1
100
15
-
https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/0dea004397bb8759f6fe8cc73473bdc9.pdf
ad65d0f4fddf46a01703983e41236fd5
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
Patricia Black Collection
Alternative Title
Black Collection
Subject
Sanford (Fla.)
Migrant workers
Agricultural laborers--Florida
Migration, Internal--United States
Farm laborers
Upstate New York (N.Y.)
Chase and Company (Sanford, Fla.)
Madison (Fla.)
Houses and homes
Rochester (N.Y.)
Description
Collection of photographs and ephemera donated by <a title="Photo of Patricia Black" href="http://s2.postimg.org/4mpxwg2u1/P3212376.jpg">Patricia Ann Black</a> (1956- ), the daughter of Pilgrim Black (1905-2002) and Lula Mae Haynes Black (1917-2007). <br /><br />Pilgrim was born in 1905, although some records list 1907 as his birth year. Pilgrim and Lula were migrant crew leaders, and thus migrated to Upstate New York in the summers and back to their home in Sanford, Florida, for the rest of the year. Pilgrim was the son of Harry Black (d. 1911) and Maggie Benjamin Black (ca. 1870-ca. 1934), who migrated to Sanford from South Carolina in the 1800s. Harry and Maggie had several children: Leckward Black, Mustar Black, Malachi Black, Leatha Black Walker (1889-1976), Pilgrim Black, Margaret Black Jones (1889-1976), and Harriett Black Lawson.<br /><br />In 1911, Harry owned a grocery store at 206 South Sanford Avenue. One day, he came home from work with pneumonia and passed away shortly thereafter. Pilgrim was nine years old when his father passed away. Maggie was the daughter of former slaves, Isaac Benjamin and Roseanna Benjamin, and the sister of Nathan Benjamin, Pledge Benjamin, Sam Benjamin, Louis Benjamin, Chainey Benjamin, Lara Benjamin, Melvina Benjamin, and Katie Benjamin. Pilgrim had to quit school at age 11 in order to provide for his mother, originally working in a mill house until he was 18 years old. After declining a management position, he traveled to Wayne County in Upstate New York to pick cherries, apples, pears, and other crops. He broke a bone after falling from an apple tree his first year and decided to try farm labor on a potato farm in Red Creek instead. Don Holdridge, the farmer who owned the land, noted Pilgrim's high rate of productivity and offered him a management position supervising up to 30 workers at once, which he accepted. Pilgrim also worked as a foreman in Sanford for Chase & Company for over 30 years. He married Lula in 1937 and they had several children together, including Vivian Louise Black (1940-), Lula Yvonne Black (1942-), Charles Samuel Black (1945-), Pilgrim Black, Jr. (ca.1947-), and Patricia. <br /><br />Patricia was born August 31, 1956, and grew up at the end of East Tenth Street in Sanford, Florida. She attended Hopper Elementary through sixth grade, Lakeview Middle School for seventh grade, Sanford Junior High School for eighth grade, Crooms High School for ninth grade, and Seminole High School through twelfth grade. She also attended school in the North Rose-Wolcott district each year while in New York. During fourth grade, integration began and parents were given the choice to have their children to attend other schools, but Patricia chose to continue attending an all-black school until she entered seventh grade in 1968 and began attending integrated schools. <br /><br />In June 1973, Patricia married her first husband, Clint Holt (1955- ); however, the couple quickly separated due to domestic violence and divorced around 1977. Patricia gave birth to her first child, Charmion Le'Antwinetta Holt in 1974. She also had three other children with William Bigham, Jr. (1952- ), who she was married to for 33 years: William Arthur Bigham III (1982- ), Brandon Oliver Black (1990- ), and Tempestt Teonte’ Black (1992- ). She lives in the family home built by her grandmother, Maggie Benjamin Black on East Tenth Street in Sanford. <br /><br />Patricia endured weekly molestation for 11n years from age six to age 17, and was raped at age seventeen while pregnant with Charmion. At age 29, Patricia became severely addicted to smoking cocaine. After seven years, Patricia was able to overcome her addiction and has maintained her sobriety for 21 years. Despite her traumatic experiences, Patricia has developed a devout relationship with God. While in recovery, Patricia refocused her attention on spreading her ministry of love by becoming a foster parent, serving as the Parent Representative of the Committee for Special Education (CSE), and serving on her local school board in the North Rose-Wolcott school district. <br /><br />Patricia also has owned her own business making incense and importing shea butter from Africa. She also became a licensed nail technician specializing in stress-relieving pedicures. As of 2009, Patricia is retired but still maintains some involvement in her business/ministry named GIFTED.
Contributor
Black, Patricia Ann
Language
eng
Type
Collection
Coverage
Madison, Florida
Sanford, Florida
Rochester, New York
Wayne County, New York
Wolcott, New York
Accrual Method
Donation
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>.
Source Repository
Private Collection of Patricia Ann Black
External Reference
Coles, Robert. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67637" target="_blank"><em>Uprooted Children; The Early Life of Migrant Farm Workers</em></a>. [Pittsburgh]: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1970.
Piore, Michael J. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank"><em>Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies</em></a> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
Flewellyn, Valada S. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank"><em>African Americans of Sanford</em></a>. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub, 2009.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Original Format
1 certificate
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Employment Secruity Farm Labor Contractor Certificate of Registration No. 4-05-5631-71-R
Alternative Title
Farm Labor Contractor Certificate
Subject
Sanford (Fla.)
Upstate New York (N.Y.)
Migrant workers
Farm laborers
Agricultural laborers--Florida
Description
Farm labor contractor certificate for Pilgrim Black (1905-2002) issued by William N. Norwood, Jr. of the U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Employment Security on March 9, 1971. The certificate authorized Pilgrim Black for migrant labor. At the time that the certificate was issue, Pilgrim resided at 1101 East Tenth Street in Sanford, Florida. His date of birth was listed as April 2, 1907, but he was actually born in 1905. The certificate also identified Pilgrim as a 5'9" person weighing 155 pounds with black hair and brown eyes. <br /><br />Pilgrim Black was born in 1905, although some records list 1907 as his birth year. Pilgrim and Lula Mae Haynes Black were migrant crew leaders, and thus migrated to Wayne County in Upstate New York in the summers and back to their home in Sanford for the rest of the year. Pilgrim was the son of Harry Black (d. 1911) and Maggie Benjamin Black (ca.1870-ca.1934), who migrated to Sanford from South Carolina in the 1800s. Harry and Maggie had several children: Leckward Black, Mustar Black, Malachi Black, Leatha Black Walker (1889-1976), Pilgrim Black, Margaret Black Jones (1889-1976), and Harriett Black Lawson. In 1911, Harry owned a grocery store at 206 South Sanford Avenue. One day, he came home from work with pneumonia and passed away shortly thereafter. Pilgrim was nine years old when his father passed away. Maggie was the daughter of former slaves, Isaac and Roseanna Benjamin, and the sister of Nathan Benjamin, Pledge Benjamin, Sam Benjamin, Loui Benjamin, Chainey Benjamin, Lara Benjamin, Melvina Benjamin, and Katie Benjamin. <br /><br /> Pilgrim had to quit school at age eleven in order to provide for his mother, originally working in a mill house until he was 18n years old. After declining a management position, he traveled to Wayne County to pick cherries, apples, pears, and other crops. He broke a bone after falling from an apple tree his first year and decided to try farm labor on a potato farm in Red Creek, New York, instead. Don Holdridge, the farmer who owned the land, noted Pilgrim's high rate of productivity and offered him a management position supervising up to thirty workers at once, which he accepted. <br /><br /> While in Sanford, Pilgrim also worked as a foreman in Sanford for Chase & Company for over 30 years. He married Lula in 1937 and they had several children together, including Vivian Louise Black (1940- ); Lula Yvonne Black (1942- ); Charles Samuel Black (1945- ); Pilgrim Black, Jr. (ca.1947- ), and Patricia Ann Black (1956- ).
Type
Text
Source
Original certificate by <a href="http://www.dol.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Labor</a> Bureau of Employment Security, 1971: Private Collection of Patricia Ann Black.
Requires
<a href="http://www.adobe.com/reader.html" target="_blank">Adobe Acrobat Reader</a>
Is Format Of
Digital reproduction of original certificate by the <a href="http://www.dol.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Labor</a> Bureau of Employment Security, 1971.
Coverage
Sanford, Florida
Creator
<a href="http://www.dol.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Labor</a> Bureau of Employment Security
Contributor
Black, Patricia Ann
Date Created
1971-03-09
Format
application/pdf
Extent
501 KB
Medium
1 certificate
Language
eng
Mediator
History Teacher
Civics/Government Teacher
Economics Teacher
Geography Teacher
Provenance
Originally created by the <a href="http://www.dol.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Labor</a> Bureau of Employment Security and owned by Pilgrim Black.
Inherited by Patricia Ann Black in 2002.
Rights Holder
Copyright to the resource is held by Patricia Ann Black and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only.
Accrual Method
Donation
Contributing Project
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/72/" target="_blank">Patricia Black Collection</a>
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
External Reference
Coles, Robert. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67637" target="_blank"><em>Uprooted Children: The Early Life of Migrant Farm Workers</em></a>. [Pittsburgh]: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1970.
Piore, Michael J. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank"><em>Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies</em></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
Transcript
S-411
(Rev. 11/67)
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
Bureau of Employment Security
FARM LABOR CONTRACTOR CERTIFICTE OF
REGISTRATION NO. 4-05-5631-71-R
EXPIRES DECEMBER 31, 1971
Name BLACK, PILGRIM
I certify that the person named above is registered pursuant to the Farm Labor Cot[?] Registration Act of 1963 and is authorized to perform activities covered by the Act, s[?] to the restrictions indicated below.
RESTRICTIONS
The transportation of migrant workers within the meaning of the Act is authorized only during[?] the period beginning 3/9/71 and ending 12/22/71, unless [?] authorization is otherwise terminated.
APPROVED William K.[?] Norwood Jr.[?]
Regional Administrator
DATE 3/9[?]
Social Security No.
Permanent Home Address 1101 E. 10th St.
Sanford, Florida
Date of Birth 4/02/07
Weight 155
Hieght Ft. 5 In. 9
Color Hair Blk.
Color Eyes Brn.
Certificate is based on the Farm Lanor Contractor Registration Act of 1963 and regulated[?] [?] thereunder, and on my application for registraion. It may be revoked or suspended or its renewal denied, for noncompliance with the Act or regulations, including application requirements for transporting migrant workers. Such noncompliance may constitute a federal offense.
Pilgrim Black
GPO; 1968-O-290-619
Source Repository
Private Collection of Patricia Ann Black
10th Street
agricultural laborer
Bigham, Patricia Ann Black
Black, Pilgrim
Bureau of Employment Security
contractor
Department of Labor
DOL
employment
employment security
farm labor contractor certificate
Farm Labor Contractor Registration Act of 1963
farm laborer
labor
laborer
migrant worker
New York
Norwood, William N., Jr.
Sanford
Tenth Street
U.S. Department of Labor
U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Employment Security
Upstate New York
-
https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/ae71ad7c2806108ea596e32405867d77.pdf
3a3d41157e4c8c29c10e3b887b5c5d13
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
Patricia Black Collection
Alternative Title
Black Collection
Subject
Sanford (Fla.)
Migrant workers
Agricultural laborers--Florida
Migration, Internal--United States
Farm laborers
Upstate New York (N.Y.)
Chase and Company (Sanford, Fla.)
Madison (Fla.)
Houses and homes
Rochester (N.Y.)
Description
Collection of photographs and ephemera donated by <a title="Photo of Patricia Black" href="http://s2.postimg.org/4mpxwg2u1/P3212376.jpg">Patricia Ann Black</a> (1956- ), the daughter of Pilgrim Black (1905-2002) and Lula Mae Haynes Black (1917-2007). <br /><br />Pilgrim was born in 1905, although some records list 1907 as his birth year. Pilgrim and Lula were migrant crew leaders, and thus migrated to Upstate New York in the summers and back to their home in Sanford, Florida, for the rest of the year. Pilgrim was the son of Harry Black (d. 1911) and Maggie Benjamin Black (ca. 1870-ca. 1934), who migrated to Sanford from South Carolina in the 1800s. Harry and Maggie had several children: Leckward Black, Mustar Black, Malachi Black, Leatha Black Walker (1889-1976), Pilgrim Black, Margaret Black Jones (1889-1976), and Harriett Black Lawson.<br /><br />In 1911, Harry owned a grocery store at 206 South Sanford Avenue. One day, he came home from work with pneumonia and passed away shortly thereafter. Pilgrim was nine years old when his father passed away. Maggie was the daughter of former slaves, Isaac Benjamin and Roseanna Benjamin, and the sister of Nathan Benjamin, Pledge Benjamin, Sam Benjamin, Louis Benjamin, Chainey Benjamin, Lara Benjamin, Melvina Benjamin, and Katie Benjamin. Pilgrim had to quit school at age 11 in order to provide for his mother, originally working in a mill house until he was 18 years old. After declining a management position, he traveled to Wayne County in Upstate New York to pick cherries, apples, pears, and other crops. He broke a bone after falling from an apple tree his first year and decided to try farm labor on a potato farm in Red Creek instead. Don Holdridge, the farmer who owned the land, noted Pilgrim's high rate of productivity and offered him a management position supervising up to 30 workers at once, which he accepted. Pilgrim also worked as a foreman in Sanford for Chase & Company for over 30 years. He married Lula in 1937 and they had several children together, including Vivian Louise Black (1940-), Lula Yvonne Black (1942-), Charles Samuel Black (1945-), Pilgrim Black, Jr. (ca.1947-), and Patricia. <br /><br />Patricia was born August 31, 1956, and grew up at the end of East Tenth Street in Sanford, Florida. She attended Hopper Elementary through sixth grade, Lakeview Middle School for seventh grade, Sanford Junior High School for eighth grade, Crooms High School for ninth grade, and Seminole High School through twelfth grade. She also attended school in the North Rose-Wolcott district each year while in New York. During fourth grade, integration began and parents were given the choice to have their children to attend other schools, but Patricia chose to continue attending an all-black school until she entered seventh grade in 1968 and began attending integrated schools. <br /><br />In June 1973, Patricia married her first husband, Clint Holt (1955- ); however, the couple quickly separated due to domestic violence and divorced around 1977. Patricia gave birth to her first child, Charmion Le'Antwinetta Holt in 1974. She also had three other children with William Bigham, Jr. (1952- ), who she was married to for 33 years: William Arthur Bigham III (1982- ), Brandon Oliver Black (1990- ), and Tempestt Teonte’ Black (1992- ). She lives in the family home built by her grandmother, Maggie Benjamin Black on East Tenth Street in Sanford. <br /><br />Patricia endured weekly molestation for 11n years from age six to age 17, and was raped at age seventeen while pregnant with Charmion. At age 29, Patricia became severely addicted to smoking cocaine. After seven years, Patricia was able to overcome her addiction and has maintained her sobriety for 21 years. Despite her traumatic experiences, Patricia has developed a devout relationship with God. While in recovery, Patricia refocused her attention on spreading her ministry of love by becoming a foster parent, serving as the Parent Representative of the Committee for Special Education (CSE), and serving on her local school board in the North Rose-Wolcott school district. <br /><br />Patricia also has owned her own business making incense and importing shea butter from Africa. She also became a licensed nail technician specializing in stress-relieving pedicures. As of 2009, Patricia is retired but still maintains some involvement in her business/ministry named GIFTED.
Contributor
Black, Patricia Ann
Language
eng
Type
Collection
Coverage
Madison, Florida
Sanford, Florida
Rochester, New York
Wayne County, New York
Wolcott, New York
Accrual Method
Donation
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>.
Source Repository
Private Collection of Patricia Ann Black
External Reference
Coles, Robert. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67637" target="_blank"><em>Uprooted Children; The Early Life of Migrant Farm Workers</em></a>. [Pittsburgh]: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1970.
Piore, Michael J. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank"><em>Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies</em></a> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
Flewellyn, Valada S. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank"><em>African Americans of Sanford</em></a>. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub, 2009.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Original Format
6-page typed paper
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
Migrant Experience Paper by William Arthur Bigham III
Alternative Title
Migrant Experience
Subject
Sanford (Fla.)
Upstate New York (N.Y.)
Migrant workers
Agricultural laborers--New York (State)
Farm laborers
Segregation--United States
Integration
Desegregation
Wages--New York (State)
Description
An academic paper written by William Arthur Bigham III (1982-) for a course at the State University of New York at Brockport on food and culture on December 19, 2011. Topics discussed in the paper include Bigham's interview with his mother, Patricia Ann Black (1956- ), about her experiences as the child of migrant workers; how migrant workers lived; the difference between education and race relations in the North and in the South; the logistics of working in the fields; and how the Federal government changed migrant work. <br /><br />William Bigham III was born in Rochester and raised in Wayne County, New York. He began teaching microbiology and anatomy at the SUNY Brockport in 2013. He is the son of Patricia Black, the grandson of Pilgrim Black (1905-2002) and Lula Mae Haynes Black (1917-2007), and the great grandson of Harry Black (d. 1911) and Maggie Benjamin Black (ca. 1870-ca. 1934), who migrated to Sanford, Florida, from South Carolina in the 1800s. Bigham's grandparents, Pilgrim and Lula, were migrant crew leaders, and thus migrated to Upstate New York in the summers and back to their home in Sanford for the rest of the year.
Type
Text
Is Format Of
Digital reproduction of original paper by William Bigham III, December 19, 2011.
Coverage
Huron, New York
Sanford, Florida
Creator
Bigham, William, III
Contributor
Black, Patricia Ann
Date Created
2011-12-19
Format
application/pdf
Extent
31.4 KB
Medium
6-page typed paper
Language
eng
Mediator
History Teacher
Economics Teacher
Geography Teacher
Provenance
Originally created by William Bigham III.
Rights Holder
Copyright to the resource is held by William Bigham III and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only.
Accrual Method
Donation
Contributing Project
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/72">Patricia Black Collection</a>
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank"> RICHES MI</a>
External Reference
Coles, Robert. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67637" target="_blank"><em>Uprooted Children: The Early Life of Migrant Farm Workers</em></a>. [Pittsburgh]: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1970.
Piore, Michael J. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank"><em>Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies</em></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
Flewellyn, Valada S. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank"><em>African Americans of Sanford</em></a> Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub, 2009.
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/72" target="_blank">Patricia Black Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida.
Requires
<a href="http://www.adobe.com/products/reader.html" target="_blank">Adobe Acrobat Reader</a>
Source Repository
Private Collection of Patricia Ann Black
Transcript
Food and culture William Bigham
Migrant experience paper 12/19/11
I interviewed my mother for this paper because of her experience on the subject of the migrant life. Her family worked in the migrant agricultural field for years back in the 1950’s and 1960’s. Every year before the fruit harvesting began my grandfather would assemble a crew down in Florida to bring up to New York. The crews were made up of mostly men but often there would be married couples as well. Often single men were preferred over married men or families. The reason for this was because they would be able to work harder. Single men would have fewer distractions and would be more willing to live in and put up with the conditions of the camp. Once the crew was assembled they would travel up to New York by bus. My grandfather would drive the bus with the people on it and my mother’s uncle (Uncle Buddy) would drive a truck with everyone’s belonging. The trip would take a few days. My grandfather knew all of the stops on their route that were friendly toward black people. You have to remember that this was back in the 50’s and 60’s so racism was still quite prevalent; you couldn’t just go to any gas station or restaurant, you had to go to ones that excepted business from black people. As a young girl this allowed my mother to be exposed to as little of this racial environment as possible. As a parent I would want to protect my child from having to experience this type of situation. This also allowed the trips to and from New York to be somewhat enjoyable and to have an almost vacation like feel.
The camp consisted of a house “big house” and a series of single room “huts”. These huts were very minimal in what was in them. Many of them were no bigger than 10’x12’, enough for one to two beds. There was also a kitchenette which consisted of a tiny gas stove and a table. These huts had no insulation and only one light socket. They would screw an adaptor in to the light socket that had electrical outlets and a light socket in it. This was the only way to get electrical outlets into the room. There was also no running water on the camp, so everyone had to use the water from the well. There was also no indoor plumbing so everyone had to use the outhouses. Basically these huts were Spartan in nature. They were meant for only the bare minimum, rest after a long day of work, not for comfort. The main house was a two story building that did have insulation but still no running water or indoor plumbing also it had only one light socket per room. As a little girl my mother looked at living on the camp as going camping for a little while each year.
Coming up north allowed my mother to attend a better school for a few months out of the year. Also it allowed her to attend a non-segregated school. While schools were not supposed to be segregated they still were. It was just a part of life in the south. Also they “black” schools got the used books and second rate supplies compared to the “white” schools down south. My mother recalls a time when she was in school in Florida and one of her books was from the very school she attended while in New York. It was a used book that had been sent down for that school to use because they could not afford new books.
While life on the camp may have been a little Spartan, everyone on the camp made the choice to be there. As my mother put it we would sacrifice and live poorly for a few months and return to Florida to live like kings. A few people would work like crazy while up north and make enough money to last them all year long. While they were back in Florida they wouldn’t need to work. From my experience as a child living in Wayne County, the children of migrant parents always had nice clothes and were well kempt. They always had the same stuff as the other kids and sometimes maybe even nicer things. The area where I grew up wasn’t exactly the richest place in the world but we were always happy so I can assume they were at least as well off as I was. Referring back to living like kings, according to my mother when the migrants would go back to Florida they were some of the better off people in their respective neighborhoods. They would have the nicer homes and the new cars. Back in the 1960’s migrant workers would get paid around $10 for a bin of apples, which was a lot of money back then. If you were a skilled worker you could easily fill two bins an hour, even more if you were a couple or family that was working together.
Out in the orchards you would pretty much bring what you needed for the work day, like water and food and whatever sun protection you wanted. The farmer did not supply water for you so you had to make sure you had some of your own. My Grandfather would bring a keg filled with water for the worker each day; this is something he did on his own. He was essentially their supervisor/manager so he felt an obligation to make sure they had the things they needed. He was in charge of tallying everyone’s bin count so that they got paid the correct amount each week. Also he would organize the weekly trips into town so people could get groceries and other things. My grandmother would make and sell meals to the workers who wanted, usually to the single men; she would charge around $7 a day for three home cooked meals. At the end of each week on payday after everyone was paid they would go and pay my grandmother for the meals that they had eaten. My mother told a story of a couple that worked so hard, the farmer didn’t have enough money to pay them; they had to wait till the season was over and the farmer had sold his apples and gotten more money. This story shows just how much money there was to be made if you were willing to work hard.
My mother feels that this system/life style definitely does not exist nor could it exist today. Once the government got more involved things started to change. The biggest thing that changed this way of life was when the government forced the farmers to start paying by the hour instead of by the bin. This greatly reduced the amount of money you would make. You could only make so much money in a day base on the hourly system but getting paid by the bin allowed you to make vastly more money, the faster/harder you worked the more you were paid/rewarded. A lot of people refused to work in this new system, they knew what they could have been making and did not want to be doing the same job for less money. This is the time when a lot of people got out of the migrant field and went on to other things. While some things may have improved like running water and indoor plumbing and electricity, other conditions are worsening. Conditions like what they are paid and their work environment have steadily gotten worse. Many African Americans would not tolerate these new conditions and that is one major factor as to why Hispanic people displace African Americans. Back then the conditions may have been hard but it was a conscience choice that was made by all that travelled up north. If you worked hard and made a small sacrifice for a few months you would be rewarded for your efforts, it would allow you to live well the rest of the year. This is not the case anymore; you work hard and still will be struggling to get by. In the old system the farmer made money but the worker also made a living wage; in this new system the farmers still make their money but now the worker is struggling to make ends meet, no matter how hard they work they just can’t seem to get ahead. We really need to look at our current agriculture system, and decide if we want cheap food that comes from the broken backs of the people who pick them and the horrible treatment of animals or do we want food that comes from people that made a living wage and animals that were humanely raised. If it meant that my food cost a little more I know which choice I would make. While conditions may not have been ideal the old system at least allowed people to live, the new system is little more than modern legalized slavery.
African American
agriculture
Bigham, Patricia Ann Black
Bigham, William Arthur, III
Black, Lula Mae Haynes
Black, Patricia Ann
Black, Pilgrim
bus
desegregation
education
farm
farmer
farming
fruit
fruit industry
harvest
hourly pay
hourly wage
integration
labor
laborer
manager
migrant work
migrant worker
orchard
piece rate
piece work
race relations
racism
Sanford
school
segregation
State University of New York at Brockport
SUNY Brockport
supervisor
task wage
Upstate New York
wage
Wayne County
Wayne County, New York
work camp
worker
-
https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/2586b7d8981b5e99e2a75becab4ebde1.jpg
3dcd6a1ef63b7cf7ac6154a5f77c0432
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
Patricia Black Collection
Alternative Title
Black Collection
Subject
Sanford (Fla.)
Migrant workers
Agricultural laborers--Florida
Migration, Internal--United States
Farm laborers
Upstate New York (N.Y.)
Chase and Company (Sanford, Fla.)
Madison (Fla.)
Houses and homes
Rochester (N.Y.)
Description
Collection of photographs and ephemera donated by <a title="Photo of Patricia Black" href="http://s2.postimg.org/4mpxwg2u1/P3212376.jpg">Patricia Ann Black</a> (1956- ), the daughter of Pilgrim Black (1905-2002) and Lula Mae Haynes Black (1917-2007). <br /><br />Pilgrim was born in 1905, although some records list 1907 as his birth year. Pilgrim and Lula were migrant crew leaders, and thus migrated to Upstate New York in the summers and back to their home in Sanford, Florida, for the rest of the year. Pilgrim was the son of Harry Black (d. 1911) and Maggie Benjamin Black (ca. 1870-ca. 1934), who migrated to Sanford from South Carolina in the 1800s. Harry and Maggie had several children: Leckward Black, Mustar Black, Malachi Black, Leatha Black Walker (1889-1976), Pilgrim Black, Margaret Black Jones (1889-1976), and Harriett Black Lawson.<br /><br />In 1911, Harry owned a grocery store at 206 South Sanford Avenue. One day, he came home from work with pneumonia and passed away shortly thereafter. Pilgrim was nine years old when his father passed away. Maggie was the daughter of former slaves, Isaac Benjamin and Roseanna Benjamin, and the sister of Nathan Benjamin, Pledge Benjamin, Sam Benjamin, Louis Benjamin, Chainey Benjamin, Lara Benjamin, Melvina Benjamin, and Katie Benjamin. Pilgrim had to quit school at age 11 in order to provide for his mother, originally working in a mill house until he was 18 years old. After declining a management position, he traveled to Wayne County in Upstate New York to pick cherries, apples, pears, and other crops. He broke a bone after falling from an apple tree his first year and decided to try farm labor on a potato farm in Red Creek instead. Don Holdridge, the farmer who owned the land, noted Pilgrim's high rate of productivity and offered him a management position supervising up to 30 workers at once, which he accepted. Pilgrim also worked as a foreman in Sanford for Chase & Company for over 30 years. He married Lula in 1937 and they had several children together, including Vivian Louise Black (1940-), Lula Yvonne Black (1942-), Charles Samuel Black (1945-), Pilgrim Black, Jr. (ca.1947-), and Patricia. <br /><br />Patricia was born August 31, 1956, and grew up at the end of East Tenth Street in Sanford, Florida. She attended Hopper Elementary through sixth grade, Lakeview Middle School for seventh grade, Sanford Junior High School for eighth grade, Crooms High School for ninth grade, and Seminole High School through twelfth grade. She also attended school in the North Rose-Wolcott district each year while in New York. During fourth grade, integration began and parents were given the choice to have their children to attend other schools, but Patricia chose to continue attending an all-black school until she entered seventh grade in 1968 and began attending integrated schools. <br /><br />In June 1973, Patricia married her first husband, Clint Holt (1955- ); however, the couple quickly separated due to domestic violence and divorced around 1977. Patricia gave birth to her first child, Charmion Le'Antwinetta Holt in 1974. She also had three other children with William Bigham, Jr. (1952- ), who she was married to for 33 years: William Arthur Bigham III (1982- ), Brandon Oliver Black (1990- ), and Tempestt Teonte’ Black (1992- ). She lives in the family home built by her grandmother, Maggie Benjamin Black on East Tenth Street in Sanford. <br /><br />Patricia endured weekly molestation for 11n years from age six to age 17, and was raped at age seventeen while pregnant with Charmion. At age 29, Patricia became severely addicted to smoking cocaine. After seven years, Patricia was able to overcome her addiction and has maintained her sobriety for 21 years. Despite her traumatic experiences, Patricia has developed a devout relationship with God. While in recovery, Patricia refocused her attention on spreading her ministry of love by becoming a foster parent, serving as the Parent Representative of the Committee for Special Education (CSE), and serving on her local school board in the North Rose-Wolcott school district. <br /><br />Patricia also has owned her own business making incense and importing shea butter from Africa. She also became a licensed nail technician specializing in stress-relieving pedicures. As of 2009, Patricia is retired but still maintains some involvement in her business/ministry named GIFTED.
Contributor
Black, Patricia Ann
Language
eng
Type
Collection
Coverage
Madison, Florida
Sanford, Florida
Rochester, New York
Wayne County, New York
Wolcott, New York
Accrual Method
Donation
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>.
Source Repository
Private Collection of Patricia Ann Black
External Reference
Coles, Robert. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67637" target="_blank"><em>Uprooted Children; The Early Life of Migrant Farm Workers</em></a>. [Pittsburgh]: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1970.
Piore, Michael J. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank"><em>Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies</em></a> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
Flewellyn, Valada S. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank"><em>African Americans of Sanford</em></a>. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub, 2009.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.
Original Format
1 color photograph
Physical Dimensions
8 x 10 inch
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
Lula Mae Haynes Black and Pilgrim Black
Alternative Title
Lula and Pilgrim Black
Subject
Sanford (Fla.)
Migrant workers
Agricultural laborers--Florida
Description
Lula Mae Haynes Black (1917-2007) and Pilgrim Black (1905-2002), the parents of Patricia Ann Black (1956- ). This photograph was taken when Patricia drove down from New York to Sanford, Florida, to visit her parents around 1997, when her father was 89. Pilgrim and Lula were married for 67 years at the time the photograph was taken. <br /><br />Pilgrim Black was born in 1905, although some records list 1907 as his birth year. Pilgrim and Lula Mae Haynes Black were migrant crew leaders, and thus migrated to Wayne County in Upstate New York in the summers and back to their home in Sanford for the rest of the year. Pilgrim was the son of Harry Black (d. 1911) and Maggie Benjamin Black (ca.1870-ca.1934), who migrated to Sanford from South Carolina in the 1800s. Harry and Maggie had several children: Leckward Black, Mustar Black, Malachi Black, Leatha Black Walker (1889-1976), Pilgrim Black, Margaret Black Jones (1889-1976), and Harriett Black Lawson. In 1911, Harry owned a grocery store at 206 South Sanford Avenue. One day, he came home from work with pneumonia and passed away shortly thereafter. Pilgrim was nine years old when his father passed away. Maggie was the daughter of former slaves, Isaac and Roseanna Benjamin, and the sister of Nathan Benjamin, Pledge Benjamin, Sam Benjamin, Loui Benjamin, Chainey Benjamin, Lara Benjamin, Melvina Benjamin, and Katie Benjamin.<br /><br />Pilgrim had to quit school at age eleven in order to provide for his mother, originally working in a mill house until he was 18n years old. After declining a management position, he traveled to Wayne County to pick cherries, apples, pears, and other crops. He broke a bone after falling from an apple tree his first year and decided to try farm labor on a potato farm in Red Creek, New York, instead. Don Holdridge, the farmer who owned the land, noted Pilgrim's high rate of productivity and offered him a management position supervising up to thirty workers at once, which he accepted.<br /><br />While in Sanford, Pilgrim also worked as a foreman in Sanford for Chase & Company for over 30 years. He married Lula in 1937 and they had several children together, including Vivian Louise Black (1940- ); Lula Yvonne Black (1942- ); Charles Samuel Black (1945- ); Pilgrim Black, Jr. (ca.1947- ), and Patricia Ann Black (1956- ).
Type
Still Image
Source
Original 8 x 10 inch color photograph: Private Collection of Patricia Black.
Is Format Of
Digital reproduction of original 8 x 10 inch color photograph.
Coverage
Sanford, Florida
Creator
Black, Patricia Ann
Contributor
Black, Patricia Ann
Date Created
ca. 1997
Format
image/jpg
Extent
138 KB
Medium
8 x 10 inch color photograph
Language
eng
Mediator
History Teacher
Provenance
Originally created and owned by Patricia Ann Black.
Rights Holder
Copyright to this resource is held by Patricia Ann Black and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only.
Accrual Method
Donation
Contributing Project
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/72/" target="_blank">Patricia Black Collection</a>
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
External Reference
Coles, Robert. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67637" target="_blank"><em>Uprooted Children: The Early Life of Migrant Farm Workers</em></a>. [Pittsburgh]: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1970.
Piore, Michael J. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank"><em>Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies</em></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/72" target="_blank">Patricia Black Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida.
Source Repository
Private Collection of Patricia Ann Black
Bigham, Patricia Ann Black
Black, Lula Mae Haynes
Black, Patricia Ann
Black, Pilgrim
Haynes, Lula Mae
laborer
migrant crew leader
migrant worker
Sanford
-
https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/a1aea94df2c15730c1d425e54b9644af.jpg
0c86260acbe1871c50067aeea956abd6
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
Patricia Black Collection
Alternative Title
Black Collection
Subject
Sanford (Fla.)
Migrant workers
Agricultural laborers--Florida
Migration, Internal--United States
Farm laborers
Upstate New York (N.Y.)
Chase and Company (Sanford, Fla.)
Madison (Fla.)
Houses and homes
Rochester (N.Y.)
Description
Collection of photographs and ephemera donated by <a title="Photo of Patricia Black" href="http://s2.postimg.org/4mpxwg2u1/P3212376.jpg">Patricia Ann Black</a> (1956- ), the daughter of Pilgrim Black (1905-2002) and Lula Mae Haynes Black (1917-2007). <br /><br />Pilgrim was born in 1905, although some records list 1907 as his birth year. Pilgrim and Lula were migrant crew leaders, and thus migrated to Upstate New York in the summers and back to their home in Sanford, Florida, for the rest of the year. Pilgrim was the son of Harry Black (d. 1911) and Maggie Benjamin Black (ca. 1870-ca. 1934), who migrated to Sanford from South Carolina in the 1800s. Harry and Maggie had several children: Leckward Black, Mustar Black, Malachi Black, Leatha Black Walker (1889-1976), Pilgrim Black, Margaret Black Jones (1889-1976), and Harriett Black Lawson.<br /><br />In 1911, Harry owned a grocery store at 206 South Sanford Avenue. One day, he came home from work with pneumonia and passed away shortly thereafter. Pilgrim was nine years old when his father passed away. Maggie was the daughter of former slaves, Isaac Benjamin and Roseanna Benjamin, and the sister of Nathan Benjamin, Pledge Benjamin, Sam Benjamin, Louis Benjamin, Chainey Benjamin, Lara Benjamin, Melvina Benjamin, and Katie Benjamin. Pilgrim had to quit school at age 11 in order to provide for his mother, originally working in a mill house until he was 18 years old. After declining a management position, he traveled to Wayne County in Upstate New York to pick cherries, apples, pears, and other crops. He broke a bone after falling from an apple tree his first year and decided to try farm labor on a potato farm in Red Creek instead. Don Holdridge, the farmer who owned the land, noted Pilgrim's high rate of productivity and offered him a management position supervising up to 30 workers at once, which he accepted. Pilgrim also worked as a foreman in Sanford for Chase & Company for over 30 years. He married Lula in 1937 and they had several children together, including Vivian Louise Black (1940-), Lula Yvonne Black (1942-), Charles Samuel Black (1945-), Pilgrim Black, Jr. (ca.1947-), and Patricia. <br /><br />Patricia was born August 31, 1956, and grew up at the end of East Tenth Street in Sanford, Florida. She attended Hopper Elementary through sixth grade, Lakeview Middle School for seventh grade, Sanford Junior High School for eighth grade, Crooms High School for ninth grade, and Seminole High School through twelfth grade. She also attended school in the North Rose-Wolcott district each year while in New York. During fourth grade, integration began and parents were given the choice to have their children to attend other schools, but Patricia chose to continue attending an all-black school until she entered seventh grade in 1968 and began attending integrated schools. <br /><br />In June 1973, Patricia married her first husband, Clint Holt (1955- ); however, the couple quickly separated due to domestic violence and divorced around 1977. Patricia gave birth to her first child, Charmion Le'Antwinetta Holt in 1974. She also had three other children with William Bigham, Jr. (1952- ), who she was married to for 33 years: William Arthur Bigham III (1982- ), Brandon Oliver Black (1990- ), and Tempestt Teonte’ Black (1992- ). She lives in the family home built by her grandmother, Maggie Benjamin Black on East Tenth Street in Sanford. <br /><br />Patricia endured weekly molestation for 11n years from age six to age 17, and was raped at age seventeen while pregnant with Charmion. At age 29, Patricia became severely addicted to smoking cocaine. After seven years, Patricia was able to overcome her addiction and has maintained her sobriety for 21 years. Despite her traumatic experiences, Patricia has developed a devout relationship with God. While in recovery, Patricia refocused her attention on spreading her ministry of love by becoming a foster parent, serving as the Parent Representative of the Committee for Special Education (CSE), and serving on her local school board in the North Rose-Wolcott school district. <br /><br />Patricia also has owned her own business making incense and importing shea butter from Africa. She also became a licensed nail technician specializing in stress-relieving pedicures. As of 2009, Patricia is retired but still maintains some involvement in her business/ministry named GIFTED.
Contributor
Black, Patricia Ann
Language
eng
Type
Collection
Coverage
Madison, Florida
Sanford, Florida
Rochester, New York
Wayne County, New York
Wolcott, New York
Accrual Method
Donation
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>.
Source Repository
Private Collection of Patricia Ann Black
External Reference
Coles, Robert. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67637" target="_blank"><em>Uprooted Children; The Early Life of Migrant Farm Workers</em></a>. [Pittsburgh]: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1970.
Piore, Michael J. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank"><em>Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies</em></a> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
Flewellyn, Valada S. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank"><em>African Americans of Sanford</em></a>. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub, 2009.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Original Format
1 newspaper article
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
Memoirs of Life in a Wayne County Migrant Farm Camp
Alternative Title
Life in a Wayne County Migrant Farm Camp
Subject
Sanford (Fla.);
Migrant workers
Agricultural laborers--Florida
Farm laborers
Description
A newspaper article by Patricia Ann Black and published in <em>The Times of Wayne County</em> on February 1, 2015. The article is about Black's life growing up on a migrant farm camp in Wayne County, New York. Black was the daughter of Pilgrim Black (1905-2002) and Lula Mae Haynes Black (1917-2007), who got married in 1937. Patricia was born August 31, 1956, and grew up at the end of East Tenth Street in Sanford, Florida. She attended Hopper Elementary through sixth grade, Lakeview Middle School for seventh grade, Sanford Junior High School for eighth grade, Crooms High School for ninth grade, and Seminole High School through twelfth grade. She also attended school in the North Rose-Wolcott district each year while in Upstate New York. During fourth grade, integration began and parents were given the choice to have their children to attend other schools, but Patricia chose to continue attending an all-black school until she entered seventh grade in 1968 and began attending integrated schools.<br /><br />In June 1973, Patricia married her first husband, Clint Holt (1955-); however, the couple quickly separated due to domestic violence and divorced around 1977. Patricia gave birth to her first child, Charmion Le'Antwinetta Holt (1974-). She also had three other children with William Bigham Jr. (1952-), who she was married to for 33 years: William Arthur Bigham III (1982-), Brandon Oliver Black (1990-), and Tempestt Teonte' Black (1992-).<br /><br />Patricia currently lives in the family home built by her grandmother, Maggie Benjamin Black (ca.1870-ca.1934) on East Tenth Street in Sanford. Patricia endured weekly molestation for 11 years from age six to age seventeen and was raped at age seventeen while pregnant with Charmion. At age 29, Patricia became severely addicted to smoking cocaine. After seven years, Patricia was able to overcome her addiction and has maintained her sobriety for 21 years. She has suffered severe mental and physical damage and is still recovering today.<br /><br />Despite her traumatic experiences and sibling rejections, Patricia has developed a devout relationship with God. While in recovery, Patricia refocused her attention on spreading her ministry of love by becoming a foster parent, serving as the Parent Representative of the Committee for Special Education (CSE), and serving on her local school board in the North Rose-Wolcott school district. Patricia also has owned her own <a href="http://204.8.125.98/" target="_blank">business</a> making incense and importing shea butter from Africa. She also became a licensed nail technician specializing in stress-relieving pedicures. As of 2009, Patricia is retired but still maintains some involvement in her business/ministry named GIFTED.
Creator
Black, Patricia Ann
Source
Original newspaper article by Patricia Ann Black: <em><a href="http://www.waynetimes.com/" target="_blank">The Times of Wayne County</a></em>, February 1, 2015, page F5.
Publisher
<em><a href="http://www.waynetimes.com/" target="_blank">The Times of Wayne County</a></em>
Date Created
ca. 2015-02-01
Date Copyrighted
2015-02-01
Date Issued
2015-02-01
Contributor
Black, Patricia Ann
Is Format Of
Digital reproduction of original newspaper article by Patricia Ann Black: <em><a href="http://www.waynetimes.com/" target="_blank">The Times of Wayne County</a></em>, February 1, 2015, page F5.
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/72" target="_blank">Patricia Black Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida.
Format
application/pdf
Extent
374 KB
Medium
1 newspaper article
Language
eng
Type
Text
Coverage
Huron, New York
Alton, New York
Sanford, Florida
Accrual Method
Donation
Mediator
History Teacher
Provenance
Originally created by Patricia Ann Black and published by <em><a href="http://www.waynetimes.com/" target="_blank">The Times of Wayne County</a></em>.
Rights Holder
Copyright to this resource is held by <em><a href="http://www.waynetimes.com/" target="_blank">The Times of Wayne County</a></em> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only.
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
External Reference
Coles, Robert. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67637" target="_blank"><em>Uprooted Children; The Early Life of Migrant Farm Workers</em></a>. [Pittsburgh]: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1970.
Piore, Michael J. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank"><em>Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies</em></a> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
Flewellyn, Valada S. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank"><em>African Americans of Sanford</em></a>. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub, 2009.
agricultural laborer
Alton Hotel
Alton, New York
BeBe Black
BeBe Haynes
Black Label
ChewTobaccos
commissary
D. W. VanDusen
education
farm worker
flat house
Foster's
Genesee
Henry Freeman
Huron, New York
I-95
Interstate 95
labor
laborer
Little W. Corner Store
Lula Mae Haynes
Lula Mae Haynes Black
Maxwell House
migrant labor
migrant worker
New York State Route 104
North Rose Wolcott School Board
North Rose, New York
Patricia Ann Black
Patricia Ann Black Bigham
Pilgrim Black
Preemption Road
restaurant
Ridge Road
Schaeffer's Wallington, New York
school
Sodus Bank
SR 104
The Times of Wayne County
wages
Wayne County, New York
Wild Irish Rose
Wolcott, New York
work camp
-
https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/198455eff42f20859145d04f634824a8.jpg
6a4f72aeae75a118824e9b58fc3b412f
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
Patricia Black Collection
Alternative Title
Black Collection
Subject
Sanford (Fla.)
Migrant workers
Agricultural laborers--Florida
Migration, Internal--United States
Farm laborers
Upstate New York (N.Y.)
Chase and Company (Sanford, Fla.)
Madison (Fla.)
Houses and homes
Rochester (N.Y.)
Description
Collection of photographs and ephemera donated by <a title="Photo of Patricia Black" href="http://s2.postimg.org/4mpxwg2u1/P3212376.jpg">Patricia Ann Black</a> (1956- ), the daughter of Pilgrim Black (1905-2002) and Lula Mae Haynes Black (1917-2007). <br /><br />Pilgrim was born in 1905, although some records list 1907 as his birth year. Pilgrim and Lula were migrant crew leaders, and thus migrated to Upstate New York in the summers and back to their home in Sanford, Florida, for the rest of the year. Pilgrim was the son of Harry Black (d. 1911) and Maggie Benjamin Black (ca. 1870-ca. 1934), who migrated to Sanford from South Carolina in the 1800s. Harry and Maggie had several children: Leckward Black, Mustar Black, Malachi Black, Leatha Black Walker (1889-1976), Pilgrim Black, Margaret Black Jones (1889-1976), and Harriett Black Lawson.<br /><br />In 1911, Harry owned a grocery store at 206 South Sanford Avenue. One day, he came home from work with pneumonia and passed away shortly thereafter. Pilgrim was nine years old when his father passed away. Maggie was the daughter of former slaves, Isaac Benjamin and Roseanna Benjamin, and the sister of Nathan Benjamin, Pledge Benjamin, Sam Benjamin, Louis Benjamin, Chainey Benjamin, Lara Benjamin, Melvina Benjamin, and Katie Benjamin. Pilgrim had to quit school at age 11 in order to provide for his mother, originally working in a mill house until he was 18 years old. After declining a management position, he traveled to Wayne County in Upstate New York to pick cherries, apples, pears, and other crops. He broke a bone after falling from an apple tree his first year and decided to try farm labor on a potato farm in Red Creek instead. Don Holdridge, the farmer who owned the land, noted Pilgrim's high rate of productivity and offered him a management position supervising up to 30 workers at once, which he accepted. Pilgrim also worked as a foreman in Sanford for Chase & Company for over 30 years. He married Lula in 1937 and they had several children together, including Vivian Louise Black (1940-), Lula Yvonne Black (1942-), Charles Samuel Black (1945-), Pilgrim Black, Jr. (ca.1947-), and Patricia. <br /><br />Patricia was born August 31, 1956, and grew up at the end of East Tenth Street in Sanford, Florida. She attended Hopper Elementary through sixth grade, Lakeview Middle School for seventh grade, Sanford Junior High School for eighth grade, Crooms High School for ninth grade, and Seminole High School through twelfth grade. She also attended school in the North Rose-Wolcott district each year while in New York. During fourth grade, integration began and parents were given the choice to have their children to attend other schools, but Patricia chose to continue attending an all-black school until she entered seventh grade in 1968 and began attending integrated schools. <br /><br />In June 1973, Patricia married her first husband, Clint Holt (1955- ); however, the couple quickly separated due to domestic violence and divorced around 1977. Patricia gave birth to her first child, Charmion Le'Antwinetta Holt in 1974. She also had three other children with William Bigham, Jr. (1952- ), who she was married to for 33 years: William Arthur Bigham III (1982- ), Brandon Oliver Black (1990- ), and Tempestt Teonte’ Black (1992- ). She lives in the family home built by her grandmother, Maggie Benjamin Black on East Tenth Street in Sanford. <br /><br />Patricia endured weekly molestation for 11n years from age six to age 17, and was raped at age seventeen while pregnant with Charmion. At age 29, Patricia became severely addicted to smoking cocaine. After seven years, Patricia was able to overcome her addiction and has maintained her sobriety for 21 years. Despite her traumatic experiences, Patricia has developed a devout relationship with God. While in recovery, Patricia refocused her attention on spreading her ministry of love by becoming a foster parent, serving as the Parent Representative of the Committee for Special Education (CSE), and serving on her local school board in the North Rose-Wolcott school district. <br /><br />Patricia also has owned her own business making incense and importing shea butter from Africa. She also became a licensed nail technician specializing in stress-relieving pedicures. As of 2009, Patricia is retired but still maintains some involvement in her business/ministry named GIFTED.
Contributor
Black, Patricia Ann
Language
eng
Type
Collection
Coverage
Madison, Florida
Sanford, Florida
Rochester, New York
Wayne County, New York
Wolcott, New York
Accrual Method
Donation
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>.
Source Repository
Private Collection of Patricia Ann Black
External Reference
Coles, Robert. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67637" target="_blank"><em>Uprooted Children; The Early Life of Migrant Farm Workers</em></a>. [Pittsburgh]: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1970.
Piore, Michael J. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank"><em>Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies</em></a> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
Flewellyn, Valada S. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank"><em>African Americans of Sanford</em></a>. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub, 2009.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Original Format
1-page typewritten letter on Florida Industrial Commission letterhead
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
Letter from A. Worley Brown to Pilgrim Black (May 21, 1962)
Alternative Title
Letter from Brown to Black (May 21, 1962)
Subject
Sanford (Fla.)
Upstate New York (N.Y.)
Migrant workers
Farm laborers
Description
Letter of correspondence from A. Worley Brown, chairman of the Florida Industrial Commission, to Pilgrim Black written on May 21, 1962. In the letter, Brown informs Black that he has been scheduled for summer agricultural labor outside of Florida, as approved by the Florida State Employment Service. <br /><br />Pilgrim Black was born in 1905, although some records list 1907 as his birth year. Pilgrim and Lula Mae Haynes Black were migrant crew leaders, and thus migrated to Wayne County in Upstate New York in the summers and back to their home in Sanford for the rest of the year. Pilgrim was the son of Harry Black (d. 1911) and Maggie Benjamin Black (ca.1870-ca.1934), who migrated to Sanford from South Carolina in the 1800s. Harry and Maggie had several children: Leckward Black, Mustar Black, Malachi Black, Leatha Black Walker (1889-1976), Pilgrim Black, Margaret Black Jones (1889-1976), and Harriett Black Lawson. In 1911, Harry owned a grocery store at 206 South Sanford Avenue. One day, he came home from work with pneumonia and passed away shortly thereafter. Pilgrim was nine years old when his father passed away. Maggie was the daughter of former slaves, Isaac and Roseanna Benjamin, and the sister of Nathan Benjamin, Pledge Benjamin, Sam Benjamin, Loui Benjamin, Chainey Benjamin, Lara Benjamin, Melvina Benjamin, and Katie Benjamin. <br /><br /> Pilgrim had to quit school at age eleven in order to provide for his mother, originally working in a mill house until he was 18n years old. After declining a management position, he traveled to Wayne County to pick cherries, apples, pears, and other crops. He broke a bone after falling from an apple tree his first year and decided to try farm labor on a potato farm in Red Creek, New York, instead. Don Holdridge, the farmer who owned the land, noted Pilgrim's high rate of productivity and offered him a management position supervising up to thirty workers at once, which he accepted. <br /><br /> While in Sanford, Pilgrim also worked as a foreman in Sanford for Chase & Company for over 30 years. He married Lula in 1937 and they had several children together, including Vivian Louise Black (1940- ); Lula Yvonne Black (1942- ); Charles Samuel Black (1945- ); Pilgrim Black, Jr. (ca.1947- ), and Patricia Ann Black (1956- ).
Type
Text
Source
Original letter from A. Worley Brown to Pilgrim Black, May 21, 1962: Private Collection of Patricia Ann Black.
Is Format Of
Digital reproduction of original letter from A. Worley Brown to Pilgrim Black, May 21, 1962.
Coverage
Tallahassee, Florida
Sanford, Florida
Creator
Brown, A. Worley
Contributor
Black, Patricia Ann
Date Created
1962-05-21
Format
image/jpg
Extent
112 KB
Medium
1-page typewritten letter on Florida Industrial Commission letterhead
Language
eng
Mediator
History Teacher
Civics/Government Teacher
Economics Teacher
Geography Teacher
Provenance
Originally created by A. Worley Brown and owned by Pilgrim Black.
Inherited by Patricia Ann Black in 2002.
Rights Holder
Copyright to the resource is held by Patricia Ann Black and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only.
Accrual Method
Donation
Contributing Project
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/72/" target="_blank">Patricia Black Collection</a>
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
External Reference
Coles, Robert. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67637" target="_blank"><em>Uprooted Children: The Early Life of Migrant Farm Workers</em></a>. [Pittsburgh]: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1970.
Piore, Michael J. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank"><em>Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies</em></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
Transcript
FLORIDA INDUSTRIAL COMMISSION
TALLAHASSEE
STATE OF FLORIDA
FARRIS BRYANT
GOVERNOR
A. WORLEY BROWN
CHAIRMAN
BURNIS COLEMAN
GENERAL COUNSEL
5-21-62
Dear Pilgrim
You are just completing, or have completed, the 1961-62 agricultural harvest season here in Florida. The efforts by you and your crew members working in agriculture have assisted our florida growers in completing another harvest season.
Through the recent pooled interviews, arranged by the Florida State Employment Service, summer work has been scheduled for you outside of the State.
In your work associations this summer it is hoped that you will be a Florida ambassador and carry our story of agricultural labor needs to other fellow crew leaders who do not have work commitments in our State this winter. Encourage them to contact their nearest State Employment service or the Florida State Employment Service for florida harvset work during the 1962-63 harvest season.
Sincerely,
A. Worley Brown
Chairman
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/72" target="_blank">Patricia Black Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida.
Source Repository
Private Collection of Patricia Ann Black
agriculture
Bigham, Patricia Ann Black
Black, Patricia Ann
Black, Pilgrim
Brown, A. Worley
Bryant, Farris
Coleman, Burnis
employment
farm labor
Florida Industrial Commission
Florida State Employment Service
harvest
labor
laborer
migrant labor
migrant worker
New York
Sanford
State of Florida
Upstate New York
-
https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/e60018b584972db9503d3b6cf5f42105.mp3
be3e43ca248d8e64e048560cd6934229
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
RICHES Podcast Documentaries Collection
Alternative Title
RICHES Podcast Collection
Subject
Podcasts
Documentaries
Description
RICHES Podcast Documentaries are short form narrative documentaries that explore Central Florida history and are locally produced. These podcasts can involve the participation or cooperation of local area partners.
Contributor
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a>
Cassanello, Robert
Language
eng
Type
Collection
Coverage
Altoona, Florida
Apopka, Florida
Astor, Florida
Barberville, Florida
Brevard County, Florida
Bushnell, Florida
Clermont, Florida
Cocoa, Florida
Cocoa Beach, Florida
College Park, Orlando, Florida
Coral Gables, Florida
Daytona Beach, Florida
DeLand, Florida
Disston City, Florida
Eatonville, Florida
Eau Gallie, Melbourne, Florida
Fort King, Florida
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Geneva, Florida
Goldenrod, Florida
Groveland, Florida
Hannibal Square, Winter Park, Florida
Holly Hill, Florida
Hontoon Island, DeLand, Florida
Indian River, Florida
Jacksonville, Florida
Key Biscayne, Florida
Key West, Florida
Kissimmee, Florida
Lake Apopka, Florida
Lake Buena Vista, Florida
Lake County, Florida
Lake Mary, Florida
Marion County, Florida
Merritt Island, Florida
Mims, Florida
Mount Dora, Florida
Newnans Lake, Gainesville, Florida
New Smyrna, Florida
New Smyrna Beach, Florida
Ocala, Florida
Ocklawaha River, Florida
Ocoee, Florida
Orlando, Florida
Ormond Beach, Florida
Osceola County, Florida
Oviedo, Florida
Parramore, Orlando, Florida
Reedy Creek, Florida
Sanford, Florida
Silver Springs, Florida
St. Augustine, Florida
St. Cloud, Florida
St. Johns River, Florida
St. Petersburg, Florida
Tampa, Florida
Titusville, Florida
Vero Beach, Florida
Weirsdale, Florida
Winter Garden, Florida
Winter Park, Florida
Ybor City, Tampa, Florida
Contributing Project
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a>
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Source Repository
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a>
External Reference
<span>"</span><a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a><span>." RICHES of Central Florida. http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php.</span>
Has Part
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/137" target="_blank">A History of Central Florida Collection</a>, RICHES Podcast Documentaries Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES</a>.
Rights Holder
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES<br /></a>
Sound/Podcast
A resource whose content is primarily intended to be rendered as audio.
Original Format
1 audio podcast
Duration
13 minutes and 35 seconds
Bit Rate/Frequency
192kbps
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
RICHES Podcast Documentaries, Episode 56: Apopka Farmworkers, Part Two
Alternative Title
Apopka Farmworkers Podcast
Subject
Podcasts
Documentaries
Apopka (Fla.)
Farmworkers
Nuns--Political activity--United States
Agricultural laborers--Florida
Labor unions--Florida
Description
Episode 56, Part 2 of RICHES Podcast Documentaries: Apopka Farmworkers. RICHES Podcast Documentaries are short form narrative documentaries that explore Central Florida history and are locally produced. These podcasts can involve the participation or cooperation of local area partners.<br /><br />Episode 56 features interviews with Linda Lee and Geraldine Mathew, two women who worked as farmworkers in Apopka in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. Lee and Matthew discuss the social conditions of African-American farmworkers and their attempts to organize. Farmworkers like Geraldine Mathew and Linda Lee along with the Office for Farmworker Ministry successfully organized numerous programs and protests to improve the lives of local area farmers.
Abstract
In part two, Geraldine Matthew continues the discussion of the plight of farmworkers and their attempts to organize and engage Apopka officials in improving the lives of farm workers.
Type
Sound/Podcast
Source
Original 13-minute and 35-second podcast by Robert Cassanello, June 16, 2013: "RICHES Podcast Documentaries, Episode 56: Apopka Farmworkers, Part Two." <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a>, Orlando, Florida.
Is Part Of
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a>, Orlando, Florida.
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/70" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries Collection</a>, RICHES Podcast Documentaries Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.
Coverage
Apopka, Florida
Creator
Cassanello, Robert
Publisher
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>
Contributor
Lee, Linda
Mathew, Geraldine
Date Created
ca. 2013
Date Copyrighted
2013-06-14
Format
audio/mp3
Extent
18.7 MB
Medium
13-minute and 35-second podcast
Language
eng
Mediator
History Teacher
Civics/Government Teacher
Economics Teacher
Geography Teacher
Provenance
Originally created by Robert Cassanello and published by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>.
Rights Holder
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>
Accrual Method
Donation
Contributing Project
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a>
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Source Repository
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>
External Reference
"<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/2691" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries, Episode 55: Apopka Farmworkers, Part One</a>." RICHES of Central Florida. https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/2691.
"<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/2692" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries, Episode 56: Apopka Farmworkers, Part Two</a>." RICHES of Central Florida. https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/2692.
"<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/2693" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries, Episode 57: Apopka Farmworkers, Part Three</a>." RICHES of Central Florida. https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/2693.
"<a href="http://apopkaquiltproject.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Lake Apopka Farmworker Memorial Quilt</a>." Lake Apopka Farmworker Memorial Quilt Project. http://apopkaquiltproject.blogspot.com/.
Click to View (Movie, Podcast, or Website)
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/files/original/e60018b584972db9503d3b6cf5f42105.mp3" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries, Episode 56: Apopka Farmworkers, Part Two</a>
Requires
Multimedia software, such as <a href="http://www.apple.com/quicktime/download/" target="_blank"> QuickTime</a>.
African American
agricultural labor
agricultural laborer
apartment
Apopka
Catholic
Catholic Church
Catholicism
celery
celery industry
civil rights
corn
corn industry
demonstration
documentary
equal rights
farm labor
farm laborer
Hispanic
Hispanic American
housing
illiteracy
labor
labor organizing
labor rights
labor union
laborer
Lake Apopka Farmworker Memorial Quilt
Land, John H.
Latin American
Latino
Lee, Linda
literacy
Mathew, Geraldine
migrant labor
migrant worker
migration
nun
Office for Farmworker Ministry
organizing
podcast
protest
quilt
race relations
racism
RICHES Podcast Documentaries
Robert Cassanello
Roman Catholic
Roman Catholic Church
Roman Catholicism
unemployment
Union
wages
Walt Disney World
worker rights
-
https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/dfa572a1e15ebc2def8f475b90cd83e9.mp3
1452ebaa6866db7fc2a80e4b182a3b9d
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
RICHES Podcast Documentaries Collection
Alternative Title
RICHES Podcast Collection
Subject
Podcasts
Documentaries
Description
RICHES Podcast Documentaries are short form narrative documentaries that explore Central Florida history and are locally produced. These podcasts can involve the participation or cooperation of local area partners.
Contributor
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a>
Cassanello, Robert
Language
eng
Type
Collection
Coverage
Altoona, Florida
Apopka, Florida
Astor, Florida
Barberville, Florida
Brevard County, Florida
Bushnell, Florida
Clermont, Florida
Cocoa, Florida
Cocoa Beach, Florida
College Park, Orlando, Florida
Coral Gables, Florida
Daytona Beach, Florida
DeLand, Florida
Disston City, Florida
Eatonville, Florida
Eau Gallie, Melbourne, Florida
Fort King, Florida
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Geneva, Florida
Goldenrod, Florida
Groveland, Florida
Hannibal Square, Winter Park, Florida
Holly Hill, Florida
Hontoon Island, DeLand, Florida
Indian River, Florida
Jacksonville, Florida
Key Biscayne, Florida
Key West, Florida
Kissimmee, Florida
Lake Apopka, Florida
Lake Buena Vista, Florida
Lake County, Florida
Lake Mary, Florida
Marion County, Florida
Merritt Island, Florida
Mims, Florida
Mount Dora, Florida
Newnans Lake, Gainesville, Florida
New Smyrna, Florida
New Smyrna Beach, Florida
Ocala, Florida
Ocklawaha River, Florida
Ocoee, Florida
Orlando, Florida
Ormond Beach, Florida
Osceola County, Florida
Oviedo, Florida
Parramore, Orlando, Florida
Reedy Creek, Florida
Sanford, Florida
Silver Springs, Florida
St. Augustine, Florida
St. Cloud, Florida
St. Johns River, Florida
St. Petersburg, Florida
Tampa, Florida
Titusville, Florida
Vero Beach, Florida
Weirsdale, Florida
Winter Garden, Florida
Winter Park, Florida
Ybor City, Tampa, Florida
Contributing Project
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a>
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Source Repository
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a>
External Reference
<span>"</span><a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a><span>." RICHES of Central Florida. http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php.</span>
Has Part
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/137" target="_blank">A History of Central Florida Collection</a>, RICHES Podcast Documentaries Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES</a>.
Rights Holder
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES<br /></a>
Sound/Podcast
A resource whose content is primarily intended to be rendered as audio.
Original Format
1 audio podcast
Duration
15 minutes and 47 seconds
Bit Rate/Frequency
192kbps
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
RICHES Podcast Documentaries, Episode 57: Apopka Farmworkers, Part Three
Alternative Title
Apopka Farmworkers Podcast
Subject
Podcasts
Documentaries
Apopka (Fla.)
Farmworkers
Nuns--Political activity--United States
Agricultural laborers--Florida
Labor unions--Florida
Quilts--Florida
Description
Episode 57, Part 3 of RICHES Podcast Documentaries: Apopka Farmworkers. RICHES Podcast Documentaries are short form narrative documentaries that explore Central Florida history and are locally produced. These podcasts can involve the participation or cooperation of local area partners.<br /><br />Episode 57 features interviews with Linda Lee and Geraldine Matthew, two women who worked as farmworkers in Apopka in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. Lee and Matthew discuss the inspiration for the Lake Apopka Farmworker Memorial Quilts. Farmworkers like Geraldine Matthew and Linda Lee, along with the Office for Farmworker Ministry successfully organized numerous programs and protests to improve the lives of local area farmers.
Abstract
Finally in part three, we hear the story of the inspiration for the memorial quilts and both Geraldine Mathew and Linda Lee give us the poignant stories of the lives of the people memorialized in the quilt.
Type
Type
Sound/Podcast
Source
Original 15-minute and 47-second podcast by Robert Cassanello, June 16, 2013: "RICHES Podcast Documentaries, Episode 57: Apopka Farmworkers, Part Three." <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a>, Orlando, Florida.
Is Part Of
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a>, Orlando, Florida.
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/70" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries Collection</a>, RICHES Podcast Documentaries Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.
Coverage
Apopka, Florida
Florida State Capitol, Tallahassee, Florida
Creator
Cassanello, Robert
Publisher
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>
Contributor
Lee, Linda
Mathew, Geraldine
Date Created
ca. 2013
Date Copyrighted
2013-06-14
Format
audio/mp3
Extent
21.7 MB
Medium
15-minute and 47-second podcast
Language
eng
Mediator
History Teacher
Civics/Government Teacher
Economics Teacher
Geography Teacher
Provenance
Originally created by Robert Cassanello and published by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>.
Rights Holder
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>
Accrual Method
Donation
Contributing Project
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a>
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Source Repository
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>
External Reference
"<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/2691" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries, Episode 55: Apopka Farmworkers, Part One</a>." RICHES of Central Florida. https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/2691.
"<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/2692" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries, Episode 56: Apopka Farmworkers, Part Two</a>." RICHES of Central Florida. https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/2692.
"<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/2693" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries, Episode 57: Apopka Farmworkers, Part Three</a>." RICHES of Central Florida. https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/2693.
"<a href="http://apopkaquiltproject.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Lake Apopka Farmworker Memorial Quilt.</a>" Lake Apopka Farmworker Memorial Quilt Project. http://apopkaquiltproject.blogspot.com/.
Click to View (Movie, Podcast, or Website)
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/files/original/dfa572a1e15ebc2def8f475b90cd83e9.mp3" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries, Episode 57: Apopka Farmworkers, Part Three</a>
Date Issued
2013-06-14
Requires
Multimedia software, such as <a href="http://www.apple.com/quicktime/download/" target="_blank"> QuickTime</a>.
agricultural labor
agricultural laborer
Apopka
Capitol Rotunda
Catholic
Catholic Church
Catholicism
civil rights
compensation
documentary
equal rights
farm labor
farm laborer
farm worker
fishing
Florida Legislature
health care
Kit Kat Club
labor
labor organizing
labor rights
labor union
laborer
Lake Apopka
Lake Apopka Farmworker Memorial Quilt
Lee, Linda
Mathew, Geraldine
migrant labor
migrant worker
nun
Office for Farmworker Ministry
organizing
podcast
quilt
racism
RICHES Podcast Documentaries
Robert Cassanello
Robinson
Robinson, Erline
Robinson, Frederick
Robinson, Pop
Robinson, Richard
Roman Catholic
Roman Catholic Church
Roman Catholicism
Tallahassee
Union
union organizing
wages
worker rights
workers' compensation
-
https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/93e13f7a0d188c76919ca6e879e5a514.mp3
89c7bb30f196ad11fc3e824a2217a1c9
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
RICHES Podcast Documentaries Collection
Alternative Title
RICHES Podcast Collection
Subject
Podcasts
Documentaries
Description
RICHES Podcast Documentaries are short form narrative documentaries that explore Central Florida history and are locally produced. These podcasts can involve the participation or cooperation of local area partners.
Contributor
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a>
Cassanello, Robert
Language
eng
Type
Collection
Coverage
Altoona, Florida
Apopka, Florida
Astor, Florida
Barberville, Florida
Brevard County, Florida
Bushnell, Florida
Clermont, Florida
Cocoa, Florida
Cocoa Beach, Florida
College Park, Orlando, Florida
Coral Gables, Florida
Daytona Beach, Florida
DeLand, Florida
Disston City, Florida
Eatonville, Florida
Eau Gallie, Melbourne, Florida
Fort King, Florida
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Geneva, Florida
Goldenrod, Florida
Groveland, Florida
Hannibal Square, Winter Park, Florida
Holly Hill, Florida
Hontoon Island, DeLand, Florida
Indian River, Florida
Jacksonville, Florida
Key Biscayne, Florida
Key West, Florida
Kissimmee, Florida
Lake Apopka, Florida
Lake Buena Vista, Florida
Lake County, Florida
Lake Mary, Florida
Marion County, Florida
Merritt Island, Florida
Mims, Florida
Mount Dora, Florida
Newnans Lake, Gainesville, Florida
New Smyrna, Florida
New Smyrna Beach, Florida
Ocala, Florida
Ocklawaha River, Florida
Ocoee, Florida
Orlando, Florida
Ormond Beach, Florida
Osceola County, Florida
Oviedo, Florida
Parramore, Orlando, Florida
Reedy Creek, Florida
Sanford, Florida
Silver Springs, Florida
St. Augustine, Florida
St. Cloud, Florida
St. Johns River, Florida
St. Petersburg, Florida
Tampa, Florida
Titusville, Florida
Vero Beach, Florida
Weirsdale, Florida
Winter Garden, Florida
Winter Park, Florida
Ybor City, Tampa, Florida
Contributing Project
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a>
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Source Repository
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a>
External Reference
<span>"</span><a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a><span>." RICHES of Central Florida. http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php.</span>
Has Part
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/137" target="_blank">A History of Central Florida Collection</a>, RICHES Podcast Documentaries Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES</a>.
Rights Holder
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES<br /></a>
Sound/Podcast
A resource whose content is primarily intended to be rendered as audio.
Original Format
1 audio podcast
Duration
16 minutes and 51 seconds
Bit Rate/Frequency
192kbps
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
RICHES Podcast Documentaries, Episode 49: An Interview with Paul Ortiz, Part 1
Alternative Title
Interview with Paul Ortiz Podcast
Subject
Podcasts
Documentaries
Civil rights--Florida
Reconstruction
Voting rights
Segregation--Florida
Description
Episode 49, Part 1 of RICHES Podcast Documentaries: An Interview with Paul Ortiz. RICHES Podcast Documentaries are short form narrative documentaries that explore Central Florida history and are locally produced. These podcasts can involve the participation or cooperation of local area partners. <br /><br />Episode 49 features an interview with Paul Ortiz, an historian at the University of Florida and author of <em>Emancipation Betrayed: The Hidden History of Black Organizing and White Violence in Florida from Reconstruction to the Bloody Election of 1920</em>, which chronicles the history of African-Americans organizing in Florida after the end of slavery.
Abstract
In this episode we interviewed Paul Ortiz, a historian at the University of Florida. His recent book <em>Emancipation Betrayed: The Hidden History of Black Organizing and White Violence in Florida from Reconstruction to the Bloody Election of 1920</em> chronicles the history of black organizing in Florida after the end of slavery.
Type
Sound/Podcast
Source
Original 16-minute and 51-second podcast by Geoffrey Cravero, February 26, 2013: "RICHES Podcast Documentaries, Episode 49: An Interview with Paul Ortiz, Part 1." <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a>, Orlando, Florida.
Is Part Of
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a>, Orlando, Florida.
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/70" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida.
Coverage
Samuel Proctor Oral History Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
Bartow, Florida
Lakeland, Florida
Lake County, Florida
Creator
Cravero, Geoffrey
Publisher
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES</a>
Contributor
Ortiz, Paul
Date Created
ca. 2013-02-26
Format
audio/mp3
Extent
23.2 MB
Medium
16-minute and 51-second podcast
Language
eng
Mediator
History Teacher
Civics/Government Teacher
Economics Teacher
Geography Teacher
Provenance
Originally created by Geoffrey Cravero and published by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES</a>.
Rights Holder
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES</a>
Accrual Method
Item Creation
Contributing Project
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a>
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Source Repository
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES</a>
External Reference
"<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/2502" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries, Episode 49: An Interview with Paul Ortiz, Part 1</a>." RICHES of Central Florida. https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/2502.
"<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/2503" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries, Episode 50: An Interview with Paul Ortiz, Part 2</a>." RICHES of Central Florida. https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/2503.
Ortiz, Paul. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58728548" target="_blank"><em>Emancipation Betrayed The Hidden History of Black Organizing and White Violence in Florida from Reconstruction to the Bloody Election of 1920</em></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.
Ortiz, Paul. <em>"<a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48487895" target="_blank">Like Water Covered the Sea": The African American Freedom Struggle in Florida, 1877-1920</a></em>. Thesis (Ph. D.)--Duke University, 2000, 2000.
Click to View (Movie, Podcast, or Website)
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/files/original/93e13f7a0d188c76919ca6e879e5a514.mp3" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries, Episode 49: An Interview with Paul Ortiz, Part 1</a>
Date Copyrighted
2013-02-26
Date Issued
2013-02-26
Has Part
"<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/2503" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries, Episode 50: An Interview with Paul Ortiz, Part 2</a>." RICHES of Central Florida. https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/2503.
Requires
Multimedia software, such as <a href="http://www.apple.com/quicktime/download/" target="_blank"> QuickTime</a>.
1920 Election
African American
armed resistance
civil rights
convict labor
convict leasing
court
Cravero, Geoffrey
democracy
disenfranchisement
documentary
election
Election of 1920
emancipation
Emancipation Betrayed: The Hidden History of Black Organizing and White Violence in Florida from Reconstruction to the Bloody Election of 1920
Great Depression
Harding, Warren Gamaliel
historian
historiography
Jim Crow
labor
labor rights
labor strike
laborer
liberty bond
Lincoln, Abraham
lynching
migrant labor
migrant worker
New York Stock Exchange
oral history
organizing
Ortiz, Paul
phosphate
phosphate industry
podcast
race relation
racial violence
racism
Reconstruction
Republican
Republican Party
RICHES Podcast Documentaries
Robert Cassanello
Rockefeller, John Davison, Sr.
Samuel Proctor Oral History Program
segregation
sheriff
slave
slavery
State of Florida
strike
Thrift stamp
turpentine
turpentine industry
UF
University of Florida
violence
voter registration
voter registration movement
voting
voting rights
wages
Wells-Barnett, Ida Bell
Wells, Ida Bell
worker rights
World War I
WWI
-
https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/0a3ac9b8486b7d3886790481ed4b2bcb.mp3
0886297563b104a24246be3b270b3cf3
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
Goldsboro Collection
Alternative Title
Goldsboro Collection
Subject
Sanford (Fla.)
Description
Collection of digital images, documents, and other records depicting the history of Goldsboro, an historic African-American community in Sanford, Florida. Series descriptions are based on special topics, the majority of which students focused their metadata entries around.
On December 1, 1891, William Clark, an African-American store owner and businessman, organized 19 other black registered voters to incorporate the town of Goldsboro, which was the second African-American city to be incorporated in Florida. Goldsboro's early economy was driven by rail yards, fields, groves, ice houses, and produce houses. A year after its incorporation, Goldsboro opened a school led by Katie Stubbins.
Goldsboro, which is located near Sanford, prevented that city from expanding further west. Instead, the City of Sanford passed a resolution to absorb Goldsboro, despite opposition from the latter town's officials. Nonetheless, the Florida State Legislated revoked Goldsboro's incorporation to allow its absorption into Sanford on April 6, 1911. The identity of Goldsboro began to erode as the City of Sanford renamed several of its historical streets. In 2007, Goldsboro was included in plans for Sanford's revitalization efforts. In 2011, the Goldsboro Historical Museum was opened in the town at the site of its original post office.
Contributor
Firpo, Julio R.
<a title="Sanford Museum" href="http://www.sanfordfl.gov/index.aspx?page=456" target="_blank">Sanford Museum</a>
Language
eng
Type
Collection
Coverage
Goldsboro, Sanford, Florida
Contributing Project
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/buildingblocks.php" target="_blank">Building Blocks</a>
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
External Reference
"<a href="http://www.goldsboromuseum.com/The-History-of-Goldsboro.html" target="_blank">The Rich History of Goldsboro</a>." Goldsboro Historical Museum. http://www.goldsboromuseum.com/The-History-of-Goldsboro.html.
Robison, Jim. "<a href="http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1991-09-01/news/9108310447_1_sanford-goldsboro-hurston" target="_blank">Political Sham - The Rise and Fall of Goldsboro</a>." <em>The Orlando Sentinel</em>, September 1, 1991. http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1991-09-01/news/9108310447_1_sanford-goldsboro-hurston.
Robison, Jim. "<a href="http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1991-09-01/news/9108310447_1_sanford-goldsboro-hurston" target="_blank">Political Sham - The Rise and Fall of Goldsboro</a>." <em>The Orlando Sentinel</em>, September 20, 1992. http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1992-09-20/news/9209180388_1_sanford-railroads-goldsboro.
Imperiale, Nancy. "<a href="http://www.greenwood-cemetery.net/history.htm" target="_blank">Discovering A Lost City Historian Finds Surprising Past Of The Goldsboro Community</a>." <em>The Orlando Sentinel</em>, May 20, 1990. http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1990-05-20/news/9005190395_1_sanford-goldsboro-elliott.
González, Eloísa Ruano. "<a href="http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2011-11-12/news/os-goldsboro-history-museum-20111112_1_goldsboro-avenue-novelist-zora-neale-hurston-museum-documents" target="_blank">New Goldsboro history museum preserves town's forgotten lore</a>." <em>The Orlando Sentinel</em>, November 12, 2011. http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2011-11-12/news/os-goldsboro-history-museum-20111112_1_goldsboro-avenue-novelist-zora-neale-hurston-museum-documents.
Flewellyn, Valada S. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank"><em>African Americans of Sanford</em></a>. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub, 2009.
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/44" target="_blank">Seminole County Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida.
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/16" target="_blank">Sanford Collection</a>, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.
Oral History
A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge.
Interviewer
Firpo, Julio R.
Interviewee
Hawkins, Marva Y.
Location
Home of Marva Y. Hawkins
Original Format
1 audio recording
Duration
1 hour, 2 minutes, 59 seconds
Bit Rate/Frequency
1411 kbps
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
Oral History of Marva Y. Hawkins
Alternative Title
Oral History, Hawkins
Subject
Sanford (Fla.)
African Americans--Florida--Sanford
Meat industry and trade
Celery
Celery industry
Educations--Florida
Schools
High schools--Florida
Description
In this oral history, Marva Y. Hawkins recounts her life living in Goldsboro, a historic African-American community in Sanford, Florida. Her mother was the owner of the neighborhood grocery store, Hawkins' Meat Market, located off of West Thirteenth Street, originally called Goldsboro Avenue and now called Historic Goldsboro Boulevard. Hawkins lived in Goldsboro her entire life and attended Goldsboro Red School and Crooms High School, where she graduated in 1954. Hawkins has worked in various positions, such as for Family Services, as an insurance agent, and as a columnist for <em>The Sanford Herald</em>.
Table Of Contents
00:00:00 Introduction<br />00:00:57 Hawkins family<br />00:02:15 Thirteenth Street<br />00:03:24 Celery industry<br />00:04:10 Hawkins' Meat Market<br />00:04:37 Hawkins family<br />00:06:22 Goldsboro community activities and schools<br />00:08:14 Migrant labor<br />00:09:40 African-American policemen in Goldsboro<br />00:10:25 Thirteenth Street<br />00:17:27 Closing down of businesses<br />00:18:14 Churches and businesses in Goldsboro<br />00:19:12 Growing up in Goldsboro<br />00:21:37 How children and families have changed over time<br />00:22:13 Social organizations<br />00:23:32 Crooms High School<br />00:23:46 RECORDING CUTS OFF<br />00:23:48 Crooms High School<br />00:28:42 Scholarships<br />00:30:23 Education and career<br />00:32:19 Relations with communities outside of Goldsboro<br />00:36:27 How Sanford has changed over time<br />00:39:08 How the community work ethic has changed over time<br />00:39:37 Interaction between Goldsboro and the white community<br />00:42:01 RECORDING CUTS OFF<br />00:42:02 Interaction between Goldsboro and the white community<br />00:43:26 How Sanford changed during integration and the 1960s<br />00:47:37 Typical day for Hawkins' Meat Market and present use of building<br />52:00 Hawkins' brothers and their families<br />54:15 How Sanford has changed over time<br />01:01:50 Closing remarks
Abstract
Oral history interview of Marva Y. Hawkins. Interview conducted by Julio R. Firpo at the home of Marva Y. Hawkins in Sanford, Florida.
Type
Sound
Source
Hawkins, Marva Y. Interview by Julio R. Firpo. Home of Marva Y. Hawkins. April 6, 2011. Audio record available. <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>.
Requires
Multimedia software, such as <a href="http://www.apple.com/quicktime/download/" target="_blank"> QuickTime</a>.
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Goldsboro Collection</a>, Sanford Collection, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.
Coverage
Goldsboro, Sanford, Florida
Georgetown, Sanford, Florida
Creator
Firpo, Julio R.
Publisher
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>
Contributor
Hawkins, Marva Y.
Date Created
2011-04-06
Date Modified
2014-03-17
Format
audio/mp3
Extent
635 MB
Medium
1-hour, 2-minute, 59-second audio recording
Language
eng
Mediator
History Teacher
Economics Teacher
Geography Teacher
Provenance
Originally created by Julio R. Firpo and published by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>.
Rights Holder
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>
Accrual Method
Item Creation
Contributing Project
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/buildingblocks.php" target="_blank">Building Blocks</a>
Curator
Firpo, Julio R.
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Source Repository
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>
External Reference
Flewellyn, Valada S. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank"><em>African Americans of Sanford</em></a>. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub, 2009.
Sanford Historical Society (Fla.). <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53015288" target="_blank"><em>Sanford</em></a>. Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2003.
13th Street
African American
African Methodist Episcopal Church
AME
CAIT
celery industry
CHS
church
cop
Crooms Academy
Crooms Academy of Information Technology
Crooms High School
desegregaiton
education
employee
Goldsboro
Goldsboro Avenue
Goldsboro Elementary School
Goldsboro Red School
graduation
Hawkins, Marva Y.
Hawkins' Meat Market
high school
Historic Goldsboro Boulevard
integration
labor
laborer
law enforcement
meat
meat industry
migrant labor
migrant laborer
migrant worker
police
race relations
reunion
Sanford
scholarship
school
segregation
Seminole High School
Shiloh Missionary Baptist Church
SHS
Snarky's
St. Paul Missionary Baptist Church
The Sanford Herald
Thirteenth Street
worker
-
https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/31afb5546711e3997359c2e24d571da7.pdf
51ae33089cdc9e87a36a8bd5aad87df3
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
Patricia Black Collection
Alternative Title
Black Collection
Subject
Sanford (Fla.)
Migrant workers
Agricultural laborers--Florida
Migration, Internal--United States
Farm laborers
Upstate New York (N.Y.)
Chase and Company (Sanford, Fla.)
Madison (Fla.)
Houses and homes
Rochester (N.Y.)
Description
Collection of photographs and ephemera donated by <a title="Photo of Patricia Black" href="http://s2.postimg.org/4mpxwg2u1/P3212376.jpg">Patricia Ann Black</a> (1956- ), the daughter of Pilgrim Black (1905-2002) and Lula Mae Haynes Black (1917-2007). <br /><br />Pilgrim was born in 1905, although some records list 1907 as his birth year. Pilgrim and Lula were migrant crew leaders, and thus migrated to Upstate New York in the summers and back to their home in Sanford, Florida, for the rest of the year. Pilgrim was the son of Harry Black (d. 1911) and Maggie Benjamin Black (ca. 1870-ca. 1934), who migrated to Sanford from South Carolina in the 1800s. Harry and Maggie had several children: Leckward Black, Mustar Black, Malachi Black, Leatha Black Walker (1889-1976), Pilgrim Black, Margaret Black Jones (1889-1976), and Harriett Black Lawson.<br /><br />In 1911, Harry owned a grocery store at 206 South Sanford Avenue. One day, he came home from work with pneumonia and passed away shortly thereafter. Pilgrim was nine years old when his father passed away. Maggie was the daughter of former slaves, Isaac Benjamin and Roseanna Benjamin, and the sister of Nathan Benjamin, Pledge Benjamin, Sam Benjamin, Louis Benjamin, Chainey Benjamin, Lara Benjamin, Melvina Benjamin, and Katie Benjamin. Pilgrim had to quit school at age 11 in order to provide for his mother, originally working in a mill house until he was 18 years old. After declining a management position, he traveled to Wayne County in Upstate New York to pick cherries, apples, pears, and other crops. He broke a bone after falling from an apple tree his first year and decided to try farm labor on a potato farm in Red Creek instead. Don Holdridge, the farmer who owned the land, noted Pilgrim's high rate of productivity and offered him a management position supervising up to 30 workers at once, which he accepted. Pilgrim also worked as a foreman in Sanford for Chase & Company for over 30 years. He married Lula in 1937 and they had several children together, including Vivian Louise Black (1940-), Lula Yvonne Black (1942-), Charles Samuel Black (1945-), Pilgrim Black, Jr. (ca.1947-), and Patricia. <br /><br />Patricia was born August 31, 1956, and grew up at the end of East Tenth Street in Sanford, Florida. She attended Hopper Elementary through sixth grade, Lakeview Middle School for seventh grade, Sanford Junior High School for eighth grade, Crooms High School for ninth grade, and Seminole High School through twelfth grade. She also attended school in the North Rose-Wolcott district each year while in New York. During fourth grade, integration began and parents were given the choice to have their children to attend other schools, but Patricia chose to continue attending an all-black school until she entered seventh grade in 1968 and began attending integrated schools. <br /><br />In June 1973, Patricia married her first husband, Clint Holt (1955- ); however, the couple quickly separated due to domestic violence and divorced around 1977. Patricia gave birth to her first child, Charmion Le'Antwinetta Holt in 1974. She also had three other children with William Bigham, Jr. (1952- ), who she was married to for 33 years: William Arthur Bigham III (1982- ), Brandon Oliver Black (1990- ), and Tempestt Teonte’ Black (1992- ). She lives in the family home built by her grandmother, Maggie Benjamin Black on East Tenth Street in Sanford. <br /><br />Patricia endured weekly molestation for 11n years from age six to age 17, and was raped at age seventeen while pregnant with Charmion. At age 29, Patricia became severely addicted to smoking cocaine. After seven years, Patricia was able to overcome her addiction and has maintained her sobriety for 21 years. Despite her traumatic experiences, Patricia has developed a devout relationship with God. While in recovery, Patricia refocused her attention on spreading her ministry of love by becoming a foster parent, serving as the Parent Representative of the Committee for Special Education (CSE), and serving on her local school board in the North Rose-Wolcott school district. <br /><br />Patricia also has owned her own business making incense and importing shea butter from Africa. She also became a licensed nail technician specializing in stress-relieving pedicures. As of 2009, Patricia is retired but still maintains some involvement in her business/ministry named GIFTED.
Contributor
Black, Patricia Ann
Language
eng
Type
Collection
Coverage
Madison, Florida
Sanford, Florida
Rochester, New York
Wayne County, New York
Wolcott, New York
Accrual Method
Donation
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>.
Source Repository
Private Collection of Patricia Ann Black
External Reference
Coles, Robert. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67637" target="_blank"><em>Uprooted Children; The Early Life of Migrant Farm Workers</em></a>. [Pittsburgh]: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1970.
Piore, Michael J. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank"><em>Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies</em></a> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
Flewellyn, Valada S. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank"><em>African Americans of Sanford</em></a>. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub, 2009.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Original Format
1 newspaper article
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
Life's Lessons Become Wayne Woman's Message: Being Inclusive Benefits Everyone
Alternative Title
Life's Lessons Become Wayne Woman's Message
Subject
Sanford (Fla.)
Huron (N.Y. : Town)
Wolcott (N.Y.)
Lyons (N.Y.)
Wayne County (N.Y.)
Migrant workers
Agricultural laborers--Florida
Agricultural laborers--New York (State)
Farm laborers
Sexual abuse victims--United States
Description
A newspaper article about Patricia Ann Black's (1956- ) experience as the child of migrant workers Pilgrim Black (1905-2002) and Lula Mae Haynes Black (1917-2007), who got married in 1937. Patricia was born August 31, 1956, and grew up at the end of East Tenth Street in Sanford, Florida. She attended Hopper Elementary through sixth grade, Lakeview Middle School for seventh grade, Sanford Junior High School for eighth grade, Crooms High School for ninth grade, and Seminole High School through twelfth grade. She also attended school in the North Rose-Wolcott district each year while in Upsstate New York. During fourth grade, integration began and parents were given the choice to have their children to attend other schools, but Patricia chose to continue attending an all-black school until she entered seventh grade in 1968 and began attending integrated schools.<br /><br /> In June 1973, Patricia married her first husband, Clint Holt (1955-); however, the couple quickly separated due to domestic violence and divorced around 1977. Patricia gave birth to her first child, Charmion Le'Antwinetta Holt (1974- ). She also had three other children with William Bigham Jr. (1952- ), who she was married to for 33 years: William Arthur Bigham III (1982- ), Brandon Oliver Black (1990- ), and Tempestt Teonte' Black (1992- ). <br /><br /> Patricia currently lives in the family home built by her grandmother, Maggie Benjamin Black (ca.1870-ca.1934) on East Tenth Street in Sanford. Patricia endured weekly molestation for 11 years from age six to age seventeen and was raped at age seventeen while pregnant with Charmion. At age 29, Patricia became severely addicted to smoking cocaine. After seven years, Patricia was able to overcome her addiction and has maintained her sobriety for 21 years. She has suffered severe mental and physical damage and is still recovering today. <br /><br />Despite her traumatic experiences and sibling rejections, Patricia has developed a devout relationship with God. While in recovery, Patricia refocused her attention on spreading her ministry of love by becoming a foster parent, serving as the Parent Representative of the Committee for Special Education (CSE), and serving on her local school board in the North Rose-Wolcott school district. Patricia also has owned her own <a href="http://204.8.125.98/" target="_blank">business</a> making incense and importing shea butter from Africa. She also became a licensed nail technician specializing in stress-relieving pedicures. As of 2009, Patricia is retired but still maintains some involvement in her business/ministry named GIFTED.
Type
Text
Source
Original newspaper article: Miller, Jim. "Life's Lessons Become Wayne Woman's Message: Being Inclusive Benefits Everyone." <a href="http://www.fltimes.com//" target="_blank"><em>The Finger Lake Times</em></a>, February 15, 2006: Private Collection of Patricia Ann Black.
Is Format Of
Digital reproduction of original newspaper article: Miller, Jim. "Life's Lessons Become Wayne Woman's Message: Being Inclusive Benefits Everyone." <a href="http://www.fltimes.com//" target="_blank"><em>The Finger Lake Times</em></a>, February 15, 2006.
Coverage
Sanford, Florida
Wolcott, New York
Lyons, New York
Black Big House, Huron, New York
Creator
Miller, Jim
Contributor
Black, Patricia Ann
Date Created
ca. 2006-02-15
Date Issued
2006-02-15
Date Copyrighted
2006-02-15
Format
application/pdf
Extent
384 KB
Medium
1 newspaper article
Language
eng
Mediator
History Teacher
Geography Teacher
Provenance
Originally created by Jim Miller and published by <a href="http://www.fltimes.com//" target="_blank"><em>The Finger Lake Times</em></a>.
Rights Holder
Copyright to the resource is held by <a href="http://www.fltimes.com//" target="_blank"><em>The Finger Lake Times</em></a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only.
Accrual Method
Donation
Contributing Project
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/72">Patricia Black Collection</a>
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank"> RICHES MI</a>
External Reference
Flewellyn, Valada S. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank"><em>African Americans of Sanford</em></a>. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub, 2009.
Coles, Robert. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67637" target="_blank"><em>Uprooted Children: The Early Life of Migrant Farm Workers</em></a>. [Pittsburgh]: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1970.
Piore, Michael J. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank"><em>Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies</em></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
Publisher
<a href="http://www.fltimes.com//" target="_blank"><em>The Finger Lake Times</em></a>
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/72" target="_blank">Patricia Black Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida.
Source Repository
Private Collection of Patricia Ann Black
agricultural
agricultural labor
agricultural laborer
Bigham, Patricia Ann Black
Black, Patricia Ann
Black, Pilgrim
employee
farm
farm laborer
farming
Huron, New York
Kennedy, Robert Francis
laborer
Lyons, New York
migrant labor
migrant laborer
migrant worker
Miller, Jim
Nail Spa and Unique Boutique
O'Toole, Joe
Pre-Emption Road
Sanford, Wolcott, New York
Seven Acres & A Mule
sexual abuse
VanDusen
victim
Wayne County Museum
Wayne County, New York
worker
-
https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/84a07e5ff567eacde98467a2a27d1e91.pdf
b8fe7de0f160bb95095e80cee7d0f2c2
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
Patricia Black Collection
Alternative Title
Black Collection
Subject
Sanford (Fla.)
Migrant workers
Agricultural laborers--Florida
Migration, Internal--United States
Farm laborers
Upstate New York (N.Y.)
Chase and Company (Sanford, Fla.)
Madison (Fla.)
Houses and homes
Rochester (N.Y.)
Description
Collection of photographs and ephemera donated by <a title="Photo of Patricia Black" href="http://s2.postimg.org/4mpxwg2u1/P3212376.jpg">Patricia Ann Black</a> (1956- ), the daughter of Pilgrim Black (1905-2002) and Lula Mae Haynes Black (1917-2007). <br /><br />Pilgrim was born in 1905, although some records list 1907 as his birth year. Pilgrim and Lula were migrant crew leaders, and thus migrated to Upstate New York in the summers and back to their home in Sanford, Florida, for the rest of the year. Pilgrim was the son of Harry Black (d. 1911) and Maggie Benjamin Black (ca. 1870-ca. 1934), who migrated to Sanford from South Carolina in the 1800s. Harry and Maggie had several children: Leckward Black, Mustar Black, Malachi Black, Leatha Black Walker (1889-1976), Pilgrim Black, Margaret Black Jones (1889-1976), and Harriett Black Lawson.<br /><br />In 1911, Harry owned a grocery store at 206 South Sanford Avenue. One day, he came home from work with pneumonia and passed away shortly thereafter. Pilgrim was nine years old when his father passed away. Maggie was the daughter of former slaves, Isaac Benjamin and Roseanna Benjamin, and the sister of Nathan Benjamin, Pledge Benjamin, Sam Benjamin, Louis Benjamin, Chainey Benjamin, Lara Benjamin, Melvina Benjamin, and Katie Benjamin. Pilgrim had to quit school at age 11 in order to provide for his mother, originally working in a mill house until he was 18 years old. After declining a management position, he traveled to Wayne County in Upstate New York to pick cherries, apples, pears, and other crops. He broke a bone after falling from an apple tree his first year and decided to try farm labor on a potato farm in Red Creek instead. Don Holdridge, the farmer who owned the land, noted Pilgrim's high rate of productivity and offered him a management position supervising up to 30 workers at once, which he accepted. Pilgrim also worked as a foreman in Sanford for Chase & Company for over 30 years. He married Lula in 1937 and they had several children together, including Vivian Louise Black (1940-), Lula Yvonne Black (1942-), Charles Samuel Black (1945-), Pilgrim Black, Jr. (ca.1947-), and Patricia. <br /><br />Patricia was born August 31, 1956, and grew up at the end of East Tenth Street in Sanford, Florida. She attended Hopper Elementary through sixth grade, Lakeview Middle School for seventh grade, Sanford Junior High School for eighth grade, Crooms High School for ninth grade, and Seminole High School through twelfth grade. She also attended school in the North Rose-Wolcott district each year while in New York. During fourth grade, integration began and parents were given the choice to have their children to attend other schools, but Patricia chose to continue attending an all-black school until she entered seventh grade in 1968 and began attending integrated schools. <br /><br />In June 1973, Patricia married her first husband, Clint Holt (1955- ); however, the couple quickly separated due to domestic violence and divorced around 1977. Patricia gave birth to her first child, Charmion Le'Antwinetta Holt in 1974. She also had three other children with William Bigham, Jr. (1952- ), who she was married to for 33 years: William Arthur Bigham III (1982- ), Brandon Oliver Black (1990- ), and Tempestt Teonte’ Black (1992- ). She lives in the family home built by her grandmother, Maggie Benjamin Black on East Tenth Street in Sanford. <br /><br />Patricia endured weekly molestation for 11n years from age six to age 17, and was raped at age seventeen while pregnant with Charmion. At age 29, Patricia became severely addicted to smoking cocaine. After seven years, Patricia was able to overcome her addiction and has maintained her sobriety for 21 years. Despite her traumatic experiences, Patricia has developed a devout relationship with God. While in recovery, Patricia refocused her attention on spreading her ministry of love by becoming a foster parent, serving as the Parent Representative of the Committee for Special Education (CSE), and serving on her local school board in the North Rose-Wolcott school district. <br /><br />Patricia also has owned her own business making incense and importing shea butter from Africa. She also became a licensed nail technician specializing in stress-relieving pedicures. As of 2009, Patricia is retired but still maintains some involvement in her business/ministry named GIFTED.
Contributor
Black, Patricia Ann
Language
eng
Type
Collection
Coverage
Madison, Florida
Sanford, Florida
Rochester, New York
Wayne County, New York
Wolcott, New York
Accrual Method
Donation
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>.
Source Repository
Private Collection of Patricia Ann Black
External Reference
Coles, Robert. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67637" target="_blank"><em>Uprooted Children; The Early Life of Migrant Farm Workers</em></a>. [Pittsburgh]: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1970.
Piore, Michael J. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank"><em>Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies</em></a> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
Flewellyn, Valada S. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank"><em>African Americans of Sanford</em></a>. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub, 2009.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Original Format
1 envelope and 1-page typewritten letter on U.S. Department of Labor Workplace Standards Administration letterhead
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
Letter from Robert D. Moran to Pilgrim Black
Alternative Title
Letter from Moran to Black
Subject
Sanford (Fla.)
Upstate New York (N.Y.)
Migrant workers
Farm laborers
Agricultural laborers--New York (State)
Agricultural laborers--Florida
United States. Department of Labor
Fair labor standards act
Wages--United States
Minimum wage--United States
Description
A letter of correspondence from Robert D. Moran, administrator of the Workplace Standards Administration in the United States Department of Labor, to Pilgrim Black. In the letter, Moran informs Black that the minimum wage for nonfarm employees was to be raised from $1.45/ per hour to $1.60 per hour effective February 1, 1971 and that the minimum wage for farm workers would remain unchanged at $1.30 per hour. <br /><br />Black was born in 1905, although some records list 1907 as his birth year. Pilgrim and Lula Mae Haynes (1917-2007) Black were migrant crew leaders, and thus migrated to Wayne County in Upstate New York in the summers and back to their home in Sanford for the rest of the year. Pilgrim was the son of Harry Black (d. 1911) and Maggie Benjamin Black (ca.1870-ca.1934), who migrated to Sanford from South Carolina in the 1800s. Harry and Maggie had several children: Leckward Black, Mustar Black, Malachi Black, Leatha Black Walker (1889-1976), Pilgrim Black, Margaret Black Jones (1889-1976), and Harriett Black Lawson. In 1911, Harry owned a grocery store at 206 South Sanford Avenue. One day, he came home from work with pneumonia and passed away shortly thereafter. Pilgrim was nine years old when his father passed away. Maggie was the daughter of former slaves, Isaac and Roseanna Benjamin, and the sister of Nathan Benjamin, Pledge Benjamin, Sam Benjamin, Loui Benjamin, Chainey Benjamin, Lara Benjamin, Melvina Benjamin, and Katie Benjamin. <br /><br /> Pilgrim had to quit school at age 11 in order to provide for his mother, originally working in a mill house until he was 18 years old. After declining a management position, he traveled to Wayne County to pick cherries, apples, pears, and other crops. He broke a bone after falling from an apple tree his first year and decided to try farm labor on a potato farm in Red Creek, New York, instead. Don Holdridge, the farmer who owned the land, noted Pilgrim's high rate of productivity and offered him a management position supervising up to thirty workers at once, which he accepted. <br /><br /> While in Sanford, Pilgrim also worked as a foreman in Sanford for Chase & Company for over 30 years. He married Lula in 1937 and they had several children together, including Vivian Louise Black (1940-); Lula Yvonne Black (1942-); Charles Samuel Black (1945-); Pilgrim Black, Jr. (ca. 1947-), and Patricia Ann Black (1956-).
Type
Text
Source
Original letter from Robert D. Moran to Pilgrim Black: Private Collection of Patricia Ann Black.
Is Format Of
Digital reproduction of original letter by Robert D. Moranfrom Robert D. Moran to Pilgrim Black.
Coverage
Washington, D.C.
Sanford, Florida
Creator
Moran, Robert D.
Contributor
Black, Patricia Ann
Date Created
ca. 1968-1971
Format
application/pdf
Extent
112 KB
Medium
1 envelope and 1-page typewritten letter on U.S. Department of Labor Workplace Standards Administration letterhead
Language
eng
Mediator
History Teacher
Civics/Government Teacher
Audience Education Level
Provenance
Originally created by Robert D. Moran and owned by Pilgrim Black.
Inherited by Patricia Ann Black in 2002.
Rights Holder
Copyright to the resource is held by Patricia Ann Black and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only.
Accrual Method
Donation
Contributing Project
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/72">Patricia Black Collection</a>
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank"> RICHES MI</a>
External Reference
Nordlund, Willis J. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/33983425" target="_blank"><em>The Quest for a Living Wage: The History of the Federal Minimum Wage Program</em></a>. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1997.
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/72" target="_blank">Patricia Black Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida.
Source Repository
Private Collection of Patricia Ann Black
Requires
<a href="http://www.adobe.com/products/reader.html" target="_blank">Adobe Acrobat Reader</a>
Bigham, Patricia Ann Black
Black, Patricia Ann
Black, Pilgrim
employee
Fair Labor Standards Act
farm
farming
Georgetown
laborer
migrant labor
migrant worker
minimum wage
Moran, Robert D.
Sanford
U.S. Department of Labor
wage
Wage and Hour Division
worker
Workplace Standards Administration
-
https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/6767f94252ae242b5013057848e027fd.jpg
86dc600f3283f6c1e056bef6f1ad1fd7
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
Patricia Black Collection
Alternative Title
Black Collection
Subject
Sanford (Fla.)
Migrant workers
Agricultural laborers--Florida
Migration, Internal--United States
Farm laborers
Upstate New York (N.Y.)
Chase and Company (Sanford, Fla.)
Madison (Fla.)
Houses and homes
Rochester (N.Y.)
Description
Collection of photographs and ephemera donated by <a title="Photo of Patricia Black" href="http://s2.postimg.org/4mpxwg2u1/P3212376.jpg">Patricia Ann Black</a> (1956- ), the daughter of Pilgrim Black (1905-2002) and Lula Mae Haynes Black (1917-2007). <br /><br />Pilgrim was born in 1905, although some records list 1907 as his birth year. Pilgrim and Lula were migrant crew leaders, and thus migrated to Upstate New York in the summers and back to their home in Sanford, Florida, for the rest of the year. Pilgrim was the son of Harry Black (d. 1911) and Maggie Benjamin Black (ca. 1870-ca. 1934), who migrated to Sanford from South Carolina in the 1800s. Harry and Maggie had several children: Leckward Black, Mustar Black, Malachi Black, Leatha Black Walker (1889-1976), Pilgrim Black, Margaret Black Jones (1889-1976), and Harriett Black Lawson.<br /><br />In 1911, Harry owned a grocery store at 206 South Sanford Avenue. One day, he came home from work with pneumonia and passed away shortly thereafter. Pilgrim was nine years old when his father passed away. Maggie was the daughter of former slaves, Isaac Benjamin and Roseanna Benjamin, and the sister of Nathan Benjamin, Pledge Benjamin, Sam Benjamin, Louis Benjamin, Chainey Benjamin, Lara Benjamin, Melvina Benjamin, and Katie Benjamin. Pilgrim had to quit school at age 11 in order to provide for his mother, originally working in a mill house until he was 18 years old. After declining a management position, he traveled to Wayne County in Upstate New York to pick cherries, apples, pears, and other crops. He broke a bone after falling from an apple tree his first year and decided to try farm labor on a potato farm in Red Creek instead. Don Holdridge, the farmer who owned the land, noted Pilgrim's high rate of productivity and offered him a management position supervising up to 30 workers at once, which he accepted. Pilgrim also worked as a foreman in Sanford for Chase & Company for over 30 years. He married Lula in 1937 and they had several children together, including Vivian Louise Black (1940-), Lula Yvonne Black (1942-), Charles Samuel Black (1945-), Pilgrim Black, Jr. (ca.1947-), and Patricia. <br /><br />Patricia was born August 31, 1956, and grew up at the end of East Tenth Street in Sanford, Florida. She attended Hopper Elementary through sixth grade, Lakeview Middle School for seventh grade, Sanford Junior High School for eighth grade, Crooms High School for ninth grade, and Seminole High School through twelfth grade. She also attended school in the North Rose-Wolcott district each year while in New York. During fourth grade, integration began and parents were given the choice to have their children to attend other schools, but Patricia chose to continue attending an all-black school until she entered seventh grade in 1968 and began attending integrated schools. <br /><br />In June 1973, Patricia married her first husband, Clint Holt (1955- ); however, the couple quickly separated due to domestic violence and divorced around 1977. Patricia gave birth to her first child, Charmion Le'Antwinetta Holt in 1974. She also had three other children with William Bigham, Jr. (1952- ), who she was married to for 33 years: William Arthur Bigham III (1982- ), Brandon Oliver Black (1990- ), and Tempestt Teonte’ Black (1992- ). She lives in the family home built by her grandmother, Maggie Benjamin Black on East Tenth Street in Sanford. <br /><br />Patricia endured weekly molestation for 11n years from age six to age 17, and was raped at age seventeen while pregnant with Charmion. At age 29, Patricia became severely addicted to smoking cocaine. After seven years, Patricia was able to overcome her addiction and has maintained her sobriety for 21 years. Despite her traumatic experiences, Patricia has developed a devout relationship with God. While in recovery, Patricia refocused her attention on spreading her ministry of love by becoming a foster parent, serving as the Parent Representative of the Committee for Special Education (CSE), and serving on her local school board in the North Rose-Wolcott school district. <br /><br />Patricia also has owned her own business making incense and importing shea butter from Africa. She also became a licensed nail technician specializing in stress-relieving pedicures. As of 2009, Patricia is retired but still maintains some involvement in her business/ministry named GIFTED.
Contributor
Black, Patricia Ann
Language
eng
Type
Collection
Coverage
Madison, Florida
Sanford, Florida
Rochester, New York
Wayne County, New York
Wolcott, New York
Accrual Method
Donation
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>.
Source Repository
Private Collection of Patricia Ann Black
External Reference
Coles, Robert. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67637" target="_blank"><em>Uprooted Children; The Early Life of Migrant Farm Workers</em></a>. [Pittsburgh]: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1970.
Piore, Michael J. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank"><em>Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies</em></a> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
Flewellyn, Valada S. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank"><em>African Americans of Sanford</em></a>. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub, 2009.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Original Format
1 newspaper article
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
Memoirs of Life in a WC Migrant Farm Camp
Alternative Title
Life in a Migrant Farm Camp
Subject
Sanford (Fla.)
Wolcott (N.Y.)
Lyons (N.Y.)
Migrant workers
Farm laborers
Agricultural laborers--New York (State)
Agricultural laborers--Florida
Sexual abuse victims--United States
Description
A newspaper article about Patricia Ann Black's (1956-) experience as the child of migrant workers Pilgrim Black (1905-2002) and Lula Mae Haynes Black (1917-2007), who got married in 1937. as the daughter of Pilgrim Black (1905-2002) and Lula Mae Haynes Black (1917-2007), who got married in 1937. Patricia was born August 31, 1956, and grew up at the end of East Tenth Street in Sanford, Florida. She attended Hopper Elementary through sixth grade, Lakeview Middle School for seventh grade, Sanford Junior High School for eighth grade, Crooms High School for ninth grade, and Seminole High School through twelfth grade. She also attended school in the North Rose-Wolcott district each year while in Upsstate New York. During fourth grade, integration began and parents were given the choice to have their children to attend other schools, but Patricia chose to continue attending an all-black school until she entered seventh grade in 1968 and began attending integrated schools.<br /><br /> In June 1973, Patricia married her first husband, Clint Holt (1955-); however, the couple quickly separated due to domestic violence and divorced around 1977. Patricia gave birth to her first child, Charmion Le'Antwinetta Holt (1974-). She also had three other children with William Bigham Jr. (1952-), who she was married to for 33 years: William Arthur Bigham III (1982-), Brandon Oliver Black (1990-), and Tempestt Teonte' Black (1992-). <br /><br /> Patricia currently lives in the family home built by her grandmother, Maggie Benjamin Black (ca.1870-ca.1934) on East Tenth Street in Sanford. Patricia endured weekly molestation for 11 years from age six to age seventeen and was raped at age seventeen while pregnant with Charmion. At age 29, Patricia became severely addicted to smoking cocaine. After seven years, Patricia was able to overcome her addiction and has maintained her sobriety for 21 years. She has suffered severe mental and physical damage and is still recovering today. <br /><br />Despite her traumatic experiences and sibling rejections, Patricia has developed a devout relationship with God. While in recovery, Patricia refocused her attention on spreading her ministry of love by becoming a foster parent, serving as the Parent Representative of the Committee for Special Education (CSE), and serving on her local school board in the North Rose-Wolcott school district. Patricia also has owned her own <a href="http://204.8.125.98/" target="_blank">business</a> making incense and importing shea butter from Africa. She also became a licensed nail technician specializing in stress-relieving pedicures. As of 2009, Patricia is retired but still maintains some involvement in her business/ministry named GIFTED.
Type
Text
Source
Original newspaper article: Rogers, Pam. "Memoirs of Life in a WC Migrant Farm Camp." <a href="http://www.fltimes.com//" target="_blank"><em>The Sun and Record</em></a>, February 23, 2006: Private Collection of Patricia Ann Black.
Is Format Of
Digital reproduction of original newspaper article: Rogers, Pam. "Memoirs of Life in a WC Migrant Farm Camp." <a href="http://www.fltimes.com//" target="_blank"><em>The Sun and Record</em></a>, February 23, 2006.
Coverage
Lyons, New York
Huron, New York
Sanford, Florida
Canandaigua, New York
Creator
Rogers, Pam
Contributor
Black, Patricia Ann
Date Created
ca. 2006-02-23
Date Issued
2006-02-23
Date Copyrighted
2006-02-23
Format
image/jpg
Extent
222 KB
Medium
1 newspaper article
Language
eng
Mediator
History Teacher
Geography Teacher
Provenance
Originally created by Pam Rogers and published by <a href="http://www.fltimes.com//" target="_blank"><em>The Sun and Record</em></a>.
Rights Holder
Copyright to the resource is held by <a href="http://www.fltimes.com//" target="_blank"><em>The Sun and Record</em></a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only.
Accrual Method
Donation
Contributing Project
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/72">Patricia Black Collection</a>
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank"> RICHES MI</a>
External Reference
Flewellyn, Valada S. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank"><em>African Americans of Sanford</em></a>. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub, 2009.
Coles, Robert. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67637" target="_blank"><em>Uprooted Children: The Early Life of Migrant Farm Workers</em></a>. [Pittsburgh]: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1970.
Piore, Michael J. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank"><em>Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies</em></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/72" target="_blank">Patricia Black Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida.
Source Repository
Private Collection of Patricia Ann Black
addiction
African American
agricultural labor
agricultural laborer
agriculture
Bigham, Patricia Ann Black
Black History Month
Black, Lula Mae Haynes
Black, Patricia Ann
Black, Pilgrim
cocaine
drug
farm laborer
farm worker
farming
Haynes, Lula Mae
History at Night
Huron
imprisonment
incarceration
labor
laborer
Lyons, New York
migrant labor
migrant laborer
migrant worker
migration
North Rose School
O'Toole, Joseph
Ontario County Jail
Patricia Ann's Nail Spa Boutique
race relations
racism
rehabilitation
Rogers, Pam
Sanford
Seven Acres & A Mule
sexual abuse
sobriety
victim
Wayne County
Wayne County Museum
WH Magazine
Wolcott, New York
worker
-
https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/4f24c4655ee58560fc0834719eb37016.jpg
4ab3882e29095c2e51fe43be20692811
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
Patricia Black Collection
Alternative Title
Black Collection
Subject
Sanford (Fla.)
Migrant workers
Agricultural laborers--Florida
Migration, Internal--United States
Farm laborers
Upstate New York (N.Y.)
Chase and Company (Sanford, Fla.)
Madison (Fla.)
Houses and homes
Rochester (N.Y.)
Description
Collection of photographs and ephemera donated by <a title="Photo of Patricia Black" href="http://s2.postimg.org/4mpxwg2u1/P3212376.jpg">Patricia Ann Black</a> (1956- ), the daughter of Pilgrim Black (1905-2002) and Lula Mae Haynes Black (1917-2007). <br /><br />Pilgrim was born in 1905, although some records list 1907 as his birth year. Pilgrim and Lula were migrant crew leaders, and thus migrated to Upstate New York in the summers and back to their home in Sanford, Florida, for the rest of the year. Pilgrim was the son of Harry Black (d. 1911) and Maggie Benjamin Black (ca. 1870-ca. 1934), who migrated to Sanford from South Carolina in the 1800s. Harry and Maggie had several children: Leckward Black, Mustar Black, Malachi Black, Leatha Black Walker (1889-1976), Pilgrim Black, Margaret Black Jones (1889-1976), and Harriett Black Lawson.<br /><br />In 1911, Harry owned a grocery store at 206 South Sanford Avenue. One day, he came home from work with pneumonia and passed away shortly thereafter. Pilgrim was nine years old when his father passed away. Maggie was the daughter of former slaves, Isaac Benjamin and Roseanna Benjamin, and the sister of Nathan Benjamin, Pledge Benjamin, Sam Benjamin, Louis Benjamin, Chainey Benjamin, Lara Benjamin, Melvina Benjamin, and Katie Benjamin. Pilgrim had to quit school at age 11 in order to provide for his mother, originally working in a mill house until he was 18 years old. After declining a management position, he traveled to Wayne County in Upstate New York to pick cherries, apples, pears, and other crops. He broke a bone after falling from an apple tree his first year and decided to try farm labor on a potato farm in Red Creek instead. Don Holdridge, the farmer who owned the land, noted Pilgrim's high rate of productivity and offered him a management position supervising up to 30 workers at once, which he accepted. Pilgrim also worked as a foreman in Sanford for Chase & Company for over 30 years. He married Lula in 1937 and they had several children together, including Vivian Louise Black (1940-), Lula Yvonne Black (1942-), Charles Samuel Black (1945-), Pilgrim Black, Jr. (ca.1947-), and Patricia. <br /><br />Patricia was born August 31, 1956, and grew up at the end of East Tenth Street in Sanford, Florida. She attended Hopper Elementary through sixth grade, Lakeview Middle School for seventh grade, Sanford Junior High School for eighth grade, Crooms High School for ninth grade, and Seminole High School through twelfth grade. She also attended school in the North Rose-Wolcott district each year while in New York. During fourth grade, integration began and parents were given the choice to have their children to attend other schools, but Patricia chose to continue attending an all-black school until she entered seventh grade in 1968 and began attending integrated schools. <br /><br />In June 1973, Patricia married her first husband, Clint Holt (1955- ); however, the couple quickly separated due to domestic violence and divorced around 1977. Patricia gave birth to her first child, Charmion Le'Antwinetta Holt in 1974. She also had three other children with William Bigham, Jr. (1952- ), who she was married to for 33 years: William Arthur Bigham III (1982- ), Brandon Oliver Black (1990- ), and Tempestt Teonte’ Black (1992- ). She lives in the family home built by her grandmother, Maggie Benjamin Black on East Tenth Street in Sanford. <br /><br />Patricia endured weekly molestation for 11n years from age six to age 17, and was raped at age seventeen while pregnant with Charmion. At age 29, Patricia became severely addicted to smoking cocaine. After seven years, Patricia was able to overcome her addiction and has maintained her sobriety for 21 years. Despite her traumatic experiences, Patricia has developed a devout relationship with God. While in recovery, Patricia refocused her attention on spreading her ministry of love by becoming a foster parent, serving as the Parent Representative of the Committee for Special Education (CSE), and serving on her local school board in the North Rose-Wolcott school district. <br /><br />Patricia also has owned her own business making incense and importing shea butter from Africa. She also became a licensed nail technician specializing in stress-relieving pedicures. As of 2009, Patricia is retired but still maintains some involvement in her business/ministry named GIFTED.
Contributor
Black, Patricia Ann
Language
eng
Type
Collection
Coverage
Madison, Florida
Sanford, Florida
Rochester, New York
Wayne County, New York
Wolcott, New York
Accrual Method
Donation
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>.
Source Repository
Private Collection of Patricia Ann Black
External Reference
Coles, Robert. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67637" target="_blank"><em>Uprooted Children; The Early Life of Migrant Farm Workers</em></a>. [Pittsburgh]: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1970.
Piore, Michael J. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank"><em>Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies</em></a> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
Flewellyn, Valada S. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank"><em>African Americans of Sanford</em></a>. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub, 2009.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Original Format
1 envelope
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
Envelope Addressed to Harry Black
Alternative Title
Envelope Addressed to Harry Black
Subject
Sanford (Fla.)
Migrant workers
Agricultural laborers--Florida
Description
Envelope addressed to Harry Black (d. 1911), although the letter was likely for his son, Pilgrim Black (1905-2002), as Harry had passed away years before 1932. <br /><br />Pilgrim Black was born in 1905, although some records list 1907 as his birth year. Pilgrim and Lula Mae Haynes Black were migrant crew leaders, and thus migrated to Wayne County in Upstate New York in the summers and back to their home in Sanford for the rest of the year. Pilgrim was the son of Harry Black (d. 1911) and Maggie Benjamin Black (ca.1870-ca.1934), who migrated to Sanford from South Carolina in the 1800s. Harry and Maggie had several children: Leckward Black, Mustar Black, Malachi Black, Leatha Black Walker (1889-1976), Pilgrim Black, Margaret Black Jones (1889-1976), and Harriett Black Lawson. In 1911, Harry owned a grocery store at 206 South Sanford Avenue. One day, he came home from work with pneumonia and passed away shortly thereafter. Pilgrim was nine years old when his father passed away. Maggie was the daughter of former slaves, Isaac and Roseanna Benjamin, and the sister of Nathan Benjamin, Pledge Benjamin, Sam Benjamin, Loui Benjamin, Chainey Benjamin, Lara Benjamin, Melvina Benjamin, and Katie Benjamin. <br /><br /> Pilgrim had to quit school at age eleven in order to provide for his mother, originally working in a mill house until he was 18n years old. After declining a management position, he traveled to Wayne County to pick cherries, apples, pears, and other crops. He broke a bone after falling from an apple tree his first year and decided to try farm labor on a potato farm in Red Creek, New York, instead. Don Holdridge, the farmer who owned the land, noted Pilgrim's high rate of productivity and offered him a management position supervising up to thirty workers at once, which he accepted. <br /><br /> While in Sanford, Pilgrim also worked as a foreman in Sanford for Chase & Company for over 30 years. He married Lula in 1937 and they had several children together, including Vivian Louise Black (1940- ); Lula Yvonne Black (1942- ); Charles Samuel Black (1945- ); Pilgrim Black, Jr. (ca.1947- ), and Patricia Ann Black (1956- ).
Type
Text
Source
Original envelope from Roswell Motor Company to Harry Black: Private Collection of Patricia Ann Black.
Is Format Of
Digital reproduction of original envelope from Roswell Motor Company to Harry Black.
Coverage
North Roswell, Georgia
Sanford, Florida
Creator
Roswell Motor Company
Contributor
Black, Patricia Ann
Date Created
ca. 1932-06-31
Format
image/jpeg
Extent
95.2 KB
Medium
1 envelope
Language
eng
Mediator
History Teacher
Provenance
Originally created by Roswell Motor Company and owned by Pilgrim Black.
Inherited by Patricia Ann Black in 2002.
Rights Holder
Copyright to the resource is held by Patricia Ann Black and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only.
Accrual Method
Donation
Contributing Project
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/72/" target="_blank">Patricia Black Collection</a>
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
External Reference
Coles, Robert. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67637" target="_blank"><em>Uprooted Children: The Early Life of Migrant Farm Workers</em></a>. [Pittsburgh]: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1970.
Piore, Michael J. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank"><em>Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies</em></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
Transcript
ROSWELL MOTOR CO.
Ford
SALES AND SERVICE
NORTH ROSWELL, GEORGIA
Henry Black, Colored,
Cor. 10th St. & Bay Ave.,
Georgetown,
Sanford, Fla.
Source Repository
Private Collection of Patricia Ann Black
10th Street
African American
Bay Avenue
Bigham, Patricia Ann Black
Black, Harry
Black, Patricia Ann
Black, Pilgrim
envelope
Ford Motor Company
laborer
migrant worker
North Roswell, Georgia
Roswell Motor Company
Sanford
Tenth Street
-
https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/9a286a6f755d844f675354e955e5642a.pdf
61f2719e5cadc99a144778de63ba9150
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
Creative Sanford, Inc. Collection
Alternative Title
Creative Sanford Collection
Subject
Seminole County (Fla.)
Folk plays
Sanford (Fla.)
Description
<span>Creative Sanford, Inc. is a non-profit organization created to manage <em>Celery Soup: Florida's Folk Life Play</em> community theater productions. The original idea for the Celery Soup project came from Jeanine Taylor, the owner of a folk-art gallery on First Street in Sanford, Florida. Their first production was </span><em>Touch and Go</em><span>, a play focusing on the people of Sanford and their determination to overcome various obstacles, including the Freeze of 1894-1895, the fall of Sanford's celery industry, and the closing of Naval Air Station (NAS) Sanford in the 1960s. In the process of producing the show, Creative Sanford decided to rehabilitate an historic building, the Princess Theater, which is located on 115 West First Street and owned by Stephen Tibstra. The Creative Sanford offices are housed in the Historic Sanford Welcome Center, located at 203 East First Street.</span>
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/16" target="_blank">Sanford Collection</a>, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/44" target="_blank">Seminole County Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida.
Language
eng
Type
Collection
Coverage
Historic Sanford Welcome Center, Downtown Sanford, Florida
Princess Theater, Downtown Sanford, Florida
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
External Reference
"<a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com//about" target="_blank">WHO IS CREATIVE SANFORD, INC?</a>" Celery Soup. http://www.celerysoupsanford.com//about.
<span>"<a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/about/" target="_blank">About: History and Purpose</a>." Celery Soup. http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/about/.</span>
"<a href="http://www.communityperformanceinternational.org/sanford-florida" target="_blank">Sanford, Florida: How do you make Celery Soup? Add stories, then stir</a>." Community Performance International. http://www.communityperformanceinternational.org/sanford-florida.
Contributor
<a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/" target="_blank">Creative Sanford, Inc.</a>
Oral History
A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge.
Interviewer
Thompson, Trish
Román-Toro, Freddie
Interviewee
Black, Patricia Ann
Hardy, Billy
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
Oral History of Patricia Ann Black and Billy Hardy
Alternative Title
Oral History, Black and Hardy
Subject
Sanford, (Fla.)
Education--Florida
Race relations--Florida
Army
Description
An oral history of both Patricia Ann Black (b. 1956) and Billy Hardy (b. 1956). Hardy was born on August 17, 1956, and Black was born 14 days later on August 31. Both grew up at the end of Tenth Street in Sanford, Florida. This oral history interview was conducted by Trish Thompson and Freddie Román-Toro.<br /><br />Hardy and Black attended Hopper Elementary School through sixth grade, Lakeview Middle School for seventh grade, Sanford Junior High School for eighth grade, Crooms High School for ninth grade, and Seminole High School through twelfth grade. They talk about what life was like in Sanford during segregation and what happened to make integration possible. Black talks about what her education in New York was like when compared to that in Sanford. Hardy discusses how football helped ameliorate tensions among blacks and whites. He also shares his experiences in the Army. Black and Hardy also discuss their childhood romance and how circumstances changed their relationship. Hardy also speaks about his time in technical school and his passion for cars. Other topics include the differences between attending school in New York and Florida, the Trayvon Martin case, and the sexual abuse of Black as a child.
Type
Text
Source
Black, Patricia and Billy Hardy. Interviewed by Trish Thompson and Freddie Román-Toro. March 2013. Audio record available. <a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com//about" target="_blank">Creative Sanford, Inc.</a>, Sanford, Florida.
Requires
<a href="https://get.adobe.com/reader/" target="_blank">Adobe Acrobat Reader</a>
Is Part Of
<a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com//about" target="_blank">Creative Sanford, Inc.</a>, Sanford Florida.
<a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com//about" target="_blank">Creative Sanford, Inc. Collection</a>, Sanford Collection, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.
Is Format Of
Digital 22-page transcript of original oral history: Black, Patricia and Billy Hardy. Interviewed by Trish Thompson and Freddie Román-Toro. March 2013. Audio record available. <a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com//about" target="_blank">Creative Sanford, Inc.</a>, Sanford, Florida.
Coverage
Hopper Academy, Sanford, Florida
Lakeview Middle School, Winter Garden, Florida
Sanford Junior High School, Sanford, Florida
Crooms High School, Sanford, Florida
Seminole High School, Sanford, Florida
Creator
Thompson, Trish
Román-Toro, Freddie
Black, Patricia Ann
Hardy, Billy
Date Created
2013-03
Format
application/pdf
Extent
198 KB
Medium
22-page digital transcript
Language
eng
Mediator
History Teacher
Provenance
Originally created by Trish Thompson, Freddie Román-Toro, Patricia Ann Black, and Billy Hardy.
Rights Holder
Copyright to this resource is held by <a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com//about" target="_blank">Creative Sanford, Inc.</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only.
Accrual Method
Donation
Contributing Project
<a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com//about" target="_blank">Creative Sanford, Inc.</a>
<a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/" target="_blank">Celery Soup</a>
Curator
Román-Toro, Freddie
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Source Repository
<a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com//about" target="_blank">Creative Sanford, Inc.</a>
External Reference
Gilmore, Henry Francis. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/78907105" target="_blank"><em>A Study of Attitudes of Negro Teachers Toward the Supreme Court Decision and Other Issues of Desegregation in Education</em></a>. Thesis (Ed.D.)--Teachers College, Columbia University, 1957.
Humphrey, Hubert H. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/189150" target="_blank"><em>Integration vs. Segregation</em></a>. New York: Crowell, 1964.
Jenkins, Sallie S. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52692084" target="_blank"><em>A Historical Investigation of School Desegregation in Seminole County School District</em></a>. Thesis (EdD.)--University of Central Florida, 2002, 2002.
Kharif, Wali Rashash. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10501914" target="_blank"><em>The Refinement of Racial Segregation in Florida After the Civil War</em></a>. Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 1983, 1983.
Yancy, George, and Janine Jones. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/810119075" target="_blank"><em>Pursuing Trayvon Martin: Historical Contexts and Contemporary Manifestations of Racial Dynamics</em></a>. Lanham: Lexington Boos, 2013.
Transcript
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>How did y’all meet? [<em>laughs</em>].</p>
<p><strong>Hardy<br /></strong>We grew up at the end of Tenth Street. Our house was the last house on the street. And it just so happened that my birthday was August 17<sup>th</sup>, 1956 and yours was…</p>
<p><strong>Black<br /></strong>Mine was August 31<sup>st</sup>, 1956. And we’re like 14 days apart and our mothers carried us at the same time. And we’re at the dead end of East Tenth Street. so I’m at the corner and he’s at the end. It was just us two kids. There were others in the neighborhood, but…</p>
<p><strong>Hardy<br /></strong>Not as close as we were.</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>So you went all through school together?</p>
<p><strong>Hardy<br /></strong>Pretty much.</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>What school?</p>
<p><strong>Hardy<br /></strong>In elementary school, it was Hopper [Academy]—between Eleventh [Street] and Celery Avenue—and afterwards, it was Lakeview [Middle School] for seventh grade, I think.</p>
<p><strong>Black<br /></strong>Yeah. We were 12 at Lakeview and we went to Sanford Junior High [School] at 13.</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>And where was Sanford Junior then?</p>
<p><strong>Black<br /></strong>That’s Sanford Middle School now. It’s the same one.</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>Oh. It’s on [U.S. Route] 17-92.</p>
<p><strong>Black<br /></strong>Yes. The next year we went to Crooms [High School], which became our ninth grade. Then we went to Seminole [High School].</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>So you were there for the integration of—or you were one year after?</p>
<p><strong>Hardy<br /></strong>No. We were in the midst of it.</p>
<p><strong>Black<br /></strong>We were in fourth grade when that began to happen, so we kind of had a choice for our fifth grade. Our parents could decide if they wanted to send us to the other school, because they didn’t close Hopper or anything like that.</p>
<p><strong>Hardy<br /></strong>It just made an opportunity to go to other schools, if they wanted to, but we stayed. It was right around the corner [<em>laughs</em>].</p>
<p><strong>Black<br /></strong>We lived one block away. It was on the corner of Eleventh and Bay [Avenue] and we lived on Tenth and Bay so—my parents left the choice up to me, because all my life I’ve always gone to integrated schools. I began school in New York state and…</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>Oh, so you left?</p>
<p><strong>Black<br /></strong>I would leave every year. My father was a migrant crew leader, but they lived here. They stayed here. My parents’ work was as a migrant to carry people up north to pick apples—to harvest the fruit.</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>And so you went to school up there every year? So you were just home in summertime?</p>
<p><strong>Black<br /></strong>And I spent all my summers in New York. I began school in New York and I would end it here every school year. From September to November, up to the week before Thanksgiving, I would go to school in New York. Then we’d come down here and I’d finish school. And it used to be June 6<sup>th</sup> that would be the last day of school, and then as we got older it would be June 11<sup>th</sup>. The next day, my mom and I would get on a Greyhound bus and go to Rochester[, New York] to visit with my sisters, and my father would come up around July 5<sup>th</sup>—out to the migrant camp that we lived on.</p>
<p><strong>Román-Toro<br /></strong>Could you elaborate on the differences between going to school up North and coming to school here?</p>
<p><strong>Black<br /></strong>Yes. I sure can. For me, it was more of a freedom. When I’m in New York, I could be myself. I could be all that I thought I could be. I went to school with whites. I started out with whites, so in school, there was no limit to what we were taught we could be—even the black students.</p>
<p>However, down here I had to go to an all-black school, which wasn’t a problem, as far as it being black. I knew I fit in there. However, at a very early age, I learned the difference. It was kind of sad for me, especially by sixth grade, I had a grip on what was going on. I didn’t like when I got to Florida, I had to feel “less than.”</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>When you were in Florida, did you feel like the teachers didn’t tell you you could be all that you could be? Did the teachers treat you different in the North and South?</p>
<p><strong>Black<br /></strong>No, but there is a difference and I saw the difference. The teachers here did all they could, but you still left school thinking that you could go no higher than a teacher. We weren’t taught about, “You could be a doctor one day.” This is what I remember.</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>Billy, how about you?</p>
<p><strong>Hardy<br /></strong>Just like she was saying earlier. we were in that situation and, as far as going to school, that’s what we did. We knew we had to go. we knew we had to have an education, so we went. The thing about Sanford during that time was that we lived over here and they lived over there. In other words, the black part of town was over here, and the white part was over here, and our parents taught us, “You don’t go over there.”</p>
<p>There were many parts of time that—I’ll tell you what, as I came home from service, after 23 years of service, there were parts of town that I had never seen. When I came home, I was right down Melonville [Avenue] and I said, “I’m going over here,” and I did. I rode on through the neighborhoods and I was like…</p>
<p><strong>Román-Toro<br /></strong>How’d you feel about that? How’d you feel about having that opportunity to go wherever you wanted?</p>
<p><strong>Hardy<br /></strong>After being in the service, basically, I was going everywhere I wanted anyway, so when I came home it didn’t matter anymore. [<em>laughs</em>] The door was swung wide open. When I joined the Army, the door was open so wide, it wasn’t black or white anymore. It was green. We were fighting for one purpose and one cause and that was it. Sometimes prejudice situations came up, but it wasn’t a big thing. It was pretty much—it happened. It was controlled. It was dealt with, and that was the end of it. Growing up as a child, I had to stay where my parents told me to stay.</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>Did it make you feel fearful—them telling you that you can’t go there?</p>
<p><strong>Hardy<br /></strong>It bothered me. It really bothered me, because Sundays—you know, Sunday afternoon—after a Sunday meal, everybody’s been to church. We would go out to the schoolhouse and play football. It was all the guys in the neighborhood and we would have a blast. Gosh, we would just play football all day.</p>
<p>What happened was, some of the guys from the other side of town—the white guys—came and saw us playing football at the schoolhouse—and this is kind of what got the ball running as far as the integration part. We played ball. They played ball. We played ball over here, but they played ball over there, so when they came over and a group of them decided, “Let’s go ask. Let’s go talk,” and we began to talk and things began to change. I think there was more to it than that, but that was one of the changes I saw.</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>So you and your peers—black and white—you made the decision to integrate before your parents?</p>
<p><strong>Black<br /></strong>Our parents didn’t decide for us to integrate. It was the white man. It wasn’t our parents. I believe that all of our black parents would rather have kept us where we were. They feared. They wouldn’t have sent us out to white schools, but as time went on, white people had to make a change, so that’s where it came about. We didn’t care that it was integrated. We were fine just where we were. I chose not to go. They gave us a choice. It was a very easy decision for me. I had been looking at white people all my life, and honestly, I was afraid of the white people down here, because here there was always that segregation, but in New York—so I knew there was a difference.</p>
<p>The white people in the South – he probably could name some white kids that we went to school with. I can’t. There were no relationships with any of the white kids that we went to school with. It’s like…</p>
<p><strong>Román-Toro<br /></strong>So you were segregated, even when you weren’t segregated is what you’re saying? When segregation started informally, and then later formally, did you trust it? Did you trust that it was for sincere reasons? or did you suspect that there was an agenda behind it?</p>
<p><strong>Black<br /></strong>Well, I suspected that there was an agenda behind it—that they were being forced to make it happen. They didn’t want us. They didn’t think it was the right time to do this. There was a force behind it.</p>
<p>When I—in fifth grade, in New York state—well, I had heard it while in fourth grade down here—but in fifth grade in New York state, when it was time to move back down here in November, I remember that all the kids thought that I was so smart in school down here. The books that they were learning through, I had already studied and completed in New York.</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>So you were getting second-hand books in Florida?</p>
<p><strong>Black<br /></strong>And in fifth grade, the books were coming from the North. Yes, because when I got here and went to school and for Thanksgiving, the guy next to me, Willie Jones—when he opened his geography book—in the front they have whose name is in it and then they have the school stamp up in the corner. And there it was: “NRW,” which was North Rose-Wolcott [High] School—that I went to. I was just floored, and I went home very upset with my father, because I had asked him, “How do these books get from New York to Florida?” He told me he didn’t know, but in fifth grade I had my own evidence. I saw the book and I just—it was just never a good feeling for me.</p>
<p>That’s where my—I am a big advocate for diversity and I have been ever since then—and with Martin Luther King[, Jr.] and John F. Kennedy—for me, in my life, even with what I was going through, I was going to be what Martin Luther King was talking about—black and white kids holding hands and walking to school together. I was going to show white people that that could be done, because I knew there was a difference between the whites in the South and the whites in the North and you’re all white, you know?</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>I want to go back just for a minute. When you said your parents wouldn’t let you go there, did your parents explain why they didn’t want you going in those neighborhoods?</p>
<p><strong>Hardy<br /></strong>Well, basically they didn’t want us going over there because it was trouble. Some of the experiences—I mean, I got dogs sicced on me. I got to the point where I just got fed up by a lot of stuff and it was—I walked to the store one day, and this guy sicced his dog on me. He had one big one and one little one, and they didn’t bite me, because I guess I was a pretty good size as a kid. I would jump at one, he’d run and the other one would try to get me and I’d jump at him, you know? I tell you what, the hatred that built up in me during that time—I was going to kill the dogs, but they died. I had something on the inside that really bothered me for a long time. and when we left Hopper and went to Lakeview it was like a big melting pot.</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>What year would that have been?</p>
<p><strong>Black<br /></strong>We were 12. That would have been [19]68. We were 12 years old.</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>Because the integration of Crooms didn’t happen ‘til 1970.</p>
<p><strong>Black<br /></strong>We were 14 at the time. Crooms was in ninth grade. Lakeview was built for the seventh grade—for all of us. Everybody was going to have to go to Lakeview.</p>
<p><strong>Hardy<br /></strong>We fought every day. every day. They shut the school down once, because we fought so much. I mean, it was lunch time, and here come the buses, and it was a mess. I could honestly say that the class of ’74, from Lakeview all the way up to high school, we fought.</p>
<p>Just to take it even a step further, I played football. My thing was football. I was big in sports, and it got to the point where I just decided, “What are we fighting for? I’m tired of fighting.” Did you see the movie <em>Remember the Titans</em>? We finally came together Homecoming. It took Homecoming in the 11<sup>th</sup> grade for us to come together—actually, in the 12<sup>th</sup> grade. It took Homecoming for us to come together. We were down 7-6, and we got in that huddle, and we looked at each other and decided, “That’s it. We’re going to do this.” That was the first time we joined hands and said, “That’s it. No more.” We were on defense, and I was on defense, because I played both ways. when the game started, I was on the field from then to the time the game was over. Gosh, their quarterback dropped back for a pass and we rushed him hard. And he dropped back and he threw it and one of the quarterbacks—I’ll never forget it, Jimmy Clemens, a white guy, intercepted it. We formed a wall and we wiped out everybody and Jimmy ran in for the touchdown and we won the game.</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>But didn’t you all go to the state [championship] that year?</p>
<p><strong>Hardy<br /></strong>No. We didn’t. We didn’t go to state. I’ll tell you what—it took that to bring us together. We really had a time. We really did.</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>It wasn’t every black or white person, but it was certain ones that they had been…</p>
<p><strong>Hardy<br /></strong>It was certain ones. I’ll give you a good example. I have a good friend named Pat Howard, okay? Pat were[sic] practicing one day, and I was on offense at the time. Pat intercepted the ball, and I hit him pretty hard. We were in the shower and I wasn’t expecting Pat to come up to me. He said, “You tried to kill me out there.” I said, “Coach is wearing us out out there. Nah. I didn’t try to kill you.” I said, “You all right?” He said, “Yeah.” We shook it off. The next day we got ready to line up and the coach blew the whistle. He said, “Hardy? You’re over there on defense next to Howard.” Now we’re on the same side. Now it’s getting good. “Don’t come this way,” I said. “I don’t care who you are—black or white. Don’t come this way.” Pat catches on real quick and he stood back to back with me and said, “Don’t come this way.” Now we’re having fun. Now it’s getting real interesting. We’re great friends right now. As a matter of fact, his mother has a barber shop across the street—a hair salon. Betty Ann?</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>Oh, yeah. I don’t know her, but everybody says what a wonderful person she is</p>
<p><strong>Hardy<br /></strong>That’s his mom, so when we get together we hug, fish, and talk. Needless to say, when the wall was torn down—while we were in the pot fighting—there were some friends made in the pot. The wall came down. Doing sports—the wall came down. We realized fighting wasn’t going to do us any good. “You’re here and I’m here. We’ve got to go to the same school. We’re from the same town. Hey, we might as well get along.”</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>Your thought process is that that brought about the change, because you said, “I’m not fighting.” Then you said that to them, and they said that they didn’t want to fight either. You were really a catalyst for the change in your school.</p>
<p><strong>Hardy<br /></strong>Somebody had to do something.</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>Well, I’m glad to meet you, because that was a wonderful thing that you did.</p>
<p><strong>Hardy<br /></strong>All that fighting and carrying on—it gets to the point where you’re like, “Come on. We just did this yesterday.” There was a big change. When we graduated. Tears flew. “I might never see this guy anymore.” I knew these guys, so when reunion time comes around, that’s great. We go get a ride, Pat gets drunk, and I have to take him home[<em>laughs</em>]. All of a sudden he’s hugging you and wants to tell you how much he loves you. The true feelings come out then. When I see him in his momma’s shop, it’s like, “Hey! You didn’t call me!” They look at us like we’re going to tear the place apart.</p>
<p>It had to come to that. The wall inside of me fell. and it didn’t just fall, it crumbled. After I joined the service, it really crumbled, because now those I thought were my enemies were now my friends. Now we’re fighting for the same cause. I’m training them and they’re training me. I’ve been to the battlefield.</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>Which one?</p>
<p><strong>Hardy<br /></strong>[Operation] Desert Storm. I rescued so many I can’t even count the number. I was a combat medic and I’d pull them out of holes and hills, and rescued them out of the battlefields. It has been a great life and it ain’t over yet. The best is yet to come.</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>So when you got out of the service, what did you do?</p>
<p><strong>Hardy<br /></strong>I opened up an automotive repair shop in Columbus, Georgia. That’s where I live now. That’s where I’ve been ever since. I work on everybody’s car [<em>laughs</em>].</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>Now, when you were in school, did any of the girls fight?</p>
<p><strong>Black<br /></strong>Well, he saw more fights than I did. I think that since I went to school in New York, when I got here, I didn’t have to put up a wall, because I understood already, because I understood what was going on. However, as an African-American, I knew where I stood and how far I could go. Which brings me back to the fifth grade and having to—it was an awful feeling to have to feel “less than.” I spent six months knowing that I was more than that. Then you get to a place where you can’t go here and you can’t go there. I think we grew up desiring not to. Which is why when we got old enough and came home, we wanted to see what all the hoopla was about. We wanted to see why we couldn’t go over there. It was to our great disappointment, because there were houses just like ours. Our house looks better than theirs.</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>Okay, but what about the fighting? Did they do any fighting?</p>
<p><strong>Black<br /></strong>Oh, yes. There was fighting. However, I would be in New York, so he would see more. The fights were always in the beginning of the school year and definitely at the end of the school year. The last day of school [<em>laughs</em>].</p>
<p><strong>Hardy<br /></strong>You can’t get suspended. The only thing you can do is go home.</p>
<p><strong>Black<br /></strong>You’ve been saving up the whole year for the last day of school.</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>Get even time.</p>
<p><strong>Black<br /></strong>I think we even picked fights. It was the last day of school.</p>
<p><strong>Hardy<br /></strong>It was wild, I tell you. I think about some of that. There was one in particular. I had a problem with one teacher. This guy—from the moment I walked in his class until the time class was done—did not like me. I didn’t bother with him, but there was this girl that liked me. She was white and she liked me. My thing was, “I can’t do nothing with you. Ain’t no way.” I wasn’t interested, but because she liked me, he was upset about it. She didn’t try to hide it. She liked me and I kept saying, “Look, I can’t do nothing with you.” And he realized what was going on, and one day, he called me outside the classroom and he said, “You are one dirty, stinking, colored boy.” It hit me and I told Dad about it and he said, “Don’t worry about it.” but I still had to deal with this guy</p>
<p>One day in class there was a hand-cranked electrical generator. You can generate electricity with this hand-cranked electrical generator. Now, my dad was a plumber, but he was also a carpenter, and he knew electricity, and he taught me a lot of things. One of the things that he taught me about electricity was if you got in line with the electricity, if you touched it and I’m touching you, then I’m going to get it, okay? He had this electric generator in class and he was trying to prove a point, and the point was that if you touch this—he had us get into a line and hold hands and guess who was last? Guess who was next to last? The young lady. I knew what was going to happen. He was going to crank the generator. He was saying, “Y’all ready?” Everybody was ready. When he made a motion to crank that generator, I snatched my hand out of hers, and her hair stood up on her head, and she said, “Eeeeeee!” [<em>laughs</em>] When she hollered, he looked straight at me. I was standing there looking at him, because I knew. Needless to say, I got an F. I wound up going to summer school and I passed with a B. Stuff like that happened and I couldn’t do anything about it. I had to deal with it.</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>So what happened to that girl?</p>
<p><strong>Hardy<br /></strong>She followed us right on through high school. She was right there. I can’t remember what her name was, but she graduated.</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>But she learned her lesson that—she didn’t mess with you again did she?</p>
<p><strong>Hardy<br /></strong>We went to high school and I would see her and she would—but that was it. I couldn’t. My dad said, “No,” and that was just it. It was taboo and I just didn’t do it. You have to be obedient to your parents, so I didn’t. And with everything that happened to me, I didn’t want anything to do with that. The only thing that got me interested was when they came to the football field and said, “Hey, y’all want to play?” At first, there was a wall. After playing football the first few times, there were a couple of fights and everybody was like, “Come on.” As time went on, you get tired and you say, “Hey, something’s got to give.”</p>
<p><strong>Thompson </strong>So what about the girls? They fought too?</p>
<p><strong>Hardy<br /></strong>Yeah. The girls fought too. You know how girl fights are—tearing clothes off, pulling hair, scratching. [<em>laughs</em>] There was a lot of that too, but when the girls start fighting, a lot of the guys would get in too and they would hold them and keep them from fighting. At the end of school, there weren’t enough people to stop all the fights that broke out though. The only thing you could do was get on the bus and go home. The last bell rang, run to the bus, and go home [<em>laughs</em>].</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>Well, you both have come out with really wonderful attitudes.</p>
<p><strong>Román-Toro<br /></strong>How did you guys feel when the Trayvon Martin case happened? How did you act when you heard about that?</p>
<p><strong>Hardy<br /></strong>I was in Georgia at the time. I was just working in my shop when I found out about it, and I was like, “Man, that thing ain’t going anywhere yet. It’s still there.” I was saying, “Gosh, the only way that this thing is going to leave this city is that some folks just have to die.” How long are we going to be upset with each other? If I get cut, I bleed. If you get cut, you bleed. It’s the same color red. The same thing God did for you, he did it for me. Some folks won’t let it die.</p>
<p>When it happened, I was like, “Wow, here we go again.” Just when you think everything’s good and maybe there’s a chance and we’re doing all right, here we go again. It blew me away. It really hurt, because a lot of people knew me as the guy from Sanford. When I was in school, they used to call me “Sanford.” When Trayvon got killed, everybody was like, “Ain’t you from Sanford? You better look at the news. Something’s going on down there.”</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>Did you talk to any of your friends down here? What did they say?</p>
<p><strong>Hardy<br /></strong>Oh, gosh,. You know, you always get some radical friends, because this happened to Grandma and this happened to Granddaddy. The memory is still there too. People say, “I’m going to get in on it too,” and “I’m going to do something about it.” I’m like, “Hey, man. That ain’t the way.” Then the demonstration—I was so glad that they were peaceful. I didn’t want that for Sanford. I didn’t want all that fighting and carrying on. We fought enough.</p>
<p>I’ve got a lot of sisters down here and a lot of kinfolk, and I’m like, “Hey, man. Be peaceful. Let’s let the law work for a change.” I mean, it’s obvious what happened. If the blind man heard what he said to the 9-1-1 operator, I mean, come on. You<a title="">[1]</a> were out to get that young boy and he didn’t do anything but go to the store. Now, I don’t know what had been happening in the past. I don’t know how many break-ins they had had in the past. I don’t condone that kind of stuff. I mean, if there’s a thief, let’s catch him. I don’t want him to break-in mine. I don’t want him to break-in yours either. You work hard and you don’t want anybody breaking in and taking your stuff. but Trayvon wasn’t doing that. This guy was so obsessed that he just had it out for him, and what he did was wrong.</p>
<p><strong>Black<br /></strong>And overboard.</p>
<p><strong>Hardy<br /></strong>The 9-1-1 operator telling you, “Wait ‘til the authorities arrive.” And you’re going to take matters into your own hands, and, as far as I’m concerned, you’re guilty. You shot that young boy and he didn’t do anything to you. You messed with him. It could have been your brother, son, or cousin. He came from Miami. I hate that he came to Sanford for this thing to happen to him, but it opened up a lot of eyes in this city—black and white.</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>I was so proud of the City of Sanford. They had a thing from the Sheriff’s Department that said that all through that spring there were no reported fights, no break-ins, no attacks, etc. We stood head-and-shoulders above any community that was having all that outside pressure to do something and we didn’t do it. We stood together.</p>
<p><strong>Hardy<br /></strong>And my sister called me and told me, “You should have been here. You should have seen the city. Everybody got together and marched.” It did my heart good. I hate what happened to Trayvon, but it sure did bring this city together and it got people to thinking. I mean, it was something deep inside of me.</p>
<p><strong>Black<br /></strong>When we’re born, that’s something that’s imbedded inside of us from birth. In New York, we say that white babies are born with a backpack full of privileges, and when the black babies are born, the first thing you get is: “You’re black.” If you come from a black parent, this is one of the first things that you’re going to learn. You are Negro. It’s changed several times since then—colored, African-American, black.</p>
<p><strong>Hardy<br /></strong>You heard it different. See, I heard it as, “If you’re white, you’re born with a silver spoon in your mouth. If you’re black, you get a slap on the butt.” [<em>laughs</em>]</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>Okay. Now I want to hear your feelings about what happened to Trayvon.</p>
<p><strong>Black<br /></strong>I’m not an avid television watcher. I certainly try to stay away from the news. I prefer the peace, because I can always hear God speaking. When the Trayvon Martin situation happened, I was unaware of it, but I was in the process of relocating from New York to Sanford, and when I got here in February, I didn’t need the TV. All of our friends and family were talking about it.</p>
<p>What happened to me when I got here, as far as Trayvon is concerned, was that I came downtown really just trying to feel Sanford again, because we were allowed to come on First Street. We used to go to the Rexall Drugs.; we couldn’t eat at the counter thingy, but we could go and get our medicines. Then there was the five-and-dime or the 10-cent store.<a title="">[2]</a> So I came downtown and remembered [inaudible] and Manuel[?] Jacobson and, in passing one of those places and seeing that it was open, I went in.</p>
<p>Immediately, Sarah Jacobson—I got pretty upset, because she wanted to know how I felt about it, but she felt that the world is thinking that Sanford is a horrible place now. and since I was from New York, she wanted to know how I felt. I said to her, “Unfortunately, I’ve just come from New York now, but I’ve lived in Sanford all my life, so I can’t agree with you that this is something different. This has just come out, but they have been killing all along.” That’s what I said to her. “This isn’t new. We don’t know how many black people or children someone has killed and they’re out there in the St. Johns River. I do know that, in my lifetime, Trayvon is not the first one. He’s just the one the Lord is using to clean up Sanford.” Cleaning up Sanford from the top. starting with the police department and everything. We got into a heated discussion, because I wouldn’t back down. I’m the African-American. I know what happened, so I’m not going to listen to you tell me based on what your parents—and all of that. I told her, “Sarah, but you’re still white. You don’t get to have a say in stuff like this. Your opinion is not going to matter to us or to the world, because we look at you and we still see white and all the things that conspired in the meantime.”</p>
<p>She was very proud of her mother. Back during that time, when her mother had Manuel[?] Jacobson, she only had white ladies working for her. Somehow, it had come about in the city that they were going to boycott her, because she didn’t have any black employees. Well, one of the ladies that lived in the neighborhood heard about it and she liked Mrs. Jacobson, so when Mrs. Jacobson got to work that morning to open up the store, this lady was waiting outside so she asked her, “Why are you out here? I’m not open yet.” She said, “Well, I came to apply for that job that you’ve got.” She let her in and she said, “Well, you know I can’t hire you.” And she told her what her credentials would have to be before she could hire her and she just kindly told her that they were going to shut her down that day. She said, “I’ve come here to work for you for free as to save your life.” Sarah thought that that was really great, but not on the woman’s part. she thought her mother had done this awesome thing by letting this black lady come in there. I said, “Sarah, they were going to kill your mother.”</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>Kill the business, not kill the mother.</p>
<p><strong>Black<br /></strong>Well, I don’t see it that way. I don’t see that they were just going to get there and it was going to go over peacefully. I see Mrs. Jacobson in all of that. The black woman really put her life out there to save their livelihood. All Sarah had gotten out of that was that her mother had done this awesome thing for a black woman.</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>Well, did the woman keep her job? Did she continue to work for her or did she just work one day for free?</p>
<p><strong>Black<br /></strong>No. It was for a while until all of that had blown over. People saw that she had employed a black person. From that, Sarah just took this great pride that her mother—I said, “Well, she may have been loved enough by the blacks that this woman would come up to her, but she didn’t do anything great. She came and opened her shop like normal.” We just kind of had it out about that, and she wanted to know how I felt about the Trayvon thing. “Is Sanford really a bad place?” I said, “Well, it’s the same. Nothing’s changed.” She disagreed with me, and that’s okay. I never expected her to agree with me, but I was really pissed inside, because that brought back something. I could feel the ball and the chain around my feet while I was talking to her.</p>
<p>What happens to us is that we know what to say to you and how to be diplomatic when we say it. However, if your attitude is the same as Sarah’s, then we have to come together and see the truth. This isn’t the first time this has happened in Sanford. We really have to control our anger. We don’t intend to be anger[sic], but it angers you when you’re talking to someone and they’re not listening. and you know they’re not listening by what they keep saying back to you. I just finally got tired of talking to Sarah and I told her I didn’t want to discuss that anymore. Sanford hasn’t changed. She said, “I could see this is really upsetting you.” She was laughing and there was this guy there watching. “What’s wrong with you, woman? Okay. it’s your money. It’s your money that’s still got you down here and you own half these buildings here, so okay.” She said, “Well, Patricia, if you’re going to open up a shop down here, you should go over across the street and talk to the black lady over there to see how she’s doing.” I said, “Why? Sarah, I don’t need that, because whatever they’re doing to her, I don’t need to hear her troubles and I’m not going to let any of you all do anything to me while I’m here. I’m from the North, Sarah.” She said, “I still think you should go over there.” I left there with a thorn. I still feel it, but it’s better now, because I get to say it to white people [<em>laughs</em>].</p>
<p>She was purposely sticking something to me. She knew she was doing it. She was laughing the whole time. That bothered me and it really discouraged me from even being downtown. I’m opening my shop over on Sanford Avenue across 25<sup>th</sup> Street. Sarah’s not invited [<em>laughs</em>].</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>Did you have other encounters with blacks or whites in Sanford that you knew when you lived here all those years?</p>
<p><strong>Black<br /></strong>, at this time I’m not going to repeat any of it, because it’s not suitable for the audience. It was negative towards whites. I’m using that word, because I can and it’s true. Sanford as a city has done nothing but grown. It’s the people in Sanford—both black and white. When we speak about different situations, we’re talking about the whites. In our minds—well, they are in charge. Even if we did say “the city of Sanford,” we still mean “whites.” They had lots of opinions, but they were basically what we’ve shared about whites.</p>
<p><strong>Hardy<br /></strong>Our house was next to the bushes, so there wasn’t anything else back there. There was a big ol’ yard. When I went outside—growing up, I can remember having no shirt on—short pants, barefoot. I can remember wearing a shirt, short pants, barefoot. I can remember standing in the road, because my aunt—she used to keep me, and I would always be outside when a story came on called <em>Search for Tomorrow</em>. Do you remember that?</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>Yeah [<em>laughs</em>]. Take a look at this white hair.</p>
<p><strong>Hardy<br /></strong>I remember that. Organ music and everything. And I would go outside, because I didn’t want to be inside the house—no way, no how—because it was on a black-and-white TV. I’d be outside and I’d look over there, because the house across the street was Mr. Jack and Mrs. Blanch’s. They were old folk. No one around was my age except Patricia and—and lived across the alley.</p>
<p><strong>Black<br /></strong>There were other kids, but this is Tenth Street, but when you get to the stop sign, this is where I am. This is the end of Tenth Street—a dead end, actually. It was just he and I as children over here, so we all played together at some point. But at the end of the day, and even at the beginning of the day, it was he and I. Today, we are best friends.</p>
<p><strong>Hardy<br /></strong>We got close.</p>
<p><strong>Black<br /></strong>He can tell you what I looked like. He swears I had ponytails all the time.</p>
<p><strong>Hardy<br /></strong>And it wasn’t hard to figure out who I was either. It was like this most of the time, because this is the only kind of haircut you got. [<em>laughs</em>] Some of the old ladies would plait them. They would take one piece of hair and make this long plait and they’d [inaudible] back and one back here—four big plaits and that was it.</p>
<p><strong>Black<br /></strong>I always had plaits.</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>Now, did she wear little dresses or would she wear shorts?</p>
<p><strong>Hardy<br /></strong>She had a little dress on. Every now and then she’d come out with shorts.</p>
<p><strong>Black<br /></strong>Well, at the age of seven, my mother taught me to sew. At the age of eight, I was doing well enough that, at 10, she bought me my own sewing machine. I would come home from Hopper around third or fourth grade, and all the kids would come out and gather together to go out and play. I would be finishing up my little halter and shorts, and I would go out in an outfit that I just made in 15 minutes. That’s when I would have on shorts. Yeah, but he’s my best friend.</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>Did you ever see him play football?</p>
<p><strong>Black<br /></strong>No. That was during the time we separated in spirit, due to the other part of my story. We separated even though we were still there.</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>Talk about the separation.</p>
<p><strong>Black<br /></strong>We didn’t see each other for about 50 years.</p>
<p><strong>Hardy<br /></strong>We used to walk to school together. Young girls they grow up faster than we do, and they reach a certain point where they lose their mind. It’s just crazy. As young guys we’re like, “What’s the matter with them?” It’s because we don’t have that yet. It was me and you and a whole bunch of girls, and it got to the point where they were way ahead of me. I didn’t have a clue. I realized that something was going on, and at the age that I was, I didn’t want to be a part of it. We used to have to walk to school—talk about no bus. They said, “If you live two miles away, the bus will come.”</p>
<p><strong>Black<br /></strong>We lived two blocks from the two miles.</p>
<p><strong>Hardy<br /></strong>But they told us, “You guys can’t ride the bus,” so we walked. It was a trip. It got to the point where you would see people that lived right around the corner of the school get on the bus. They’d drive from the schoolhouse and drop them off.</p>
<p>We used to walk. And they had gotten to the point where they had begun to walk fast, so me being the only guy, I knew something was different. You start growing up and you start looking in the mirror and you see them and you see yourself and you say, “Nah. I don’t fit. I’m not what they’re looking for.” When they sped up, I slowed down, because I just didn’t—you know, after you’re called “ugly” enough…</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>You were shy.</p>
<p><strong>Hardy<br /></strong>No. I went through school being called ugly, big head, big lips, big feet, and all this stuff. You know, after you hear that enough, you kind of think, “You know, I don’t want to deal with that.” Then I would purposely wait until I would see them turn the corner, and then I would walk on to school. When I got to Sanford Middle School, I already had a license. At 13 years old, I had a driver’s license. I had restriction at 13. I had operator’s at 14. All that walking was done once I got my license.</p>
<p>One of my uncles had a car that was in the bushes and I wanted the car. He laughed me up under the porch. He laughed and laughed. And I stood there until he finally said, “You really want that car, don’t you?” He said, “If you could get it out of the bushes, you can have it.” I went and got my dad’s truck and pulled it out of the bushes. I carried it over to my house, and three days later, I drove it over to his house [<em>laughs</em>].</p>
<p>I had my driver’s license, and I taught my aunt, which was his wife—I taught her how to drive, because he’d try, but he’d freak out and holler at her. I taught her how to drive, so he loved me. I was driving his truck and he bought a Cadillac for her, and she was scared of that car. It was so big. I would drive the Cadillac. Woo, man. The car I pulled out of the bushes. I would drive that. It wasn’t a big deal.</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>Okay. I want to hear a little more about the car. What kind it was and what you did to repair it? That became your life’s calling?</p>
<p><strong>Hardy<br /></strong>I was fixing [inaudible] and lawnmowers since I was eight years old. I didn’t know why. All I knew was that I could do it. When I got the car—which was a ‘64 Oldsmobile Starfire—it was like a tank. It was cast iron. I was teaching her how to drive one day, and she just tore it all up. We didn’t have any insurance. Nothing wrong with the car. [<em>laughs</em>] The other car was all torn up and the owner said, “You could go. [<em>laughs</em>] It was a light blue ’64 Starfire. I got that thing running.</p>
<p>I carried it home, rose up the hood, and started checking stuff out—spark plugs, distributor, wires, battery. and it didn’t take much. I put some gas in it and fired it up. He just gave up on it, basically. I think about that now that I run an automotive repair shop and think, “It just needed a tune-up.” It cut off on him and he went and pushed it into the bushes.</p>
<p>I was driving in junior high school. So when they took off walking, I rode a bicycle for a while, and then I started walking. It wasn’t a big deal. I would see them walking on the other side of the road.</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>And you didn’t even offer them a ride?</p>
<p><strong>Hardy<br /></strong>No [<em>laughs</em>]. I was doing good[sic]. I was satisfied. I drove all the way through high school and everything. I always had something to drive. My dad used to have an old Chevy pickup. I used to drive that. I fixed it up for him. I didn’t realize that God put that gift in me until later—until I accepted him and got saved.</p>
<p>I was reading the Bible—about [King] Solomon. When he was building the [First] Temple, he was trying to figure out, “Who’s going to help me?” Then God told him, “This guy over here knows about bricks, this guy knows about wood, etc.” I got to thinking and realized, “You did that.” [<em>laughs</em>] I thought that I was going to be the mailman after I got out of the army.</p>
<p>I had taken the post office’s<a title="">[3]</a> exam. scored big time. After I came from taking the test, they told me, “You’ve got three interviews already.” I said, “Shoot. I’m going to be the mailman.” I had had about three tickets in the past. I went to Macon and they said, “Oh, you had these a long time ago. Just clear your racket and you’re good. Take the test and everything.” I go to my first interview, and the guy said, “It looks good, but you have too many tickets.” I said, “What do you mean I have ‘too many tickets?’ I talked to these people at Macon and they told me that my driving record is good.” He said, “Man, I can’t use you. You’ve got too many tickets.” I said, “I know what I’m going to do. I’m going back down to Macon to straighten this out.” I went back down to Macon and got another ticket. [<em>laughs</em>]</p>
<p>Now I’m sitting there in the car, and I’m saying to myself, “Lord, what do you want me to do?” He said, “Go home. Enroll in school.” I went home and went to the schoolhouse and enrolled in school and I started the very next day. That’s what he wanted me to do, and I signed up for automotive technology. They thought that I was the best thing since ice cream. I was just doing what I know, and they were like, “Nobody like you has ever come through here.” I kept saying, “Man, all these mechanics...” They said, “Look, no one like you has ever come through here.” I would get my grades and throw them on the table. When it came time to graduate, the instructor walked up to me and gave me these papers and said, “Fill these out.” I looked at the papers and they said, “National Honors Society.” I said, “You got the wrong person. Wait a minute now. National Honors Society means that I’m going to wear a white gown. You got the wrong person.” The guy said, “No. you haven’t seen your grade point average.” I said, “Well, what is it?” He said, “It’s 4.2.” I said, “4.2? How do you get 4.2?” I built a car, and that’s how I got 4.2.</p>
<p>This young lady and I were in the class, and I guess we were neck-to-neck and it got to the end of the class, and I said, “I’ll know what I’ll do. I’ll just build a car. You know, I’ll just put the engine in, and the transmission and everything.” They said, “You ain’t going to be able to do that.” I looked them and said, “Y’all don’t know.” I built that car and I didn’t realize they were looking at me, because I would go to the end of the hall, where the car was, so I could work on it. But they were looking. Finally, I finished it and I stood there and looked at it. I put the key in and fired it up and it looked like everybody came out of the woodwork and it looked like everybody came out and started clapping and everything. I was like, <em>Wow</em>. [<em>laughs</em>] So I filled out the papers and was part of the National Honors Society.</p>
<p>I was floored. I didn’t think that was me. As they finished with the National Honors Society, they said, “Now we’re going to name the Student of the Year.” And they’re going on about this guy and they’re just talking about how great he is and how good he is and I’m saying to myself, <em>This guy must be—goodness, boy. This guy really did good</em>[sic]. They just kept talking until they said, “The Student of the Year is Billy Hardy.” And I’m sitting there and they’re just clapping and hollering, and I’m sitting there, because it didn’t hit me yet. and somebody said to me, “They just called your name.” I looked around at the instructor and walked up to the podium and said, “Y’all said all that about me?” I was like, <em>Wow</em>. I’ve been doing it ever since he blessed me to open up a shop. I worked at the dealership and a couple of other shops and then he blessed me with my own shop.</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>Were you in contact with him when he was in the service?</p>
<p><strong>Black<br /></strong>No. It really was 50 years. It was 50 years last year since we saw each other. It’s been a year now.</p>
<p><strong>Hardy<br /></strong>When I left, I left. I’d come home and ride in and ride out.</p>
<p><strong>Black<br /></strong>I wouldn’t see him though. We still lived in the same places, but we didn’t contact each other. The separation was my doing. I did it because of what was going on in my home. He and I were so close that I knew what he knew. The separation was me not wanting to ruin him by telling him what was happening to me all those years.</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>Okay. If you want to tell that. We have 14 minutes left.</p>
<p><strong>Black<br /></strong>I’m the one that started to walk ahead. I would look over the corner to see if he had come out. If he hadn’t, I would shoot out so I would be ahead. That was because I decided not to tell him what was going on. He was quiet and I could just tell he wouldn’t have known what to do with that information. This had already been happening to me for six years at that point, and we had played together up until that point, so I had to make a decision. It wasn’t until all these years later that I could tell him why.</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>You can tell that if you’d like to.</p>
<p><strong>Black<br /></strong>I had been being molested every week by a family friend in my home or wherever he would drive me to. At one point, Billy and I were playing and he dared me not to do something to him. and I was always hitting on him and everything, because he’s always been a whole lot bigger than me and he dared me this time. He always let me have my way, but this time he was saying, “Oh, you better not do that.” I knew he was serious, but I also knew I was his girl and he was going to let me get away with it. so I did real quickly and I ran across to my yard and he came running after me. The guy that was molesting me was standing there and I ran into the house and as Billy was running to come up behind me, the man hit him. and when I looked back I realized the man was really fixed on me. Billy got up to come after me again, not knowing why this strong man that he didn’t know would punch him like that, and he punched him again. so I knew I had to leave him alone. I made the decision to walk ahead.</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>Did he hurt him?</p>
<p><strong>Hardy<br /></strong>He hit me pretty good. I was just a little fella. If I find him again—I don’t know. I remember clearly how he did that, and I couldn’t have done anything, because this guy was swinging some hammers. He knocked me down about three times and the only thing I could do was get up and go home, you know?</p>
<p><strong>Black<br /></strong>I couldn’t look anymore. I didn’t know what to do. I didn’t know if to tell him that this is what the guy was doing. For me, I let Billy go. I didn’t want to mess him up or leave him thinking he had to save me or something, so I did that. The girls didn’t do that. I was the one that said, “Here comes Billy. Walk a little faster.” The girls didn’t even know why. It was very painful for both of us.</p>
<p>At the age of six, he and I were playing make-believe, and the aunt that he was talking about saw us and called my mother. And at six years old, I got the beating of my life. It was my molester that went and caught me and brought me back, and my mother beat me with a leather belt. and when she stopped swinging me around, I got introduced to shame. The guy was standing there and he watched me get the beating, and from there, he began to touch me and became my friend. So I thought I was saving Billy at that time.</p>
<p>We would still go to school, but we ignored the feelings we had for each other. We were in love at six years old. We went to the store on one of the lawnmowers that he hadn’t fixed yet. I have no idea where I learned any of that from. But for me, the separation was very difficult. because your friend doesn’t know what is going on and I just couldn’t tell him or anybody else.</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>And for how long did that go on?</p>
<p><strong>Black<br /></strong>For 11 years. I was 17. By the time. But by that time, our lives had gone in different directions.</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>When did you go to the military?</p>
<p><strong>Hardy<br /></strong>In ’76. After football season I said, “It’s time to go.”</p>
<p><strong>Black<br /></strong>I never did try to contact him all these years. I wouldn’t ask his sisters or anybody where he was. I just always prayed to God that one day, I could see him again. and, lo and behold, that was last year. It was always in me, because the day after, he never asked me, “What happened to you?” We never asked each other that. I believe that if he had asked me that, it would have given me a chance to say. But since we didn’t—by the time we’re 12, I’m trying to protect him. I had determined, through all those years, that if my name ever came out of his mouth, I would go.</p>
<p>It was 50 years later, and he was talking to a cousin, and he asked about me and she called me in New York and told me, “Billy was asking about you. He wants your number.” And I asked, “My Billy?” She said, “Yeah.” I said, “Billy boy? My Billy boy?” And I started to cry and asked her, “’Tricia, is it my Billy boy?” And she kept saying, “Yes.” Even she knew what it was. She asked, “Do you want me to give him your number?” I said, “No. give me his.” It had been long enough. I called him immediately, and, probably to his annoyance, I called him every day since then [<em>laughs</em>].</p>
<p>My father owned a school bus, a big truck, and a car. The bus was to carry the people up North and the yard was always full. The backyard was where Daddy kept all his vehicles was actually right in his view.</p>
<p><strong>Hardy<br /></strong>So I knew when they came from up North. When the trucks and the buses were out there, I knew she was back. We were like Forrest Gump and Jenny [<em>laughs</em>].</p>
<p><strong>Thompson<br /></strong>This was just wonderful and I’d love to do it again.</p>
<div><br /><div>
<p><a title="">[1]</a> George [Michael] Zimmerman.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[2]</a> Next to the Sanford Atlantic Bank.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[3]</a> United States Postal Service (USPS).</p>
</div>
</div>
10th Street
11th Street
1st Street
25th Street
African Americans
Army
Bay Avenue
Bigham, Patricia Ann Black
Black, Patricia Ann
car
Celery Avenue
Celery Soup: Florida's Folk Life Play
child molestation
Clemens, Jimmy
Columbus, Georgia
Creative Sanford, Inc.
Crooms Academy
Crooms High School
desegregation
Eleventh Street
First Street
football
Hardy, Bill
Hopper Academy
Howard, Pat
integration
Jacobson, Manuel
Jacobson, Sarah
Jones, Willie
Lakeview Middle School
Martin, Trayvon Benjamin
Mellonville Avenue
migrant worker
miscegenation
National Honor Society
New York
NHS
North Rose Wolcott School
Oldsmobile Starfire
Operation Desert Storm
oral history
race relations
Rexall
Rochester, New York
Roman-Toro, Freddie
Sanford
Sanford Avenue
Sanford Junior High School
Sanford Middle School
school
segregation
Seminole High School
sexual abuse
taboo
Tenth Street
Thompson, Trish
U.S. Route 17-92
veteran
-
https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/a9d270be8ca95555199c6fc1c165e697.jpg
b1c2b37e00b9891797a9965336376816
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
Patricia Black Collection
Alternative Title
Black Collection
Subject
Sanford (Fla.)
Migrant workers
Agricultural laborers--Florida
Migration, Internal--United States
Farm laborers
Upstate New York (N.Y.)
Chase and Company (Sanford, Fla.)
Madison (Fla.)
Houses and homes
Rochester (N.Y.)
Description
Collection of photographs and ephemera donated by <a title="Photo of Patricia Black" href="http://s2.postimg.org/4mpxwg2u1/P3212376.jpg">Patricia Ann Black</a> (1956- ), the daughter of Pilgrim Black (1905-2002) and Lula Mae Haynes Black (1917-2007). <br /><br />Pilgrim was born in 1905, although some records list 1907 as his birth year. Pilgrim and Lula were migrant crew leaders, and thus migrated to Upstate New York in the summers and back to their home in Sanford, Florida, for the rest of the year. Pilgrim was the son of Harry Black (d. 1911) and Maggie Benjamin Black (ca. 1870-ca. 1934), who migrated to Sanford from South Carolina in the 1800s. Harry and Maggie had several children: Leckward Black, Mustar Black, Malachi Black, Leatha Black Walker (1889-1976), Pilgrim Black, Margaret Black Jones (1889-1976), and Harriett Black Lawson.<br /><br />In 1911, Harry owned a grocery store at 206 South Sanford Avenue. One day, he came home from work with pneumonia and passed away shortly thereafter. Pilgrim was nine years old when his father passed away. Maggie was the daughter of former slaves, Isaac Benjamin and Roseanna Benjamin, and the sister of Nathan Benjamin, Pledge Benjamin, Sam Benjamin, Louis Benjamin, Chainey Benjamin, Lara Benjamin, Melvina Benjamin, and Katie Benjamin. Pilgrim had to quit school at age 11 in order to provide for his mother, originally working in a mill house until he was 18 years old. After declining a management position, he traveled to Wayne County in Upstate New York to pick cherries, apples, pears, and other crops. He broke a bone after falling from an apple tree his first year and decided to try farm labor on a potato farm in Red Creek instead. Don Holdridge, the farmer who owned the land, noted Pilgrim's high rate of productivity and offered him a management position supervising up to 30 workers at once, which he accepted. Pilgrim also worked as a foreman in Sanford for Chase & Company for over 30 years. He married Lula in 1937 and they had several children together, including Vivian Louise Black (1940-), Lula Yvonne Black (1942-), Charles Samuel Black (1945-), Pilgrim Black, Jr. (ca.1947-), and Patricia. <br /><br />Patricia was born August 31, 1956, and grew up at the end of East Tenth Street in Sanford, Florida. She attended Hopper Elementary through sixth grade, Lakeview Middle School for seventh grade, Sanford Junior High School for eighth grade, Crooms High School for ninth grade, and Seminole High School through twelfth grade. She also attended school in the North Rose-Wolcott district each year while in New York. During fourth grade, integration began and parents were given the choice to have their children to attend other schools, but Patricia chose to continue attending an all-black school until she entered seventh grade in 1968 and began attending integrated schools. <br /><br />In June 1973, Patricia married her first husband, Clint Holt (1955- ); however, the couple quickly separated due to domestic violence and divorced around 1977. Patricia gave birth to her first child, Charmion Le'Antwinetta Holt in 1974. She also had three other children with William Bigham, Jr. (1952- ), who she was married to for 33 years: William Arthur Bigham III (1982- ), Brandon Oliver Black (1990- ), and Tempestt Teonte’ Black (1992- ). She lives in the family home built by her grandmother, Maggie Benjamin Black on East Tenth Street in Sanford. <br /><br />Patricia endured weekly molestation for 11n years from age six to age 17, and was raped at age seventeen while pregnant with Charmion. At age 29, Patricia became severely addicted to smoking cocaine. After seven years, Patricia was able to overcome her addiction and has maintained her sobriety for 21 years. Despite her traumatic experiences, Patricia has developed a devout relationship with God. While in recovery, Patricia refocused her attention on spreading her ministry of love by becoming a foster parent, serving as the Parent Representative of the Committee for Special Education (CSE), and serving on her local school board in the North Rose-Wolcott school district. <br /><br />Patricia also has owned her own business making incense and importing shea butter from Africa. She also became a licensed nail technician specializing in stress-relieving pedicures. As of 2009, Patricia is retired but still maintains some involvement in her business/ministry named GIFTED.
Contributor
Black, Patricia Ann
Language
eng
Type
Collection
Coverage
Madison, Florida
Sanford, Florida
Rochester, New York
Wayne County, New York
Wolcott, New York
Accrual Method
Donation
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>.
Source Repository
Private Collection of Patricia Ann Black
External Reference
Coles, Robert. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67637" target="_blank"><em>Uprooted Children; The Early Life of Migrant Farm Workers</em></a>. [Pittsburgh]: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1970.
Piore, Michael J. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank"><em>Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies</em></a> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
Flewellyn, Valada S. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank"><em>African Americans of Sanford</em></a>. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub, 2009.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.
Original Format
1 color photograph
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
Lula Mae Haynes Black and Pilgrim Black in New York
Alternative Title
Lula and Pilgrim Black
Subject
Upstate New York (N.Y.)
Migrant workers
Wayne County (N.Y.)
Agricultural laborers--New York (State)
Farm laborers
Huron (N.Y. : Town)
Description
Lula Mae Haynes Black (1917-2007) and Pilgrim Black (1905-2002) in the kitchen of the "big house" of the migrant worker camp in Wayne County, New York. This is the kitchen where Lula operated her restaurant, despite the lack of running water. In this photograph, Pilgrim is drinking morning coffee before going to work as a migrant crew leader. <br /><br />Pilgrim Black was born in 1905, although some records list 1907 as his birth year. Pilgrim and Lula Mae Haynes (1917-2007) Black were migrant crew leaders, and thus migrated to Wayne County in Upstate New York in the summers and back to their home in Sanford for the rest of the year. Pilgrim was the son of Harry Black (d. 1911) and Maggie Benjamin Black (ca.1870-ca.1934), who migrated to Sanford from South Carolina in the 1800s. Harry and Maggie had several children: Leckward Black, Mustar Black, Malachi Black, Leatha Black Walker (1889-1976), Pilgrim Black, Margaret Black Jones (1889-1976), and Harriett Black Lawson. In 1911, Harry owned a grocery store at 206 South Sanford Avenue. One day, he came home from work with pneumonia and passed away shortly thereafter. Pilgrim was nine years old when his father passed away. Maggie was the daughter of former slaves, Isaac and Roseanna Benjamin, and the sister of Nathan Benjamin, Pledge Benjamin, Sam Benjamin, Loui Benjamin, Chainey Benjamin, Lara Benjamin, Melvina Benjamin, and Katie Benjamin. <br /><br /> Pilgrim had to quit school at age 11 in order to provide for his mother, originally working in a mill house until he was 18 years old. After declining a management position, he traveled to Wayne County to pick cherries, apples, pears, and other crops. He broke a bone after falling from an apple tree his first year and decided to try farm labor on a potato farm in Red Creek, New York, instead. Don Holdridge, the farmer who owned the land, noted Pilgrim's high rate of productivity and offered him a management position supervising up to thirty workers at once, which he accepted. <br /><br /> While in Sanford, Pilgrim also worked as a foreman in Sanford for Chase & Company for over 30 years. He married Lula in 1937 and they had several children together, including Vivian Louise Black (1940- ); Lula Yvonne Black (1942- ); Charles Samuel Black (1945- ); Pilgrim Black, Jr. (ca.1947- ), and Patricia Ann Black (1956- ).
Type
Still Image
Source
Original color photograph: Private Collection of Patricia Ann Black.
Is Referenced By
<em>The Magazine of Wayne County History</em>, Vol. II, Iss. I, page 4.
Is Format Of
Digital reproduction of original color photograph.
Coverage
Huron, New York
Contributor
Black, Patricia Ann
Date Created
ca. 1960-1969
Format
image/jpg
Extent
152 KB
Medium
1 color photograph
Mediator
History Teacher
Provenance
Originally owned by Pilgrim Black.
Inherited by Patricia Ann Black in 2002.
Rights Holder
Copyright to the resource is held by Patricia Ann Black and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only.
Accrual Method
Donation
Contributing Project
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/72/" target="_blank">Patricia Black Collection</a>
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
External Reference
Coles, Robert. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67637" target="_blank"><em>Uprooted Children: The Early Life of Migrant Farm Workers</em></a>. [Pittsburgh]: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1970.
Piore, Michael J. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank"><em>Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies</em></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
Source Repository
Private Collection of Patricia Ann Black
agricultural laborer
Bigham, Patricia Ann Black
Black, Lula Mae Haynes
Black, Patricia Ann
Black, Pilgrim
farm labor
farm laborer
Haynes, Lula Mae
Huron, New York
kitchen
laborer
migrant crew leader
migrant labor
migrant worker
restaurant
Upstate New York
Wayne County, New York