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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
U.S. Census Collection
Alternative Title
Census Collection
Subject
Census--United States
Population--United States
Orange County (Fla.)
Marion County (Fla.)
Brevard County (Fla.)
St. Lucie County (Fla.)
Seminole County (Fla.)
Volusia County (Fla.)
Flagler County (Fla.)
Lake County (Fla.)
Osceola County (Fla.)
Description
Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000.
The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation.
In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc.
The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office.
Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data.
The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing.
The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior.
Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor.
The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities.
The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another.
The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions.
The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire.
Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs.
The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census.
The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input.
In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators.
Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes.
For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP).
The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online.
As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts.
For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP).
The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online.
As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts.
For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD.
Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year.
Language
eng
Type
Collection
Coverage
Mosquito County, Florida
Brevard County, Florida
Flagler County, Florida
Lake County, Florida
Marion County, Florida
Orange County, Florida
Osceola County, Florida
Seminole County, Florida
Volusia County, Florida
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Contributor
Gibson, Ella
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>.
Rights Holder
<span>This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws:</span>
<ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li>
<li>create derivative works</li>
<li>perform the work publicly</li>
<li>display the work</li>
<li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li>
</ul><span>This resources is provided here by </span><a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a><span> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to </span><a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a><span> of </span><a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a><span>.</span>
Source Repository
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>
External Reference
<span>United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank"><em>Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</em></a></span><span>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf.</span>
<span>United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank"><em>The History and Growth of the United States Census</em></a></span><span>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf.</span>
"<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Original Format
1 table
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1940
Alternative Title
Census, 1940
Subject
Census--United States
Orange County (Fla.)
Marion County (Fla.)
Brevard County (Fla.)
St. Lucie County (Fla.)
Seminole County (Fla.)
Volusia County (Fla.)
Flagler County (Fla.)
Lake County (Fla.)
Osceola County (Fla.)
Population--United States
Description
The Sixteenth United States Census records for Brevard County, Flagler County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County, Osceola County, Seminole County, and Volusia County, Florida for 1940. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white" and "black"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who were foreign born were further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the population categorized by age, primary and secondary school attendance, and college attendance. The census also collected information on agriculture, on manufacturing, on commerce, on unemployment, and on labor.<br /><br />Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probablity sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and was also able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs.
Type
Dataset
Source
Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1940.
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida.
Is Format Of
Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1940.
Coverage
Brevard County, Florida
Flagler County, Florida
Lake County, Florida
Marion County, Florida
Orange County, Florida
Osceola County, Florida
Seminole County, Florida
Volusia County, Florida
Creator
<a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>
Publisher
<a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>
Contributor
Gibson, Ella
Date Created
ca. 1940-04-01
Format
image/jpg
Extent
2.05 MB
Medium
1 table
Language
eng
Mediator
History Teacher
Economics Teacher
Civics/Government Teacher
Geography Teacher
Provenance
Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> and published by the <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>.
Rights Holder
This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws:
<ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form;</li>
<li>create derivative works;</li>
<li>perform the work publicly;</li>
<li>display the work;</li>
<li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li>
</ul>
This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>.
Accrual Method
Item Creation
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
External Reference
"<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1940.html" target="_blank">1940 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1940.html.
United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank"><em>Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</em></a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf.
United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank"><em>The History and Growth of the United States Census</em></a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1940. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf.
"<a href="http://www.census.gov/1940census/" target="_blank">Taking You Back to the 1940s</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/1940census/.
Transcript
U.S. Census of 1940
Population
Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County
Population Total 16,142 3,008 27,255 31,243 70,074 10,119 22,304 53,710
Males 8,175 1,631 13,553 15,574 33,901 5,118 11,234 25,899
Females 7,967 1,377 13,702 15,669 36,173 5,001 11,070 27,811
Black Population Total 5,256 1,334 7,602 13,671 16,940 2,061 10,751 14,787
Other Race Population Total 15 5 0 0 2 12 3 18
Native-Born Population Total 10,421 1,561 19,039 17,220 50,977 7,777 11,182 36,813
Males 7,912 1,569 13,224 15,374 32,841 4,967 11,024 24,890
Females 7,753 1,329 13,411 15,511 35,059 4,878 10,898 26,692
Foreign-Born Population Total 450 108 614 352 2,155 269 368 2,092
Males 263 62 329 200 1,060 151 210 1,009
Females 214 48 291 158 1,114 123 172 1,119
Foreign-Born Population by Country of Origin Latvia 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0
Finland 4 0 28 1 2 1 3 18
Rumania 0 0 1 3 15 0 10 7
Bulgaria 0 0 3 0 2 0 8 2
Greece 5 0 4 4 29 1 9 34
Italy 28 1 25 11 80 8 10 51
Lithuania 2 4 3 0 3 1 0 5
U.S.S.R. (Russia) 4 3 13 6 86 0 10 58
Yugoslavia 4 0 2 0 7 1 0 25
Hungary 3 6 14 2 33 4 8 36
Austria 16 4 12 6 59 14 4 40
Czechoslovakia 29 3 3 1 47 0 29 6
Belgium 1 0 4 0 10 0 1 8
Netherlands 15 1 7 8 22 3 2 32
Denmark 22 0 10 4 27 4 3 33
Sweden 13 5 73 13 107 12 31 107
Norway 11 1 11 4 38 2 2 23
Irish Free State 19 1 11 9 44 18 8 43
Northern Ireland 1 0 6 4 18 2 4 23
Wales 7 0 4 0 16 4 0 13
Scotland 8 5 25 20 69 11 20 81
England 71 18 102 73 372 48 57 489
Poland 5 34 22 17 40 1 2 43
Germany 91 8 73 60 266 54 44 267
France 12 6 6 11 46 3 9 33
Switzerland 3 0 10 3 27 4 9 24
Spain 1 0 1 0 6 1 2 5
Portugal 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 9
Azores 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 5
Australia 0 1 5 1 7 0 0 7
Central and South America 1 0 6 1 12 0 4 12
Cuba and Other West Indies 5 0 6 3 44 2 4 27
Mexico 1 0 1 0 5 1 1 1
Canada, Other 61 5 102 57 481 59 56 441
French Canada 2 1 9 4 34 6 2 33
Asian Countries 0 0 6 0 21 1 2 9
Turkey (Asia) 1 0 0 1 28 1 4 3
Palestine and Syria 0 1 0 22 22 1 5 27
Other European Countries 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 2
Luxemburg 2 0 0 1 2 1 5 0
Education
Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County
Population Attending School by Age 5-6 188 29 279 323 650 76 239 493
7-13 1,830 329 3,008 4,001 7,671 1,011 2,592 5,559
14-15 505 81 836 1,131 2,071 298 677 1,705
16-17 373 44 592 848 1,597 207 482 1,259
18-20 199 21 354 422 906 86 276 845
21-24 37 10 81 91 227 29 68 184
Years of School Completed for Males 0 181 112 431 669 688 176 429 639
1-4 847 286 1,367 1,715 3,008 456 1,501 2,054
5-6 650 130 1,103 1,286 2,356 499 1,019 1,946
7-8 1,313 208 2,065 1,932 4,810 1,062 1,377 4,283
Years of High School Completed for Males 1-3 619 101 941 1,133 2,861 389 727 2,181
4 639 54 958 834 3,231 359 650 2,260
Years of College Completed for Males 1-3 308 33 500 346 1,505 139 322 1,091
4+ 255 19 489 307 1,602 127 224 1,165
Males with School Completion Not Reported Total 55 11 64 188 257 13 34 81
Years of School Completed for Females 0 133 50 224 467 493 90 265 447
1-4 575 178 940 1,309 2,141 294 1,138 1,596
5-6 577 116 983 1,249 2,414 384 1,024 1,828
7-8 1,199 157 1,912 1,981 4,999 1,026 1,248 4,536
Years of High School Completed for Females 1-3 689 100 1,197 1,357 3,529 523 852 3,005
4 887 77 1,339 1,102 4,939 546 891 3,678
Years of College Completed for Females 1-3 389 31 670 477 1,849 163 420 1,547
4+ 200 14 437 295 1,334 98 237 1,016
Females with School Completion Not Reported Total 26 5 44 46 191 1 12 74
Agriculture
Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County
Number of Farms by Race White 715 104 1,966 1,324 2,337 432 706 1,454
Non-White 49 3 51 822 62 10 54 64
Acreage of Farms by Race White 169,671 30,726 111,511 188,138 207,353 488,471 64,934 261,864
Non-White 1,268 60 2,013 31,912 2,482 117 810 1,422
Farms by Ownership and Management Full Owners 649 88 1,767 1,399 1,399 355 583 1,292
Part Owners 25 12 50 334 334 25 68 80
Manager-Operated 60 2 117 69 69 15 39 34
Farms by Tenure Total 30 5 83 344 107 47 70 112
Share Tenants and Croppers 0 0 11 62 12 3 9 12
Share-Cash Tenants 0 0 0 8 1 0 1 2
Cash Tenant-Operated 9 4 34 171 53 30 45 63
Other Tenant-Operated 21 1 38 103 41 14 15 37
Farm Acreage by Ownership and Management Full Owners 8,750 3,175 32,704 34,004 33,942 3,409 7,140 12,749
Part Owners 292 1,446 2,384 16,380 1,586 198 1,917 1,862
Manager-Operated 28,717 N/A 17,453 34,549 41,939 62,552 4,211 70,395
Acres of Land in Farms of Full Owners Total 28,438 8,868 83,123 123,333 135,783 189,299 41,437 65,959
Acres of Land in Farms of Part Owners Total 112,463 18,743 8,080 36,018 28,108 143,323 18,300 118,971
Owned Land 31,403 1,233 3,468 21,809 4,996 14,542 11,861 9,179
Farm Acreage by Tenure Total 1,321 61 4,868 26,150 4,005 93,414 1,796 7,961
Share Tenants and Croppers 0 N/A 369 4,255 N/A 138 N/A 5,257
Share-Cash Tenants 0 61 0 379 518 0 308 0
Cash Tenants 236 N/A 2,191 15,049 1,377 92,716 661 1,235
Other Tenants 1,085 N/A 2,308 6,467 2,110 560 827 1,469
Farms by Acreage 3-9 162 6 327 216 567 84 211 381
10-19 274 26 819 559 898 138 267 568
20-29 174 13 523 306 585 91 169 375
30-49 126 28 336 431 371 80 100 205
50-69 47 12 141 190 143 23 56 86
70-99 43 8 145 256 138 29 29 74
100-139 30 4 93 125 85 15 31 52
140-179 26 9 36 112 50 11 10 23
175-179 0 2 3 5 2 0 1 2
180-219 9 3 29 68 30 3 9 14
220-259 4 0 2 38 16 3 1 14
260-379 7 3 21 61 22 9 1 20
380-499 4 1 12 26 11 3 5 5
500-699 3 1 9 23 10 3 4 4
700-999 7 1 6 13 10 2 1 3
1,000+ 14 5 10 24 9 36 7 24
Acres of Cropland Harvested on Farms of Managers Total 2,935 N/A 9,271 8,325 11,386 931 2,944 2,844
Acres of Cropland Harvested on Farms of Tenants Total 560 26 1,911 8,442 528 313 555 506
Share Tenants and Croppers 0 N/A 125 2,023 N/A 81 N/A 71
Share-Cash Tenants 0 26 0 112 150 0 162 0
Cash Tenants 31 N/A 450 4,160 143 106 307 305
Other Tenants 529 N/A 1,336 2,147 235 126 86 130
Value of Farms Under 10 Acres Total $170 $6 $340 $220 $606 $87 $239 $423
Value of Farm Buildings on Tenant Farms Total $57,580 $800 $49,350 $176,635 $77,100 $39,475 $61,275 $124,190
Share Tenants and Croppers $0 $0 $4,950 $27,655 $17,700 $6,100 $21,300 $17,100
Share-Cash Tenants $0 $0 $0 $3,710 $0 $0 N/A $0
Cash Tenants $13,450 N/A $29,850 $98,250 $35,250 $23,450 $33,425 $70,750
Other Tenants $44,130 N/A $14,550 $47,020 $24,150 $9,925 $5,550 $36,340
Value of Farm Land Buildings By Ownership and Management Full Owners $6,524,000 $468,000 $14,608,732 $4,220,440 $20,378,911 $2,041,470 $4,986,379 $8,333,465
Part Owners $490,700 $153,500 $642,155 $1,160,466 $1,037,610 $345,313 $1,465,319 $1,031,531
Manager-Operated $2,179,500 N/A $3,940,936 $2,136,970 $6,052,604 $320,880 $1,363,018 $1,820,022
Value of Farm Land Buildings on Tenant Farms Total $480,200 $4,150 $234,380 $624,360 $472,190 $449,085 $382,550 $342,185
Share Tenants and Croppers $0 N/A $16,995 $93,490 N/A $28,000 N/A $51,200
Share-Cash Tenants $0 $4,150 $0 $10,465 $139,200 $0 $95,600 $0
Cash Tenants $24,400 N/A $87,745 $341,600 $143,020 $357,335 $226,550 $188,325
Other Tenants $455,800 N/A $129,640 $178,805 $189,970 $63,750 $60,400 $102,660
Value of Farm Land Buildings by Race White $9,373,800 $686,850 $19,282,088 $7,485,731 $7,485,731 $3,139,498 $8,104,051 $11,357,438
Non-White $300,600 $5,000 $144,115 $656,505 $656,505 $17,250 $93,215 $169,765
Value of Farm Implements and Machinery by Ownership and Operation Full Owners $1,250,220 $145,775 $2,398,955 $1,444,823 $3,787,109 $470,435 $1,209,070 $2,139,500
Part Owners $47,600 $25,325 $96,645 $365,566 $157,250 $30,650 $220,675 $199,935
Manager-Operated $218,500 N/A $196,090 $192,015 $444,016 $37,651 $139,524 $148,894
Value of Farm Implements and Machinery on Tenant Farms Total $9,575 $800 $16,610 $89,513 $13,085 $9,873 $27,177 $30,840
Share Tenants and Croppers $0 $0 $1,975 $13,255 $2,440 $1,970 $11,117 $2,535
Share-Cash Tenants $0 $0 $0 $1,165 N/A $0 N/A $0
Cash Tenants $6,250 N/A $14,080 $54,562 $8,550 $6,040 $14,650 $23,975
Other Tenants $3,325 N/A $555 $20,531 $2,070 $1,863 $1,210 $4,330
Value of Farm Implements and Machinery by Ownership and Operation Full Owners $260,622 $80,526 $333,441 $380,938 $510,070 $81,756 $332,728 $345,871
Part Owners $30,540 $42,717 $41,220 $159,302 $59,630 $7,890 $133,112 $58,115
Manager-Operated $62,470 N/A $178,375 $113,821 $145,223 $10,400 $53,052 $59,095
Value of All Crops Harvested Total $1,038,148 $501,412 $2,922,914 $1,410,710 $3,796,758 $307,552 $3,083,712 $1,401,807
Vegetables (for sale and for farm households) $39,560 $78,230 $239,125 $392,898 $219,593 $26,705 $2,325,406 $81,734
Fruits and Nuts $942,134 $2,429 $2,393,123 $486,945 $3,350,438 $271,885 $406,025 $809,119
Horticultural Specialties $52,249 N/A $238,247 $25,111 $197,802 $2,127 $298,859 $470,353
All Other Crops $878 N/A $2,932 $17,901 $807 $877 $95 $1,459
Irish and Sweet Potatoes $2,688 $367,580 $10,344 $24,872 $2,903 $3,244 $20,856 $17,578
Cereals N/A $28,406 $7,927 $165,793 $2,500 $631 $27,304 $8,604
Corn (harvested for grain) N/A $28,406 $7,909 $164,222 $2,448 $610 $27,304 $8,572
Other Grains and Seeds $24 $290 $5,264 $120,720 $362 $570 $71 $2,151
Hay and Forage $99 $23,572 $9,705 $145,127 $22,353 $1,513 $4,853 $10,809
Forest Products Sold Total 755 N/A 5,263 36,190 1,421 3,133 2,322 18,088
Manufacturing and Labor
Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County
Manufacturing Establishments Total 15 7 30 39 71 12 16 59
Wages Paid in Manufacturing Total $71,590 $4,073 $471,766 $382,112 $842,257 $371,217 $162,698 $467,223
Value of Products of Manufacturing Establishments Total $329 $93 $1,923 $2,447 $5,991 $1,020 $1,488 $2,451
Cost of Materials, Supplies, Fuels, Purchased Electrical Energy Total $120 $64 $872 $1,208 $2,964 $367 $792 $1,021
Wholesale Business Establishments Total 31 5 53 36 146 9 16 69
Active Proprietors of Unincorporated Wholesale Business Establishments Total 22 3 37 27 75 9 23 55
Number of Employees of Wholesale Business Establishments Total 495 4 1,285 356 3,284 90 744 479
Service Business Establishments Total 89 7 107 66 369 37 125 270
Active Proprietors of Unincorporated Service Business Establishments Total 89 5 104 64 366 42 131 274
Retail Stores Total 409 59 442 362 1,192 146 411 1,083
Amount of Retail Sales Total $5,366 $478 $7,010 $7,734 $31,510 $2,144 $5,189 $19,364
Active Proprietors of Unincorporated Retail Businesses Total 381 48 407 306 1,046 143 357 977
Persons in the Labor Force Males 4,908 1,059 7,909 9,021 20,740 2,776 6,842 14,854
Females 1,835 187 2,634 3,111 10,132 851 3,081 6,907
Employed Persons Males 4,385 1,016 6,941 8,090 18,408 2,424 6,293 12,236
Females 1,615 164 2,294 2,603 8,864 690 2,841 6,076
Employed Clerical, Sales, and Kindred Workers Males 352 26 609 648 2,860 180 488 1,562
Females 230 15 384 390 1,879 113 291 1,100
Employed Craftsmen, Foremen, and Kindred Workers Males 429 68 632 675 2,396 301 561 1,685
Females 6 0 5 8 66 4 9 27
Employed Operatives and Kindred Workers Males 543 83 766 992 2,461 307 1,128 1,513
Females 165 1 267 158 999 78 592 330
Employed Domestic Service Workers Males 67 7 121 80 457 8 51 338
Females 623 56 769 903 2,971 176 627 2,134
Employed Service Workers, Except Domestic Males 234 33 310 351 1,343 104 227 1,208
Females 221 12 240 278 1,145 127 183 1,129
Employed Proprietors, Managers and Officials Males 601 92 745 790 2,545 262 665 1,978
Females 128 12 144 148 441 66 85 424
Employed Professional Workers Males 149 18 248 257 835 84 167 669
Females 136 12 311 314 1,025 85 191 693
Employed Semiprofessional Workers Males 38 2 50 36 175 15 30 151
Females 9 0 12 3 57 9 6 34
Employed Farm Laborers, Unpaid Family Workers Males 15 11 40 186 39 21 46 38
Females 2 1 8 55 9 3 16 51
Employed Laborers, Except Farm Males 758 419 995 1,093 2,007 664 689 1,656
Females 4 2 13 35 31 3 49 18
Employed Farmers and Farm Managers Males 345 84 675 1,518 767 228 480 596
Females 43 2 43 68 69 13 37 46
Employed Female Farm Laborers and Foremen (Wage Workers) Total 20 50 73 222 116 3 826 52
Registered Emergency Workers Total 248 56 310 463 653 192 344 693
White Males 90 31 165 234 302 110 101 311
White Females 61 19 69 58 173 40 77 118
Black Males 80 6 54 136 118 30 139 245
Black Females 17 0 22 35 60 12 27 19
Persons Employed in Public Emergency Workers Males 217 21 315 411 723 147 243 1,106
Females 89 17 132 146 367 76 130 252
Employed Persons, Occupation Not Reported Males 35 6 79 46 139 19 31 73
Females 28 1 25 21 56 10 11 38
Totally Unemployed Persons, Registered Total 529 39 629 1,290 1,952 405 809 1,956
White Males 146 24 269 360 780 208 199 586
White Females 75 10 156 186 506 114 90 332
Black Males 107 4 103 352 346 37 336 499
Black Females 201 1 101 392 317 46 184 537
Partially Unemployed Persons, Registered Total 606 43 723 1,090 1,736 322 810 1,724
White Males 179 24 368 356 905 159 196 682
White Females 48 5 64 47 204 70 35 114
Black Males 233 13 208 512 424 54 410 646
Black Females 126 1 82 174 201 39 169 281
Persons Seeking Work Males 306 22 653 520 1,609 205 306 1,512
Females 131 6 208 362 901 85 110 579
New Persons Workers Seeking Work Males 26 2 24 32 68 8 12 97
Females 9 1 11 28 65 7 5 53
African Americans
agriculture
Asian Americans
Australian Americans
Azorean Americans
Belgian Americans
Brevard County
British Americans
Bulgarian Americans
Canadian Americans
Caribbean Americans
Caucasian Americans
census
Census of 1940
Central Americans
cereals
clerical
college
corn
crop
cropland
Cuban Americans
Czech Americans
Czechoslovakian Americans
Danish Americans
domestic service
Dutch Americans
education
electricity
emergency workers
employees
employment
energy
English Americans
European Americans
farm laborers
farm managers
farm workers
farming
farming implements
farms
females
Finnish Americans
Flagler County
forage
forest products
forestry
French Americans
fruits
fuel
German Americans
grain
Greek Americans
hay
Hispanic Americans
horticultural specialties
horticulture
Hungarian Americans
Irish Americans
Irish potatoes
Italian Americans
kindred
labor
laborers
Lake County
Latin Americans
Latinas
Latinos
Latvian Americans
Lithuanian Americans
Luxembourger Americans
machinery
males
managers
manufacturing
Marion County
Mexican Americans
Northern Irish Americans
Norwegian Americans
nuts
officials
operatives
orange county
Osceola County
Palestinian Americans
Polish Americans
population
Portuguese Americans
potatoes
primary education
professionals
proprietors
public emergency workers
retail
Romanian Americans
Russian Americans
sales
Scandinavian Americans
school
Scotch Americans
Scottish Americans
secondary education
seeds
Seminole County
semiprofessionals
service industry
sharecroppers
sharecropping
Slovakian Americans
South Americans
Soviet Americans
Spanish Americans
stores
Swedish Americans
sweet potatoes
Swiss Americans
Syrian Americans
tenant farmers
tenant farming
tenants
Turkish Americans
U.S. Census
unemployment
university
vegetables
Volusia County
wages
Welsh Americans
West Indian Americans
wholesale
workers
Yugoslavian Americans
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3d767678891393a5630a9771d2e217e8
Dublin Core
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Title
U.S. Census Collection
Alternative Title
Census Collection
Subject
Census--United States
Population--United States
Orange County (Fla.)
Marion County (Fla.)
Brevard County (Fla.)
St. Lucie County (Fla.)
Seminole County (Fla.)
Volusia County (Fla.)
Flagler County (Fla.)
Lake County (Fla.)
Osceola County (Fla.)
Description
Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000.
The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation.
In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc.
The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office.
Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data.
The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing.
The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior.
Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor.
The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities.
The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another.
The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions.
The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire.
Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs.
The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census.
The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input.
In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators.
Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes.
For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP).
The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online.
As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts.
For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP).
The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online.
As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts.
For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD.
Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year.
Language
eng
Type
Collection
Coverage
Mosquito County, Florida
Brevard County, Florida
Flagler County, Florida
Lake County, Florida
Marion County, Florida
Orange County, Florida
Osceola County, Florida
Seminole County, Florida
Volusia County, Florida
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Contributor
Gibson, Ella
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>.
Rights Holder
<span>This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws:</span>
<ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li>
<li>create derivative works</li>
<li>perform the work publicly</li>
<li>display the work</li>
<li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li>
</ul><span>This resources is provided here by </span><a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a><span> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to </span><a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a><span> of </span><a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a><span>.</span>
Source Repository
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>
External Reference
<span>United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank"><em>Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</em></a></span><span>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf.</span>
<span>United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank"><em>The History and Growth of the United States Census</em></a></span><span>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf.</span>
"<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Original Format
1 table
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1950
Alternative Title
Census, 1950
Subject
Census--United States
Orange County (Fla.)
Marion County (Fla.)
Brevard County (Fla.)
St. Lucie County (Fla.)
Seminole County (Fla.)
Volusia County (Fla.)
Flagler County (Fla.)
Lake County (Fla.)
Osceola County (Fla.)
Population--United States
Description
The Seventeenth United States Census records for Brevard County, Flagler County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County, Osceola County, Seminole County, and Volusia County, Florida, for 1950. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white" and "black"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. The census then lists the population categorized by age, marital status, primary and secondary school attendance, and college attendance. The census also collected information on agriculture, on unemployment, and on labor.<br /><br />The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerated Americans living abroad to account for members of the Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The Department of Defense (DOD), the Department of State (DOS), the Maritime Administration (MARAD), and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics.<br /><br />The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census.
Type
Dataset
Source
Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1950.
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida.
Is Format Of
Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1950.
Coverage
Brevard County, Florida
Flagler County, Florida
Lake County, Florida
Marion County, Florida
Orange County, Florida
Osceola County, Florida
Seminole County, Florida
Volusia County, Florida
Creator
<a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>
Publisher
<a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>
Contributor
<a href="http://www.defense.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Defense</a>
<a href="http://www.state.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of State</a>
<a href="http://www.marad.dot.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Maritime Administration</a>
Gibson, Ella
Date Created
ca. 1950-04-01
Format
image/jpg
Extent
1.59 MB
Medium
1 table
Language
eng
Mediator
History Teacher
Economics Teacher
Civics/Government Teacher
Geography Teacher
Provenance
Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> and published by the <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>.
Rights Holder
This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws:
<ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form;</li>
<li>create derivative works;</li>
<li>perform the work publicly;</li>
<li>display the work;</li>
<li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li>
</ul>
This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>.
Accrual Method
Item Creation
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
External Reference
"<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1950.html" target="_blank">1950 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1950.html.
United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank"><em>Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</em></a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf.
United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank"><em>The History and Growth of the United States Census</em></a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1950. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf.
Office of the Assistant Director for Statistical Standards, Statistical Reports Division. <a href="http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1950/proceduralHistory/1950proceduralhistory.zip" target="_blank"><em>The 1950 Censuses How They Were Taken</em></a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1955.
Transcript
U.S. Census of 1950
Population
Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County
Population Total 23,653 3,367 36,340 38,187 114,950 11,406 26,883 74,229
Males 11,830 1,757 17,876 18,648 55,112 5,496 13,129 35,474
Females 11,823 1,610 18,464 19,539 59,838 5,910 13,754 38,755
White Population Total 17,652 1,833 27,798 23,593 92,184 9,914 14,943 57,844
Males 8,849 942 13,631 11,643 43,937 4,748 7,383 27,653
Females 8,803 891 14,167 11,950 48,247 5,166 7,560 30,191
Native-Born Population Males 8,397 85 13,176 11,366 42,144 4,544 7,105 25,983
Females 8,352 826 13,698 11,680 46,263 4,947 7,309 28,455
Foreign-Born Population Males 452 92 455 277 1,793 204 278 1,670
Females 451 65 469 270 1,984 219 251 1,736
Black Population Males 2,972 813 4,240 7,002 11,156 746 5,742 7,799
Females 3,012 718 4,293 7,587 11,575 742 6,193 8,550
Other Race Population Males 9 2 5 3 19 2 4 22
Females 8 1 4 2 16 2 1 14
Population by Marital Status, Aged 14+ Total 17,999 2,445 26,993 27,532 87,882 9,044 19,692 58,330
Single 3,145 414 4,711 5,214 15,291 1,362 3,822 10,445
Married 12,738 1,759 19,245 18,945 62,061 6,249 13,472 39,786
Widowed or Divorced 2,116 272 3,037 3,373 10,530 1,433 2,398 8,099
Male Population by Marital Status, Aged 15+ Total 8,992 1,308 13,249 13,237 41,526 4,311 9,441 27,509
Single 1,967 288 2,702 2,901 8,054 780 2,186 5,566
Married 6,379 901 9,665 9,395 30,748 3,101 6,577 19,819
Widowed or Divorced 646 119 882 941 2,724 430 678 2,104
Female Population by Marital Status, Aged 15+ Total 9,007 1,137 13,744 14,295 46,356 4,733 10,251 30,821
Single 1,178 126 2,009 2,313 7,237 582 1,636 4,859
Married 6,359 858 9,580 9,550 31,313 3,148 6,895 19,967
Widowed or Divorced 1,470 153 2,155 2,432 7,806 1,003 1,720 5,995
Education
Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County
Population by School Completion No School Completed 310 90 500 750 1,085 175 595 1,120
At Least Some Elementary 5,985 1,090 9,610 10,855 27,050 3,685 7,665 17,065
1-4 Years of Elementary 1,555 480 2,730 3,380 6,255 695 2,890 3,795
5-6 Years 1,380 285 2,450 2,750 6,340 890 1,970 3,635
7 Years 900 85 1,295 1,375 4,460 610 970 2,330
8 Years 2,150 240 3,135 3,350 9,995 1,490 1,835 7,305
At Least Some High School 5,585 390 7,510 6,915 28,585 2,445 4,390 18,655
1-3 Years of High School 2,545 215 3,595 3,445 12,440 1,235 2,210 8,400
4 Years of High School 3,040 175 3,915 3,470 16,145 121 2,180 10,255
At Least Some College 2,115 165 3,345 2,300 12,960 995 1,760 8,765
1-3 Years of College 1,125 90 1,795 1,315 7,010 650 995 4,890
4 Years of College 990 75 1,550 985 5,950 345 765 3,875
Unknown Years 840 60 565 570 1,790 250 440 1,235
Agriculture
Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County
Farms by Race Total 705 111 1,711 1,906 1,780 399 541 1,066
White 686 111 1,669 1,348 1,740 397 521 1,038
Non-White 19 0 42 558 40 2 20 28
Acreage of Farms Total 277,842 170,435 249,815 621,134 354,080 766,899 155,595 210,933
Farms by Tenure Livestock-Share Tenants 1 0 0 4 0 0 0 0
Croppers 1 0 4 12 3 0 0 1
Other and Unspecified Tenants 15 4 24 54 20 9 7 19
Other Tenants 9 3 5 20 3 1 1 0
Unspecified Tenants 6 1 19 34 17 8 6 19
All Tenants 22 5 42 116 39 11 17 32
Cash Tenants 4 1 10 37 12 1 8 8
Share-Cash Tenants 1 0 0 5 4 1 1 1
Farms of Full Owners Total 617 89 1,500 1,433 1,585 344 446 919
Tenants with Landlord Living on Farm Total 2 2 9 31 6 1 2 8
Farm Acreage by Ownership and Management Full Owners 94,958 78,912 161,135 255,841 182,321 191,967 92,919 114,807
Part Owners 72,157 70,244 61,915 139,905 112,627 357,850 54,985 50,729
Land Managers 109,430 17,900 24,588 207,067 45,699 213,813 7,362 43,335
Operated by Owner 150,373 106,563 197,473 351,029 268,274 445,689 130,590 136,635
Rented by Farm Operator 18,133 48,555 32,498 71,612 53,907 113,192 17,646 34,672
Managed by Farm Operator 109,945 17,900 24,588 210,715 54,258 213,813 7,442 43,335
Rented Out by Farm Operator 609 2,583 4,744 12,222 22,359 5,795 83 3,709
Farms by Acreage Less than 3 45 5 100 34 124 6 18 51
3-9 140 8 232 194 428 51 113 224
Less than 10 185 13 332 228 552 57 131 275
10-29 214 21 477 415 517 103 178 366
30-49 83 12 266 328 210 56 72 133
50-69 48 8 139 144 107 23 34 66
100-139 34 3 103 129 76 21 31 39
140-179 26 5 52 94 41 13 15 19
180-219 16 5 36 63 20 7 6 23
220-499 8 2 26 47 17 2 3 6
260-499 23 10 62 111 51 23 14 28
500-999 16 7 42 61 39 20 9 20
1,000+ 20 17 48 76 52 50 15 28
Value of All Farm Products Sold Total $4,464,184 $1,789,539 $17,744,044 $6,952,360 $26,072,891 $2,150,345 $9,812,180 $6,618,609
Value of All Crops Sold Total $3,818,351 $1,193,522 $16,777,487 $4,256,057 $23,135,632 $898,137 $9,204,491 $4,854,773
Field Crops, Other Than Vegetables $12,387 $835,574 $56,427 $222,924 $40,197 $8,394 $45,592 $20,241
Vegetables $60,813 $306,610 $691,211 $1,250,620 $1,715,864 $35,666 $6,786,987 $186,424
Fruits and Nuts $3,672,443 $50,858 $15,097,477 $2,738,300 $19,527,596 $853,082 $1,530,597 $3,389,325
Horticultural Specialties $72,708 $480 $932,372 $44,213 $1,851,975 $995 $841,315 $1,258,783
Labor
Population in Labor Force Total 9,232 1,317 13,948 142,833 45,869 3,535 10,530 27,998
Civilian Labor Force 8,679 1,316 13,924 14,267 45,750 3,526 10,520 27,944
Armed Forces 553 1 24 16 119 9 10 54
Employed 8,270 1,295 13,486 13,791 43,635 3,333 10,178 26,659
Unemployed 409 21 438 476 2,115 193 342 1,285
Not in Labor Force 8,767 1,128 13,045 13,249 42,013 5,509 9,162 30,332
Male Population in Labor Force Total 6,502 1,009 9,946 10,027 31,191 2,558 6,972 18,757
Civilian Labor Force 5,956 1,008 9,925 10,011 31,085 2,550 6,965 18,705
Armed Forces 546 1 21 16 106 8 7 52
Employed 5,688 996 9,650 9,722 29,651 2,414 6,736 17,870
Unemployed 268 12 275 289 1,434 136 229 835
Not in Labor Force 2,490 299 3,303 3,210 10,335 1,753 2,469 8,752
Female Population in Labor Force Total 2,730 308 4,002 4,256 14,678 977 3,558 9,241
Civilian Labor Force 2,723 308 3,999 4,256 14,665 976 3,555 9,239
Armed Forces 7 0 3 0 13 1 3 2
Employed 2,582 299 3,836 4,069 13,984 919 3,442 8,789
Unemployed 141 9 163 187 681 57 113 450
Not in Labor Force 8,277 829 9,742 10,039 31,678 3,756 6,693 21,580
Population by Sector Private Sector Workers 5,176 937 9,591 9,519 33,124 2,158 7,946 18,466
Government Workers 1,022 98 965 1,182 3,495 379 626 2,489
Self-Employed 1,973 233 2,800 2,850 6,727 772 1,537 5,419
Unpaid Family Works 99 27 130 240 289 24 69 285
Male Population by Sector Private Sector Workers 3,396 730 6,706 6,571 22,041 1,515 5,088 12,037
Government Workers 699 59 580 641 2,127 248 351 1,581
Self-Employed 1,569 198 2,320 2,397 5,426 648 1,266 4,177
Unpaid Family Works 24 9 44 113 57 3 31 75
Female Population by Sector Private Sector Workers 1,780 207 2,885 2,948 11,083 643 2,858 6,429
Government Workers 323 39 385 541 1,368 131 275 908
Self-Employed 404 35 480 453 1,301 124 271 1,242
Unpaid Family Works 75 18 86 127 232 21 38 210
Population by Industry Professional/Technical/Kindred Workers 535 62 866 941 3,780 263 607 2,502
Managers/Proprietors 1,558 236 2,399 2,667 6,189 569 1,304 4,639
Clerical/Kindred Workers 654 29 843 996 4,466 222 658 2,357
Sales Workers 516 34 795 944 4,425 269 557 2,216
Craftsmen/Foremen/Kindred Workers 999 107 1,363 1,446 5,404 431 963 3,584
Operative Workers 933 184 1,955 1,873 5,887 477 1,677 2,816
Private Household Workers 533 22 716 720 2,641 122 408 1,690
Service Workers 737 89 766 1,062 3,685 310 513 3,172
Laborers, Except Mine 1,679 510 3,469 3,011 6,542 592 3,247 3,297
Occupation Not Reported 126 22 314 131 616 78 244 386
Male Population by Industry Professional/Technical/Kindred Workers 309 39 473 469 2,068 140 319 1,451
Managers/Proprietors 1,249 207 2,080 2,341 5,253 482 1,114 3,665
Clerical/Kindred Workers 223 12 271 348 1,436 86 235 772
Sales Workers 319 14 500 591 3,148 156 404 1,424
Craftsmen/Foremen/Kindred Workers 984 106 1,334 1,416 5,273 421 942 3,510
Operative Workers 655 160 1,416 1,516 4,384 387 1,081 2,232
Private Household Workers 26 3 36 23 140 8 14 116
Service Workers 290 23 288 451 1,588 118 237 1,406
Laborers, Except Mine 1,543 418 3,068 2,480 5,957 565 2,245 3,036
Occupation Not Reported 90 14 184 87 404 51 145 258
Female Population by Industry Professional/Technical/Kindred Workers 226 23 393 472 1,712 123 288 1,051
Managers/Proprietors 309 29 319 326 936 87 190 974
Clerical/Kindred Workers 431 17 572 648 3,030 136 423 1,585
Sales Workers 197 20 295 353 1,277 113 153 792
Craftsmen/Foremen/Kindred Workers 15 1 29 30 131 10 21 74
Operative Workers 278 24 539 357 1,503 90 596 584
Private Household Workers 507 19 680 697 2,501 114 394 1,574
Service Workers 447 66 478 611 2,097 192 276 1,766
Laborers, Except Mine 136 92 401 531 585 27 1,002 261
Occupation Not Reported 36 8 130 44 212 27 99 128
African Americans
agriculture
Anglo Americans
Armed Forces
Brevard County
Caucasian Americans
census
Census of 1950
civilian labor
clerical
colleges
craftsman
craftsmen
crops
divorced
domestic service
education
employees
European Americans
farm operators
farm products
farmland
farms
females
field crops
Flagler County
foreman
foremen
forewoman
forewomen
fruits
government
horticultural specialties
kindred
labor
labor force
laborers
Lake County
land managers
landlords
livestock
males
managers
Marion County
marital status
married
nuts
operative
orange county
Osceola County
population
primary education
private household
private sector
professionals
proprietors
public sector
sales
schools
secondary education
Seminole County
service industry
sharecroppers
sharecropping
single
technical
tenant farmers
tenant farming
tenants
U.S. Census
unemployment
universities
university
vegetables
Volusia County
widowed
workers
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3dee748e21788c4592f42ef2eacfc09f
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
U.S. Census Collection
Alternative Title
Census Collection
Subject
Census--United States
Population--United States
Orange County (Fla.)
Marion County (Fla.)
Brevard County (Fla.)
St. Lucie County (Fla.)
Seminole County (Fla.)
Volusia County (Fla.)
Flagler County (Fla.)
Lake County (Fla.)
Osceola County (Fla.)
Description
Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000.
The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation.
In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc.
The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office.
Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data.
The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing.
The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior.
Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor.
The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities.
The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another.
The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions.
The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire.
Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs.
The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census.
The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input.
In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators.
Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes.
For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP).
The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online.
As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts.
For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP).
The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online.
As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts.
For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD.
Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year.
Language
eng
Type
Collection
Coverage
Mosquito County, Florida
Brevard County, Florida
Flagler County, Florida
Lake County, Florida
Marion County, Florida
Orange County, Florida
Osceola County, Florida
Seminole County, Florida
Volusia County, Florida
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Contributor
Gibson, Ella
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>.
Rights Holder
<span>This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws:</span>
<ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li>
<li>create derivative works</li>
<li>perform the work publicly</li>
<li>display the work</li>
<li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li>
</ul><span>This resources is provided here by </span><a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a><span> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to </span><a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a><span> of </span><a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a><span>.</span>
Source Repository
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>
External Reference
<span>United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank"><em>Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</em></a></span><span>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf.</span>
<span>United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank"><em>The History and Growth of the United States Census</em></a></span><span>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf.</span>
"<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Original Format
1 table
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1980
Alternative Title
Census, 1980
Subject
Census--United States
Orange County (Fla.)
Marion County (Fla.)
Brevard County (Fla.)
St. Lucie County (Fla.)
Seminole County (Fla.)
Volusia County (Fla.)
Flagler County (Fla.)
Lake County (Fla.)
Osceola County (Fla.)
Population--United States
Description
The Twentieth United States Census records for Brevard County, Flagler County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County, Osceola County, Seminole County, and Volusia County, Florida for 1980. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white," "black," "American Indian, Eskimo, and Aleut," "Asian and Pacific Islander," "Spanish," "Mexican American," "Puerto Rican American," "Cuban American," "Other Spanish American," "Chinese American," "Japanese American," "Filipino American," "Korean American," "Asian Indian American," "Vietnamese American," "Hawaiian American," "Guamanian American," and "Samoan American"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who are foreign born are further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the population categorized by marital status, type of residence, military service, primary and secondary school attendance, and college attendance. The census also collected information on labor, on unemployment, and on transportation.
Due to the success of the 1970 Census' mail-out/mail-back questionnaire, the program was expanded for the Census of 1980 to include approximately 95 percent of the population. The short-form questionnaire for this census contained seven questions related to population and 11 questions related to housing; whereas the long-form questionnaire included 26 questions on population and 10 questions on housing. A question regarding Spanish or Hispanic origin, separate from race inquires, was used in all questionnaires due to its success in a five-percent sample for the 1970 Census. Two surveys were included in the new census: the Components of Inventory Change Survey, making inquiries regarding the number and characteristics of housing units that either changed or remained the same between 1973 and 1980; and the Residential Finance Survey, which collected information on mortgages, shelter costs, housing characteristics, and owner characteristics. The U.S. Census Bureau's Census Publicity Office, established in 1978, directed an extensive public service advertising campaign focusing on public awareness of the census and encouraging individuals to participate. A special effort was made to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses: "M-Night" focused on counting individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories; "T-Night" focused on the enumeration of hotels and motels with permanent residents.
The State Data Center Program was established to simplify public access to census data via computer tapes. The Census Bureau was to provide free copies of electronic and printed census information and products to each state; in return, the state agreed to develop a network of affiliated organizations, such as state executive departments, chambers of commerce, councils of government, university research departments, and libraries, by which census information would be housed for public access. All states had joined the program by the middle of the decade.
Despite various technological and procedural advances, the U.S. Census undercounted the national population, as it typically did in previous censuses. The African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was 3.7 percentage points higher than the rate for all other races combined. Various cities and states, beginning with the City of Detroit, filed suit against the U.S. Census Bureau, demanding that statistical adjustment be used to compensate for census estimates that had been omitted or improperly counted. In the Fall of 1980, the Bureau announced that it would not adjust its population totals because it was unable to determine the number and distribution of illegal aliens and other undercounted groups. A federal district court ruled in favor of the City of New York and the State of New York that same year, ordering the Census Bureau to correct its numbers. The U.S. Supreme Court stayed this ruling, as well as other similar rulings, in December of 1980, which allowed the Bureau to report its figures to the President unadjusted. In 1987, a federal appeals court ruled that the census figures should not be adjusted because the Census Bureau's decision not to adjust the figures was not arbitrary nor capricious.
Type
Dataset
Source
Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1980.
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida.
Is Format Of
Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1980.
Coverage
Brevard County, Florida
Flagler County, Florida
Lake County, Florida
Marion County, Florida
Orange County, Florida
Osceola County, Florida
Seminole County, Florida
Volusia County, Florida
Creator
<a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>
Publisher
<a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>
Contributor
Gibson, Ella
Date Created
ca. 1980-04-01
Format
image/jpg
Extent
2.26 MB
Medium
1 table
Language
eng
Mediator
History Teacher
Economics Teacher
Civics/Government Teacher
Geography Teacher
Provenance
Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> and published by the <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>.
Rights Holder
This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws:
<ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form;</li>
<li>create derivative works;</li>
<li>perform the work publicly;</li>
<li>display the work;</li>
<li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li>
</ul>
This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>.
Accrual Method
Item Creation
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Source Repository
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>
External Reference
"<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1980.html" target="_blank">1980 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1980.html.
United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank"><em>The History and Growth of the United States Census</em></a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. <a href="http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1980/proceduralHistory/1980proceduralhistory.zip" target="_blank"><em>Procedural History: 1980 Census of Population and Housing</em></a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966.
Transcript
U.S. Census of 1980
Population
Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County
Population Total 272,959 10,913 104,870 122,488 471,016 49,287 179,752 258,762
Males 134,937 5,297 49,999 58,908 229,001 23,573 86,869 122,668
Females 138,022 5,616 54,871 63,850 242,015 25,714 92,883 136,094
Population by Race White 245,223 9,552 90,196 101,336 390,383 45,468 159,067 227,324
Black 23,832 1,303 13,240 20,276 69,557 3,012 18,026 28,883
American Indian, Eskimo, and Aleut 588 6 191 259 1,351 119 316 427
Asian and Pacific Islander 1,739 29 259 250 3,712 284 1,294 1,046
Other 1,577 23 984 367 6,013 404 1,049 1,082
Population by Descent or Origin Not Spanish Descent or Origin 267,623 10,725 102,615 120,476 451,290 48,198 174,595 254,638
Total 5,336 188 2,255 2,012 19,726 1,089 5,157 4,124
Mexican American 964 38 1,497 451 3,959 258 583 835
Puerto Rican American 1,239 30 170 586 6,662 417 2,079 1,242
Cuban American 760 32 83 218 4,099 148 851 349
Other Spanish American 2,373 88 505 757 5,006 266 1,644 1,698
Japanese American 286 3 27 40 349 23 116 125
Chinese American 333 4 26 74 599 32 281 276
Filipino American 351 14 53 22 918 66 240 143
Korean American 215 4 25 28 314 59 191 96
Asian Indian American 323 4 34 34 418 52 214 232
Vietnamese American 157 0 79 32 923 36 210 113
Hawaiian American 53 0 13 15 115 8 31 37
Guamanian American 16 0 1 4 45 1 6 10
Samoan American 5 0 1 1 31 7 5 14
Households by Race White 93,614 3,971 37,344 39,065 147,099 17,490 56,977 96,107
Black 7,094 369 3,993 6,146 20,699 918 5,518 8,873
American Indian, Eskimo, and Aleut 218 2 71 84 444 41 107 176
Asian and Pacific Islander 403 9 65 54 901 73 330 299
Other 454 8 177 109 1,611 93 315 318
Population by Marital Status Single 49,790 1,474 13,935 18,016 98,234 7,283 29,725 44,851
Married 136,618 5,956 56,658 61,718 204,810 24,636 86,312 127,066
Separated 4,085 174 1,705 2,130 9,805 774 2,618 4,378
Widowed 14,781 750 9,103 8,508 26,475 3,607 8,740 23,400
Divorced 15,655 556 4,846 6,703 32,299 2,891 10,146 15,694
Population in Group Quarters Total 3,787 66 1,856 2,359 15,496 780 1,065 6,031
Institutionalized 1,772 0 1,081 1,929 3,065 522 803 2,468
Inmates of Mental Hospitals 58 0 0 16 52 0 29 42
Inmates of Homes for the Aged 682 0 534 375 1,395 412 551 1,450
Inmates of Other Institutions 1,032 0 547 1,538 1,618 110 223 976
Population Not Institutionalized 215 66 775 430 12,431 258 262 3,563
College Dormitories 1,146 0 206 15 1,340 237 0 3,072
Other Group Quarters 869 66 569 415 11,091 21 262 491
Not in Group Quarters 269,172 108,477 103,014 120,129 455,520 48,507 178,687 252,731
Veteran Population Veterans 48,557 1,962 15,611 18,260 68,100 7,156 28,670 41,139
Non-Veterans 163,042 6,794 68,894 76,268 283,154 31,121 105,124 170,179
Male Veterans 46,069 1,860 14,889 17,456 64,590 6,823 27,126 39,012
Male Non-Veterans 55,977 2,347 24,724 27,362 100,641 11,022 36,005 5,902
Female Veterans 2,488 102 722 804 3,510 333 1,544 2,127
Female Non-Veterans 107,065 4,447 44,170 49,266 182,513 20,099 69,119 111,159
Veteran Population by War or Conflict Veterans from May 1975 or Later 1,657 23 448 535 2,734 173 847 1,345
Vietnam Era 14,973 496 3,492 4,308 23,837 2,205 10,351 9,349
Korean Conflict 9,599 216 2,405 2,504 11,891 1,064 4,882 5,856
World War II 16,684 1,035 7,006 8,424 20,913 2,518 8,578 18,820
World War I 646 17 764 285 1,179 275 318 1,617
Other Engagements 4,998 175 1,496 2,204 7,546 921 3,694 4,152
Native-Born Population Total 258,528 10,351 101,031 118,567 447,689 47,619 181,319 243,731
Born in Florida 65,987 2,804 33,817 49,553 148,940 13,564 50,386 68,762
Born in Different State 188,506 7,493 66,600 68,120 290,061 33,497 118,029 172,711
Born Abroad 435 54 614 894 8,688 558 2,904 2,258
Foreign-Born Population Total 14,431 562 3,839 3,921 23,327 1,668 8,433 15,031
Households by Energy Usage Using Utility Gas for Heat 17,729 141 8,249 6,414 17,954 664 7,657 13,854
Using Bottled, Tank or LP Gas for Heat 9,703 689 8,024 12,765 14,378 6,063 4,210 11,473
Using Electricity for Heat 57,725 2,723 18,616 16,529 97,398 9,877 40,506 51,722
Using Fuel Oil, Kerosene, Etc. for Heat 14,452 619 5,491 7,598 39,819 1,562 9,929 26,858
Using Coal and Coke for Heat 0 0 8 6 6 0 0 5
Using Wood for Heat 1,139 136 979 1,782 1,561 340 619 1,546
Using Other Fuel for Heat 90 8 18 22 92 6 11 37
Using No Fuel for Heat 945 43 265 312 1,546 103 315 548
Population by Work Transportation Method Cars 105,631 3,368 32,929 38,876 195,317 18,106 75,974 82,121
Driving Alone 76,581 2,584 25,033 30,618 151,238 13,316 60,762 64,044
Carpooling 29,050 784 7,896 8,258 44,079 4,790 15,212 18,077
Public Transportation 471 0 387 254 4,752 105 638 1,260
Walking 3,330 196 1,769 1,444 13,113 588 1,557 4,241
Other Means 4,443 144 1,031 8,789 7,073 470 1,722 3,874
Working from Home 1,420 78 675 953 2,652 287 1,167 1,962
Education
Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County
Population by School Completion Elementary School Completed 19,017 895 14,551 16,265 39,319 6,090 12,165 27,795
High School Completed 87,757 4,136 38,182 44,147 141,202 17,626 52,568 94,031
1-3 Years of High School 22,827 1,292 12,981 15,607 41,698 5,888 13,558 30,353
4 Years of High School 64,930 2,844 25,201 28,540 99,504 11,738 39,010 63,678
College Completed 63,518 2,455 19,401 18,205 93,290 7,342 43,339 51,988
1-3 Years of College 34,376 1,427 10,279 10,686 50,228 4,499 22,223 29,456
4+ Years of College 29,142 1,028 9,122 7,519 43,062 2,843 21,116 22,532
White Population by School Completion Elementary School Completed 15,391 619 11,323 12,428 28,406 5,592 8,242 23,155
High School Completed 81,569 3,876 34,898 39,129 122,450 16,651 48,146 86,944
1-3 Years of High School 20,549 1,122 11,425 13,330 33,986 5,434 11,510 27,148
4 Years of High School 61,020 2,754 23,473 25,799 88,464 11,217 36,636 59,796
College Completed 60,523 2,345 18,453 16,292 85,718 7,044 41,325 48,368
1-3 Years of College 32,596 1,343 9,764 9,593 45,750 4,316 21,126 27,358
4+ Years of College 27,927 1,002 8,689 6,699 39,368 2,728 20,199 21,010
Black Population by School Completion Elementary School Completed 3,269 270 2,877 3,631 9,750 386 3,675 4,267
High School Completed 5,234 260 2,964 4,833 16,519 734 3,797 6,417
1-3 Years of High School 2,083 170 1,396 2,228 7,072 365 1,881 3,008
4 Years of High School 3,151 90 1,568 2,605 9,447 369 1,916 3,409
College Completed 2,270 88 792 1,805 6,168 167 1,328 3,021
1-3 Years of College 1,534 70 421 1,011 3,710 112 788 1,812
4+ Years of College 736 18 371 794 2,458 55 540 1,209
Native American, Eskimo, Aleut Population by School Completion Elementary School Completed 70 0 38 52 125 35 46 110
High School Completed 214 0 93 106 475 112 107 215
1-3 Years of High School 60 0 63 35 240 55 63 53
4 Years of High School 154 0 30 71 235 57 44 162
College Completed 123 0 18 39 154 21 112 106
1-3 Years of College 74 0 18 39 112 21 67 78
4+ Years of College 49 0 0 0 42 0 45 28
Asian and Pacific Islander Population by School Completion Elementary School Completed 220 0 26 69 209 32 100 102
High School Completed 579 0 141 39 918 48 354 353
1-3 Years of High School 122 0 53 7 164 18 63 100
4 Years of High School 457 0 88 32 754 30 291 253
College Completed 436 0 65 33 750 66 403 352
1-3 Years of College 116 0 17 21 358 20 138 105
4+ Years of College 320 0 48 12 392 46 265 247
Other Population by School Completion Elementary School Completed 67 6 287 85 829 45 102 161
High School Completed 161 0 86 40 840 81 164 102
1-3 Years of High School 13 0 44 7 236 16 41 44
4 Years of High School 148 0 42 33 604 65 123 58
College Completed 166 22 73 36 500 44 171 141
1-3 Years of College 56 14 59 22 298 30 104 103
4+ Years of College 110 8 14 14 202 14 67 38
Spanish Population by School Completion Elementary School Completed 318 15 480 406 2,573 11 500 578
High School Completed 1,220 31 244 633 4,204 238 1,144 960
1-3 Years of High School 288 12 94 248 1,153 49 319 330
4 Years of High School 932 19 150 385 3,051 189 825 630
College Completed 1,274 17 167 349 3,036 135 1,155 707
1-3 Years of College 621 17 105 182 1,821 60 569 432
4+ Years of College 653 0 62 167 1,215 75 586 275
Labor
Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County
Population in Labor Force Armed Forces 4,022 9 123 93 12,487 23 418 239
Civilian Labor Force 121,034 4,148 39,585 46,567 225,975 21,311 86,174 102,437
Employed 113,941 3,861 37,625 43,511 215,888 20,262 82,316 96,113
Unemployed 7,093 287 1,960 3,056 10,087 1,049 3,858 6,324
Not in Labor Force 90,565 4,608 44,920 48,321 125,279 16,966 47,620 108,881
Male Population in Labor Force Total 73,284 2,415 22,599 26,504 134,581 11,812 49,306 57,030
Armed Forces 3,563 9 101 55 9,080 15 367 239
Civilian Labor Force 69,721 2,406 22,498 26,449 125,501 11,797 48,939 56,791
Employed 66,269 2,261 21,641 24,946 120,264 11,237 46,910 53,436
Unemployed 3,452 145 857 1,503 5,237 560 2,029 3,355
Not in Labor Force 32,325 1,801 17,115 18,369 39,730 6,048 14,192 41,241
Female Population in Labor Force Total 51,772 1,742 17,109 20,156 103,881 9,522 37,286 45,646
Armed Forces 459 0 22 38 3,407 8 51 0
Civilian Labor Force 51,313 1,742 17,087 20,118 100,474 9,514 37,235 45,646
Employed 47,672 1,600 15,984 18,565 95,624 9,025 35,406 42,677
Unemployed 3,641 142 1,103 1,553 4,850 489 1,829 2,969
Not in Labor Force 58,240 2,807 27,805 29,952 85,549 10,918 33,428 67,640
Employment and Unemployment by Race White Employed 104,353 3,404 32,066 36,975 184,092 18,727 74,817 84,965
White Unemployed 5,965 240 1,374 2,355 7,586 932 3,313 5,259
Black Employed 8,147 419 4,868 6,279 27,377 1,119 6,221 10,036
Black Unemployed 933 47 511 659 2,224 461 461 981
American Indian, Eskimo, Aleut Employed 325 0 96 121 653 150 181 318
American Indian, Eskimo, Aleut Unemployed 71 0 33 18 75 33 7 45
Asian and Pacific Islander Employed 750 0 106 41 1,536 106 699 471
Asian and Pacific Islander Unemployed 95 0 0 7 54 0 47 19
Other Employed 366 38 489 95 2,230 160 398 323
Other Unemployed 29 0 42 17 148 18 30 20
Spanish Employed 2,070 45 848 783 8,399 420 2,368 1,568
Spanish Unemployed 146 0 66 63 726 35 154 128
Employment by Industry Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries, and Mining 2,279 298 5,604 3,493 10,157 1,083 2,315 3,407
Construction 9,660 560 2,794 3,997 15,594 1,594 6,706 8,800
Manufacturing 24,729 311 3,577 5,120 25,260 2,384 11,932 10,456
Non-Durable Goods 1,959 54 1,590 1,843 8,639 674 2,818 2,921
Durable Goods 22,770 257 1,987 3,277 16,621 1,710 9,114 7,535
Transportation 3,243 129 1,145 1,507 8,614 693 2,622 2,632
Communications and Other Public Utilities 3,151 86 1,567 1,306 7,095 431 3,325 2,866
Wholesale Trade 2,798 132 1,279 2,393 10,457 521 4,146 2,684
Retail Trade 20,979 523 6,755 8,373 40,454 4,131 15,856 22,590
Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate 5,863 449 2,037 2,551 14,953 1,092 7,167 6,399
Business and Repair Services 6,614 234 1,493 1,612 11,688 675 4,195 3,914
Personal, Entertainment, and Recreation Services 5,605 258 2,687 2,793 24,224 3,926 4,503 8,372
Professional and Related Services 21,398 679 7,242 8,060 37,987 2,720 15,476 18,898
Health Services 6,138 272 2,765 2,743 13,024 1,088 5,232 7,318
Educational Services 8,401 240 3,016 3,792 14,652 1,064 6,658 7,877
Other Professional and Related Services 6,859 167 1,461 1,525 10,311 568 3,586 3,703
Public Administration 7,622 202 1,445 2,306 9,405 1,012 4,073 5,095
Employment by Occupation Managerial and Professional Employees 30,782 1,047 7,424 8,492 48,352 3,451 22,954 21,782
Executive, Administrative and Managerial Employees 13,963 578 3,535 4,369 23,782 2,061 12,020 10,977
Professional Specialty Employees 16,819 469 3,889 4,123 24,750 1,390 10,934 10,805
Technical, Sales, and Administrative Employees 36,748 943 10,391 12,380 69,197 5,980 28,991 29,634
Technicians and Related Support Employees 5,757 63 892 813 6,162 399 2,857 2,798
Sales Employees 12,171 348 4,251 5,073 26,111 2,603 12,084 12,168
Administrative Support, Including Clerical Employees 18,820 532 5,248 6,494 36,924 2,978 14,050 14,668
Service Employees 14,689 579 5,364 6,462 34,770 4,003 9,384 17,248
Private Household Employees 581 43 432 409 1,715 96 375 828
Protective Service Employees 2,166 86 481 763 3,737 444 1,097 2,051
Service, Except Protective and Household Employees 11,942 450 4,451 5,290 29,318 3,463 7,912 14,369
Farming, Forestry, and Fishing Employees 1,772 314 4,018 2,729 7,760 1,071 1,736 3,150
Precision Production, Craft, and Repair Employees 16,292 501 4,806 6,268 25,789 2,731 9,974 12,978
Operators, Fabricators, and Laborers 13,658 477 5,622 7,180 29,840 3,026 9,277 11,321
Machine Operators, Assemblers, and Inspectors 6,205 112 1,848 2,476 10,498 1,026 3,709 4,336
Transportation and Material Moving Employees 3,173 248 1,800 2,223 9,533 1,124 2,221 3,197
Handlers, Equipment Cleaners, Helpers, and Laborers 4,280 117 1,974 2,481 9,809 876 3,347 3,788
Employment by Sector Private Wage and Salary Workers 85,872 2,694 28,084 30,835 172,595 16,228 64,582 72,551
Federal Government Workers 6,842 55 737 882 6,538 270 1,975 1,753
State Government Workers 2,934 134 1,234 2,236 6,410 501 2,598 2,859
Local Government Workers 10,681 358 3,741 4,852 17,411 1,748 7,119 9,605
Self-Employed Workers 6,894 544 3,497 4,278 12,127 1,427 5,582 8,652
Unpaid Family Workers 718 76 332 428 807 88 460 693
administrators
African Americans
agriculture
Aleuts
American Indians
Amerindians
Armed Forces
Asian Americans
Asian Indian Americans
assembles
assisted living facilities
automobiles
bottle gas
Brevard County
business
Caribbean Americans
carpooling
carpools
cars
Caucasian Americans
census
Census of 1980
Central Americans
Chinese Americans
civilian labor
clerical
coals
Coke
college dormitories
college dorms
college education
communications
construction
craft
Cuban Americans
divorced
divorcees
domestic service
durable goods
education
educators
electricity
elementary education
employees
employment
energy usage
entertainment
equipment cleaners
Eskimos
European Americans
executives
fabricators
farmers
farming
federal government
females
Filipino Americans
finance
fishery
Flagler County
forestry
fuel
fuel oil
gas heat
government
group quarters
Guamanian Americans
handlers
Hawaiian Americans
health care
health services
helpers
high school education
higher education
Hispanic Americans
homes for the aged
households
immigrants
immigration
Indian Americans
inmates
inspectors
institutionalized
insurance
Japanese Americans
kerosene
Korean Americans
Korean War
labor
labor force
laborers
Lake County
Latin Americans
Latinas
Latinos
local government
LP gas
machine operators
males
managers
manufacturing
Marion County
marital status
married
material movers
medical
mental hospitals
Mexican Americans
mining
motor vehicles
Native Americans
non-durable goods
nursing homes
old folks homes
operators
orange county
Osceola County
Pacific Islanders
pedestrians
personal services
population
precision production
primary education
professionals
protective services
public administration
public transportation
public utilities
Puerto Rican Americans
Puerto Ricans
real estate
recreation
repair
retail
salaried
salaries
sales
Samoan Americans
schools
secondary education
self-employed
Seminole County
separated
service industry
servicemen
servicewomen
single
Spanish Americans
state government
tank gas
teachers
technicians
trade
transportation
U.S. Census
unemployment
utility gas
veterans
Vietnam War
Vietnamese Americans
Volusia County
wages
walkers
walking
wholesale
widowed
widowers
widows
wood
workers
World War I
World War II
WWI
WWII
-
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d192eb411d8345af9e2318eda47216c1
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
U.S. Census Collection
Alternative Title
Census Collection
Subject
Census--United States
Population--United States
Orange County (Fla.)
Marion County (Fla.)
Brevard County (Fla.)
St. Lucie County (Fla.)
Seminole County (Fla.)
Volusia County (Fla.)
Flagler County (Fla.)
Lake County (Fla.)
Osceola County (Fla.)
Description
Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000.
The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation.
In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc.
The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office.
Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data.
The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing.
The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior.
Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor.
The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities.
The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another.
The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions.
The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire.
Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs.
The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census.
The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input.
In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators.
Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes.
For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP).
The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online.
As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts.
For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP).
The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online.
As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts.
For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD.
Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year.
Language
eng
Type
Collection
Coverage
Mosquito County, Florida
Brevard County, Florida
Flagler County, Florida
Lake County, Florida
Marion County, Florida
Orange County, Florida
Osceola County, Florida
Seminole County, Florida
Volusia County, Florida
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Contributor
Gibson, Ella
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>.
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<span>This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws:</span>
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<li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li>
</ul><span>This resources is provided here by </span><a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a><span> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to </span><a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a><span> of </span><a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a><span>.</span>
Source Repository
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>
External Reference
<span>United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank"><em>Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</em></a></span><span>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf.</span>
<span>United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank"><em>The History and Growth of the United States Census</em></a></span><span>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf.</span>
"<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Original Format
1 table
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1990
Alternative Title
Census, 1990
Subject
Census--United States
Orange County (Fla.)
Marion County (Fla.)
Brevard County (Fla.)
St. Lucie County (Fla.)
Seminole County (Fla.)
Volusia County (Fla.)
Flagler County (Fla.)
Lake County (Fla.)
Osceola County (Fla.)
Population--United States
Description
The Twenty-First United States Census records for Brevard County, Flagler County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County, Osceola County, Seminole County, and Volusia County, Florida, for 1990. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white," "black," "American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut," "Asian or Pacific Islander," "other," "Hispanic," "Mexican," "Puerto Rican," "Cuban," "Other Hispanic," "Dominican," "Central American Hispanic," "Guatemalan," "Honduran," "Nicaraguan," "Panamanian," "Salvadorian," "Other Central American Hispanic," "South American Hispanic," "Columbian," "Ecuadorian," "Peruvian," "Other South American Hispanic," "Chinese," "Japanese," "Filipino," "Korean," "Asian Indian," "Vietnamese," "Cambodian," "Laotian," "Thai," and "Other Asian"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who are foreign born are further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the population categorized by marital status and military service. The census also collected information on labor, on unemployment, on energy usage, and on transportation.<br /><br />For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20-percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compared to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP).<br /><br />The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online.<br /><br />As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the U.S. Department of Commerce. A federal district court ruleded in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts.
Type
Dataset
Source
Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1990.
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida.
Is Format Of
Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1990.
Coverage
Brevard County, Florida
Flagler County, Florida
Lake County, Florida
Marion County, Florida
Orange County, Florida
Osceola County, Florida
Seminole County, Florida
Volusia County, Florida
Creator
<a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>
Publisher
<a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>
Contributor
Gibson, Ella
Date Created
ca. 1990-04-01
Format
image/jpg
Extent
1.65 MB
Medium
1 table
Language
eng
Mediator
History Teacher
Economics Teacher
Civics/Government Teacher
Geography Teacher
Provenance
Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> and published by the <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>.
Rights Holder
This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws:
<ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li>
<li>create derivative works</li>
<li>perform the work publicly</li>
<li>display the work</li>
<li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li>
</ul>
This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>.
Accrual Method
Item Creation
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Source Repository
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>
External Reference
"<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1990.html" target="_blank">1990 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1990.html.
United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank"><em>The History and Growth of the United States Census</em></a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. <a href="http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1990/history/Chapter1-14.zip" target="_blank"><em>Procedural History: 1990 Census of Population and Housing</em></a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966.
Transcript
U.S. Census of 1990
Population
Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County
Population Total 398,978 28,701 152,104 194,833 677,491 107,728 287,529 370,712
Males 197,163 13,756 72,929 93,813 336,061 52,716 140,587 179,481
Females 201,815 14,945 79,175 101,020 341,430 55,012 146,952 191,231
Population by Race White 358,391 25,831 135,619 167,094 539,061 96,231 253,621 328,530
Black 31,417 2,366 14,191 24,844 103,092 5,902 24,314 33,455
American Indian, Eskimo, and Aleut 1,369 52 384 638 2,036 360 803 915
Asian and Pacific Islander 5,379 283 566 945 13,994 1,637 4,843 2,739
Other 2,422 169 1,344 1,312 19,308 3,598 3,948 5,073
Population by Descent or Origin Hispanic 12,279 1,280 4,154 5,705 63,087 12,813 18,758 14,668
Mexican 1,724 82 2,358 685 7,439 1,161 1,801 4,652
Puerto Rican 4,785 418 595 2,535 34,091 8,091 9,521 5,832
Cuban 1,248 240 366 648 7,056 943 2,091 1,257
Other Hispanic 4,522 540 835 1,837 14,501 2,618 5,345 2,927
Dominican 181 38 58 109 1,785 411 484 45
Central American Hispanic 879 34 279 152 2,552 518 667 429
Guatemalan 114 0 50 37 476 165 51 23
Honduran 190 27 27 71 513 56 72 52
Nicaraguan 50 0 0 0 374 42 101 50
Panamanian 248 7 179 44 640 109 274 117
Salvadorian 85 0 15 0 266 96 127 154
Other Central American Hispanic 192 0 8 0 283 50 42 33
South American Hispanic 1,229 222 122 586 5,386 827 2,325 1,047
Colombian 507 90 84 312 3,081 438 1,188 383
Ecuadorian 136 0 0 76 493 120 298 198
Peruvian 213 0 16 37 602 99 161 54
Other South American Hispanic 373 132 22 161 1,210 170 678 412
Other Hispanic American 2,233 246 376 990 4,778 862 1,869 1,406
Chinese 828 47 79 127 2,133 339 873 489
Filipino 1,058 147 114 136 2,450 392 760 435
Japanese 493 11 43 60 697 65 235 198
Asian Indian 1,059 29 114 318 3,244 427 1,235 669
Korean 601 12 66 149 1,046 73 582 273
Vietnamese 474 8 70 71 2,686 87 551 264
Cambodian 33 8 2 0 77 8 21 11
Laotian 11 0 0 0 186 7 103 66
Thai 272 4 21 20 233 61 109 67
Other Asian 358 12 28 38 717 112 277 161
Population by Marital Status Never Married 66,486 3,592 18,793 27,666 154,225 17,676 54,036 65,316
Married 194,871 16,588 82,858 97,858 281,616 51,243 131,451 176,551
Separated 6,527 379 2,236 3,635 14,056 1,690 4,765 6,040
Widowed 24,229 1,873 13,044 14,375 32,388 5,945 13,294 31,185
Divorced 32,790 1,687 10,150 15,039 58,114 8,245 23,290 30,347
Veteran Population Veterans 70,358 5,665 26,923 32,473 83,928 14,560 37,374 60,087
Non-Veterans 246,413 18,064 98,512 123,910 436,056 68,764 185,243 245,155
Veteran Population by War or Conflict Veterans from May 1975 or Later 10,467 326 1,961 3,386 15,270 2,049 5,129 6,322
Vietnam Era 16,445 800 4,821 6,262 23,690 4,279 12,158 12,431
Korean Conflict 8,301 758 2,888 3,887 9,453 1,783 4,041 6,856
World War II 20,618 2,816 12,720 14,030 19,755 4,059 8,087 24,826
World War I 137 0 112 41 98 58 48 306
Multiple Wars 8,515 523 2,162 2,130 7,587 879 3,298 4,103
Other Service 5,875 442 2,259 2,737 8,075 1,453 4,613 5,243
Native-Born Population Total 378,016 26,326 146,809 187,848 626,436 100,071 269,494 349,372
Foreign-Born Population Total 20,962 2,375 5,295 6,985 51,055 7,657 18,035 21,340
Naturalized 11,803 1,577 3,119 4,185 22,480 3,554 8,779 12,076
Non-Citizen 9,159 798 2,176 2,800 28,575 4,103 9,256 9,262
Households by Energy Usage for Heat Gas (Utility, Bottled, Tank, or LP Gas) 28,232 1,127 17,521 23,407 30,664 6,505 12,834 22,707
Electricity 123,633 10,080 42,252 47,220 203,089 30,855 88,181 113,935
Fuel Oil, Kerosene, Etc. 7,230 476 2,713 5,270 18,190 1,165 5,736 14,278
Coal, Coke, and Wood 791 114 846 1,883 1,047 333 491 1,287
Solar Energy 89 17 17 72 60 28 40 102
Other Fuel 159 29 30 91 290 36 40 337
No Fuel 1,231 37 237 234 1,512 228 335 730
Population by Work Transportation Method Car, Truck, or Van 171,569 9,578 52,519 68,824 319,961 48,215 141,039 139,505
Public Transportation 505 25 181 125 7,671 206 740 1,648
Motorcycles 1,309 92 299 331 1,641 235 500 1,373
Bicycles 1,616 79 255 185 2,345 387 709 1,507
Walking 3,564 210 1,662 1,614 15,755 1,043 2,472 4,145
Other Means 931 107 619 618 2,475 503 668 1,282
Working from Home 3,775 293 1,399 1,825 6,423 655 3,805 3,604
Labor
Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County
Population in Labor Force Total 198,490 11,280 61,591 80,415 381,101 55,154 159,464 165,864
Armed Forces 3,773 20 106 107 12,529 39 717 430
Civilian Work Force 194,717 11,260 61,485 80,308 368,572 55,115 158,747 165,434
Employed 183,692 10,542 57,965 74,958 350,953 52,455 151,377 155,529
Unemployed 11,025 718 3,520 5,350 17,619 2,660 7,370 9,905
Not in Work Force 122,054 12,469 63,950 76,075 151,412 28,209 63,870 139,808
Male Population in Labor Force Total 110,881 6,106 33,653 43,092 209,060 29,754 86,497 89,643
Armed Forces 3,395 9 81 100 10,247 34 594 405
Civilian Work Force 107,486 6,097 33,572 42,992 198,813 29,720 85,903 89,238
Employed 101,530 5,786 31,679 40,226 189,907 28,281 82,157 83,833
Unemployed 5,956 311 1,893 2,766 8,906 1,439 3,746 5,405
Not in Work Force 46,033 5,175 25,774 30,815 52,562 10,539 21,026 56,768
Female Population in Labor Force Total 87,609 5,174 27,938 37,323 172,041 25,400 72,967 76,221
Armed Forces 378 11 25 7 2,282 5 123 25
Civilian Work Force 87,231 5,163 27,913 37,316 169,759 25,395 72,844 76,196
Employed 82,162 4,756 26,286 34,732 161,046 24,174 69,220 71,696
Unemployed 5,069 407 1,627 2,584 8,713 1,221 3,624 4,500
Not in Work Force 76,021 7,294 38,176 45,260 98,850 17,670 42,844 83,040
Employment and Unemployment by Race White Employed 167,811 9,574 51,334 65,887 290,042 47,449 136,251 139,601
White Unemployed 9,129 577 2,680 4,180 12,253 2,174 6,220 7,921
Black Employed 11,740 682 5,499 7,647 42,870 2,487 9,920 11,720
Black Unemployed 1,456 98 738 1,144 4,110 255 783 1,681
American Indian, Eskimo, Aleut Employed 816 72 226 405 1,267 202 569 592
American Indian, Eskimo, Aleut Unemployed 82 0 0 36 103 0 51 40
Asian and Pacific Islander Employed 2,266 131 316 469 7,243 814 2,348 1,103
Asian and Pacific Islander Unemployed 268 21 30 37 323 32 153 81
Other Race Employed 1,059 83 590 550 9,531 1,503 2,019 2,513
Other Race Unemployed 90 22 72 15 830 199 163 182
Hispanic Employed 5,533 433 2,020 2,003 30,876 5,588 8,768 6,479
Hispanic Unemployed 412 63 110 139 2,336 521 761 634
Employment by Industry Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishery 3,437 395 4,054 4,030 7,682 1,252 3,095 5,468
Mining 148 8 170 213 215 24 46 138
Construction 14,823 13,559 5,058 5,691 26,863 4,679 11,660 13,254
Manufacturing Non-Durable Goods 3,381 205 2,581 2,884 10,562 1,139 4,434 4,724
Manufacturing Durable Goods 32,952 1,022 3,392 7,910 24,101 2,703 13,580 12,075
Transportation 6,688 396 2,137 2,172 17,333 2,387 5,398 5,128
Communications and Other Public Utility 3,942 314 2,201 1,883 10,585 1,382 4,897 4,189
Wholesale Trade 5,836 357 2,534 3,894 17,169 1,770 8,848 5,477
Retail Trade 34,686 2,006 11,698 15,125 65,210 11,627 29,513 34,590
Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate 10,033 750 3,403 4,856 25,976 2,581 13,789 10,693
Business and Repair Services 11,175 504 2,313 3,543 22,772 2,346 9,592 7,598
Personal Services 5,918 558 2,831 2,582 22,404 6,111 4,903 7,697
Entertainment and Recreation Services 3,144 261 1,885 1,342 24,292 5,037 4,149 3,213
Professional and Related Services 35,933 2,043 11,256 15,291 63,103 7,482 31,675 33,496
Health Services 12,933 697 4,637 6,160 22,052 2,794 11,317 13,573
Educational Services 10,952 777 3,480 5,230 20,327 2,660 9,709 11,197
Other Professional and Related Services 12,048 569 3,139 3,901 20,724 2,028 10,649 8,726
Public Administration 11,596 364 2,452 3,542 12,686 1,935 5,798 7,789
Employment by Occupation Managerial and Professional Employees 53,807 2,301 11,327 15,627 89,965 10,112 47,570 37,311
Executive, Administrative and Managerial Employees 23,616 1,482 5,606 7,511 46,089 5,418 24,616 18,905
Professional Specialty Employees 30,191 1,119 5,721 8,116 43,876 4,694 22,954 18,405
Technical, Sales, and Administrative Employees 59,003 3,409 18,080 24,321 118,893 16,312 55,707 50,263
Technicians and Related Support Employees 9,879 278 1,705 2,193 11,892 1,283 5,883 5,296
Sales Employees 22,290 1,551 8,259 11,631 47,443 6,841 25,621 21,931
Administrative Support, Including Clerical, Employees 26,834 1,580 8,116 10,497 59,558 8,188 24,203 23,036
Service Employees 25,352 1,478 9,047 10,595 57,969 11,489 17,124 25,978
Private Household Employees 430 55 336 199 1,305 128 406 527
Protective Service Employees 4,209 176 1,170 1,756 6,467 1,193 2,565 3,744
Service, Except Protective and Household, Employees 20,713 1,247 7,541 8,640 50,197 10,168 14,153 21,707
Farming, Forestry, and Fishing Employees 3,369 408 3,534 3,545 6,923 1,348 2,468 4,917
Precision Production, Craft, and Repair Employees 23,485 1,345 7,571 9,686 37,308 6,760 14,791 19,699
Operators, Fabricators, and Laborers 18,676 1,301 8,406 11,184 39,895 6,434 13,717 17,361
Machine Operators, Assemblers, and Inspectors 7,021 519 2,981 4,668 12,224 1,862 4,815 8,428
Transportation and Material Moving Employees 5,735 303 2,945 3,349 14,839 2,524 4,438 5,572
Handlers, Equipment Cleaners, Helpers, and Laborers 5,920 479 2,480 3,167 12,832 2,048 4,464 5,361
Employment by Sector Private Sector, Wage and Salary Workers 135,001 7,742 42,595 54,435 274,595 42,410 116,103 112,473
Public Sector, Wage and Salary Workers 27,172 1,217 6,734 10,447 39,665 5,418 16,738 20,540
Self-Employed Workers 10,897 878 4,636 6,246 18,937 2,679 9,759 12,661
Private Sector, Not-For-Profit, Wage and Salary Workers 9,992 618 3,525 3,430 16,556 1,805 8,077 9,125
Unpaid Family Workers 630 87 474 400 1,200 143 700 730
administrative
administrative support
administrators
African Americans
agriculture
Aleuts
American Indians
Amerindians
Armed Forces
Asian Americans
assemblers
automobiles
bicycles
bikes
bottled gas
Brevard County
business
Cambodian Americans
Caribbean Americans
cars
Caucasian Americans
census
Census of 1990
Central Americans
Chinese Americans
citizens
civilian work
clerical
coal
Coke
Colombian Americans
communications
construction
craft
Cuban Americans
divorced
divorcees
domestic services
durable goods
Ecuadorian Americans
education
educators
electric heat
electricity
employees
employment
energy usage
entertainment
equipment cleaners
Eskimos
executives
fabricators
farmers
farming
females
Filipino Americans
finance
fishery
Flagler County
forestry
fuel oil
gas
Guatemalan Americans
handlers
health car
heat
helpers
Hispanic Americans
Honduran Americans
Indian Americans
inspectors
insurance
Japanese Americans
kerosene
Korean Americans
Korean War
labor
labor force
laborers
Lake County
Laotian Americans
Latin Americans
Latinas
Latinos
LP gas
machine operators
males
managerial
managers
manufacturing
Marion County
marital status
married
material moving
medical
Mexican Americans
mining
motor vehicles
motorcycles
Native Americans
naturalized
Nicaraguan Americans
non-citizens
non-durable goods
operators
orange county
Osceola County
Pacific Islander Americans
Panamanian Americans
pedestrians
personal services
Peruvian Americans
population
precision production
private sector
professionals
protective services
public administration
public sector
public transportation
public utility
Puerto Rican Americans
Puerto Ricans
real estate
recreation
repair
retail
salaried
salary
sales
Salvadorian Americans
self-employeed
Seminole County
separated
service industry
servicemen
servicewomen
single
solar energy
specialty
tank gas
teachers
technical
technicians
Thai Americans
trade
transportation
trucks
U.S. Census
unemployment
utility
vans
veterans
Vietnam War
Vietnamese Americans
Volusia County
wages
walkers
walking
wholesale
widowed
widowers
widows
wood
workers
World War I
World War II
WWI
WWII
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A History of Central Florida Collection
Alternative Title
History of Central Florida Collection
Subject
Podcasts
Documentaries
Description
A History of Central Florida Podcast series explores Central Florida's history through the artifacts found in local area museums and historical societies.
Contributor
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a>
Cassanello, Robert
Is Part Of
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/70" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida.
Language
eng
Type
Collection
Coverage
Altoona, Florida
Astor, Florida
Brevard County, Florida
Bushnell, Florida
Clermont, Florida
Cocoa Beach, Florida
Daytona Beach, Florida
DeLand, Florida
Disston City, Florida
Fort King, Florida
Geneva, Florida
Goldenrod, Florida
Groveland, Florida
Holly Hill, Florida
Hontoon Island, DeLand, Florida
Jacksonville, Florida
Kissimmee, Florida
Lake Apopka, Florida
Lake County, Florida
Lake Mary, Florida
Marion County, Florida
Merritt Island, Florida
Miami, Florida
Mims, Florida
Mount Dora, Florida
Newnans Lake, Gainesville, Florida
New Smyrna, Florida
New Smyrna Beach, Florida
Ocala, Florida
Ocklawaha River, Florida
Orlando, Florida
Ormond Beach, Florida
Osceola County, Florida
Sanford, Florida
Silver Springs, Florida
St. Augustine, Florida
St. Cloud, Florida
St. Johns River, Florida
St. Petersburg, Florida
Tampa, Florida
Tavares, Florida
Weirsdale, Florida
Winter Garden, Florida
Winter Park, Florida
Ybor City, Tampa, Florida
Rights Holder
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES</a>
Contributing Project
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a>
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Source Repository
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a>
External Reference
"<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a>." RICHES of Central Florida. http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php.
Moving Image
A series of visual representations that, when shown in succession, impart an impression of motion.
Original Format
1 podcast
Duration
12 minutes and 10 seconds
Compression
136kbps
Producer
Cassanello, Robert
Director
Bethany, Dickens
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A History of Central Florida, Episode 37: Uniforms
Alternative Title
Uniforms Podcast
Subject
Podcasts
Documentaries
United States. Army
Women's Army Corps (U.S.)
Women--Florida
World War II, 1939-1945
Daytona Beach (Fla.)
Description
Episode 37 of A History of Central Florida Podcast: Uniforms. RICHES Podcast Documentaries are short form narrative documentaries that explore Central Florida history and are locally produced. These podcasts can involve the participation or cooperation of local area partners. Episode 37 features a discussion of the Women's Army Corps (WAC) uniform displayed at the Halifax Historical Museum in Daytona Beach, Florida. This podcast also includes interviews with Dr. Tracy J. Revels of Wofford College and Dr. Leonard Lemple of Daytona State College.
Type
Moving Image
Source
Original 12-minute and 10-second podcast by Bethany Dickens, 2013: RICHES Podcast Documentaries, Orlando, Florida. <a href="http://youtu.be/RjOg09aeokc" target="_blank">http://youtu.be/RjOg09aeokc</a>.
Requires
<a href="http://www.apple.com/itunes/affiliates/download/" target="_blank">iTunes</a>
Is Part Of
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a>, Orlando, Florida.
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/137" target="_blank">A History of Central Florida Collection</a>, RICHES Podcast Documentaries Collection, RICHES of Central Florida.
Coverage
Halifax Historical Museum, Daytona Beach, Florida
Creator
Bethany, Dickens
Publisher
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES</a>
Contributor
Revels, Tracy J.
Lemple, Leonard
Cassanello, Robert
Clarke, Bob
Ford, Chip
Gibson, Ella
Hazen, Kendra
Kelley, Katie
Velásquez, Daniel
<a href="http://halifaxhistorical.org/" target="_blank">Halifax Historical Museum</a>
<a href="http://www.loc.gov/" target="_blank">Library of Congress</a>
<a href="http://www.floridamemory.com/" target="_blank">Florida Memory Project</a>
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/" target="_blank">National Archives and Records Administration</a>
Date Created
2013
Date Issued
2015-01-11
Date Copyrighted
2015-01-11
Format
application/website
Medium
12-minute and 10-second podcast
Language
eng
Mediator
History Teacher
Civics/Government Teacher
Provenance
Originally created by Bethany Dickens and published by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES</a>.
Rights Holder
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES</a>
Accrual Method
Item Creation
Contributing Project
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a>
Curator
Cepero, Laura
Digital Collection
<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>
Source Repository
<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/podcastsblog.php" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries</a>
External Reference
"<a href="http://youtu.be/RjOg09aeokc" target="_blank">A History of Central Florida, Episode 37: Uniforms</a>." RICHES of Central Florida.
Williams, Vera S. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36949896" target="_blank"><em>WACs: Women's Army Corps</em></a>. Osceola, Wis: Motorbooks International, 1997.
Holm, Jeanne. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8588924" target="_blank"><em>Women in the Military: An Unfinished Revolution</em></a>. Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1982.
Click to View (Movie, Podcast, or Website)
<a href="http://youtu.be/RjOg09aeokc" target="_blank">A History of Central Florida, Episode 37: Uniforms</a>
A History of Central Florida
African American
Albright, Helen
Army
Beach Street
Bethune-Cookman College
Bethune, Mary McLeod
civil rights
Civil War
Clarke, Bob
coat
Daytona Beach
Daytona State College
desegregaiton
Dickens, Bethany
DSC
Ford, Chip
Gibson, Ella
Great Depression
Halifax Historical Museum
Hazen, Kendra
Hobby, Oveta Culp
Howard, Alice
integration
Iowa
Jewish
Jewish American
Kelley, Katie
Lemple, Leonard
liberty Ship
nurse
OCRHC
Orange County Regional History Center
pilot
podcast
race relations
Raymond, H. H.
recruitment
Redondo Beach, California
Revels, Tracy J.
RICHES
Robert Cassanello
Roosevelt, Anna Eleanor
Roosevelt, Eleanor
Roosevelt, Franklin Delanor
segregation
service industry
souvenir patch
St. Petersburg
St. Regis Restaurant
tourism
training
Tyndall Field
U.S. Armed Forces
U.S. Army
uniform
Van Nuys, Los Angeles, California
Velásquez, Daniel
WAAC
WAC
war effort
Wofford College
women
Women's Army Auxiliary Corps
Women's Army Corps
women's rights
Works Progress Administration
World War I
World War II
WPA
WWI
WWII