 468,808 770,684 410,203 146,663 600,842 981,679
Rents and Taxes 30,919 6,412 10,913 70,415 38,732 12,034 64,289 62,799
Materials 176,014 87,362 340,643 923,012 1,042,876 129,099 868,246 1,108,836
Value of Products of Manufacturing Establishments Total 735,535 330,664 1,343,070 2,568,991 1,938,183 459,099 1,799,142 3,020,521
Primary Horsepower in Manufacturing Establishments, Rated Capacity of Engines, Motors, etc. Total 1,519 575 1,739 2,523 1,519 260 1,541 2,616
African Americans
Anglo Americans
Austrian Americans
Brevard County
British Americans
Canadian Americans
Caribbean Americans
Caucasian Americans
census
Census of 1920
cereals
crops
Cuban Americans
Dutch Americans
education
employees
English Americans
European Americans
farm managers
farming implements
farmland
farms
females
Flagler County
forage
French Americans
fruits
German Americans
grains
Greek Americans
hay
Hispanic Americans
horsepower
Hungarian Americans
illiteracy
Irish Americans
Italian Americans
labor
laborers
Lake County
Latin Americans
Latinas
Latinos
literacy
machinery
males
manufacturing
Marion County
Middle Eastern Americans
Norwegian Americans
nuts
orange county
Osceola County
Polish Americans
population
Romanian Americans
Russian Americans
Scandinavian Americans
Scotch Americans
Scottish Americans
seeds
Seminole County
sharecroppers
sharecropping
students
Swedish Americans
Swiss Americans
Syrian Americans
taxes
tenant farmers
tenant farming
tenants
U.S. Census
vegetables
Volusia County
wages
West Indian Americans
workers
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
U.S. Census Collection
Alternative Title
Census Collection
Subject
Census--United States
Population--United States
Orange County (Fla.)
Marion County (Fla.)
Brevard County (Fla.)
St. Lucie County (Fla.)
Seminole County (Fla.)
Volusia County (Fla.)
Flagler County (Fla.)
Lake County (Fla.)
Osceola County (Fla.)
Description
Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000.
The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation.
In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc.
The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office.
Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data.
The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing.
The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior.
Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor.
The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities.
The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another.
The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions.
The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire.
Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs.
The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census.
The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input.
In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators.
Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes.
For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP).
The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online.
As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts.
For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP).
The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online.
As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts.
For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD.
Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year.
Language
eng
Type
Collection
Coverage
Mosquito County, Florida
Brevard County, Florida
Flagler County, Florida
Lake County, Florida
Marion County, Florida
Orange County, Florida
Osceola County, Florida
Seminole County, Florida
Volusia County, Florida
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Contributor
Gibson, Ella
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>.
Rights Holder
<span>This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws:</span>
<ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li>
<li>create derivative works</li>
<li>perform the work publicly</li>
<li>display the work</li>
<li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li>
</ul><span>This resources is provided here by </span><a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a><span> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to </span><a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a><span> of </span><a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a><span>.</span>
Source Repository
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>
External Reference
<span>United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank"><em>Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</em></a></span><span>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf.</span>
<span>United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank"><em>The History and Growth of the United States Census</em></a></span><span>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf.</span>
"<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Original Format
1 table
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1910
Alternative Title
Census, 1910
Subject
Census--United States
Orange County (Fla.)
Marion County (Fla.)
Brevard County (Fla.)
Volusia County (Fla.)
Lake County (Fla.)
Osceola County (Fla.)
Population--United States
Description
The Thirteenth United States Census records for Brevard County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County (including present-day Seminole County), Osceola County, and Volusia County (including present-day Flagler County), Florida, for 1910. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white" and "black"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who are foreign born are further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the illiterate population categorized by age, race, gender, and school attendance. The census also collected information on agriculture.<br /><br />The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities.
Type
Dataset
Source
Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1910.
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida.
Is Format Of
Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1910.
Coverage
Brevard County, Florida
Lake County, Florida
Marion County, Florida
Orange County, Florida
Osceola County, Florida
Volusia County, Florida
Creator
<a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>
Publisher
<a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>
Contributor
Gibson, Ella
Date Created
ca. 1910-04-15
Format
image/jpg
Extent
874 KB
Medium
1 table
Language
eng
Mediator
History Teacher
Economics Teacher
Geography Teacher
Provenance
Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> and published by the <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>.
Rights Holder
This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws:
<ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form;</li>
<li>create derivative works;</li>
<li>perform the work publicly;</li>
<li>display the work;</li>
<li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li>
</ul>
This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>.
Accrual Method
Item Creation
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
External Reference
"<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1910.html" target="_blank">1910 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1910.html.
United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank"><em>Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</em></a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf.
United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank"><em>The History and Growth of the United States Census</em></a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1910. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf.
Transcript
U.S. Census of 1910
Population
Brevard County* Lake County Marion County Orange County** Osceola County Volusia County***
Population Total 5,158 7,467 24,403 11,374 3,444 10,003
Males 2,842 3,959 12,918 5,767 1,783 5,153
Females 2,316 3,508 11,485 5,607 1,661 4,850
White Population Total 4,003 4,829 9,356 7,347 3,013 6,538
Males 2,188 2,474 4,927 3,698 1,547 3,323
Females 1,815 2,355 4,429 3,649 1,466 3,215
Black Population Total 1,074 2,636 15,047 4,027 431 3,464
Males 613 1,484 7,991 2,069 236 1,829
Females 461 1,152 7,056 1,958 195 1,635
Native-Born Population Total 4,796 7,220 24,058 10,769 3,369 9,538
Males 2,608 3,816 12,704 5,432 1,732 4,904
Females 2,188 3,404 11,354 5,337 1,637 4,634
Foreign-Born Population Total 362 247 345 605 75 465
Males 234 143 214 335 51 249
Females 128 104 131 270 24 216
Foreign-Born Population by Country of Origin English Canada 31 43 44 42 3 68
Cuba 1 1 23 0 0 0
Denmark 57 4 4 3 2 1
England 96 112 84 184 38 131
France 3 4 18 11 1 4
Germany 58 31 57 117 6 96
Ireland 30 8 13 31 8 30
Italy 4 0 22 14 4 0
Norway 15 1 1 3 0 2
Russia 3 3 5 4 0 1
Scotland 18 22 13 31 7 15
Spain 0 0 2 0 1 0
Sweden 18 10 8 115 0 72
West Indies 13 18 2 0 11
Other Countries 17 8 33 48 5 34
Education
Brevard County* Lake County Marion County Orange County** Osceola County Volusia County***
Illiterate Population, Aged 10+ Total 265 765 3,937 993 315 899
White 50 132 180 257 183 149
Colored 206 633 3,757 736 132 750
Total 149 631 9,757 736 132 750
Male Population, Aged 21+ Illiterate 109 354 1,797 377 119 386
Literate 1,590 1,833 4,955 2,808 714 2,441
Agriculture
Brevard County* Lake County Marion County Orange County** Osceola County Volusia County***
Farms Total 615 848 2,520 1,218 354 430
Farmers by Ownership, Management, and Tenure Full Owners 479 576 1,824 779 312 362
Part Owners 11 116 228 79 7 22
Owners and Tenants 2 1 19 2 0 0
Farm Managers 99 102 85 279 1 32
Cash Tenants 12 40 228 58 26 10
Share Tenants 12 13 136 21 8 4
White Farmers by Ownership, Management, and Tenure Total 579 784 1,246 1,132 351 399
Full Owners 458 542 894 732 309 338
Part Owners 7 106 98 69 7 19
Owners and Tenants 2 0 12 2 0 0
Farm Managers 89 91 78 271 1 31
Cash Tenants 11 33 103 40 26 7
Share Tenants 12 12 60 18 8 4
Colored Farmers by Ownership, Management, and Tenure Total 36 64 1,274 86 3 31
Full Owners 21 34 930 47 3 24
Part Owners 4 10 130 10 0 3
Owners and Tenants 0 1 6 0 0 0
Farm Managers 10 11 7 8 0 1
Cash Tenants 1 7 125 18 0 3
Share Tenants 0 1 76 3 0 0
Acres of Farm Land Improved Farm Land 7,290 22,171 72,755 20,790 5,251 10,741
Unimproved Farm Land 30,823 65,928 128,717 64,719 48,875 36,017
Farms by Acreage 1-2 19 24 15 51 99 3
3-9 104 64 216 180 21 41
10-19 140 115 403 202 21 60
20-49 166 245 784 359 111 140
50-99 80 177 556 204 50 69
100-174 65 127 322 145 20 65
175-259 20 52 117 36 9 21
260-499 13 28 76 31 8 16
500-999 5 11 22 7 7 5
1,000+ 3 5 9 3 8 10
Acres of Farm Land Improved Farm Land 7,290 22,171 72,755 20,790 5,251 10,741
Unimproved Farm Land 30,823 65,928 128,717 64,719 48,875 36,017
Value of Land and Buildings on Farms Farm Buildings $483,590 $400,610 $704,230 $659,570 $66,130 $316,640
Farm Implements and Machinery $26,440 $46,840 $112,030 $71,580 $11,030 $32,330
Farm Products $207,942 $227,451 $227,451 $355,891 $229,068 $178,869
Livestock $160,625 $176,259 $176,259 $362,058 $783,030 $220,568
"*Includes present-day St, Lucie County
**Includes present-day Seminole County
***Includes present-day Flagler County"
African Americans
agriculture
Brevard County
British Americans
Canadian Americans
Caribbean Americans
Caucasian Americans
census
Census of 1910
Cuban Americans
Danish Americans
education
English Americans
European Americans
farm managers
farming implements
farmland
farms
females
French Americans
German Americans
illiteracy
Irish Americans
Italian Americans
Lake County
Latin Americans
literacy
livestock
machinery
males
Marion County
Norwegian Americans
orange county
Osceola County
population
Russian Americans
Scandinavian Americans
Scotch Americans
Scottish Americans
sharecropping
Spanish Americans
Swedish Americans
tenant farmers
tenant farming
U.S. Census
Volusia County
West Indian Americans
-
https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/8cd9ed4bdc90b01922a119368548b64b.jpg
0944b913e80e3709b97682bb699514b7
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
U.S. Census Collection
Alternative Title
Census Collection
Subject
Census--United States
Population--United States
Orange County (Fla.)
Marion County (Fla.)
Brevard County (Fla.)
St. Lucie County (Fla.)
Seminole County (Fla.)
Volusia County (Fla.)
Flagler County (Fla.)
Lake County (Fla.)
Osceola County (Fla.)
Description
Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000.
The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation.
In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc.
The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office.
Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data.
The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing.
The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior.
Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor.
The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities.
The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another.
The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions.
The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire.
Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs.
The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census.
The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input.
In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators.
Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes.
For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP).
The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online.
As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts.
For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP).
The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online.
As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts.
For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD.
Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year.
Language
eng
Type
Collection
Coverage
Mosquito County, Florida
Brevard County, Florida
Flagler County, Florida
Lake County, Florida
Marion County, Florida
Orange County, Florida
Osceola County, Florida
Seminole County, Florida
Volusia County, Florida
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Contributor
Gibson, Ella
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>.
Rights Holder
<span>This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws:</span>
<ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li>
<li>create derivative works</li>
<li>perform the work publicly</li>
<li>display the work</li>
<li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li>
</ul><span>This resources is provided here by </span><a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a><span> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to </span><a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a><span> of </span><a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a><span>.</span>
Source Repository
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>
External Reference
<span>United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank"><em>Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</em></a></span><span>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf.</span>
<span>United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank"><em>The History and Growth of the United States Census</em></a></span><span>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf.</span>
"<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Original Format
1 table
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1900
Alternative Title
Census, 1900
Subject
Census--United States
Orange County (Fla.)
Marion County (Fla.)
Brevard County (Fla.)
Volusia County (Fla.)
Lake County (Fla.)
Osceola County (Fla.)
Population--United States
Description
The Twelfth United States Census records for Brevard County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County (including present-day Seminole County), Osceola County, and Volusia County (including present-day Flagler County), Florida, for 1900. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white" and "black"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who are foreign born are further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the illiterate population categorized by age, race, and gender. The census also collected information on agriculture and on manufacturing. <br /><br /> Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor.
Type
Dataset
Source
Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> and the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1900.
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida.
Is Format Of
Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> and the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1900.
Coverage
Brevard County, Florida
Lake County, Florida
Marion County, Florida
Orange County, Florida
Osceola County, Florida
Volusia County, Florida
Creator
<a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a>
<a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>
Publisher
<a href="http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of the Interior</a>
<a href="https://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce and Labor</a>
Contributor
Gibson, Ella
Date Created
ca. 1900-06-01
Format
image/jpg
Extent
787 KB
Medium
1 table
Language
eng
Mediator
History Teacher
Economics Teacher
Geography Teacher
Provenance
Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> and the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, and published by the <a href="http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of the Interior</a> and the <a href="https://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce and Labor</a>.
Rights Holder
This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws:
<ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form;</li>
<li>create derivative works;</li>
<li>perform the work publicly;</li>
<li>display the work;</li>
<li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li>
</ul>
This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>.
Accrual Method
Item Creation
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Source Repository
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>
External Reference
"<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1900.html" target="_blank">1900 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1900.html.
United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank"><em>Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</em></a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf.
United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank"><em>The History and Growth of the United States Census</em></a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf.
Transcript
U.S. Census of 1900
Population
Brevard County* Lake County Marion County Orange County** Osceola County Volusia County***
Population Total 5,158 7,467 24,403 11,374 3,44 10,003
Males 2,842 3,959 12,918 5,767 1,783 5,153
Females 2,316 3,508 11,485 5,607 1,611 4,850
White Population Total 4,003 4,829 9,356 7,347 3,013 6,538
Males 2,188 2,474 4,927 3,698 1,547 3,323
Females 1,815 2,355 4,429 3,649 1,466 3,215
Black Population Total 1,074 2,636 15,047 4,027 431 3,464
Males 613 1,484 7,991 2,069 236 1,829
Females 461 1,152 7,056 1,958 195 1,635
Native-Born Population Total 4,796 7,220 24,058 10,769 3,369 9,538
Males 2,608 3,816 12,704 5,432 1,732 4,904
Females 2,188 3,404 11,354 5,337 1,637 4,634
Foreign-Born Population Total 362 247 345 605 75 465
Males 234 143 214 335 51 249
Females 128 104 131 270 24 216
Foreign-Born Population by Country of Origin English Canada 31 43 44 42 3 68
Cuba 1 1 23 0 0 0
Denmark 57 4 4 3 2 1
England 96 112 84 184 38 131
France 3 4 18 11 1 4
Germany 58 31 57 117 6 96
Ireland 30 8 13 31 8 30
Italy 4 0 22 14 4 0
Norway 15 1 1 3 0 2
Russia 3 3 5 4 0 1
Scotland 18 22 13 31 7 15
Spain 0 0 2 0 1 0
West Indies 13 0 18 2 0 11
Other Countries 17 8 33 48 5 34
Illiteracy
Brevard County* Lake County Marion County Orange County** Osceola County Volusia County***
Illiterate Population, Aged 10+ Total 265 765 3,937 993 315 899
White 50 132 180 257 183 149
Colored 206 633 3,757 736 132 750
Black 149 631 9,757 736 132 750
Males, Aged 21+ Illiterate 109 354 1,797 377 119 386
Literate 1,590 1,833 4,955 2,808 714 2,441
Agriculture
Brevard County* Lake County Marion County Orange County** Osceola County Volusia County***
Farms by Acreage Total 615 848 2,520 1,218 354 430
1-2 19 24 15 51 99 3
3-9 104 64 216 180 21 41
10-19 140 115 403 202 21 60
20-49 166 245 784 359 111 140
50-99 80 177 556 204 50 69
100-174 65 127 322 145 20 65
175-259 20 52 117 36 9 21
260-499 13 28 76 31 8 16
500-999 5 11 22 7 7 5
1,000+ 3 5 9 3 8 10
Farm Owners Full Owners 479 576 1,824 779 312 362
Part-Owners 11 116 228 79 7 22
Owners and Tenants of Farms Total 2 1 19 2 0 0
Farm Managers Total 99 102 85 279 1 32
Tenants Cash Tenants 12 40 228 58 26 10
Share Tenants 12 13 136 21 8 4
White Farmers Total 579 784 1,246 1,132 351 39
Farm Owners 458 542 894 732 309 338
Part-Owners of Farms 7 106 98 69 7 19
Owners and Tenants of Farms 2 0 12 2 0 0
Farm Managers 89 91 78 271 1 31
Cash Tenants 11 33 103 40 26 7
Share Tenants 12 12 60 18 8 4
Colored Farmers Total 36 64 1,274 86 3 31
Farm Owners 21 34 930 47 3 24
Part-Owners of Farms 4 10 130 10 0 3
Owners and Tenants of Farms 0 1 6 0 0 0
Farm Managers 10 11 7 8 0 1
Cash Tenants 1 7 125 18 0 3
Share Tenants 0 1 76 3 0 0
Acres Land on Farms Improved Land 2,311 22,219 65,315 24,561 1,803 16,185
Unimproved Land 15,544 101,317 144,702 82,711 4,963 48,402
Present Cash Value of Farming Implements and Machinery Total $4,170 $60,060 $92,940 $82,070 $2,910 $42,010
Value of Livestock Total $36,360 $153,910 $487,460 $214,490 $47,930 $231,640
Bushels of Agricultural Products Produced Total N/A $27,811 $217,941 $12,702 $4,192 $10,611
Indian Corn N/A $26,338 $166,481 11,870 $4,192 $10,611
Oats N/A $1,381 $41,820 $832 $0 $0
Rye N/A $84 $9,640 $0 $0 $0
Manufacturing
Brevard County* Lake County Marion County Orange County** Osceola County Volusia County***
Manufacturing Establishments Total 17 47 97 57 11 51
Capital Invested in Manufacturing Total $124,209 $331,703 $1,300,901 $726,223 $38,755 $390,364
Capital Invested in Plant Land of Manufacturing Establishments Plant Land $5,500 134,482 $596,203 $168,731 $16,700 $120,457
Building of Manufacturing Establishments $22,050 $27,507 $85,330 $79,582 $1,310 $32,627
Machinery, Tools, and Equipment $67,357 $72,542 $321,929 $276,081 $7,995 $138,120
Cash and Sundries $29,302 $97,172 $297,439 $201,829 $12,750 $99,160
"*Includes present-day St, Lucie County
**Includes present-day Seminole County
***Includes present-day Flagler County
African Americans
agriculture
Brevard County
British Americans
Canadian Americans
capital
Caribbean Americans
census
Census of 1900
corn
Cuban Americans
Danish Americans
English Americans
European Americans
farm managers
farmers
farming implements
farmings
farmland
females
French Americans
German Americans
Hispanic Americans
illiteracy
Indian corn
investments
Irish Americans
Italian Americans
Lake County
Latin Americans
Latinas
Latinos
literacy
livestock
machinery
males
manufacturing
Marion County
Norwegian Americans
oats
orange county
Osceola County
population
Russian Americans
rye
Scandinavian Americans
Scotch Americans
Scottish Americans
Spanish Americans
sundries
tenant farming
tenants
U.S. Census
Volusia County
West Indian Americans
-
https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/4490f890be7c96343f4206f8407c59d2.jpg
8045722343c163b52430a5fd0ace3b02
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
U.S. Census Collection
Alternative Title
Census Collection
Subject
Census--United States
Population--United States
Orange County (Fla.)
Marion County (Fla.)
Brevard County (Fla.)
St. Lucie County (Fla.)
Seminole County (Fla.)
Volusia County (Fla.)
Flagler County (Fla.)
Lake County (Fla.)
Osceola County (Fla.)
Description
Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000.
The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation.
In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc.
The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office.
Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data.
The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing.
The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior.
Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor.
The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities.
The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another.
The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions.
The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire.
Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs.
The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census.
The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input.
In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators.
Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes.
For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP).
The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online.
As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts.
For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP).
The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online.
As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts.
For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD.
Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year.
Language
eng
Type
Collection
Coverage
Mosquito County, Florida
Brevard County, Florida
Flagler County, Florida
Lake County, Florida
Marion County, Florida
Orange County, Florida
Osceola County, Florida
Seminole County, Florida
Volusia County, Florida
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Contributor
Gibson, Ella
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>.
Rights Holder
<span>This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws:</span>
<ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li>
<li>create derivative works</li>
<li>perform the work publicly</li>
<li>display the work</li>
<li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li>
</ul><span>This resources is provided here by </span><a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a><span> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to </span><a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a><span> of </span><a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a><span>.</span>
Source Repository
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>
External Reference
<span>United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank"><em>Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</em></a></span><span>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf.</span>
<span>United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank"><em>The History and Growth of the United States Census</em></a></span><span>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf.</span>
"<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Original Format
1 table
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1890
Alternative Title
Census, 1890
Subject
Census--United States
Orange County (Fla.)
Marion County (Fla.)
Brevard County (Fla.)
Volusia County (Fla.)
Lake County (Fla.)
Osceola County (Fla.)
Population--United States
Description
The Eleventh United States Census records for Brevard County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County (including present-day Seminole County), Osceola County, and Volusia County (including present-day Flagler County), Florida, for 1890. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white," "black," "Chinese," and "civilized Indian"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who are foreign born are further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the number of teachers and students by county, further dividing teachers and students by gender and race ("white" and "colored"). The census also collected information on agriculture and on manufacturing.<br /><br />The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquiries from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese," along with "Chinese," "Negro," "mulatto," "quadroon," "octoroon," and "White." Herman Hollerith (1860-1929), a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invented the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior.
Type
Dataset
Source
Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> and the <a href="http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm/" target="_blank">Office of the Secretary of the Interior</a>, 1890.
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida.
Is Format Of
Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> and the <a href="http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm/" target="_blank">Office of the Secretary of the Interior</a>, 1890.
Coverage
Brevard County, Florida
Lake County, Florida
Marion County, Florida
Orange County, Florida
Osceola County, Florida
Volusia County, Florida
Creator
<a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a>
<a href="http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm/" target="_blank">Office of the Secretary of the Interior</a>
Publisher
<a href="http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of the Interior</a>
Contributor
Gibson, Ella
Date Created
ca. 1890-06-01
Format
image/jpg
Extent
930 KB
Medium
1 table
Language
eng
Mediator
History Teacher
Economics Teacher
Geography Teacher
Provenance
Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> and the <a href="http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm/" target="_blank">Office of the Secretary of the Interior</a>, and published by the <a href="http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of the Interior</a>.
Rights Holder
This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws:
<ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form;</li>
<li>create derivative works;</li>
<li>perform the work publicly;</li>
<li>display the work;</li>
<li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li>
</ul>
This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>.
Accrual Method
Item Creation
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Source Repository
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>
External Reference
"<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1890.html" target="_blank">1890 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1890.html.
United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank"><em>Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</em></a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf.
United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank"><em>The History and Growth of the United States Census</em></a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf.
Transcript
U.S. Census of 1890
Population
Brevard County* Lake County Marion County Orange County** Osceola County Volusia County***
Population Total 3,401 8,034 20,796 12,584 3,133 8,467
Males 1,934 4,342 10,861 6,793 1,724 4,478
Females 1,467 3,692 9,935 5,791 1,409 3,989
White Population Total 2,836 6,190 9,310 3,039 2,657 6,004
Males 1,583 3,334 5,013 4,871 1,418 3,141
Females 1,253 2,856 4,297 4,168 1,239 2,863
Black Population Total 541 1,844 11,485 3,536 476 2,462
Chinese Population Total 1 0 1 9 0 0
Civilized Indian Population Total 23 0 0 0 0 1
Native-Born Population Total 3,109 7,558 20,199 11,540 3,005 7,924
Males 1,739 4,039 10,483 6,152 1,629 4,177
Females 1,370 3,519 9,716 5,388 1,373 3,747
Foreign-Born Population Total 292 476 597 1,044 131 543
Males 195 303 378 641 95 301
Females 97 173 219 403 36 242
Foreign-Born Population by Country of Origin Norway and Denmark 14 4 9 10 6 7
Canada and Newfoundland 58 77 71 76 13 62
Cuba and the West Indies 3 6 44 10 1 7
England 100 228 133 370 62 146
France 0 3 21 21 4 2
Germany 47 38 88 158 11 92
Ireland 30 18 38 44 20 47
Italy 2 0 89 42 1 6
Scotland 14 36 33 60 5 45
South America 1 6 10 2 1 0
Spain 1 1 4 0 0 0
Sweden 11 14 16 170 1 84
Other Countries 11 45 41 81 6 45
Education
Brevard County* Lake County Marion County Orange County** Osceola County Volusia County***
Teachers Total 48 70 135 93 25 72
White Teachers Total 41 57 87 74 24 57
Males 10 26 31 25 11 22
Females 31 31 56 49 13 35
Colored Teachers Total 5 13 48 19 1 15
Males 3 8 22 10 1 9
Females 2 5 26 9 0 6
Students Total 687 2,237 5,085 2,615 829 2,069
White Students Total 599 1,801 2,286 1,865 785 1,509
Males 286 875 1,198 901 400 807
Females 313 926 1,088 964 385 702
Colored Students Total 88 436 2,799 750 44 560
Males 54 238 1,333 372 26 273
Females 34 198 1,466 378 18 287
Agriculture
Brevard County* Lake County Marion County Orange County** Osceola County Volusia County***
Farms by Acreage Total 156 1,361 2,165 2,099 77 1,127
Less than 10 15 191 107 547 4 263
10-19 19 260 192 458 4 281
20-49 42 346 600 568 35 308
50-99 37 222 669 251 19 124
100-499 38 311 564 257 12 135
500-999 3 17 18 8 2 10
1000+ 2 14 15 10 1 6
Owner-Operated Farms by Acreage Total 156 1,311 1,945 2,075 71 1,123
Less than 10 15 188 91 544 1 262
10-19 19 244 146 450 4 280
20-49 42 326 524 561 32 308
50-99 37 217 623 247 19 123
100-499 38 305 530 255 12 134
500-999 3 17 17 8 2 10
1000+ 2 14 14 10 1 6
Cash Rental Tenant Farms by Acreage Total 0 24 146 12 2 2
Less than 10 0 3 9 2 0 0
10-19 0 9 40 6 0 1
20-49 0 10 52 3 2 0
50-99 0 1 28 0 0 0
100-499 0 1 16 1 0 1
500-999 0 0 1 0 0 0
1000+ 0 0 0 0 0 0
Share Crop Farms by Acreage Total 0 26 74 12 4 2
Less than 10 0 0 7 1 3 1
10-19 0 7 6 2 0 0
20-49 0 10 24 4 1 0
50-99 0 4 18 4 0 1
100-499 0 5 18 1 0 0
500-999 0 0 0 0 0 0
1000+ 0 0 1 0 0 0
Acres of Land on Farms Improved Land 2,311 22,219 65,315 24,561 1,803 16,185
Unimproved Land 15,544 101,317 144,702 82,711 4,963 48,402
Present Cash Value of Farming Implements and Machinery Total $4,170 $60,060 $92,940 $82,070 $2,910 $42,010
Value of Livestock Total $36,360 $153,910 $487,460 $214,490 $47,930 $231,640
Bushels of Agricultural Products Produced Total N/A $27,500 $217,941 $12,702 $4,192 $10,611
Indian Corn N/A $26,338 $166,481 $11,870 $4,192 $10,611
Oats N/A $1,381 $41,820 $832 $0 $0
Rye N/A $84 $9,640 $0 $0 $0
Manufacturing
Brevard County* Lake County Marion County Orange County** Osceola County Volusia County***
Manufacturing Establishments Total 8 22 28 42 2 26
Manufacturing Employees Total 18 134 336 365 N/A 123
Officers, Firm Members, and Clerks Total 5 13 32 34 N/A 14
Males, Aged 16+ 5 13 30 34 N/A 13
Females, Aged 16+ 0 1 2 0 N/A 1
Skilled and Unskilled Works Total 13 119 301 330 N/A 109
Males, Aged 16+ 12 117 269 317 N/A 102
Females, Aged 16+ 0 1 29 8 N/A 2
Children 1 1 3 5 N/A 5
Piece Workers Total 0 2 3 1 N/A 0
Annual Wages Paid in Manufacturing Establishments Total $9,018 $35,913 $156,642 $186,830 N/A $45,722
Wages Paid to Officers, Firm Members, and Clerks Total $2,438 $8,804 $24,290 $24,487 N/A $2,438
Males $2,438 $7,604 $22,590 $24,487 N/A $8,540
Females N/A $1,200 $1,700 N/A N/A $500
Wages Paid Skilled and Unskilled Works Total $6,580 $26,029 $131,152 $162,215 N/A $36,682
Males $6,430 $25,677 $120,062 $158,975 N/A $35,810
Females N/A $208 $10,240 $2,440 N/A $364
Children $150 $144 $850 $800 N/A $508
Wages Paid Piece Workers Total N/A $1,080 $1,200 $128 N/A N/A
Value of Products in Manufacturing Total $18,148 $92,390 $360,140 $613,354 N/A $190,516
"*Includes present-day St, Lucie County
**Includes present-day Seminole County
***Includes present-day Flagler County"
African Americans
agriculture
Amerindians
Anglo Americans
British Americans
Canadian Americans
census
Census of 1890
child labor
Chinese Americans
clerks
corn
Cuban Americans
Danish Americans
education
educators
employees
English Americans
European Americans
farming implements
farmland
farms
females
firm members
French Americans
German Americans
Hispanic Americans
Indian corn
Indians
Irish Americans
Italian Americans
labor
laborers
Latin Americans
Latinas
Latinos
livestock
machinery
males
manufacturing
Native Americans
Norwegian Americans
oats
officers
piece labor
population
rye
Scandinavian Americans
Scotch Americans
Scottish Americans
sharecropping
skilled labor
South Americans
Spanish Americans
students
Swedish Americans
teachers
tenant farming
tenants
U.S. Census
unskilled labor
wages
West Indian Americans
-
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c924774d8aff6d620459ed7d9ea3eeb7
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
U.S. Census Collection
Alternative Title
Census Collection
Subject
Census--United States
Population--United States
Orange County (Fla.)
Marion County (Fla.)
Brevard County (Fla.)
St. Lucie County (Fla.)
Seminole County (Fla.)
Volusia County (Fla.)
Flagler County (Fla.)
Lake County (Fla.)
Osceola County (Fla.)
Description
Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000.
The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation.
In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc.
The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office.
Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data.
The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing.
The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior.
Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor.
The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities.
The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another.
The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions.
The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire.
Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs.
The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census.
The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input.
In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators.
Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes.
For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP).
The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online.
As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts.
For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP).
The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online.
As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts.
For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD.
Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year.
Language
eng
Type
Collection
Coverage
Mosquito County, Florida
Brevard County, Florida
Flagler County, Florida
Lake County, Florida
Marion County, Florida
Orange County, Florida
Osceola County, Florida
Seminole County, Florida
Volusia County, Florida
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Contributor
Gibson, Ella
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>.
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<li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li>
</ul><span>This resources is provided here by </span><a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a><span> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to </span><a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a><span> of </span><a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a><span>.</span>
Source Repository
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>
External Reference
<span>United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank"><em>Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</em></a></span><span>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf.</span>
<span>United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank"><em>The History and Growth of the United States Census</em></a></span><span>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf.</span>
"<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Original Format
1 table
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1880
Alternative Title
Census, 1880
Subject
Census--United States
Orange County (Fla.)
Marion County (Fla.)
Brevard County (Fla.)
Volusia County (Fla.)
Population--United States
Description
The Tenth United States Census records for Brevard County (including present-day St. Lucie County), Marion County, Orange County (including present-day Seminole County and parts of present-day Lake County, Osceola County, and Volusia County), and Volusia County (including present-day Flagler County), Florida, for 1880. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white", "colored", and "Indian"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those born outside of Florida are then divided by state or country of origin. The census also collected information on agriculture and on manufacturing.<br /><br />The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census," selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing.
Type
Dataset
Source
Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a>, 1880.
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida.
Is Format Of
Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a>, 1880.
Coverage
Brevard County, Florida
Orange County, Florida
Marion County, Florida
Volusia County, Florida
Creator
<a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a>
Publisher
<a href="http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of the Interior</a>
Contributor
Gibson, Ella
Date Created
ca. 1880-06-01
Format
image/jpg
Extent
589 KB
Medium
1 table
Language
eng
Mediator
History Teacher
Economics Teacher
Geography Teacher
Provenance
Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> and published by the <a href="http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of the Interior</a>.
Rights Holder
This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws:
<ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li>
<li>create derivative works</li>
<li>perform the work publicly</li>
<li>display the work</li>
<li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li>
</ul>
This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>.
Accrual Method
Item Creation
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Source Repository
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>
External Reference
"<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1880.html" target="_blank">1880 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1880.html.
United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank"><em>Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</em></a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf.
United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank"><em>The History and Growth of the United States Census</em></a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf.
Transcript
U.S. Census of 1880
Population
Brevard County* Marion County Orange County** Volusia County***
Population Total 1,478 13,046 6,618 3,294
Males 819 6,580 3,863 1,796
Females 659 6,466 2,755 1,498
Population by Race White 1,379 4,471 5,595 2,756
Colored 84 8,305 1,023 538
Indian 15 0 0 0
Native-Born Population Total 1,421 12,958 6,315 3,167
Native-Born Population by State of Origin Alabama 38 337 164 31
Georgia 242 949 1,331 461
Massachusetts 9 27 95 58
New York 46 117 187 140
North Carolina 18 181 162 72
Pennsylvania 14 9 55 55
South Carolina 74 2,797 282 209
Tennessee 8 70 73 13
Virginia 5 101 133 23
Foreign-Born Population by Country of Origin Total 57 88 303 127
British America 5 13 44 20
Cuba 0 1 0 0
England and Wales 14 15 40 35
France 0 2 27 0
German Empire 13 14 38 11
Ireland 11 13 20 13
Scotland 6 3 7 11
Sweden and Norway 0 13 99 21
West Indies 2 1 2 9
Other Foreign Places 6 13 26 6
Agriculture
Brevard County* Marion County Orange County** Volusia County***
Farms by Ownership and Tenure Total 231 1,434 893 244
Owner-Operated 228 1,170 875 240
Rented for Fixed Money 3 142 8 1
Rented for Shares of Products 0 122 10 3
Farms by Acreage Less than 3 11 0 0 0
3-9 44 79 39 6
10-19 23 129 71 20
20-49 46 240 162 45
50-99 33 465 135 52
100-499 69 467 460 109
500-999 3 34 19 9
1000+ 2 20 7 3
Acres of Land in Farms Improved Land 1,956 52,888 19,024 6,108
Unimproved Land 20,070 163,650 123,241 36,316
Value of Farms Farmland, Fences, and Buildings $309,055 $1,294,066 $3,245,510 $745,910
Farming Machinery and Implements $6,823 $44,391 $30,512 $9,994
Livestock $204,051 $293,360 $174,228 $47,894
Cost of Buildings and Repairing Fences Total $3,442 $34,533 $11,890 $5,542
Bushels of Crops Produced Barley $0 $90 $0 $0
Indian Corn $6,186 186,917 26,727 12,672
Oats $100 $15,629 $1,412 $375
Rye $0 $21 $160 $10
Manufacturing
Brevard County* Marion County Orange County** Volusia County***
Manufacturing Establishments Total 1 15 12 4
Average Males Aged 16+ Employed in Manufacturing Total 2 38 50 9
Value of Products in Manufacturing Total $1,800 $46,381 $62,000 $21,944
Capital Invested in Manufacturing Total $1,000 $66,200 $24,500 $15,100
Value of Raw Materials in Manufacturing Total $1,025 $27,900 $33,175 $12,100
Annual Wages Paid in Manufacturing Total $300 $7,582 $8,740 $2,050
"*Includes present-day St, Lucie County
**Includes present-day Seminole County and parts of present-day Lake and Osceola counties
***Includes present-day Flagler County"
African Americans
Amerindians
Anglo Americans
barley
Brevard County
British Americans
capital
census
Census of 1880
corn
crops
Cuban Americans
employees
employment
English Americans
European Americans
farming implements
farmland
farms
females
French Americans
German Americans
Indian corn
Indians
investments
Irish Americans
labor
laborers
livestock
machinery
males
manufacturing
Marion County
Native Americans
Norwegian Americans
oats
orange county
population
raw materials
rye
Scandinavian Americans
Scotch Americans
Scottish Americans
Swedish Americans
U.S. Census
Volusia County
wages
Welsh Americans
West Indian Americans
-
https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/eba79a2268eb5f407da13bc844c868e6.jpg
09bca50dad90ed5d7b3a667b96d18d1e
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
U.S. Census Collection
Alternative Title
Census Collection
Subject
Census--United States
Population--United States
Orange County (Fla.)
Marion County (Fla.)
Brevard County (Fla.)
St. Lucie County (Fla.)
Seminole County (Fla.)
Volusia County (Fla.)
Flagler County (Fla.)
Lake County (Fla.)
Osceola County (Fla.)
Description
Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000.
The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation.
In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc.
The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office.
Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data.
The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing.
The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior.
Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor.
The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities.
The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another.
The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions.
The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire.
Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs.
The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census.
The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input.
In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators.
Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes.
For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP).
The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online.
As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts.
For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP).
The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online.
As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts.
For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD.
Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year.
Language
eng
Type
Collection
Coverage
Mosquito County, Florida
Brevard County, Florida
Flagler County, Florida
Lake County, Florida
Marion County, Florida
Orange County, Florida
Osceola County, Florida
Seminole County, Florida
Volusia County, Florida
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Contributor
Gibson, Ella
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>.
Rights Holder
<span>This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws:</span>
<ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li>
<li>create derivative works</li>
<li>perform the work publicly</li>
<li>display the work</li>
<li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li>
</ul><span>This resources is provided here by </span><a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a><span> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to </span><a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a><span> of </span><a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a><span>.</span>
Source Repository
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>
External Reference
<span>United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank"><em>Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</em></a></span><span>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf.</span>
<span>United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank"><em>The History and Growth of the United States Census</em></a></span><span>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf.</span>
"<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Original Format
1 table
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1870
Alternative Title
Census, 1870
Subject
Census--United States
Orange County (Fla.)
Marion County (Fla.)
Brevard County (Fla.)
Volusia County (Fla.)
Population--United States
Description
The Ninth United States Census records for Brevard County (including present-day St. Lucie County), Marion County, Orange County (including present-day Seminole County and parts of present-day Lake and Osceola counties), and Volusia County (including present-day Flagler County), Florida, for 1870. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white" and "colored"), native-born vs. foreign-born, and state-born vs. territory-born. Those born outside of Florida are then divided by state or country of origin. This census also collected information on agriculture and on manufacturing.<br /><br />Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire," as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invented a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker (1840-1897), introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data.
Type
Dataset
Source
Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a>, 1870.
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida.
Is Format Of
Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a>, 1870.
Coverage
Brevard County, Florida
Orange County, Florida
Marion County, Florida
Volusia County, Florida
Creator
<a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a>
Publisher
<a href="http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of the Interior</a>
Contributor
Gibson, Ella
Date Created
ca. 1870-06-01
Format
image/jpg
Extent
397 KB
Medium
1 table
Language
eng
Mediator
History Teacher
Economics Teacher
Geography Teacher
Provenance
Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> and published by the <a href="http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of the Interior</a>.
Rights Holder
This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws:
<ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li>
<li>create derivative works</li>
<li>perform the work publicly</li>
<li>display the work</li>
<li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li>
</ul>
This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>.
Accrual Method
Item Creation
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Source Repository
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>
External Reference
"<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1870.html" target="_blank">1870 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1870.html.
United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank"><em>Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</em></a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf.
United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank"><em>The History and Growth of the United States Census</em></a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf.
Transcript
U.S. Census of 1870
Population
Brevard County* Marion County Orange County** Volusia County***
Population Total 1,216 10,804 2,195 1,723
Males 703 5,507 984 560
Females 513 5,297 1,211 831
Colored Population Total 19 7,878 198 328
Native-Born Population Total 1,216 10,773 2,174 1,695
Foreign-Born Population Total 0 31 21 28
Population Born by State, Territory or Country of Origin Total 437 5,825 1,127 691
Virginia or West Virginia 14 186 16 14
South Carolina 199 2,828 151 288
Alabama 96 276 52 9
Georgia 452 957 663 558
North Carolina 12 453 94 42
Scotland 0 0 0 1
Italy 0 0 0 3
Ireland 0 7 7 4
Great Britain 0 0 0 0
Germany 0 11 1 1
France 0 0 0 0
West Indies 0 0 1 1
British America 0 0 1 2
Cuba 0 0 0 0
England and Wales 0 3 9 15
Sweden and Norway 0 0 1 0
Africa 0 6 0 0
Agriculture
Brevard County* Marion County Orange County** Volusia County***
Farms Total 191 736 220 233
Farms by Acreage Less than 3 0 0 0 0
3-9 0 0 24 75
10-19 90 5 89 77
20-49 70 154 91 71
50-99 23 126 12 7
100-499 8 377 4 3
500-999 0 60 0 0
1000+ 0 14 0 0
Present Cash Value of Farms Farms $21,000 $828,795 $174,900 $146,120
Farming Implements and Machinery $3,895 $87,968 $2,618 $3,450
Agriculture Wages Paid Total $0 $80,897 $4,480 $2,940
Value of Livestock Livestock $386,950 $275,905 $124,845 $87,119
Animals Slaughtered or Sold for Slaughter $48,120 $0 $0 $786
Value of Home Manufactures Total $0 $0 $0 $210
Manufacturing
Brevard County* Marion County Orange County** Volusia County***
Manufacturing Establishments Total N/A 7 6 2
Value of Manufacturing Products Total N/A $8,560 $10,240 $1,570
Value of Materials Used in Manufacturing Total N/A $4,650 $8,200 $1,150
Capital Invested in Manufacturing Total N/A $3,950 $8,000 $1,300
Hands Employed in Manufacturing Total N/A 19 12 2
Males, Aged 16+ N/A 13 12 2
Females, Aged 16+ N/A 2 0 0
Youths N/A 4 0 0
"*Includes present-day St, Lucie County
**Includes present-day Seminole County and parts of present-day Lake and Osceola counties
***Includes present-day Flagler County"
African Americans
agriculture
Anglo Americans
animals
Brevard County
British Americans
capital
census
Census of 1870
employees
employment
English Americans
European Americans
farming implements
farms
females
German Americans
investments
Irish Americans
Italian Americans
labor
laborers
livestock
machinery
males
manufactures
manufacturing
Marion County
Norwegian Americans
orange county
population
Scandinavian Americans
Scotch Americans
Scottish Americans
slaughter
Swedish Americans
U.S. Census
Volusia County
Welsh Americans
West Indian Americans