Action Center USA. Directed by Grant Gravitt (Orlando, FL: Tel Air Interests, Inc.): State Library and Archives of Florida, Tallahassee, Florida.]]> Action Center USA. Directed by Grant Gravitt (Orlando, FL: Tel Air Interests, Inc.).]]> State Library and Archives of Florida, Tallahassee, Florida.]]> Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.]]> State Library and Archives of Florida, and is provided here by RICHES of Central Florida for educational purposes only.]]> Parramore Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.]]> RICHES of Central Florida for educational purposes only.]]> item 03433, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.]]> Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.]]> Westinghouse Electric Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.]]> RICHES of Central Florida for educational purposes only.]]> Downtown Orlando Post Office Collection, Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.]]> Adobe Acrobat Reader]]>
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    The Winter Park Herald issue published on June 10, 1926. The Winter Park Herald was a weekly publication that was published between 1922 and 1959. This special section highlights the history and interesting features of Maitland, Florida. Some topics discussed in this issue include the opening of the Bank of Maitland, the Maitland Electric Shop, civil engineer L. L. Condert, the Maitland Plumbing Company, Brown's Store, the history of Maitland, the Inter-City Realty Company's sponsorship of a new subdivision on Lake Catherine, the history of Greenwood Gardens, the Maitland Lumber Company, the planned construction of a new arcade, the White Way Motor Company, and the Maitland Realty Company.]]> The Winter Park Herald, Vol. 4, No. 28, June 10, 1926: Maitland Public Library, Maitland, Florida.]]> The Winter Park Herald]]> The Winter Park Herald, Vol. 4, No. 28, June 10, 1926.]]> Maitland Public Library Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.]]> Adobe Acrobat Reader]]> The Winter Park Herald.]]> Maitland Public Library and is provided here by RICHES of Central Florida for educational purposes only.]]>
    In 1905, Pablo Beach became a popular tourist attract for its amusement parks, such as The Pavilion, which was later renamed Little Coney Island. In 1925, the name of the town was changed to Jacksonville Beach. In 1949, the Ocean View Pavilion amusement park was destroyed by fire, and the boardwalk continued to decline in the 1950s, primarily to an anti-gambling crackdown. While this postcard shows cars driving on the beach, such activities were banned in 1979.]]>
    Jacksonville Beach Collection, Duval County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.]]> Adobe Acrobat Reader]]> RICHES of Central Florida for educational purposes only.]]>
    UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.]]> UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.]]> Lucile Campbell Collection, Student Museum and UCF Public History Center Collection, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.]]> Adobe Acrobat Reader]]> UCF Public History Center and is provided here by RICHES of Central Florida for educational purposes only.]]>
    This postcard is part of a collection of postcards kept by Lucile Campbell, a schoolteacher in Sanford, Florida, for 30 years. In 1931, she took advantage of a special rate for teachers and sailed to Europe, where she traveled for several months and is thought to have acquired many of these postcards. During the 1940-1941 school year, Campbell taught at Sanford Grammar School. Before her retirement in 1970, she taught at many other area schools, including the Oviedo School, Westside Grammar School, and Pinecrest Elementary School. Campbell used these postcards as aids in her classrooms to teach advanced subjects, such as Shakespearean drama. The collection, along with her other teaching aids, papers, and photographs, was later found at Sanford Grammar School after it became the University of Central Florida's Public History Center. Campbell's postcard collection and photographs provide insight into the life of a respected Florida educator.]]>
    UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.]]> UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.]]> Lucile Campbell Collection, Student Museum and UCF Public History Center Collection, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.]]> Adobe Acrobat Reader]]> UCF Public History Center and is provided here by RICHES of Central Florida for educational purposes only.]]>

    This postcard is part of a collection of postcards kept by Lucile Campbell, a schoolteacher in Sanford, Florida, for 30 years. In 1931, she took advantage of a special rate for teachers and sailed to Europe, where she traveled for several months and is thought to have acquired many of these postcards. During the 1940-1941 school year, Campbell taught at Sanford Grammar School. Before her retirement in 1970, she taught at many other area schools, including the Oviedo School, Westside Grammar School, and Pinecrest Elementary School. Campbell used these postcards as aids in her classrooms to teach advanced subjects, such as Shakespearean drama. The collection, along with her other teaching aids, papers, and photographs, was later found at Sanford Grammar School after it became the University of Central Florida's Public History Center. Campbell's postcard collection and photographs provide insight into the life of a respected Florida educator.]]>
    UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.]]> UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.]]> Lucile Campbell Collection, Student Museum and UCF Public History Center Collection, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.]]> Adobe Acrobat Reader]]> UCF Public History Center and is provided here by RICHES of Central Florida for educational purposes only.]]>

    This postcard is part of a collection of postcards kept by Lucile Campbell, a schoolteacher in Sanford, Florida, for 30 years. In 1931, she took advantage of a special rate for teachers and sailed to Europe, where she traveled for several months and is thought to have acquired many of these postcards. During the 1940-1941 school year, Campbell taught at Sanford Grammar School. Before her retirement in 1970, she taught at many other area schools, including the Oviedo School, Westside Grammar School, and Pinecrest Elementary School. Campbell used these postcards as aids in her classrooms to teach advanced subjects, such as Shakespearean drama. The collection, along with her other teaching aids, papers, and photographs, was later found at Sanford Grammar School after it became the University of Central Florida's Public History Center. Campbell's postcard collection and photographs provide insight into the life of a respected Florida educator.]]>
    UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.]]> UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.]]> Lucile Campbell Collection, Student Museum and UCF Public History Center Collection, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.]]> Adobe Acrobat Reader]]> UCF Public History Center and is provided here by RICHES of Central Florida for educational purposes only.]]>

    This postcard is part of a collection of postcards kept by Lucile Campbell, a schoolteacher in Sanford, Florida, for 30 years. In 1931, she took advantage of a special rate for teachers and sailed to Europe, where she traveled for several months and is thought to have acquired many of these postcards. During the 1940-1941 school year, Campbell taught at Sanford Grammar School. Before her retirement in 1970, she taught at many other area schools, including the Oviedo School, Westside Grammar School, and Pinecrest Elementary School. Campbell used these postcards as aids in her classrooms to teach advanced subjects, such as Shakespearean drama. The collection, along with her other teaching aids, papers, and photographs, was later found at Sanford Grammar School after it became the University of Central Florida's Public History Center. Campbell's postcard collection and photographs provide insight into the life of a respected Florida educator.]]>
    UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.]]> UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.]]> Lucile Campbell Collection, Student Museum and UCF Public History Center Collection, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.]]> UCF Public History Center and is provided here by RICHES of Central Florida for educational purposes only.]]>

    This postcard is part of a collection of postcards kept by Lucile Campbell, a schoolteacher in Sanford, Florida, for 30 years. In 1931, she took advantage of a special rate for teachers and sailed to Europe, where she traveled for several months and is thought to have acquired many of these postcards. During the 1940-1941 school year, Campbell taught at Sanford Grammar School. Before her retirement in 1970, she taught at many other area schools, including the Oviedo School, Westside Grammar School, and Pinecrest Elementary School. Campbell used these postcards as aids in her classrooms to teach advanced subjects, such as Shakespearean drama. The collection, along with her other teaching aids, papers, and photographs, was later found at Sanford Grammar School after it became the University of Central Florida's Public History Center. Campbell's postcard collection and photographs provide insight into the life of a respected Florida educator.]]>
    UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.]]> UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.]]> Lucile Campbell Collection, Student Museum and UCF Public History Center Collection, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.]]> UCF Public History Center and is provided here by RICHES of Central Florida for educational purposes only.]]>

    This postcard is part of a collection of postcards kept by Lucile Campbell, a schoolteacher in Sanford, Florida, for 30 years. In 1931, she took advantage of a special rate for teachers and sailed to Europe, where she traveled for several months and is thought to have acquired many of these postcards. During the 1940-1941 school year, Campbell taught at Sanford Grammar School. Before her retirement in 1970, she taught at many other area schools, including the Oviedo School, Westside Grammar School, and Pinecrest Elementary School. Campbell used these postcards as aids in her classrooms to teach advanced subjects, such as Shakespearean drama. The collection, along with her other teaching aids, papers, and photographs, was later found at Sanford Grammar School after it became the University of Central Florida's Public History Center. Campbell's postcard collection and photographs provide insight into the life of a respected Florida educator.]]>
    UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.]]> UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.]]> Lucile Campbell Collection, Student Museum and UCF Public History Center Collection, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.]]> UCF Public History Center and is provided here by RICHES of Central Florida for educational purposes only.]]>

    This postcard is part of a collection of postcards kept by Lucile Campbell, a schoolteacher in Sanford, Florida, for 30 years. In 1931, she took advantage of a special rate for teachers and sailed to Europe, where she traveled for several months and is thought to have acquired many of these postcards. During the 1940-1941 school year, Campbell taught at Sanford Grammar School. Before her retirement in 1970, she taught at many other area schools, including the Oviedo School, Westside Grammar School, and Pinecrest Elementary School. Campbell used these postcards as aids in her classrooms to teach advanced subjects, such as Shakespearean drama. The collection, along with her other teaching aids, papers, and photographs, was later found at Sanford Grammar School after it became the University of Central Florida's Public History Center. Campbell's postcard collection and photographs provide insight into the life of a respected Florida educator.]]>
    UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.]]> UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.]]> Lucile Campbell Collection, Student Museum and UCF Public History Center Collection, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.]]> UCF Public History Center and is provided here by RICHES of Central Florida for educational purposes only.]]>

    This postcard is part of a collection of postcards kept by Lucile Campbell, a schoolteacher in Sanford, Florida, for 30 years. In 1931, she took advantage of a special rate for teachers and sailed to Europe, where she traveled for several months and is thought to have acquired many of these postcards. During the 1940-1941 school year, Campbell taught at Sanford Grammar School. Before her retirement in 1970, she taught at many other area schools, including the Oviedo School, Westside Grammar School, and Pinecrest Elementary School. Campbell used these postcards as aids in her classrooms to teach advanced subjects, such as Shakespearean drama. The collection, along with her other teaching aids, papers, and photographs, was later found at Sanford Grammar School after it became the University of Central Florida's Public History Center. Campbell's postcard collection and photographs provide insight into the life of a respected Florida educator.]]>
    UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.]]> UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.]]> Lucile Campbell Collection, Student Museum and UCF Public History Center Collection, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.]]> UCF Public History Center and is provided here by RICHES of Central Florida for educational purposes only.]]>

    This postcard is part of a collection of postcards kept by Lucile Campbell, a schoolteacher in Sanford, Florida, for 30 years. In 1931, she took advantage of a special rate for teachers and sailed to Europe, where she traveled for several months and is thought to have acquired many of these postcards. During the 1940-1941 school year, Campbell taught at Sanford Grammar School. Before her retirement in 1970, she taught at many other area schools, including the Oviedo School, Westside Grammar School, and Pinecrest Elementary School. Campbell used these postcards as aids in her classrooms to teach advanced subjects, such as Shakespearean drama. The collection, along with her other teaching aids, papers, and photographs, was later found at Sanford Grammar School after it became the University of Central Florida's Public History Center. Campbell's postcard collection and photographs provide insight into the life of a respected Florida educator.]]>
    UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.]]> UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.]]> Lucile Campbell Collection, Student Museum and UCF Public History Center Collection, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.]]> UCF Public History Center and is provided here by RICHES of Central Florida for educational purposes only.]]>

    This postcard is part of a collection of postcards kept by Lucile Campbell, a schoolteacher in Sanford, Florida, for 30 years. In 1931, she took advantage of a special rate for teachers and sailed to Europe, where she traveled for several months and is thought to have acquired many of these postcards. During the 1940-1941 school year, Campbell taught at Sanford Grammar School. Before her retirement in 1970, she taught at many other area schools, including the Oviedo School, Westside Grammar School, and Pinecrest Elementary School. Campbell used these postcards as aids in her classrooms to teach advanced subjects, such as Shakespearean drama. The collection, along with her other teaching aids, papers, and photographs, was later found at Sanford Grammar School after it became the University of Central Florida's Public History Center. Campbell's postcard collection and photographs provide insight into the life of a respected Florida educator.]]>
    UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.]]> UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.]]> Lucile Campbell Collection, Student Museum and UCF Public History Center Collection, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.]]> UCF Public History Center and is provided here by RICHES of Central Florida for educational purposes only.]]>

    This postcard is part of a collection of postcards kept by Lucile Campbell, a schoolteacher in Sanford, Florida, for 30 years. In 1931, she took advantage of a special rate for teachers and sailed to Europe, where she traveled for several months and is thought to have acquired many of these postcards. During the 1940-1941 school year, Campbell taught at Sanford Grammar School. Before her retirement in 1970, she taught at many other area schools, including the Oviedo School, Westside Grammar School, and Pinecrest Elementary School. Campbell used these postcards as aids in her classrooms to teach advanced subjects, such as Shakespearean drama. The collection, along with her other teaching aids, papers, and photographs, was later found at Sanford Grammar School after it became the University of Central Florida's Public History Center. Campbell's postcard collection and photographs provide insight into the life of a respected Florida educator.]]>
    UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.]]> UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.]]> Lucile Campbell Collection, Student Museum and UCF Public History Center Collection, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.]]> UCF Public History Center and is provided here by RICHES of Central Florida for educational purposes only.]]>
    Alafaya Branch Library in Orlando, Florida, on March 13, 2015.]]> 0:00:00 Introduction
    0:01:38 Oviedo in the 1960s
    0:07:44 How Oviedo has changed over time
    0:12:06 Mary Alice Powell Aulin
    0:18:24 Oviedo’s Centennial
    0:19:37 Andrew Aulin, Sr.
    0:28:45 The Lees and the Lawtons
    0:33:18 Alice Aulin, Andrew Aulin, Jr., and Oviedo during World War II
    0:39:25 Colloquial expressions and historical artifacts
    0:46:10 Closing remarks]]>
    Oviedo Historical Society, Oviedo, Florida.]]> RICHES of Central Florida]]> Oviedo Historical Society, Oviedo, Florida.]]> Oviedo Historical Society Collection, Oviedo Collection, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.]]> Adobe Flash Player]]> Java]]> Adobe Acrobat Reader]]> RICHES of Central Florida.]]> RICHES of Central Florida]]>
    The Central Florida Press on June 20, 1930. Written by Mrs. Harold Varn, the editor of the newspaper, the "Oviedo Mirror" column featured miscellaneous happenings in Oviedo, Florida, and its surrounding area. News topics include vacation and travel plans for various residents, car purchases, fishing trips, engagement announcements, local birthday parties, a sermon at the First Baptist Church of Orlando, Alene Cone's resignation from Southern Bell Telephone Company, a dinner held at Oak Island on Lake Conway, the opening of the Oviedo Public Library, Elizabeth Lawton's appendicitis operation at the Orange General Hospital in Orlando, bridge games hosted by Mrs. C. T. Niblack, a reception held in honor of J. A. Thompson and his wife, and a wedding reception and bridal shower held in honor of Allen Thompson and his wife.]]> The Central Florida Press, Vol. 1, No. 9, June 20, 1930, page 4: Oviedo Historical Society, Oviedo, Florida.]]> The Central Florida Press]]> The Central Florida Press, Vol. 1, No. 9, June 20, 1930, page 4.]]> The Central Florida Press, Vol. 1. No. 9, June 20, 1930." RICHES of Central Florida. https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/5674.]]> Oviedo Historical Society, Oviedo, Florida.]]> Oviedo Historical Society Collection, Oviedo Collection, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.]]> The Central Florida Press.]]> The Central Florida Press and is provided here by RICHES of Central Florida for educational purposes only.]]> The Central Florida Press on June 20, 1930. This article states that automobile accidents in 1929 resulted in 31,000 deaths and one million injuries. At the time that the article was written, steam-powered cars and wagons dominated the road. Such vehicles would reach its peak in development in the early 1930s, with the advent of lightweight boilers and efficient engine designs. During World War I, internal combustion engines allowing automobiles easier to operate and more reliable. The high-speed diesel engine was developed in 1930, resulting in the decline of wagons in favor of automobiles.]]> The Central Florida Press, Vol. 1, No. 9, June 20, 1930, page 2: Oviedo Historical Society, Oviedo, Florida.]]> The Central Florida Press]]> The Central Florida Press, Vol. 1, No. 9, June 20, 1930, page 2.]]> The Central Florida Press, Vol. 1. No. 9, June 20, 1930." RICHES of Central Florida. https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/5674.]]> Oviedo Historical Society, Oviedo, Florida.]]> General Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.]]> The Central Florida Press.]]> The Central Florida Press and is provided here by RICHES of Central Florida for educational purposes only.]]> The Central Florida Press, published on June 20, 1930. The Central Florida Press was a weekly newspaper published in Oviedo, Florida. At the time that this issue was printed, C. J. Broom was the editor. Topics discussed in various articles include a missing 19-year-old names Charles W. Summersill; plans for a new bank in Sanford, the primary election for Florida Attorney General, floods along St. Johns River and Lake Monroe, public opinion on a new luxury tax, the decision to keep a railroad station in Geneva open, a Ripley's Believe It or Not! program featuring a quail that hatched a hen in Oviedo, the Sanford Atlantic National Bank's declaration of a dividend, Reverend C. W. Mathison's sermon on righteousness, statewide construction of hotels and other types of housing, Florida's standing in administrative salaries in the Florida Department of Education, a Gold Star Mother's return to Orlando, a legal decision requiring men to call a doctor if a family member falls ill, C. W. Mathison's trip to West Palm Beach, renovations on Oviedo Masonic Lodge No. 243, A. L. Medcalf's sermon at the First Baptist Church of Oviedo, predictions for 1940, automobile accident deaths in 1929, the types of religions, packing houses in Fort Pierce and Avon Park, a logrolling convention hosted by the Central Florida Log Rollers' Association, the minutes for an Oviedo Boy Scouts meeting, local news for towns around Oviedo (Longwood, Slavia, Chuluota, and Geneva), and a reception in honor of Allen Thompson and his bride. This issue also includes a number of advertisements feature local businesses, as well as a column called "Oviedo Mirror."]]> The Central Florida Press, Vol. 1, No. 9, June 20, 1930: Oviedo Historical Society, Oviedo, Florida.]]> The Central Florida Press]]> The Central Florida Press, Vol. 1, No. 9, June 20, 1930.]]> Oviedo Historical Society, Oviedo, Florida.]]> Oviedo Historical Society Collection, Oviedo Collection, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.]]> Adobe Acrobat Reader]]> The Central Florida Press.]]> The Central Florida Press and is provided here by RICHES of Central Florida for educational purposes only.]]>
    The event was hosted by American Legion Post 243 to raise funds for a chlorinator for the town swimming pool. Post 243 is currently located at A491 West Broadway Street. The American Legion is a social veterans' organization for former and current members of the United States Armed Forces. The organization was chartered by the United States Congress on September 16, 1919, following World War I. The American Legion has been active in influencing political and social change, such as the founding of the U.S. Veterans Bureau, which was the forerunner of the Veterans Administration and later the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA); efforts to pass a constitutional amendment prohibiting the physical desecration of the American flag; the creation of the American Legion Baseball program; the passing of the Servicemen's Readjustment Act, commonly known as the GI Bill of Rights; contributing to the launch of the National Association for Mental Health; sponsorship of an independent study on the effects of the exposure of Agent Orange, a herbicidal weapon, on veterans of the Vietnam War; as well as many other activities and achievements.]]>
    Oviedo Historical Society, Oviedo, Florida.]]> Oviedo Historical Society, Oviedo, Florida.]]> Oviedo Historical Society Collection, Oviedo Collection, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.]]> Oviedo Historical Society and is provided here by RICHES of Central Florida for educational purposes only.]]>
    Oviedo Historical Society, Oviedo, Florida.]]> Oviedo Historical Society, Oviedo, Florida.]]> Oviedo Historical Society Collection, Oviedo Collection, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.]]> Oviedo Historical Society and is provided here by RICHES of Central Florida for educational purposes only.]]> Oviedo Historical Society, Oviedo, Florida.]]> Old Downtown Oviedo." RICHES of Central Florida. https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/6356.]]> Oviedo Historical Society, Oviedo, Florida.]]> Oviedo Historical Society Collection, Oviedo Collection, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.]]> Adobe Acrobat Reader]]> Oviedo Historical Society and is provided here by RICHES of Central Florida for educational purposes only.]]> Museum of Seminole County History, Oviedo, Florida.]]> 0:00:17 Slovak immigrants in Oviedo
    0:00:52 Importance of the church
    0:01:19 Celery industry
    0:01:46 Judge R. W. Ware’s praise of Oviedo
    0:02:22 Driving a Ford Model T
    0:02:52 Florida State Road 426 and visiting Orlando
    0:03:28 Grocery and clothes shopping
    0:04:22 Increase in drug use
    0:05:12 How students have changed over time
    0:05:55 Future of the city, the state, and the country]]>
    Museum of Seminole County History, Oviedo, Florida.]]> Museum of Seminole County History, Oviedo, Florida.]]> Museum of Seminole County History, Oviedo, Florida.]]> Oviedo Collection, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.]]> Adobe Flash Player]]> Java]]> Adobe Acrobat Reader]]> Museum of Seminole County History and is provided here by RICHES of Central Florida for educational purposes only.]]>
    Special Collections & University Archives, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.]]> First Street, Sanford, Florida." Tag number DP0008196. Central Florida Memory.]]> Special Collections & University Archives, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.]]> Sanford Collection, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.]]> University of Central Florida's Special Collections & University Archives and is provided here by RICHES of Central Florida for educational purposes only.]]> Museum of Seminole County History in Sanford, Florida.]]> 0:01:42 Education
    0:05:58 Riding bikes around Sanford
    0:11:12 Experiences as a real estate broker
    0:13:32 Celery industry and citrus industry
    0:22:54 Growing up in Sanford
    0:24:01 Running a paper route
    0:27:51 Working in a grocery store and as a golf caddy
    0:29:24 Serving in the Navy
    0:32:27 Community involvement
    0:37:17 Wife, children, and grandchildren
    0:41:03 Farmers in Sanford
    0:43:36 Growing citrus
    0:48:35 Closing remarks]]>
    Museum of Seminole County History, Sanford, Florida.]]> 16-page digital transcript by Savannah Vickers: White, Garnett. Interviewed by Joseph Morris. October 13, 2011. Audio record available. Museum of Seminole County History, Sanford, Florida.]]> Museum of Seminole County History, Sanford, Florida.]]> Linda McKnight Batman Oral History Project Collection, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.]]> QuickTime.]]> Adobe Acrobat Reader]]> ]]> Museum of Seminole County History and is provided here by RICHES of Central Florida for educational purposes only.]]>

    Episode 33 features a discussion of souvenir salt and pepper shakers sold to tourists during the 20th Century. This podcast also includes interviews with Andrea Ludden of the Salt and Pepper Shaker Museum, Dr. Tracy J. Revels of Wofford College, and Dr. Nick Wynne of the Florida Historical Society.]]>
    A History of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.]]> RICHES of Central Florida]]> Clermont Historic Village]]> Library of Congress]]> Florida Memory Project]]> A History of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.]]> A History of Central Florida Collection, RICHES Podcast Documentaries Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.]]> Adobe Flash Player]]> Java]]> RICHES.]]> RICHES]]>

    Episode 27 features a discussion of a leather racing cap and goggles, as well as automobile racing artifacts located at the Halifax Historical Museum in Daytona Beach, Florida. This podcast also includes interviews with Dr. Randal L. Hall of Rice University and Buzz McKim, a National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR) historian.]]>
    A History of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.]]> RICHES]]> Halifax Historical Museum]]> Library of Congress]]> Florida Memory Project]]> A History of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.]]> A History of Central Florida Collection, RICHES Podcast Documentaries Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.]]> Adobe Flash Player]]> Java]]> RICHES.]]> RICHES]]>

    Episode 20 features a discussion of the railroad bells housed at the Halifax Historical Museum and the Central Florida Railroad Museum. This podcast also includes an interview with Dr. Mark Howard Long of the University of Central Florida.]]>
    A History of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.]]> RICHES]]> Halifax Historical Museum]]> Central Florida Railroad Museum]]> Florida Memory Project]]> Archive.org]]> freesound.org]]> A History of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.]]> A History of Central Florida Collection, RICHES Podcast Documentaries Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.]]> Adobe Flash Player]]> Java]]> RICHES.]]> RICHES]]>

    Episode 22 features a discussion of a Dickson's Folly, an early attempt to regulate traffic in Orlando, Florida. This podcast also includes interviews with Dr. Julian C. Chambliss of Rollins College and Dr. Fon Gordon of the University of Central Florida.]]>
    A History of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.]]> RICHES]]> Orange County Regional History Center]]> Library of Congress]]> Rick Prelinger Archives]]> A History of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.]]> A History of Central Florida Collection, RICHES Podcast Documentaries Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.]]> Adobe Flash Player]]> Java]]> ]]> RICHES .]]> RICHES]]>

    For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and was used for a 17-percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD.

    Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in six languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100-percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process instead by following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census.

    Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the  U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year.]]>
    U.S. Census Bureau]]> U.S. Census Bureau, 2000.]]> U.S. Department of Commerce]]> U.S. Census Bureau, 2000.]]> U.S. Census Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.]]> U.S. Census Bureau and published by the U.S. Department of Commerce.]]>
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    For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20-percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compared to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP).

    The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online.

    As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the U.S. Department of Commerce. A federal district court ruleded in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts.]]>
    U.S. Census Bureau]]> U.S. Census Bureau, 1990.]]> U.S. Department of Commerce]]> U.S. Census Bureau, 1990.]]> U.S. Census Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.]]> U.S. Census Bureau and published by the U.S. Department of Commerce.]]>
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    Due to the success of the 1970 Census' mail-out/mail-back questionnaire, the program was expanded for the Census of 1980 to include approximately 95 percent of the population. The short-form questionnaire for this census contained seven questions related to population and 11 questions related to housing; whereas the long-form questionnaire included 26 questions on population and 10 questions on housing. A question regarding Spanish or Hispanic origin, separate from race inquires, was used in all questionnaires due to its success in a five-percent sample for the 1970 Census. Two surveys were included in the new census: the Components of Inventory Change Survey, making inquiries regarding the number and characteristics of housing units that either changed or remained the same between 1973 and 1980; and the Residential Finance Survey, which collected information on mortgages, shelter costs, housing characteristics, and owner characteristics. The U.S. Census Bureau's Census Publicity Office, established in 1978, directed an extensive public service advertising campaign focusing on public awareness of the census and encouraging individuals to participate. A special effort was made to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses: "M-Night" focused on counting individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories; "T-Night" focused on the enumeration of hotels and motels with permanent residents.

    The State Data Center Program was established to simplify public access to census data via computer tapes. The Census Bureau was to provide free copies of electronic and printed census information and products to each state; in return, the state agreed to develop a network of affiliated organizations, such as state executive departments, chambers of commerce, councils of government, university research departments, and libraries, by which census information would be housed for public access. All states had joined the program by the middle of the decade.

    Despite various technological and procedural advances, the U.S. Census undercounted the national population, as it typically did in previous censuses. The African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was 3.7 percentage points higher than the rate for all other races combined. Various cities and states, beginning with the City of Detroit, filed suit against the U.S. Census Bureau, demanding that statistical adjustment be used to compensate for census estimates that had been omitted or improperly counted. In the Fall of 1980, the Bureau announced that it would not adjust its population totals because it was unable to determine the number and distribution of illegal aliens and other undercounted groups. A federal district court ruled in favor of the City of New York and the State of New York that same year, ordering the Census Bureau to correct its numbers. The U.S. Supreme Court stayed this ruling, as well as other similar rulings, in December of 1980, which allowed the Bureau to report its figures to the President unadjusted. In 1987, a federal appeals court ruled that the census figures should not be adjusted because the Census Bureau's decision not to adjust the figures was not arbitrary nor capricious.]]>
    U.S. Census Bureau]]> U.S. Census Bureau, 1980.]]> U.S. Department of Commerce]]> U.S. Census Bureau, 1980.]]> U.S. Census Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.]]> U.S. Census Bureau and published by the U.S. Department of Commerce.]]>
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    In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators.

    Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, was an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes.]]>
    U.S. Census Bureau]]> U.S. Census Bureau, 1970.]]> U.S. Department of Commerce]]> U.S. Census Bureau, 1970.]]> U.S. Census Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.]]> U.S. Census Bureau and published by the U.S. Department of Commerce.]]>
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    The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Post Office Department delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of work and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input.]]>
    U.S. Census Bureau]]> U.S. Census Bureau, 1960.]]> U.S. Department of Commerce]]> U.S. Census Bureau, 1960.]]> U.S. Census Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.]]> U.S. Census Bureau and published by the U.S. Department of Commerce.]]>
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