The lots located at 217-219 South Sanford Avenue in the Georgetown, an historic African-American neighborhood in Sanford, Florida. The earliest known occupant of Suite 217 was Rufus Sheppard, an African American who was listed as a resident here from approximately 1911 to 1917. J. V. Kendall ran a fish market here from approximately 1924 to 1926. From approximately 1947 to 1965, the Sanford Fish & Grocery Company operated from this suite, as well as the adjacent suite. Resident J. B. Williams was the first known occupant of Suite 219 from approximately 1911 to 1917. From approximately 1924 to 1926, I. F. Schwartz operated his grocery store at this location. At the time that this photograph was taken in January 2012, both suites were vacant.
Original color digital images by Adam Rock, January 23, 2012.
RICHES of Central Florida
The lots located at 224 South Sanford Avenue in the Georgetown, an historic African-American neighborhood in Sanford, Florida. The earliest known occupant this lot was W. C. Martin, who resided here in 1911. Wilbur Forester later resided at this address in 1917. In 1917, Lou Finney was also listed as a resident at 224 1/2 South Sanford Avenue. All three of these residents were African Americans. At the time that this photograph was taken in January 2012, a parking lot was located at this address.
Original color digital image by Adam Rock, January 23, 2012.
The building located at 300-304 South Sanford Avenue in the Georgetown, an historic African-American neighborhood in Sanford, Florida. The earliest known occupant of Suite 300 was A. E. Philips, who was the only druggist in Sanford by 1892. Although Philips transferred ownership of his drugstore to his brother, Lucien R. Philips, in 1894 and established a new business in Clear Water Harbor, he still maintained residence in this location around 1911. Besides being a store owner, Philips was also a published writer on pharmaceuticals and well-respected within the community. Philips joined the Florida State Pharmaceutical Association in 1887. In 1891, he was in attendance during the fifth annual Florida State Pharmaceutical Association in Jacksonville, where he submitted a paper that won a gold medal from the association. He also addressed the issue of large department stores undercutting the prices of local pharmacies. He proposed resolutions that the association denounce the practice of cutting prices and that the druggists should do whatever they could to keep drugs from being sold in department stores. Philips was also elected to the office of president, presumably of the association. In 1917, the lot was the residence of J. M. Saucer, a representative of District 3 (which included Alachua, Clay, Duval, Lake, Marion, Orange, Putnam, Seminole, and Volusia counties) in the Florida Budget Commission from approximately 1931 to 1941. This lot was then occupied by E. Mable-Saint Drugs from approximately 1924 to 1926. Dr. Edward D. Strickland, a successful African-American dentist who previously practiced at 507 South Sanford Avenue in 1924, had his office in Suites 300-302 from 1926 until 1946. In 1926, Dr. Strickland also shared his office with Dr. O. A. Prince, a black physician. Dr. Strickland resided at 305 South Sanford Avenue in 1917 and moved to 511 South Sanford Avenue by 1926. From approximately 1947 to 1952, the Sanford Jewelry & Luggage Company was housed at this location. In 1965, the lot was occupied by Grant's Clock Shop. The lot was listed as vacant in 1975. The Knights of Pythias Hall was the first known occupant of Suite 302 in 1917. The Knights of Pythias is a secret fraternal organization that was founded by Justus H. Rathbone on February 19, 1865, in Washington, D. C. This particular chapter consisted of African-American men. William Rosseter, who was also an African American, was also listed as a resident at this address that same year. From approximately 1924 to 1926, Albert Gramling, a local black businessman, operated a billiards room at this location. During that same period, the Knights of Pythias Hall was listed at 302 1/2 South Sanford Avenue. Victory Beer Garden was listed at this address in 1947 and Victory Tavern was listed here in 1952. Both of these African-American establishments were likely under the same ownership. In 1952, the Victory Taxi Company was listed at this address, but later returned to Victory Tavern in 1965. Around 1966, the tavern's owner, Jerry Bentley, passed away and his beer and wine license was transferred to his widow, Natherine Bentley. In 1911, two occupants were listed at 304 South Sanford Avenue: A. Foster, a resident, and J. H. Lee & Company. The people who occupied this lot described below were all African Americans. Two local businesses were then run from this location: Braboy & Sapp in 1917 and Scipio Bracey's barbershop was here from approximately 1924 to 1947. From approximately 1924 to 1926, blacksmith W. O. Green ran his business in the rear side of the building. In 1947, Isaiah F. Frazier also operated his billiards room at this address. 304 1/2 South Sanford Avenue was listed as the residence of James Austin in 1947 and Louis A. Loyd in 1952. In 1952, Preston Williamson was listed as a resident at this location, as well as the Frazer & Fulton Pool Room. Williamson owned the Seminole Barber Shop, located at 420 South Sanford Avenue, from 1963 to 1969. By 1965, the Suite 304 was vacant. At the time that this photograph was taken in January 2012, Suites 300-304 were being occupied by Jason's Martini Club. Jason Turner, the owner of the club, purchased the building in 2002 and began leasing it to a tenant who opened Rhythm and Brew's. A second tenant opened the bar as Sharkey's, until Turner decided to open his own martini bar in the building called Jason's Martini Club in December 2007. Turner also opened Fat Rat's Lounge, a 1920s-style bar, at 410 South Sanford Avenue in 2010.
The building located at 301-305 South Sanford Avenue in Georgetown, an historic African-American neighborhood in Sanford, Florida. The earliest known occupant of Suite 301 was resident Julia Tony. W. E. Hawkins later resided at this address in 1917. By 1924, Hamrick's Cash Grocer was operating from this site and Naaman Siplin and Dora Jones were residing in 301 1/2 South Sanford Avenue. Just-Rite Grocery replaced Hamrick's by 1926. In that same year, George Williams, Eugene Slappey, Ernest Bray, Catherine Graham were residing at 301 1/2. Lonnie Cherry resided at Suite 301 1/2 in 1947 and Luke Wright resided here in 1965. From approximately 1947 to 1952, the Afro-American Life Insurance Company was listed at 301 South Sanford Avenue. The office was originally located at 413 1/2 South Sanford Avenue in 1924 and then moved next door to Suite 411 in 1926. The company, which also operated as a financial institution, was founded by Abraham Lincoln Lewis and others in Jacksonville. Buying insurance had previously been difficult and unaffordable for most African Americans before Afro-American Life Insurance Co. was established in 1901. The company closed in 1990. This particular building was listed as vacant in 1965. All of the residents listed above between 1924 and 1947 were African Americans. Hawkins & Warren was the first known occupants of Suite 303 in 1911. In 1917, G. Saucer resided at this address. By 1924, this lot was being occupied by Hawkins Brothers Meats and then by Kennington & Nesmith Meats in 1926. Ernest B. Sizemore operated his grocery store at Suite 303 in 1947 and Robert Frazer was listed as a resident at 303 1/2 South Sanford Avenue. Campbell's Fish Market was listed at this address in 1952. By 1965, this suite was vacant. In 1975, Knights Bicycle Shop was located here, after moving from 414 South Sanford Avenue sometime after 1965. The earliest known occupant of 305 South Sanford Avenue was resident William Papall in 1911. By 1917, J. D. Bonner and Dr. Edward. D. Strickland resided at this address. Dr. Strickland was a successful black dentist. By 1926, he had moved his residence to 511 South Sanford Avenue, where a new two-story house was constructed in 1930. He had originally practiced dentistry at 507 South Sanford Avenue until he moved his office to 300-302 South Sanford Avenue, where he practiced from 1926 to 1946. Judge Williams was operating his restaurant here by 1924 and Sami Boyd ran his barbershop here by 1926. Williams resided at 307 South Sanford Avenue in 1917, but he had vacated the property by 1924. By 1947, Suites 305-307 was being occupied by Howard Boteler, a wholesale confectioner. Boteler had previously been in a partner of Boteler-Jackson Company Inc., which was located at 307 South Sanford Avenue in 1926. The Boteler Howard Company, a wholesale confectioner business, was run at 500-502 South Sanford Avenue from approximately 1952 to 1965. Bill Duskin's Department Store was listed at Suite 305 in 1947 and Ezekiel's Radio Sales & Service was listed at this address in 1952. From approximately 1965 to 1975, this lot was being occupied by the Royal Palm Barber Shop. All of the occupants listed above from 1911 to 1952 were African Americans, with the exception of Boteler. At the time that this photograph was taken in January 2012, Suites 301-305 was vacant with no building.
The lots located at 313-317 South Sanford Avenue in Georgetown, an historic African-American neighborhood in Sanford, Florida. The earliest known occupant of Suite 313 was an African-American resident named Burton Williams in 1911. The Diamond Place was listed at this address in 1917 and Thomas Mosley, a black grocer, operated his store here in 1924. The lot was listed as vacant in 1926 and again in 1947. In 1952, Irma Gibson, another black business owner, ran her restaurant at this location. The black business called C.W. & A. Blanding was the first known occupant of Suite 315 in 1911. From approximately 1917 to 1924, Z. J. Jerry, another black resident, was listed at this address and the Peoples Drug Store, an African-American business, was located in Suite 317. The Peoples Drug Store had moved to Suites 315 by 1926 and Jerry's residence was listed at 315 1/2 South Sanford Avenue. By that same year, Sanford Garage, another black-owned business, had moved to Suite 317 from 319 South Sanford Avenue. By 1947, Jerry was running a business as a druggist from Suite 315; however, Suites 315-317 were vacated by 1952. At the time that this photograph was taken in January 2012, Suites 313-317 were vacant with no building.
The lots located at 314-316 South Sanford Avenue in Georgetown, an historic African-American neighborhood in Sanford, Florida. The earliest known occupant of Suite 314 an African-American resident named A. Brooks in 1911. By 1917, D.C. Brock, a black businessman, resided at this location. Brock had previously been listed as resident at 321 South Sanford Avenue in 1911. By 1924, he had been operating his tailoring business from this address. Brock later moved to 612 South Sanford Avenue and in 1946, allowed black baseball players, including Jackie Robinson, to stay at in his home. In 1926, Abraham Oeovitz's dry goods store was listed at 314 South Sanford Avenue. African-American resident Jere Jackson was the first known occupant of Suite 316 in 1911. In 1917, O. H. Gramling, a black businessman, resided at this location and later ran his restaurant 318 South Sanford Avenue in 1924. From approximately 1924 to 1926, Harry Bandel operated his clothing shop here. Eaverly's Drug Store, another African-American-owned business, was listed at this address in 1947 and Stapler Pharmacy was open here from approximately 1952 to 1965. At the time that this photograph was taken in January 2012, Suites 314-316 were vacant with no building.
The lots located at 319-323 South Sanford Avenue in Georgetown, an historic African-American neighborhood in Sanford, Florida. The earliest known occupant of Suite 319 was African-American resident R. S. Johnson in 1911. In 1926, the African-American-owned business called the Sanford Garage was located here, but the garage had moved to 317 South Sanford Avenue by 1926. Model Beauty Shop, another black-owned business, was listed at this address in 1947. In 1952, the building at this address housed four businesses: Jerry's Arcade and Brown's Studio Photography, an African-American business, on the first floor; the office of Julius Ringling, a black dentist, and Dr. George E. Starke, a black physician. It is possible that George E. Starke was actually Dr. George H. Starke (ca. 1899-ca.1979), who opened his practice in Sanford in 1927. D. C. Brock, an African-American businessman, was the first known resident of Suite 321 in 1911. By 1917, Brock had moved to 314 South Sanford Avenue and by 1924, he was operating his tailoring business from that same address. He later moved to 612 South Sanford Avenue and in 1946, allowed black baseball players, including Jackie Robinson, to stay at in his home. In 1924, Dixie Furniture Company was listed at 321 South Sanford Avenue. By 1926, the furniture business had moved to 318 South Sanford Avenue and the Melton Electric Company had opened at this address. J. J. Melton, most likely the owner of Melton Electric Company, had previously worked as an electrician at 325 South Sanford Avenue in 1924. In 1947, cobbler William Metz operated his business from this location. Metz was likely the owner of Metz Shoe Shop Repairs, which was located at 422 South Sanford Avenue from approximately 1965 to 1975. By 1965, Suite 321 was housing FMB 5-10 & 25c Store, which had previously been located at 323 South Sanford Avenue from approximately 1947 to 1952. K.S. Johnson, an African-American resident, was the first known occupant of Suite 323 in 1911. The Three-In-One Store was listed at this address in 1917 and J. A. Sands ran his plumbing business from this location in 1926. As stated above, FMB 5-10 & 25c Store operated from this lot from approximately 1947 to 1952, although the business moved to Suite 321 by 1965. At the time that these photographs were taken in January 2012, Suites 321-323 were vacant lots with no buildings. Sanford Supermarket, located at 329 South Sanford Avenue, can also be seen in this photograph.
The lots located at 320-326 South Sanford Avenue in Georgetown, an historic African-American neighborhood in Sanford, Florida. The earliest known occupants of Suite 320 were two African-American residents: J. L. Johnson in 1911 and Samuel Benjamin in 1917. By 1924, Morris Narvis was running his clothing business from this location. Morris was also likely the owner of Morris Cleaner & Dyer, another clothes cleaning business located at 416 South Sanford Avenue in 1926. Joseph Berson Ladies' Wear was listed at this address in 1926. The earliest known occupants of 322 S. Sanford Ave. were two African-American residents: Mack Battle in 1911 and Elvy McClaine in 1917. From approximately 1924 to 1926, Dimitios Cavoura ran his grocery from this location. W. S. Broderick, a local poultry dealer, was the earliest known resident of Suite 322 in 1911. In 1910, Broderick was beaten and robbed of $20 after leaving his business, which was also located on South Sanford Avenue. In 1917, Rivers Brothers was listed at this address. From approximately 1924 to 1926, W. T. Klicker Meats was located here. Klicker, the store's owner, resided at 133 South Sanford Avenue in 1917. Outlet - The Department Store, which originally encompassed Suites 322-326 in 1947, was expanded to include Suite 320 by 1952. In 1965, Sanford Feed Store was located at Suite 320 and Suite 322 was listed as vacant. By 1975, the Friendly Cafe, Fine & Dandy Wig Shop, and Tom & Joe's Variety Store were operating from Suite 320, Suite 322, and Suite 324, respectively. The cafe had previously been located at 309 South Sanford Avenue. At the time that this photograph was taken in January 2012, this lot was used as a parking lot for Diamond Glass Company, Inc. Diamond Glass Co. is a glass installation business based in Alpharetta, Georgia, with a Sanford location at 305 Palmetto Avenue. The earliest known occupant of Suite 326 was the Beehive Inc. Department Store in 1924, as well as Dr. G. E. Sargeant, an African-American physician, who housed his office in the rear of the building. By 1926, Dave's Store, a department store, was located here. Outlet - The Department Store, which originally encompassed Suites 322-326 in 1947, was expanded to include Suite 320 by 1952. Suite 326 housed Mooney's Appliance Service in 1965 and C & C Liquor Store in 1975. C & C was originally owned by grocer and Italian immigrant Batista Ceresoli and his wife Carolina C. Ceresoli from approximately 1947 to 1965, when the liquor store was located at 312 South Sanford Avenue. Their son, Martin Q. Ceresoli, later owned the liquor store until his death on January 27, 1997. At the time that this photograph was taken in January 2012, this lot was vacant with no building.
The lots located at 323-329 South Sanford Avenue in Georgetown, an historic African-American neighborhood in Sanford, Florida. The earliest known occupant of Suite 323 was African-American resident K. S. Johnson in 1911. Three-In-One Store was listed at this address in 1917 and J. A. Sands ran his plumbing business from this location in 1926. FMB 5-10 & 25c Store operated from this lot from approximately 1947 to 1952, though the business moved to Suite 321 by 1965. The earliest known occupant of Suite 325 was A. E. Dobbins Shoe Repair in 1924. J. J. Melton worked as an electrician at from this address in 1924. By 1926, Melton moved his new business, Melton Electric Company, to 321 South Sanford Avenue. That same year, Hopkins Shoe Shop was listed at this address. Suite 325 housed Hopkins Grocery & Market in 1947 and Bill Harvey's Home Service Company Radio Sales & Service in 1952. F. A. Stone, a grocer, was the first known occupant of 327 S. Sanford Ave. in 1924. Stone operated his business from this location from approximately 1924 to 1926. He had previously managed the Palm Leaf Broom Straw Company, located at the corner of South Oak Avenue and West Eighth Street, in 1917. The earliest known resident of Suite 329 was C. H. Leffler in 1917. Leffler was one of the four men from Sanford who planned an expedition to Alaska during the Gold Rush of 1898. The others included: Dolph Edwards, Charles H. Beck, and Eugene Muller. Leffler only got as far as Seattle, Washington in February, where he decided to open a grocery and supply store. He returned to Sanford in May 1898. By 1947, Lovett's Grocery was occupying this lot, followed by Tip Top Super Market in 1965 and Park & Shop in 1975. At the time that these photographs were taken in January 2012, 232-327 Sanford Avenue was vacant with no buildings. Sanford Supermarket was occupying at 329 South Sanford Avenue. and Gator Auto Insurance, located at 345 South Sanford Avenue, can also be seen in this photograph.
The lot located at 400-402 South Sanford Avenue in Georgetown, an historic African-American neighborhood in Sanford, Florida. The earliest known residents of Suite 400 were J. I. Anderson, Harry Wray, and S. Comick in 1911. J. M. Stumon was listed at 400 1/2 S. Sanford Ave. Anderson was an Inspector of Marks and Brands for districts 2 and 3 in Sanford in from 1917 to 1920. By 1917, Stumon became the sole resident of this lot and by 1924, he was running his grocery from this location, although he was replaced by another grocer, C. J. Coleman, in 1926. This lot was then occupied by Table Supply Stores Grocery in 1947 and then the County Veterans Institute, which also included Suite 402, in 1952. In 1965, the Jenkins Furniture Company New & Used was listed at this address. By 1975, Ansley TV Service had moved here from 416 South Sanford Avenue. By 1917, Wray had moved next door to 402 S. Sanford Ave. In 1924, both J. H. Tillis Meats and G. E. deHeredia Dry Goods. In that same year, The restaurant of Garfield Young, who lived at 404 S. Sanford Ave., was listed at 402 1/2 South Sanford Avenue. By 1926, deHeredia's store was replaced by E. Mable Saints Fruits. At the time that this photograph was taken in January 2012, this building was occupied by Exact Plumbing, Inc.
The lot located at 401-403 South Sanford Avenue in Georgetown, an historic African-American neighborhood in Sanford, Florida. The earliest known occupant of Suite 401 was Sanford Ice and Cold Storage in 1887. The first known residents were W. M. Burnett, an African American, in 1911 and Mrs. L. W. Caldwell in 1917. African-American confectioner H. L. Duhart ran his business from this location in 1924. Duhart had previously resided at 403 S. Sanford Ave. from approximately 1911 to 1924 and also had another residence at 318 S. Sanford Ave. in 1917. In that same year, Emma Rankin's restaurant was listed at Suite 401. The House of Bread Bakery was also located here sometime in the 1920s, though it is not clear if this was before or after Rankin had opened her restaurant. H & A Department Store, opened by Herman Jacobson (d. 1989) and Arthur Jacobson, was located here from approximately 1947 to 1965. By 1952, the store had expanded to include Suites 403-405. Herman's wife, Rose E. Zauderer Jacobson (1913-2009), also became a co-owner after the two married in 1934. Rose Jacobson moved to Geneva in 1925 and taught at Sanford Grammar School as a young adult. The couple also opened Ro-Jay's, a women's clothing store at 224 East First Street. Suite 401 was listed as vacant in 1975. The first known resident of Suite 403 was Duhart from approximately 1911 to 1924. Another black businessman, C. M. Walker, was also listed as resident at 403 1/2 S. Sanford Ave. in 1924. By 1926, Duhart had opened a real estate business at this address and Walker had opened his restaurant at 403 1/2. As stated above, H & A Department Store had expanded to Suites 403-405 by 1965. The first known occupant of Suite 405 was African-American resident Jack Knight in 1917, who also had a residence at 222 S. Sanford Ave. that same year. By 1924, this location was occupied by Leamon Gaynor, an African-American barber. Gaynor moved to 414 South Sanford Avenue in around 1926. As stated above, H & A Department Store had expanded to Suites 403-405 by 1965. At the time that this photograph was taken in January 2012, this building was vacant. On March 7, 2012, Jason Turner's application for a Faade Improvement Grant for the building was approved by the Sanford Community Redevelopment Agency for $20,000.
The lot located at 411-415 South Sanford Avenue in Georgetown, an historic African-American neighborhood in Sanford, Florida. The earliest known resident of Suite 411 was E. D. Davis in 1911, followed by Charles Stout in 1917 and Edward Davis in 1924. The Afro-American Life Insurance Company, an insurance company and financial institution for African Americans, had an office at this address in 1926. The office was originally located at 413 1/2 South Sanford Avenue in 1924 and was later moved to 301 S. Sanford Ave. from approximately 1947 to 1952. The company was founded by Abraham Lincoln Lewis and others in Jacksonville. Buying insurance had previously been difficult and unaffordable for most African Americans before Afro-American Life Insurance Co. was established in 1901. The business closed in 1990. Robert Burns was listed as resident at this location in 1947. He also owned a beer store at 316 S. Sanford Ave. during that same year. From approximately 1952 to 1975, Fannie L. Burns, presumably a relative of Robert, resided here. All of the occupants of this site listed above were African Americans. The earliest known occupant of Suite 413 was George Bennett, who also had a residence at 222 S. Sanford Ave., in 1911 and Gilmore Felder from approximately 1924 to 1926. Felder had previously resided at 412-416 S. Sanford Ave. in 1911. Esther Felder, presumably a relative of Gilmore Felder, resided at this address from approximately 1947 to 1952. All of the residents listed above were also African American. Mack Coran resided here in 1965 and the lot was vacant by 1975. H. H. McFarland, also African-American, was the first known occupant of Suite 415 in 1911. At the time that this photograph was taken in January 2012, these lot were a small enclosed area with paved walkways.
The lot located at 412-418 South Sanford Avenue in Georgetown, an historic African-American neighborhood in Sanford, Florida. The earliest known residents of this lot were both African Americans: Randall Turner in 1911 and Gilmore Felder in 1917. In that same year, Turner was also listed as resident of 410 S. Sanford Ave. By 1924, Felder had moved across the street to 413 South Sanford Avenue. In 1926, J. W. Williams, a black businessman, ran his restaurant from this address. This building was listed as vacant in 1947, but became occupied by Everybody's Hardware and by Sylvester Tavern, another black-owned business, as late as 1952. Cave Tavern was located here in 1965. The first known occupant of Suite 414 was Leamon Gaynor, an African-American barber who ran his business from this location in 1926. He had previously had his barbershop at 405 S. Sanford Ave. Between approximately 1947 and 1952, this lot was vacant. In 1965, Knights Bicycle Shop was located at this address, but moved to 303 South Sanford Avenue by 1975. The earliest known occupant of Suite 416 was Morris Cleaner & Dryer in 1926. Morris Narvis, who operated his clothing trade at 320 South Sanford Avenue in 1924, was likely the owner of this business. Black businessman Robert Burns was listed as a resident at this location in 1947. He also owned a beer store at 316 S. Sanford Ave. during that same year. Rainbow Pool Room was also listed at this address in 1947. By 1952, this lot was being occupied by Metz Shoe Shop, an African-American business. From approximately 1965 to 1975, the business operated from 422 S. Sanford Ave. under a new name: Metz Shoe Shop Repairs. It is likely that this business was owned by William Metz, a cobbler who operated his business from 321 South Sanford Avenue in 1947. In 1965, Ansley TV Service was located here, but later moved to 400 S. Sanford Ave. by 1975. In that same year, Williamson & Son Barber Shop occupied this lot. Druggist A. M. Staup was the first known occupant of Suite 418 in 1926. The Seminole Barber Shop occupied this location from approximately 1947 to 1952. The barbershop, owned by Preston Williamson, moved to 420 South Sanford Avenue by 1963 and remained there until 1969. It is likely that Williamson & Son Barber Shop was owned by Preston Williamson as well. The address was listed as vacant in 1965. In 1975, Steen's Dry Cleaners was housed here. The building was also previously occupied by Beverly's Hair Cutting. In 2011, the building was being occupied by Miracle House Healing Ministries, Inc. a non-profit religious organization established on November 1, 2003. The organization is operated by Thomas and Patricia Williams, who married on September 18, 2000. At the time that this photograph was taken in January 2012, these suites were vacant.
The lot located at 417-419 South Sanford Avenue in Georgetown, an historic African-American neighborhood in Sanford, Florida. The earliest known occupant of this lot was D. O. Brown, who resided there in 1917. Mrs. S. L. Brown operated her meat business here from approximately 1924 to 1926. Stokes Fish Market, which included Suite 419 and operated by C. Brown, was located here from approximately 1947 to 1975. N. B. Baker was the first known resident of Suite 419 in 1917. This address was occupied by Goble's Supply Company Ladies' Wear in 1926, Lenon Solomon's restaurant in 1947, and Don's Market in 1952. By 1965, Stokes Fish Market had expanded to include Suites 417-419. Despite its closing, the painted signs on the sides of the building have remained as a landmark. Kathy Hull has lead a project with the Sanford Historic Trust to preserve the signs. During the 2008 presidential campaign, the site was used as a campaign office for Barack Obama and Joe Biden. At the time that this photograph was taken in January 2012, both suites were unoccupied.
A lot located at 430-444 South Sanford Avenue in the Georgetown neighborhood of Sanford, Florida. At the time that this photograph was taken in January 2012, Suite 430 was being occupied by Beverly's Hair Cutting Services, Suite 444 by Ellen's Wine Room, and Suite 444 by Investors Realty Network. Ellen's Wine Room is a winery and restaurant founded by Debra Ellen Hartman, who worked as a vinter in the mid-1990s.
The lot located at 421 South Sanford Avenue in Georgetown, an historic African-American neighborhood in Sanford, Florida. The earliest known residents of this lot were all African Americans: Berry M. Gardner from approximately 1911 to 1917, E. D. Mathews in 1924, and David White in 1926. At the time that this photograph was taken in January 2012, the lot was vacant with no building. Stokes Fish Market, located next door at 417-419 South Sanford Avenue, can also been seen in this photograph. The fish market was operated by C. Brown from approximately 1947 to 1975. Stokes Fish Market was originally located in Suite 417 around 1947 and had expanded into Suite 419 by 1965. Despite its closing, the painted signs on the sides of the building have remained as a landmark. Kathy Hull has led a project with the Sanford Historic Trust to preserve the signs. During the 2008 presidential campaign, the site was used as a campaign office for Barack Obama and Joe Biden.
The lot located at 500-504 South Sanford Avenue in Georgetown, an historic African-American neighborhood in Sanford, Florida. The earliest known occupant of Suites 500-504 was Benton's Furniture Exchange Used Furniture in 1947. By 1952, the furniture shop moved to 422-424 South Sanford Avenue. The Boteler Howard Company, a wholesale confectioner business, occupied Suites 500-502 from approximately 1952 to 1965. Suite 504 was listed as vacant in 1952. In 1965, Hoover Radio & TV Service occupied Suite 504, which was later listed as vacant in 1975. Dave's Used Furniture was housed in Suite 500 in 1975. At the time that this photograph was taken in January 2012, Suite 502 was being occupied by Claire's Elegant Expressions and Suites 500 and 504 were vacant.
The lots located at 501-503 South Sanford Avenue in Georgetown, an historic African-American neighborhood in Sanford, Florida. The earliest known residents of Suites 501 were two African Americans: W. M. Walker in 1911 and Rachel Tayes in 1924. In 1926, Caldwell Furniture Company Inc. was listed at this address. Two grocers ran their grocery stores from this location: James A. Williams in 1947 and William H. Harrell in 1952. Sanford Ave. Pool Room was located at this address from approximately 1965 to 1975. The earliest known residents of Suite 503 were also all African Americans: J. R. Neal in 1911, Louis Rivers in 1917, and Ernest Clayton in 1924. In 1926, R. L. Hill was running his grocery store from this location. This address was listed as vacant from approximately 1947 to 1952. Two cafes were later located in this suite: Janette's Café in 1965 and Sanford Café in 1975. At the time that this photograph was taken in January 2012, both suites were vacant.
The lots located at 505-507 South Sanford Avenue in Georgetown, an historic African-American neighborhood in Sanford, Florida. The earliest known residents of Suite 505 were all African Americans: Washington Crittenden in 1911, Mack Dupree in 1917, and Griffin Clair in 1924. In 1926, Clair was listed next door at Suite 507. Annie Jones, an African-American woman, and N. H. Smoke, presumably white, were listed at Suite 505 that same year. The earliest known occupant of Suite 507 was Dr. Edward D. Strickland, a successful African-American dentist who practiced from this location in 1924. Dr. Strickland later moved his office to 300 1/2 S. Sanford Ave. from 1926 until 1946. In 1926, he also shared his office with Dr. O. A. Prince, another black physician. Dr. Strickland resided at 305 South Sanford Avenue in 1917 and moved to 511 South Sanford Avenue by 1926. After Dr. Strickland had relocated his office, Clair moved from Suite 505 to 507. In 1947, an African-American woman named Dozia Jones was listed at this address. At the time that this photograph was taken in January 2012, both lots were vacant with no buildings.
The building located at 506-510 South Sanford Avenue in Georgetown, an historic African-American neighborhood in Sanford, Florida. The earliest known residents of Suite 506 were all African Americans: W. M. Walker in 1911, Will Burnett in 1917, and Florine Wood in 1924. Walker also had a residence at 501 South Sanford Avenue. W. E. Dunaway operated his dry goods store from this lot in 1926 and Anderson L. Brown, a black businessman, operated his barbershop here in 1947. Brown was born in Waukeenah, Florida, around 1907 and moved to Sanford in 1920. As a retiree, Brown lived at 1001 Cypress Avenue and passed away May 9, 1985. He was survived by his wife, Ernestine Hall Brown; his daughter, Ann Brown; his sister, Sennie Merchant; five grandchildren; and nine great-grandchildren. In 1952, Jack's Barber Shop occupied Suite 506, though the shop moved to 514 South Sanford Avenue by 1965. The earliest known occupant of Suite 508 was Prince Strobart, an African-American resident who lived here in 1911. This address was listed as vacant in 1917. James Samuels resided at this location in 1924 and moved to 512 1/2 South Sanford Avenue by 1926. Blanche Chute occupied this lot in 1926 and Sam Wright operated his dry cleaning business here in 1947. Jack's Dry Cleaners, another African-American-owned business, occupied this location in 1952. Dick's Appliance Service was listed at 506-508 S. Sanford Ave. in 1965. The appliance repair shop has since moved to 441 Sand Cove Drive. J. N. Telford, a black grocer, was the first known occupant of 510 S. Sanford Ave. in 1926. African-American businessman Segio Broomfield operated his billiards hall from this location in 1947, but the suite was vacant by 1952. Sweeney's Office Supply Warehouse was listed at Suites 506-512 in 1965. At the time that these photographs were taken in January 2012, all of these suites were vacant.
The building located at 512-516 South Sanford Avenue in Georgetown, an historic African-American neighborhood in Sanford, Florida. The earliest known residents of Suite 512 were three African-American businesses in 1924: jeweler A. J. Coulter, West Sanford Real Estate Company, and undertakers Austin & Morris. Coulter previously resided at 318 S. Sanford Ave. in 1917. In 1926, Culter remained in Suite 512 and James Samuels moved to Suite 512 1/2 from Suite 508. African-American businessman W. H. Gaines housed his restaurant here in 1947 and Vail Chandler Cabinet Market was located here in 1952. In 1952, Viola's Beauty Shop, an African-America-run business, and Amos Payne, a black resident, were listed at 512 1/2 South Sanford Avenue. Sweeney's Office Supply Warehouse was listed at Suites 506-512 in 1965. In 1975, the All Souls Catholic Church Sharing Center, a used merchandise store, was located at Suite 512. All Souls Catholic Church is a Catholic church founded by Father McFaul in 1882 and located at 800 South Oak Avenue. As of January 2014, this suite was being occupied by Mane Attraction Hair Salon. The first known residents of 514 S. Sanford Ave. were two African Americans: W. B. Kellix in 1917 and Milton Malloy in 1924. In 1926, West Sanford Real Estate Co. moved from Suite 512 to 514. Three other black residents were listed at this address: Fannie Jones and Oscar Coleman in 1947 and Mabel Griffin in 1952. Originally located at 506 S. Sanford Ave., black-owned business Jack's Barber Shop relocated to this location by 1965. Another African-American resident, Daisy Tyes, lived in Suite 514 1/2 from approximately 1947 to 1965. Tyes was born on February 2, 1897, and passed away on April 1, 1985. In 1926, Suite 516 was being occupied by Gramling & Morris, two African-American undertakers, and Suite 516 1/2 was being occupied by a black resident named Frank Pitts. In 1947, the lot was housing another black organization, World War Veterans Auxiliary Service Center. By 1952, an African-American woman, Louise King, was residing at this location, but it was listed as vacant in 1965. At the time that this photograph was taken in January 2012, this suite was being occupied by Junk2Funk, a mid-century modern furniture and accessories store owned by John White, a graphic designer, and Shana Gorondy, a senior business analyst for the American Automobile Association (AAA). In August 2012, Junk2Funk was featured on Picked Off, a reality television series on The History Channel.
The two-story house, built in 1930, located at 511 South Sanford Avenue in Georgetown, an historic African-American neighborhood in Sanford, Florida in 2012. Dr. Edward D. Strickland, a successful Georgetown dentist, resided here in 1926. He had previously lived at 305 South Sanford Avenue in 1917. Dr. Strickland originally practiced dentistry at 507 South Sanford Avenue until he moved his office to 300-302 South Sanford Avenue, where he practiced from 1926 to 1946. From 1947 approximately until 1952, Ruby Strickland resided in this home. In 1965, Andrew Mack lived at this address and Robert Wright lived here in 1975.
The lot located at 519 South Sanford Avenue in Georgetown, an historic African-American neighborhood in Sanford, Florida. The earliest known occupant of this lot was an African-American resident named Joseph D. Sneed, who lived here from approximately 1917 to 1924. At the time that this photograph was taken in January 2012, this lot was vacant with no buildings.
The lot located at 205 South Sanford Avenue in Georgetown, an historic African-American neighborhood in Sanford, Florida. Georgetown was established by the city's founder, Henry Shelton Sanford (1823-1891), as a suburb for black residents in the 1870s. The neighborhood spans along Sanford Avenue, with its commercial district between First Street and Fifth Street and its historic district between Seventh Street and Tenth Street. Though originally much smaller, Georgetown spanned to its present boundaries from East Second Street to Celery Avenue and from Sanford Avenue to Mellonville Avenue. Georgetown thrived at its height from circa 1880 to 1940, particularly in agriculture and transportation.
The lot located at 410 South Sanford Avenue in Georgetown, an historic African-American neighborhood in Sanford, Florida. The earliest known residents of this lot were two African Americans: Randall Turner in 1911 and Virgil Jones in 1924. Turner also owned a residence at 412 S. Sanford Ave. in 1911. Sel-Rite, a grocery store, operated from this location in 1926. Nick's Package Store Liquors was located here from approximately 1947 to 1965. This addressed was vacant by 1975. Fat Rat's Lounge, a 1920s-style bar, was opened here by Jason Turner in 2010. The building was renovated by Turner, who expanded it another 2,000 square feet. Turner also opened Jason's Martini Club, located at 300 South Sanford Avenue, in 2007.
Trinity United Methodist Church (UMC), located at 526 South Sanford Avenue in Georgetown, an historic African-American neighborhood in Sanford, Florida in 2012. Trinity Church was originally named the New Mount Zion Colored Methodist Episcopal (CME) Church and dates back to the early 1890s. Currently located at the corner of South Sanford Avenue and East Sixth Street, Trinity UMC first held their services at the home of church member Violet Graham at East Sixth Street and Hickory Avenue. Following a donation made by the all-white Methodist Episcopal Church, services were relocated to a building erected on a lot on the northwest corner of East Sixth Street and Sanford Avenue. In the 1920s, a new church was designed and built by the famed African-American architect Prince W. Spears. The church was listed in early city directories as Trinity Methodist Church at the northwest corner of South Sanford Avenue and East Sixth Street. Trinity Church was listed with the address 520 S. Sanford Ave. in 1947 and 550 S. Sanford Ave. in 1975.
The lot located at 308-310 South Sanford Avenue in Georgetown, an historic African-American neighborhood in Sanford, Florida. The earliest known occupant of Suite 308 was African-American resident Alexander Long in 1911. In 1947, the Joe Moss Amusement Machine Company was operating from this location. Army Navy Surplus General Merchandise was listed at Suites 308-310 from approximately 1952 to 1965. J. M. Dresner was the first known occupant of 310 S. Sanford Ave. in 1917. From approximately 1924 to 1926, Dixie Army Navy Store was located here. The Sanford Ave Beer Garden was then located here from approximately 1947 to 1952. Army Navy Surplus General Merchandise was listed at Suites 308-310 from approximately 1952 to 1965. At the time that this photograph was taken in January 2012, these lots was vacant with no building.
The building located at 307-311 South Sanford Avenue in Georgetown, an historic African-American neighborhood in Sanford, Florida. The earliest known occupants of Suite 307 were two African-American residents: M. J. Bradford in 1911 and Judge Williams in 1917. By 1924, Williams had vacated this residency and then ran his restaurant at 305 South Sanford Avenue from approximately 1924 to 1925. In 1926, Dixie Gardens Corp. Real Estate was listed at this address, as well as the Boteler-Jackson Company Inc., a wholesale confectioner business, was listed at Suite 307. By 1947, Howard Boteler was operating his business at Suites 305-307 independently of his former company. The Boteler Howard Company, a wholesale confectioner business, was run at 500-502 South Sanford Avenue from approximately 1952 to 1965. In 1965, this address was listed as vacant. By 1975, Café Tavern had taken over the lot. In 1911, three residents were listed at 309 South Sanford Avenue: Peter Barkett, G. W. Wilson, and Jacob Frazier; the latter two were African Americans. Another African American, S. M. Harris, resided here in 1917. By 1924, James Tsacrios was operating his grocery from this location. The Style Shop Ready-to-wear was listed at this address in 1926 . From approximately 1947 to 1952, a black-owned bar, originally named C.C. Sheffield & Son Beer and later renamed C.C. Sheffield & Son Tavern, was located here. In 1965, Friendly Café was located at this address, though the café later moved to 320 South Sanford Avenue. The first known occupant of Suite 311 was African-American resident W. R. Charlton in 1911. In 1924, I. E. Kersey & Son Meats was located here, but the lot was listed as vacant in 1926. From approximately 1947 to 1952, an African-American-owned bar, originally named Al's Tavern and later renamed Al's Place Tavern, was run at this address. By 1965, Bennie's Pool Room had been occupying this lot, but it became vacant by 1975. At the time that this photograph was taken in January 2012, these lots were vacant with no building.
Sanford High School Report Card, 1914-1915
Sanford High School report card for eleventh-grader Frances Leavitt during the 1914-1915 school years. Clara Louise Guild evaluated Leavitt in subjects such as English literature, geometry, history, and French. Other school subjects include algebra, Latin, rhetoric, physics, chemistry, biology, geography, German, arithmetic, drawing, and music. The report card was signed by Leavitt's parent, Mrs. W. L. Leavitt. Guild is also known as the first graduate of Rollins College in Winter Park, Florida. Sanford High School was originally established at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida, in 1902. The building was designed by W. G. Talley in the Romanesque revival style. Due to an increasing student population, a new school building was constructed on Sanford Avenue in 1911. The original building on Seventh Street served as Westside Grammar Elementary School, which was later renamed Sanford Grammar School. In 1984, the building was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and converted into the Student Museum. The building reopened as the University of Central Florida's Public History Center in 2012. In 1927, a high school campus was designed by Elton J. Moughton in the Mediterranean revival style and constructed at 1700 French Avenue. The school reopened on January 10 and was renamed Seminole High School. In 1960, the high school moved to a new campus at 2701 Ridgewood Avenue and the former building on French Avenue was converted to Sanford Junior High School, which was later renamed Sanford Middle School. The old building was demolished in the summer of 1991 and replaced by a $5.77 million school complex. As of 2013, Seminole High School offers various Advanced Placement courses, the Academy for Health Careers, and the International Baccalaureate Programme for students.
Sanford Public Schools High School Department
Original report card (Sanford, FL: Herald Printing Company): Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Report Cards, item SCPS00495, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
Sanford High School Rhetoric Assignment, 1905
A rhetoric assignment completed by Sanford High School sophomore Peacha Leffler in 1905. Leffler was one of the first graduates of Sanford High in 1907. This particular assignment was created to test the student's rhetoric skills. Sanford High School was originally established at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida, in 1902. The building was designed by W. G. Talley in the Romanesque revival style. Due to an increasing student population, a new school building was constructed on Sanford Avenue in 1911. The original building on Seventh Street served as Westside Grammar Elementary School, which was later renamed Sanford Grammar School. In 1984, the building was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and converted into the Student Museum. The building reopened as the University of Central Florida's Public History Center in 2012. In 1927, a high school campus was designed by Elton J. Moughton in the Mediterranean revival style and constructed at 1700 French Avenue. The school reopened on January 10 and was renamed Seminole High School. In 1960, the high school moved to a new campus at 2701 Ridgewood Avenue and the former building on French Avenue was converted to Sanford Junior High School, which was later renamed Sanford Middle School. The old building was demolished in the summer of 1991 and replaced by a $5.77 million school complex. As of 2013, Seminole High School offers various Advanced Placement courses, the Academy for Health Careers, and the International Baccalaureate Programme for students.
Original school assignment completed by Peacha Leffler, May 17, 1905: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Student Work 1905, item SCPS00496, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
Sanford High School Civil Government Assignment, 1905
Civil government assignment completed by Sanford High School sophomore Peacha Leffler in 1905. Leffler was one of the first graduates of Sanford High in 1907. This particular assignment was created to test the student's civil government knowledge. Sanford High School was originally established at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida, in 1902. The building was designed by W. G. Talley in the Romanesque revival style. Due to an increasing student population, a new school building was constructed on Sanford Avenue in 1911. The original building on Seventh Street served as Westside Grammar Elementary School, which was later renamed Sanford Grammar School. In 1984, the building was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and converted into the Student Museum. The building reopened as the University of Central Florida's Public History Center in 2012. In 1927, a high school campus was designed by Elton J. Moughton in the Mediterranean revival style and constructed at 1700 French Avenue. The school reopened on January 10 and was renamed Seminole High School. In 1960, the high school moved to a new campus at 2701 Ridgewood Avenue and the former building on French Avenue was converted to Sanford Junior High School, which was later renamed Sanford Middle School. The old building was demolished in the summer of 1991 and replaced by a $5.77 million school complex. As of 2013, Seminole High School offers various Advanced Placement courses, the Academy for Health Careers, and the International Baccalaureate Programme for students.
Original school assignment completed by Peacha Leffler, May 9, 1905: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Student Work 1905, item SCPS00497, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
Sanford High School Latin Assignment, 1905
Latin assignment completed by Sanford High School sophomore Peacha Leffler in 1905. Leffler was one of the first graduates of Sanford High in 1907. This particular assignment was created to test the student's Latin skills. Sanford High School was originally established at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida, in 1902. The building was designed by W. G. Talley in the Romanesque revival style. Due to an increasing student population, a new school building was constructed on Sanford Avenue in 1911. The original building on Seventh Street served as Westside Grammar Elementary School, which was later renamed Sanford Grammar School. In 1984, the building was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and converted into the Student Museum. The building reopened as the University of Central Florida's Public History Center in 2012. In 1927, a high school campus was designed by Elton J. Moughton in the Mediterranean revival style and constructed at 1700 French Avenue. The school reopened on January 10 and was renamed Seminole High School. In 1960, the high school moved to a new campus at 2701 Ridgewood Avenue and the former building on French Avenue was converted to Sanford Junior High School, which was later renamed Sanford Middle School. The old building was demolished in the summer of 1991 and replaced by a $5.77 million school complex. As of 2013, Seminole High School offers various Advanced Placement courses, the Academy for Health Careers, and the International Baccalaureate Programme for students.
Original school assignment completed by Peacha Leffler, May 16, 1905: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Student Work 1905, item SCPS00498, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
Sanford High School Latin Language Assignment, 1905
A Latin assignment completed by Sanford High School sophomore Rose Higgins in 1905. This particular assignment was created to test the student's Latin skills. Sanford High School was originally established at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida, in 1902. The building was designed by W. G. Talley in the Romanesque revival style. Due to an increasing student population, a new school building was constructed on Sanford Avenue in 1911. The original building on Seventh Street served as Westside Grammar Elementary School, which was later renamed Sanford Grammar School. In 1984, the building was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and converted into the Student Museum. The building reopened as the University of Central Florida's Public History Center in 2012. In 1927, a high school campus was designed by Elton J. Moughton in the Mediterranean revival style and constructed at 1700 French Avenue. The school reopened on January 10 and was renamed Seminole High School. In 1960, the high school moved to a new campus at 2701 Ridgewood Avenue and the former building on French Avenue was converted to Sanford Junior High School, which was later renamed Sanford Middle School. The old building was demolished in the summer of 1991 and replaced by a $5.77 million school complex. As of 2013, Seminole High School offers various Advanced Placement courses, the Academy for Health Careers, and the International Baccalaureate Programme for students.
Original school assignment completed by Rose Higgins, May 16, 1905: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Student Work 1905, item SCPS00499, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
Sanford High School Government Assignment, 1905
Civil government assignment completed by Sanford High School sophomore Rose Higgins in 1905. This particular assignment was created to test the student's civil government knowledge. Sanford High School was originally established at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida, in 1902. The building was designed by W. G. Talley in the Romanesque revival style. Due to an increasing student population, a new school building was constructed on Sanford Avenue in 1911. The original building on Seventh Street served as Westside Grammar Elementary School, which was later renamed Sanford Grammar School. In 1984, the building was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and converted into the Student Museum. The building reopened as the University of Central Florida's Public History Center in 2012. In 1927, a high school campus was designed by Elton J. Moughton in the Mediterranean revival style and constructed at 1700 French Avenue. The school reopened on January 10 and was renamed Seminole High School. In 1960, the high school moved to a new campus at 2701 Ridgewood Avenue and the former building on French Avenue was converted to Sanford Junior High School, which was later renamed Sanford Middle School. The old building was demolished in the summer of 1991 and replaced by a $5.77 million school complex. As of 2013, Seminole High School offers various Advanced Placement courses, the Academy for Health Careers, and the International Baccalaureate Programme for students.
Original school assignment completed by Rose Higgins, May 9, 1905: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Student Work 1905, item SCPS00500, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
Sanford High School Language Assignment, 1906
An English language assignment completed by Sanford High School sixth grader Flossie Jones in 1906. This particular assignment was created to test Miss Kate Tomkie's students' English language skills. Sanford High School was originally established at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida, in 1902. The building was designed by W. G. Talley in the Romanesque revival style. Due to an increasing student population, a new school building was constructed on Sanford Avenue in 1911. The original building on Seventh Street served as Westside Grammar Elementary School, which was later renamed Sanford Grammar School. In 1984, the building was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and converted into the Student Museum. The building reopened as the University of Central Florida's Public History Center in 2012. In 1927, a high school campus was designed by Elton J. Moughton in the Mediterranean revival style and constructed at 1700 French Avenue. The school reopened on January 10 and was renamed Seminole High School. In 1960, the high school moved to a new campus at 2701 Ridgewood Avenue and the former building on French Avenue was converted to Sanford Junior High School, which was later renamed Sanford Middle School. The old building was demolished in the summer of 1991 and replaced by a $5.77 million school complex. As of 2013, Seminole High School offers various Advanced Placement courses, the Academy for Health Careers, and the International Baccalaureate Programme for students.
Original school assignment completed by Flossie Jones, May 17, 1906: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Student Work 1905, item SCPS00501, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
Sanford High School Civil Government Assignment, 1906
A civil government assignment completed by Sanford High School eighth grader Edith Lindholm in 1906. This particular assignment was created to test Flora A. Walker's students' civil government knowledge. Sanford High School was originally established at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida, in 1902. The building was designed by W. G. Talley in the Romanesque revival style. Due to an increasing student population, a new school building was constructed on Sanford Avenue in 1911. The original building on Seventh Street served as Westside Grammar Elementary School, which was later renamed Sanford Grammar School. In 1984, the building was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and converted into the Student Museum. The building reopened as the University of Central Florida's Public History Center in 2012. In 1927, a high school campus was designed by Elton J. Moughton in the Mediterranean revival style and constructed at 1700 French Avenue. The school reopened on January 10 and was renamed Seminole High School. In 1960, the high school moved to a new campus at 2701 Ridgewood Avenue and the former building on French Avenue was converted to Sanford Junior High School, which was later renamed Sanford Middle School. The old building was demolished in the summer of 1991 and replaced by a $5.77 million school complex. As of 2013, Seminole High School offers various Advanced Placement courses, the Academy for Health Careers, and the International Baccalaureate Programme for students.
Original school assignment completed by Edith Lindholm, May 16, 1906: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Student Work 1905, item SCPS00502, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
Sanford High School English Language Assignment, 1906
An English language by Sanford High School sixth grader Mildred Haskins in 1906. This particular assignment was created to test Miss Kate Tomkie's students' English language skills. Sanford High School was originally established at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida, in 1902. The building was designed by W. G. Talley in the Romanesque revival style. Due to an increasing student population, a new school building was constructed on Sanford Avenue in 1911. The original building on Seventh Street served as Westside Grammar Elementary School, which was later renamed Sanford Grammar School. In 1984, the building was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and converted into the Student Museum. The building reopened as the University of Central Florida's Public History Center in 2012. In 1927, a high school campus was designed by Elton J. Moughton in the Mediterranean revival style and constructed at 1700 French Avenue. The school reopened on January 10 and was renamed Seminole High School. In 1960, the high school moved to a new campus at 2701 Ridgewood Avenue and the former building on French Avenue was converted to Sanford Junior High School, which was later renamed Sanford Middle School. The old building was demolished in the summer of 1991 and replaced by a $5.77 million school complex. As of 2013, Seminole High School offers various Advanced Placement courses, the Academy for Health Careers, and the International Baccalaureate Programme for students.
Original school assignment completed by Mildred Haskins, May 17, 1905: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Student Work 1905, item SCPS00503, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
Sanford High School Penmanship Assignment, 1906
A penmanship assignment completed by Sanford High School fifth grader Nellie Elder in 1906. This particular assignment was created to test Miss McRae's students' penmanship skills. Sanford High School was originally established at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida, in 1902. The building was designed by W. G. Talley in the Romanesque revival style. Due to an increasing student population, a new school building was constructed on Sanford Avenue in 1911. The original building on Seventh Street served as Westside Grammar Elementary School, which was later renamed Sanford Grammar School. In 1984, the building was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and converted into the Student Museum. The building reopened as the University of Central Florida's Public History Center in 2012. In 1927, a high school campus was designed by Elton J. Moughton in the Mediterranean revival style and constructed at 1700 French Avenue. The school reopened on January 10 and was renamed Seminole High School. In 1960, the high school moved to a new campus at 2701 Ridgewood Avenue and the former building on French Avenue was converted to Sanford Junior High School, which was later renamed Sanford Middle School. The old building was demolished in the summer of 1991 and replaced by a $5.77 million school complex. As of 2013, Seminole High School offers various Advanced Placement courses, the Academy for Health Careers, and the International Baccalaureate Programme for students.
Original school assignment completed by Nellie Elder, May 16, 1905: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Student Work 1905, item SCPS00504, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
The first page of a student work packet completed by Sanford High School fifth graders in 1906. The assignment was due January 26th, 1906, and consists of work from approximately 24 students. The assignment consists of four different assessments: spelling, writing, grammar, and penmanship. The grades that the students received ranged from 60% to 98%, with a class average of 84%. Sanford High School was originally established at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida, in 1902. The building was designed by W. G. Talley in the Romanesque revival style. Due to an increasing student population, a new school building was constructed on Sanford Avenue in 1911. The original building on Seventh Street served as Westside Grammar Elementary School, which was later renamed Sanford Grammar School. In 1984, the building was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and converted into the Student Museum. The building reopened as the University of Central Florida's Public History Center in 2012. In 1927, a high school campus was designed by Elton J. Moughton in the Mediterranean revival style and constructed at 1700 French Avenue. The school reopened on January 10 and was renamed Seminole High School. In 1960, the high school moved to a new campus at 2701 Ridgewood Avenue and the former building on French Avenue was converted to Sanford Junior High School, which was later renamed Sanford Middle School. The old building was demolished in the summer of 1991 and replaced by a $5.77 million school complex. As of 2013, Seminole High School offers various Advanced Placement courses, the Academy for Health Careers, and the International Baccalaureate Programme for students.
Original school examination, January 26, 1906: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Student Work 1905, item SCPS00505, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
Sanford High School Sophomore English Examination
An English language examination completed by a Sanford High School sophomore in 1907. Sanford High School was originally established at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida, in 1902. The building was designed by W. G. Talley in the Romanesque revival style. Due to an increasing student population, a new school building was constructed on Sanford Avenue in 1911. The original building on Seventh Street served as Westside Grammar Elementary School, which was later renamed Sanford Grammar School. In 1984, the building was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and converted into the Student Museum. The building reopened as the University of Central Florida's Public History Center in 2012. In 1927, a high school campus was designed by Elton J. Moughton in the Mediterranean revival style and constructed at 1700 French Avenue. The school reopened on January 10 and was renamed Seminole High School. In 1960, the high school moved to a new campus at 2701 Ridgewood Avenue and the former building on French Avenue was converted to Sanford Junior High School, which was later renamed Sanford Middle School. The old building was demolished in the summer of 1991 and replaced by a $5.77 million school complex. As of 2013, Seminole High School offers various Advanced Placement courses, the Academy for Health Careers, and the International Baccalaureate Programme for students.
Original school examination, January 30, 1907: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Student Work 1907-1908, item SCPS00506, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
Sanford High School English Assignment, 1907
An English assignment completed by a Sanford High School junior in 1907. Sanford High School was originally established at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida, in 1902. The building was designed by W. G. Talley in the Romanesque revival style. Due to an increasing student population, a new school building was constructed on Sanford Avenue in 1911. The original building on Seventh Street served as Westside Grammar Elementary School, which was later renamed Sanford Grammar School. In 1984, the building was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and converted into the Student Museum. The building reopened as the University of Central Florida's Public History Center in 2012. In 1927, a high school campus was designed by Elton J. Moughton in the Mediterranean revival style and constructed at 1700 French Avenue. The school reopened on January 10 and was renamed Seminole High School. In 1960, the high school moved to a new campus at 2701 Ridgewood Avenue and the former building on French Avenue was converted to Sanford Junior High School, which was later renamed Sanford Middle School. The old building was demolished in the summer of 1991 and replaced by a $5.77 million school complex. As of 2013, Seminole High School offers various Advanced Placement courses, the Academy for Health Careers, and the International Baccalaureate Programme for students.
Original school assignment, May 21, 1907: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Student Work 1907-1908, item SCPS00507, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
Sanford High School English Language Assignment, 1907
Original school assignment, May 21, 1907: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Student Work 1907-1908, item SCPS00508, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
Sanford High School Algebra Assignment, 1907
An algebra assignment completed by a Sanford High School freshman F. Eugene Roumillat in 1907. Sanford High School was originally established at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida, in 1902. The building was designed by W. G. Talley in the Romanesque revival style. Due to an increasing student population, a new school building was constructed on Sanford Avenue in 1911. The original building on Seventh Street served as Westside Grammar Elementary School, which was later renamed Sanford Grammar School. In 1984, the building was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and converted into the Student Museum. The building reopened as the University of Central Florida's Public History Center in 2012. In 1927, a high school campus was designed by Elton J. Moughton in the Mediterranean revival style and constructed at 1700 French Avenue. The school reopened on January 10 and was renamed Seminole High School. In 1960, the high school moved to a new campus at 2701 Ridgewood Avenue and the former building on French Avenue was converted to Sanford Junior High School, which was later renamed Sanford Middle School. The old building was demolished in the summer of 1991 and replaced by a $5.77 million school complex. As of 2013, Seminole High School offers various Advanced Placement courses, the Academy for Health Careers, and the International Baccalaureate Programme for students.
Original school assignment completed by F. Eugene Roumillat, May 21, 1907: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Student Work 1907-1908, SCPS00509, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
Sanford High School Arithmetic Assignment
Arithmetic assignment completed by a Sanford High School sixth grader Charlotte Hand during the 1907-1908 school year. Sanford High School was originally established at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida, in 1902. The building was designed by W. G. Talley in the Romanesque revival style. Due to an increasing student population, a new school building was constructed on Sanford Avenue in 1911. The original building on Seventh Street served as Westside Grammar Elementary School, which was later renamed Sanford Grammar School. In 1984, the building was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and converted into the Student Museum. The building reopened as the University of Central Florida's Public History Center in 2012. In 1927, a high school campus was designed by Elton J. Moughton in the Mediterranean revival style and constructed at 1700 French Avenue. The school reopened on January 10 and was renamed Seminole High School. In 1960, the high school moved to a new campus at 2701 Ridgewood Avenue and the former building on French Avenue was converted to Sanford Junior High School, which was later renamed Sanford Middle School. The old building was demolished in the summer of 1991 and replaced by a $5.77 million school complex. As of 2013, Seminole High School offers various Advanced Placement courses, the Academy for Health Careers, and the International Baccalaureate Programme for students.
Original school assignment completed by Charlotte Hand: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Student Work 1907-1908, SCPS00510, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
Sanford High School Arithmetic Assignment, 1908
An rithmetic assignment completed by a Sanford High School freshman Jossie Stumon in 1908. Sanford High School was originally established at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida, in 1902. The building was designed by W. G. Talley in the Romanesque revival style. Due to an increasing student population, a new school building was constructed on Sanford Avenue in 1911. The original building on Seventh Street served as Westside Grammar Elementary School, which was later renamed Sanford Grammar School. In 1984, the building was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and converted into the Student Museum. The building reopened as the University of Central Florida's Public History Center in 2012. In 1927, a high school campus was designed by Elton J. Moughton in the Mediterranean revival style and constructed at 1700 French Avenue. The school reopened on January 10 and was renamed Seminole High School. In 1960, the high school moved to a new campus at 2701 Ridgewood Avenue and the former building on French Avenue was converted to Sanford Junior High School, which was later renamed Sanford Middle School. The old building was demolished in the summer of 1991 and replaced by a $5.77 million school complex. As of 2013, Seminole High School offers various Advanced Placement courses, the Academy for Health Careers, and the International Baccalaureate Programme for students.
Original school assignment completed by Jossie Stumon, January 30, 1908: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Student Work 1907-1908, SCPS00510, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
Statement from Gray Dawes and Company to Henry Shelton Sanford (January 28, 1880)
Sanford, Henry S. (Henry Shelton), 1823-1891
A statement from Gray Dawes and Company to Henry Shelton Sanford (1823-1891) dated January 28, 1880. The statement lists charges for the shipment of 10 boxes of oranges from New York to London. The oranges may have been sent to the London-based company as a gift from Sanford, who was in London at the time seeking to attract investors for his Florida land development scheme, what would become the Florida Land and Colonization Company. Gray Dawes and Company was founded in 1865 by business partners Archie Gray and Edwyn Sandys Dawes. Located at 13 Austin Friars in London, England, the company was focused, at least initially, on maritime insurance. By the mid-1870s, the company had also expanded its operations into shipping, overseeing a fleet of steamships that circulated within a trade network including London, Calcutta, Madras, and elsewhere. The company was closely linked to the Scottish shipping titan, Sir William MacKinnon (1823-1893). Gray was Mackinnon's nephew. Dawes, meanwhile, went on to become a close and trusted business partner to MacKinnon. As such, the firm became a useful means for MacKinnon to reward his friends and business associates. The company availed insurance accounts to these select individuals, accounts that could be used as a source of credit to be paid at a later date. The company became associated with Henry Shelton Sanford thanks to the mutual connection to MacKinnon. In 1880, MacKinnon lent Sanford, who was faced at the time with financial difficulties, some £8,000 to facilitate the founding of a Florida land investment company. The money offered by MacKinnon was in fact loaned to Sanford by Gray Dawes and Company. Additionally, at the behest of MacKinnon, both Gray and Dawes became reluctant subscribers to Sanford’s land investment scheme, the Florida Land and Colonization Company.
Original statement: box 53, folder 3, subfolder 53.3.1, Henry Shelton Sanford Papers, General Henry S. Sanford Memorial Library, Sanford Museum, Sanford, Florida.
Gray Dawes and Company, London, England, United Kingdom
Statement from Gray Dawes and Company to Henry Shelton Sanford (July 14, 1880)
A statement from Gray Dawes and Company to Henry Shelton Sanford (1823-1891) dated July 14, 1880. The statement lists the 6-month interest charge on an advance of £8,000 to Sanford, loaned against Sanford's property in Florida at a rate of 5 percent per year. The amount due was £200. Gray Dawes and Company was founded in 1865 by business partners Archie Gray and Edwyn Sandys Dawes. Located at 13 Austin Friars in London, England, the company was focused, at least initially, on maritime insurance. By the mid-1870s, the company had also expanded its operations into shipping, overseeing a fleet of steamships that circulated within a trade network including London, Calcutta, Madras, and elsewhere. The company was closely linked to the Scottish shipping titan, Sir William MacKinnon (1823-1893). Gray was Mackinnon's nephew. Dawes, meanwhile, went on to become a close and trusted business partner to MacKinnon. As such, the firm became a useful means for MacKinnon to reward his friends and business associates. The company availed insurance accounts to these select individuals, accounts that could be used as a source of credit to be paid at a later date. The company became associated with Henry Shelton Sanford thanks to the mutual connection to MacKinnon. In 1880, MacKinnon lent Sanford, who was faced at the time with financial difficulties, some £8,000 to facilitate the founding of a Florida land investment company. The money offered by MacKinnon was in fact loaned to Sanford by Gray Dawes and Company. Additionally, at the behest of MacKinnon, both Gray and Dawes became reluctant subscribers to Sanford’s land investment scheme, the Florida Land and Colonization Company.
Original statement: box 53, folder 3, subfolder 53.3.2, Henry Shelton Sanford Papers, General Henry S. Sanford Memorial Library, Sanford Museum, Sanford, Florida.
Statement from Gray Dawes and Company to Henry Shelton Sanford (February 23, 1881)
A statement from Gray Dawes and Company to Henry Shelton Sanford (1823-1891) dated February 23, 1881. The statement reflected the account activity from January 1880 to February 1881, including the initial loan of £8,000, the interest accrued after one year and 23 days (£425.41), and a payment of £200 by Sanford in July 1880. The total amount due at the time of the statement's creation was £8,225.41. Gray Dawes and Company was founded in 1865 by business partners Archie Gray and Edwyn Sandys Dawes. Located at 13 Austin Friars in London, England, the company was focused, at least initially, on maritime insurance. By the mid-1870s, the company had also expanded its operations into shipping, overseeing a fleet of steamships that circulated within a trade network including London, Calcutta, Madras, and elsewhere. The company was closely linked to the Scottish shipping titan, Sir William MacKinnon (1823-1893). Gray was Mackinnon's nephew. Dawes, meanwhile, went on to become a close and trusted business partner to MacKinnon. As such, the firm became a useful means for MacKinnon to reward his friends and business associates. The company availed insurance accounts to these select individuals, accounts that could be used as a source of credit to be paid at a later date. The company became associated with Henry Shelton Sanford thanks to the mutual connection to MacKinnon. In 1880, MacKinnon lent Sanford, who was faced at the time with financial difficulties, some £8,000 to facilitate the founding of a Florida land investment company. The money offered by MacKinnon was in fact loaned to Sanford by Gray Dawes and Company. Additionally, at the behest of MacKinnon, both Gray and Dawes became reluctant subscribers to Sanford’s land investment scheme, the Florida Land and Colonization Company.
Original statement: box 53, folder 3, subfolder 53.3.3, Henry Shelton Sanford Papers, General Henry S. Sanford Memorial Library, Sanford Museum, Sanford, Florida.
Statement from Gray Dawes and Company to Henry Shelton Sanford (August 5, 1887)
Atatement from Gray Dawes and Company to Henry Shelton Sanford (1823-1891) dated August 5, 1887. The statement indicated the interest due for the period from August 1887 to February 1888, an amount of £197.94. The initial amount of the loan was £8,000 with an annual interest rate of 5 percent, issued in 1880. By 1887, it appears Sanford had paid back less than £2,000 of the loan and his interest rate had risen to 6 percent. Gray Dawes and Company was founded in 1865 by business partners Archie Gray and Edwyn Sandys Dawes. Located at 13 Austin Friars in London, England, the company was focused, at least initially, on maritime insurance. By the mid-1870s, the company had also expanded its operations into shipping, overseeing a fleet of steamships that circulated within a trade network including London, Calcutta, Madras, and elsewhere. The company was closely linked to the Scottish shipping titan, Sir William MacKinnon (1823-1893). Gray was Mackinnon's nephew. Dawes, meanwhile, went on to become a close and trusted business partner to MacKinnon. As such, the firm became a useful means for MacKinnon to reward his friends and business associates. The company availed insurance accounts to these select individuals, accounts that could be used as a source of credit to be paid at a later date. The company became associated with Henry Shelton Sanford thanks to the mutual connection to MacKinnon. In 1880, MacKinnon lent Sanford, who was faced at the time with financial difficulties, some £8,000 to facilitate the founding of a Florida land investment company. The money offered by MacKinnon was in fact loaned to Sanford by Gray Dawes and Company. Additionally, at the behest of MacKinnon, both Gray and Dawes became reluctant subscribers to Sanford’s land investment scheme, the Florida Land and Colonization Company.
Original statement, August 5, 1887: box 53, folder 3, subfolder 53.3.4, Henry Shelton Sanford Papers, General Henry S. Sanford Memorial Library, Sanford Museum, Sanford, Florida.
Statement from Gray Dawes and Company to Henry Shelton Sanford (August 6, 1889)
A statement from Gray Dawes and Company to Henry Shelton Sanford (1823-1891) dated August 6, 1889. The statement indicated the amount of interest and discounts due to Sanford for the year. The included a discount of £167.38 on a promissory note valued at £5,357 as well as a discount on a of £214.15.8 on a separate promissory note valued at £6,874.17.4. The statement also noted an interest charge of £119.0.3 on a mortgage of £4,000. Gray Dawes and Company was founded in 1865 by business partners Archie Gray and Edwyn Sandys Dawes. Located at 13 Austin Friars in London, England, the company was focused, at least initially, on maritime insurance. By the mid-1870s, the company had also expanded its operations into shipping, overseeing a fleet of steamships that circulated within a trade network including London, Calcutta, Madras, and elsewhere. The company was closely linked to the Scottish shipping titan, Sir William MacKinnon (1823-1893). Gray was Mackinnon's nephew. Dawes, meanwhile, went on to become a close and trusted business partner to MacKinnon. As such, the firm became a useful means for MacKinnon to reward his friends and business associates. The company availed insurance accounts to these select individuals, accounts that could be used as a source of credit to be paid at a later date. The company became associated with Henry Shelton Sanford thanks to the mutual connection to MacKinnon. In 1880, MacKinnon lent Sanford, who was faced at the time with financial difficulties, some £8,000 to facilitate the founding of a Florida land investment company. The money offered by MacKinnon was in fact loaned to Sanford by Gray Dawes and Company. Additionally, at the behest of MacKinnon, both Gray and Dawes became reluctant subscribers to Sanford’s land investment scheme, the Florida Land and Colonization Company.
Original statement, August 6, 1889: box 53, folder 3, subfolder 53.3.5, Henry Shelton Sanford Papers, General Henry S. Sanford Memorial Library, Sanford Museum, Sanford, Florida.
Statement from Gray Dawes and Company to Henry Shelton Sanford (August 4, 1886)
A statement from Gray Dawes and Company to Henry Shelton Sanford (1823-1891) dated August 4, 1886. The statement indicated the yearly interest charge on a loan of £6,423.17.6. With interest accrued at 6%, the amount due by Sanford was £385.8.8. Gray Dawes and Company was founded in 1865 by business partners Archie Gray and Edwyn Sandys Dawes. Located at 13 Austin Friars in London, England, the company was focused, at least initially, on maritime insurance. By the mid-1870s, the company had also expanded its operations into shipping, overseeing a fleet of steamships that circulated within a trade network including London, Calcutta, Madras, and elsewhere. The company was closely linked to the Scottish shipping titan, Sir William MacKinnon (1823-1893). Gray was Mackinnon's nephew. Dawes, meanwhile, went on to become a close and trusted business partner to MacKinnon. As such, the firm became a useful means for MacKinnon to reward his friends and business associates. The company availed insurance accounts to these select individuals, accounts that could be used as a source of credit to be paid at a later date. The company became associated with Henry Shelton Sanford thanks to the mutual connection to MacKinnon. In 1880, MacKinnon lent Sanford, who was faced at the time with financial difficulties, some £8,000 to facilitate the founding of a Florida land investment company. The money offered by MacKinnon was in fact loaned to Sanford by Gray Dawes and Company. Additionally, at the behest of MacKinnon, both Gray and Dawes became reluctant subscribers to Sanford’s land investment scheme, the Florida Land and Colonization Company.
Original statement, August 4, 1886: box 53, folder 3, subfolder 53.3.6, Henry Shelton Sanford Papers, General Henry S. Sanford Memorial Library, Sanford Museum, Sanford, Florida.
Women at Sanford High School's second campus, located at the corner of East Ninth Street and South Palmetto Avenue in Sanford, Florida, sometime between 1911 and 1927. Sanford High School was originally established at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida, in 1902. The building was designed by W. G. Talley in the Romanesque revival style. Due to an increasing student population, a new school building was constructed on Sanford Avenue in 1911. The original building on Seventh Street served as Westside Grammar Elementary School, which was later renamed Sanford Grammar School. In 1984, the building was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and converted into the Student Museum. The building reopened as the University of Central Florida's Public History Center in 2012. In 1927, a high school campus was designed by Elton J. Moughton in the Mediterranean revival style and constructed at 1700 French Avenue. The school reopened on January 10 and was renamed Seminole High School. In 1960, the high school moved to a new campus at 2701 Ridgewood Avenue and the former building on French Avenue was converted to Sanford Junior High School, which was later renamed Sanford Middle School. The old building was demolished in the summer of 1991 and replaced by a $5.77 million school complex. As of 2013, Seminole High School offers various Advanced Placement courses, the Academy for Health Careers, and the International Baccalaureate Programme for students.
Original 8.5 x 11 inch black and white photoprint: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Sanford High School Students, item SCPS00487, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
Sanford High School Students at Original Campus
Students at Sanford High School's original campus, located at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida, sometime between 1902 and 191. Sanford High School was originally established at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida, in 1902. The building was designed by W. G. Talley in the Romanesque revival style. Due to an increasing student population, a new school building was constructed on Sanford Avenue in 1911. The original building on Seventh Street served as Westside Grammar Elementary School, which was later renamed Sanford Grammar School. In 1984, the building was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and converted into the Student Museum. The building reopened as the University of Central Florida's Public History Center in 2012. In 1927, a high school campus was designed by Elton J. Moughton in the Mediterranean revival style and constructed at 1700 French Avenue. The school reopened on January 10 and was renamed Seminole High School. In 1960, the high school moved to a new campus at 2701 Ridgewood Avenue and the former building on French Avenue was converted to Sanford Junior High School, which was later renamed Sanford Middle School. The old building was demolished in the summer of 1991 and replaced by a $5.77 million school complex. As of 2013, Seminole High School offers various Advanced Placement courses, the Academy for Health Careers, and the International Baccalaureate Programme for students.
Original 8 x 10 inch black and white photographic print: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Sanford High School Students, item SM-200-033, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
Former students of Sanford High School's second campus, located at the corner of East Ninth Street and South Palmetto Avenue in Sanford, Florida, in the 1920s. Sanford High School was originally established at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida, in 1902. The building was designed by W. G. Talley in the Romanesque revival style. Due to an increasing student population, a new school building was constructed on Sanford Avenue in 1911. The original building on Seventh Street served as Westside Grammar Elementary School, which was later renamed Sanford Grammar School. In 1984, the building was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and converted into the Student Museum. The building reopened as the University of Central Florida's Public History Center in 2012. In 1927, a high school campus was designed by Elton J. Moughton in the Mediterranean revival style and constructed at 1700 French Avenue. The school reopened on January 10 and was renamed Seminole High School. In 1960, the high school moved to a new campus at 2701 Ridgewood Avenue and the former building on French Avenue was converted to Sanford Junior High School, which was later renamed Sanford Middle School. The old building was demolished in the summer of 1991 and replaced by a $5.77 million school complex. As of 2013, Seminole High School offers various Advanced Placement courses, the Academy for Health Careers, and the International Baccalaureate Programme for students.
Original 8 x 10 inch black and white photographic print: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Sanford High School Students, item SM-017-054, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
Female students from the class of 1911 at Sanford High School's second campus, located at the corner of East Ninth Street and South Palmetto Avenue in Sanford, Florida, in the 1920s. The girl on the far right is Mary Chappell. Sanford High School was originally established at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida, in 1902. The building was designed by W. G. Talley in the Romanesque revival style. Due to an increasing student population, a new school building was constructed on Sanford Avenue in 1911. The original building on Seventh Street served as Westside Grammar Elementary School, which was later renamed Sanford Grammar School. In 1984, the building was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and converted into the Student Museum. The building reopened as the University of Central Florida's Public History Center in 2012. In 1927, a high school campus was designed by Elton J. Moughton in the Mediterranean revival style and constructed at 1700 French Avenue. The school reopened on January 10 and was renamed Seminole High School. In 1960, the high school moved to a new campus at 2701 Ridgewood Avenue and the former building on French Avenue was converted to Sanford Junior High School, which was later renamed Sanford Middle School. The old building was demolished in the summer of 1991 and replaced by a $5.77 million school complex. As of 2013, Seminole High School offers various Advanced Placement courses, the Academy for Health Careers, and the International Baccalaureate Programme for students.
Original 3 x 5 inch black and white photographic print: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Sanford High School Students, item SCPS00488, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
Male Students at Sanford High School 1920s
Male students at Sanford High School's second campus, located at the corner of East Ninth Street and South Palmetto Avenue in Sanford, Florida, in the 1920s. The students are from the class of 1911. The fourth boy on the left wearing the white shirt, sleeves rolled up, and a dark tie, is Vail Lovell. Sanford High School was originally established at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida, in 1902. The building was designed by W. G. Talley in the Romanesque revival style. Due to an increasing student population, a new school building was constructed on Sanford Avenue in 1911. The original building on Seventh Street served as Westside Grammar Elementary School, which was later renamed Sanford Grammar School. In 1984, the building was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and converted into the Student Museum. The building reopened as the University of Central Florida's Public History Center in 2012. In 1927, a high school campus was designed by Elton J. Moughton in the Mediterranean revival style and constructed at 1700 French Avenue. The school reopened on January 10 and was renamed Seminole High School. In 1960, the high school moved to a new campus at 2701 Ridgewood Avenue and the former building on French Avenue was converted to Sanford Junior High School, which was later renamed Sanford Middle School. The old building was demolished in the summer of 1991 and replaced by a $5.77 million school complex. As of 2013, Seminole High School offers various Advanced Placement courses, the Academy for Health Careers, and the International Baccalaureate Programme for students.
Original 2.75 x 5 inch black and white photographic print: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Sanford High School Students, item SCPS00489, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
Female Students at Sanford High School, 1911
Female students at Sanford High School's original campus, located at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida, in 1911. Sanford High School was originally established in 1902. The building was designed by W. G. Talley in the Romanesque revival style. Due to an increasing student population, a new school building was constructed on Sanford Avenue in 1911. The original building on Seventh Street served as Westside Grammar Elementary School, which was later renamed Sanford Grammar School. In 1984, the building was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and converted into the Student Museum. The building reopened as the University of Central Florida's Public History Center in 2012. In 1927, a high school campus was designed by Elton J. Moughton in the Mediterranean revival style and constructed at 1700 French Avenue. The school reopened on January 10 and was renamed Seminole High School. In 1960, the high school moved to a new campus at 2701 Ridgewood Avenue and the former building on French Avenue was converted to Sanford Junior High School, which was later renamed Sanford Middle School. The old building was demolished in the summer of 1991 and replaced by a $5.77 million school complex. As of 2013, Seminole High School offers various Advanced Placement courses, the Academy for Health Careers, and the International Baccalaureate Programme for students.
Original 3.75 x 4.75 inch black and white photographic print, 1911: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Sanford High School Students, item SCPS00490, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
Sanford High School's original campus, located at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida, in 1904. Sanford High School was originally established in 1902. The building was designed by W. G. Talley in the Romanesque revival style. Due to an increasing student population, a new school building was constructed on Sanford Avenue in 1911. The original building on Seventh Street served as Westside Grammar Elementary School, which was later renamed Sanford Grammar School. In 1984, the building was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and converted into the Student Museum. The building reopened as the University of Central Florida's Public History Center in 2012. In 1927, a high school campus was designed by Elton J. Moughton in the Mediterranean revival style and constructed at 1700 French Avenue. The school reopened on January 10 and was renamed Seminole High School. In 1960, the high school moved to a new campus at 2701 Ridgewood Avenue and the former building on French Avenue was converted to Sanford Junior High School, which was later renamed Sanford Middle School. The old building was demolished in the summer of 1991 and replaced by a $5.77 million school complex. As of 2013, Seminole High School offers various Advanced Placement courses, the Academy for Health Careers, and the International Baccalaureate Programme for students.
Original 8.5 x 11 inch black and white photographic print, 1904: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Sanford High School Students, item SCPS00491, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
Sanford High School's original campus, located at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida, on July 11, 1906. The first campus for the high school was established at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida, in 1902. The building was designed by W. G. Talley in the Romanesque revival style. Due to an increasing student population, a new school building was constructed on Sanford Avenue in 1911. The original building on Seventh Street served as Westside Grammar Elementary School, which was later renamed Sanford Grammar School. In 1984, the building was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and converted into the Student Museum. The building reopened as the University of Central Florida's Public History Center in 2012. In 1927, a high school campus was designed by Elton J. Moughton in the Mediterranean revival style and constructed at 1700 French Avenue. The school reopened on January 10 and was renamed Seminole High School. In 1960, the high school moved to a new campus at 2701 Ridgewood Avenue and the former building on French Avenue was converted to Sanford Junior High School, which was later renamed Sanford Middle School. The old building was demolished in the summer of 1991 and replaced by a $5.77 million school complex. As of 2013, Seminole High School offers various Advanced Placement courses, the Academy for Health Careers, and the International Baccalaureate Programme for students.
Original 8 x 12 inch black and white photographic print, July 11, 1904: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Sanford High School Students, item SCPS00492, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
Sanford High School's Campus at Ninth Street and Palmetto Avenue
Sanford High School's second campus, located at the corner of East Ninth Street and South Palmetto Avenue in Sanford, Florida, sometime between 1911 and 1927. The first campus for the high school was established at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida, in 1902. The building was designed by W. G. Talley in the Romanesque revival style. Due to an increasing student population, a new school building was constructed on Sanford Avenue in 1911. The original building on Seventh Street served as Westside Grammar Elementary School, which was later renamed Sanford Grammar School. In 1984, the building was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and converted into the Student Museum. The building reopened as the University of Central Florida's Public History Center in 2012. In 1927, a high school campus was designed by Elton J. Moughton in the Mediterranean revival style and constructed at 1700 French Avenue. The school reopened on January 10 and was renamed Seminole High School. In 1960, the high school moved to a new campus at 2701 Ridgewood Avenue and the former building on French Avenue was converted to Sanford Junior High School, which was later renamed Sanford Middle School. The old building was demolished in the summer of 1991 and replaced by a $5.77 million school complex. As of 2013, Seminole High School offers various Advanced Placement courses, the Academy for Health Careers, and the International Baccalaureate Programme for students.
Original 8.5 x 11 inch black and white photographic print: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Sanford High School Students, item SM-103-043, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
Sanford High School at Ninth Street and Palmetto Avenue
Original 8 x 9.75 inch black and white photographic print: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Sanford High School Students, item SM-017-019, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
Original 8 x 11.75 inch black and white photographic print: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Sanford High School Students, item SM-068-002, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
Original 8.5 x 10.5 inch black and white photographic print: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Sanford High School Students, item SM-99-079, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
Class day at Sanford High School's second campus, located at the corner of East Ninth Street and South Palmetto Avenue in Sanford, Florida, in 1919. Sanford High School was originally established at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida, in 1902. The building was designed by W. G. Talley in the Romanesque revival style. Due to an increasing student population, a new school building was constructed on Sanford Avenue in 1911. The original building on Seventh Street served as Westside Grammar Elementary School, which was later renamed Sanford Grammar School. In 1984, the building was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and converted into the Student Museum. The building reopened as the University of Central Florida's Public History Center in 2012. In 1927, a high school campus was designed by Elton J. Moughton in the Mediterranean revival style and constructed at 1700 French Avenue. The school reopened on January 10 and was renamed Seminole High School. In 1960, the high school moved to a new campus at 2701 Ridgewood Avenue and the former building on French Avenue was converted to Sanford Junior High School, which was later renamed Sanford Middle School. The old building was demolished in the summer of 1991 and replaced by a $5.77 million school complex. As of 2013, Seminole High School offers various Advanced Placement courses, the Academy for Health Careers, and the International Baccalaureate Programme for students.
Original 8.5 x 11 inch black and white photographic print: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Sanford High School Students, item SM-02-734, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
Sanford High School Junior Class of 1910
Sanford High School's junior class of 1910 at its original campus, located at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida. This class graduated from Sanford in 1911 and this photograph appeared in the 1910 Salmagundi. Sanford High School was originally established at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida, in 1902. The building was designed by W. G. Talley in the Romanesque revival style. Due to an increasing student population, a new school building was constructed on Sanford Avenue in 1911. The original building on Seventh Street served as Westside Grammar Elementary School, which was later renamed Sanford Grammar School. In 1984, the building was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and converted into the Student Museum. The building reopened as the University of Central Florida's Public History Center in 2012. In 1927, a high school campus was designed by Elton J. Moughton in the Mediterranean revival style and constructed at 1700 French Avenue. The school reopened on January 10 and was renamed Seminole High School. In 1960, the high school moved to a new campus at 2701 Ridgewood Avenue and the former building on French Avenue was converted to Sanford Junior High School, which was later renamed Sanford Middle School. The old building was demolished in the summer of 1991 and replaced by a $5.77 million school complex. As of 2013, Seminole High School offers various Advanced Placement courses, the Academy for Health Careers, and the International Baccalaureate Programme for students.
Original 8 x 10 inch black and white photographic print: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Sanford High School Students, item SM-103-056, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
Sanford High School Senior Class of 1910
Sanford High School's senior class of 1910 at its original campus, located at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida. This class photograph appeared in the 1910 Salmagundi. Sanford High School was originally established at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida, in 1902. The building was designed by W. G. Talley in the Romanesque revival style. Due to an increasing student population, a new school building was constructed on Sanford Avenue in 1911. The original building on Seventh Street served as Westside Grammar Elementary School, which was later renamed Sanford Grammar School. In 1984, the building was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and converted into the Student Museum. The building reopened as the University of Central Florida's Public History Center in 2012. In 1927, a high school campus was designed by Elton J. Moughton in the Mediterranean revival style and constructed at 1700 French Avenue. The school reopened on January 10 and was renamed Seminole High School. In 1960, the high school moved to a new campus at 2701 Ridgewood Avenue and the former building on French Avenue was converted to Sanford Junior High School, which was later renamed Sanford Middle School. The old building was demolished in the summer of 1991 and replaced by a $5.77 million school complex. As of 2013, Seminole High School offers various Advanced Placement courses, the Academy for Health Careers, and the International Baccalaureate Programme for students.
Original 7.25 x 9.25 inch black and white photographic print: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Sanford High School Students, item SM-073-028, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
Martha Fox's Graduating Class of 1911 at Sanford High School
Martha Fox's graduating class of 1911 at Sanford High School's original campus, located at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida. This photograph appeared in the 1910 Salmagundi. Sanford High School was originally established at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida, in 1902. The building was designed by W. G. Talley in the Romanesque revival style. Due to an increasing student population, a new school building was constructed on Sanford Avenue in 1911. The original building on Seventh Street served as Westside Grammar Elementary School, which was later renamed Sanford Grammar School. In 1984, the building was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and converted into the Student Museum. The building reopened as the University of Central Florida's Public History Center in 2012. In 1927, a high school campus was designed by Elton J. Moughton in the Mediterranean revival style and constructed at 1700 French Avenue. The school reopened on January 10 and was renamed Seminole High School. In 1960, the high school moved to a new campus at 2701 Ridgewood Avenue and the former building on French Avenue was converted to Sanford Junior High School, which was later renamed Sanford Middle School. The old building was demolished in the summer of 1991 and replaced by a $5.77 million school complex. As of 2013, Seminole High School offers various Advanced Placement courses, the Academy for Health Careers, and the International Baccalaureate Programme for students.
Original 8 x 10 inch black and white photographic print: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Sanford High School Students, item SM-017-017, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
Sanford High School's Second Campus, 1911
Sanford High School's second campus, located at the corner of East Ninth Street and South Palmetto Avenue in Sanford, Florida, in 1911. Sanford High School was originally established at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida, in 1902. The building was designed by W. G. Talley in the Romanesque revival style. Due to an increasing student population, a new school building was constructed on Sanford Avenue in 1911. The original building on Seventh Street served as Westside Grammar Elementary School, which was later renamed Sanford Grammar School. In 1984, the building was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and converted into the Student Museum. The building reopened as the University of Central Florida's Public History Center in 2012. In 1927, a high school campus was designed by Elton J. Moughton in the Mediterranean revival style and constructed at 1700 French Avenue. The school reopened on January 10 and was renamed Seminole High School. In 1960, the high school moved to a new campus at 2701 Ridgewood Avenue and the former building on French Avenue was converted to Sanford Junior High School, which was later renamed Sanford Middle School. The old building was demolished in the summer of 1991 and replaced by a $5.77 million school complex. As of 2013, Seminole High School offers various Advanced Placement courses, the Academy for Health Careers, and the International Baccalaureate Programme for students.
Original 8.5 x 11 inch black and white photographic print: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Sanford High School Students, item SM-12-1521, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
Sanford From Top of High School Building, Looking North
A view of Sanford, Florida, looking north from the roof of the Sanford High School building around 1909 and 1910. Sanford High School was originally established at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford in 1902. The building was designed by W. G. Talley in the Romanesque revival style. Due to an increasing student population, a new school building was constructed on Sanford Avenue in 1911. The original building on Seventh Street served as Westside Grammar Elementary School, which was later renamed Sanford Grammar School. In 1984, the building was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and converted into the Student Museum. The building reopened as the University of Central Florida's Public History Center in 2012. In 1927, a high school campus was designed by Elton J. Moughton in the Mediterranean revival style and constructed at 1700 French Avenue. The school reopened on January 10 and was renamed Seminole High School. In 1960, the high school moved to a new campus at 2701 Ridgewood Avenue and the former building on French Avenue was converted to Sanford Junior High School, which was later renamed Sanford Middle School. The old building was demolished in the summer of 1991 and replaced by a $5.77 million school complex. As of 2013, Seminole High School offers various Advanced Placement courses, the Academy for Health Careers, and the International Baccalaureate Programme for students.
Original 8.5 x 11 inch black and white photographic print: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Sanford High School Buildings, item SCPS00493, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
Sanford High School
Sanford High School's second campus, located at the corner of East Ninth Street and South Palmetto Avenue in Sanford, Florida, in 1911. Sanford High School was originally established at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford in 1902. The building was designed by W. G. Talley in the Romanesque revival style. Due to an increasing student population, a new school building was constructed on Sanford Avenue in 1911. The original building on Seventh Street served as Westside Grammar Elementary School, which was later renamed Sanford Grammar School. In 1984, the building was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and converted into the Student Museum. The building reopened as the University of Central Florida's Public History Center in 2012. In 1927, a high school campus was designed by Elton J. Moughton in the Mediterranean revival style and constructed at 1700 French Avenue. The school reopened on January 10 and was renamed Seminole High School. In 1960, the high school moved to a new campus at 2701 Ridgewood Avenue and the former building on French Avenue was converted to Sanford Junior High School, which was later renamed Sanford Middle School. The old building was demolished in the summer of 1991 and replaced by a $5.77 million school complex. As of 2013, Seminole High School offers various Advanced Placement courses, the Academy for Health Careers, and the International Baccalaureate Programme for students.
Original 5.75 x 8.5 inch black and white photographic print: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Sanford High School Buildings, item SCPS00494, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
The Winter Garden Heritage Museum, located at 1 North Main Street in Winter Garden, Florida, in 2007. This one-story masonry vernacular building was originally the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad depot. The earliest train depot on this site was a 16-by-20-foot small wooden shed built by farmers in 1893 so that they could ship their produce to Jacksonville and St. Petersburg on the Orange Belt Railway. A second, larger wooden terminal was built on the same site in 1906 by the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Company (ACL). The current brick building was constructed around 1918. After the train depot closed around 1960, the building housed the Chamber of Commerce, and then several other businesses. In 1998, Kay Chicone Ustler and Jerry Chicone, Jr. donated $150,000 to the City of Winter Garden to purchase the building for use as a museum. The Winter Garden Heritage Foundation opened the museum one month later. The museum is still active and is open from 1-5 PM everyday, excluding holidays.
Original color digital image, 2007: Winter Garden Heritage Foundation, Winter Garden, Florida.
Winter Garden Heritage Museum, Winter Garden, Florida
The Sixth United States Census population records for Mosquito County (including present-day Volusia, Brevard, Indian River, St. Lucie, Martin, Seminole, Osceola, Orange, Lake, Polk, and Palm Beach counties) for 1840. The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation.
U.S. Census Office
Original census data by the U.S. Census Office, 1840.
The Seventh United States Census records for Orange County (including present-day Seminole County and part of Lake County and Osceola County) and Marion County for 1850. The census divides the population by race ("White" vs. "Black") and gender. The "Black" population is further divided into slaves and "free blacks." The population is also divided by out-of-state origin and foreign origin. Finally, the census collected information on agriculture, including number of farms, cash value of farms, acres of improved land of farms, acres of unimproved land of farms, and value of livestock. In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc.
Original census data by the U.S. Census Office, 1850.
The Eighth United States Census records for Brevard County (including present-day St. Lucie County), Marion County, Orange County (including present-day Seminole County and parts of present-day Lake and Osceola counties), and Volusia County (including present-day Flagler County), Florida, for 1860. The census divides the population by race ("white" and "colored"), gender, and native-born vs. foreign-born. The census also documented the number of slaves and slaveholders. The census collected information on agriculture and on manufacturing. The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office.
General Land Office
Original census data collected by the U.S. Census Office and the General Land Office, 1860.
U.S. Department of the Interior
The Ninth United States Census records for Brevard County (including present-day St. Lucie County), Marion County, Orange County (including present-day Seminole County and parts of present-day Lake and Osceola counties), and Volusia County (including present-day Flagler County), Florida, for 1870. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white" and "colored"), native-born vs. foreign-born, and state-born vs. territory-born. Those born outside of Florida are then divided by state or country of origin. This census also collected information on agriculture and on manufacturing. Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire," as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invented a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker (1840-1897), introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data.
Original census data collected by the U.S. Census Office, 1870.
The Tenth United States Census records for Brevard County (including present-day St. Lucie County), Marion County, Orange County (including present-day Seminole County and parts of present-day Lake County, Osceola County, and Volusia County), and Volusia County (including present-day Flagler County), Florida, for 1880. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white", "colored", and "Indian"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those born outside of Florida are then divided by state or country of origin. The census also collected information on agriculture and on manufacturing. The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census," selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing.
Original census data collected by the U.S. Census Office, 1880.
The Eleventh United States Census records for Brevard County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County (including present-day Seminole County), Osceola County, and Volusia County (including present-day Flagler County), Florida, for 1890. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white," "black," "Chinese," and "civilized Indian"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who are foreign born are further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the number of teachers and students by county, further dividing teachers and students by gender and race ("white" and "colored"). The census also collected information on agriculture and on manufacturing. The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquiries from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese," along with "Chinese," "Negro," "mulatto," "quadroon," "octoroon," and "White." Herman Hollerith (1860-1929), a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invented the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior.
Office of the Secretary of the Interior
Original census data collected by the U.S. Census Office and the Office of the Secretary of the Interior, 1890.
The Twelfth United States Census records for Brevard County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County (including present-day Seminole County), Osceola County, and Volusia County (including present-day Flagler County), Florida, for 1900. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white" and "black"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who are foreign born are further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the illiterate population categorized by age, race, and gender. The census also collected information on agriculture and on manufacturing. Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor.
U.S. Census Bureau
Original census data collected by the U.S. Census Office and the U.S. Census Bureau, 1900.
U.S. Department of Commerce and Labor
The Thirteenth United States Census records for Brevard County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County (including present-day Seminole County), Osceola County, and Volusia County (including present-day Flagler County), Florida, for 1910. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white" and "black"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who are foreign born are further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the illiterate population categorized by age, race, gender, and school attendance. The census also collected information on agriculture. The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities.
Original census data collected by the U.S. Census Bureau, 1910.
U.S. Department of Commerce
The Fourteenth United States Census records for Brevard County, Flagler County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County, Osceola County, Seminole County, and Volusia County, Florida for 1920. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white" and "black"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who are foreign born are further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the population categorized by age, school attendance, race, and literacy. The census also collected information on agriculture and on manufacturing. The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C., and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every 10 years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, the censuses of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another. The "usual place of abode," the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates, and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquiries related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions.
Original census data collected by the U.S. Census Bureau, 1920.
The Fifteenth United States Census records for Brevard County, Flagler County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County, Osceola County, Seminole County, and Volusia County, Florida, for 1930. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white" and "black"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who are foreign born are further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the population categorized by age, family size (as well as rural families vs. urban families), family radio ownership, marital status, school attendance, and literacy. The census also collected information on agriculture, on manufacturing, and on unemployment. The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for censuses of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their respective territories. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demand and the bureau was accused of presenting unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire.
Original census data collected by the U.S. Census Bureau, 1930.
The Sixteenth United States Census records for Brevard County, Flagler County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County, Osceola County, Seminole County, and Volusia County, Florida for 1940. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white" and "black"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who were foreign born were further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the population categorized by age, primary and secondary school attendance, and college attendance. The census also collected information on agriculture, on manufacturing, on commerce, on unemployment, and on labor. Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probablity sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and was also able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs.
Original census data collected by the U.S. Census Bureau, 1940.
The Seventeenth United States Census records for Brevard County, Flagler County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County, Osceola County, Seminole County, and Volusia County, Florida, for 1950. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white" and "black"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. The census then lists the population categorized by age, marital status, primary and secondary school attendance, and college attendance. The census also collected information on agriculture, on unemployment, and on labor. The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerated Americans living abroad to account for members of the Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The Department of Defense (DOD), the Department of State (DOS), the Maritime Administration (MARAD), and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census.
Original census data collected by the U.S. Census Bureau, 1950.
U.S. Department of Defense
U.S. Department of State
U.S. Maritime Administration
The Eighteenth United States Census records for Brevard County, Flagler County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County, Osceola County, Seminole County, and Volusia County, Florida, for 1960. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white", "black", "Japanese", "Chinese", "Filipino", and "other"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who are foreign born are further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the population categorized by age, military service, transportation use, primary and secondary school attendance, and college attendance. The census also collected information on labor and on unemployment. The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Post Office Department delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of work and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input.
Original census data collected by the U.S. Census Bureau, 1960.
The Nineteenth United States Census records for Brevard County, Flagler County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County, Osceola County, Seminole County, and Volusia County, Florida, for 1970. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white," "black," "Spanish," and "other"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who are foreign born are further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the population categorized by marital status, type of residence, military service, primary and secondary school attendance, and college attendance. The census also collected information on labor, on unemployment, on transportation, and on ownership of various types of technology. In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators. Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, was an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes.
Original census data collected by the U.S. Census Bureau, 1970.
The Twentieth United States Census records for Brevard County, Flagler County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County, Osceola County, Seminole County, and Volusia County, Florida for 1980. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white," "black," "American Indian, Eskimo, and Aleut," "Asian and Pacific Islander," "Spanish," "Mexican American," "Puerto Rican American," "Cuban American," "Other Spanish American," "Chinese American," "Japanese American," "Filipino American," "Korean American," "Asian Indian American," "Vietnamese American," "Hawaiian American," "Guamanian American," and "Samoan American"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who are foreign born are further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the population categorized by marital status, type of residence, military service, primary and secondary school attendance, and college attendance. The census also collected information on labor, on unemployment, and on transportation. Due to the success of the 1970 Census' mail-out/mail-back questionnaire, the program was expanded for the Census of 1980 to include approximately 95 percent of the population. The short-form questionnaire for this census contained seven questions related to population and 11 questions related to housing; whereas the long-form questionnaire included 26 questions on population and 10 questions on housing. A question regarding Spanish or Hispanic origin, separate from race inquires, was used in all questionnaires due to its success in a five-percent sample for the 1970 Census. Two surveys were included in the new census: the Components of Inventory Change Survey, making inquiries regarding the number and characteristics of housing units that either changed or remained the same between 1973 and 1980; and the Residential Finance Survey, which collected information on mortgages, shelter costs, housing characteristics, and owner characteristics. The U.S. Census Bureau's Census Publicity Office, established in 1978, directed an extensive public service advertising campaign focusing on public awareness of the census and encouraging individuals to participate. A special effort was made to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses: "M-Night" focused on counting individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories; "T-Night" focused on the enumeration of hotels and motels with permanent residents. The State Data Center Program was established to simplify public access to census data via computer tapes. The Census Bureau was to provide free copies of electronic and printed census information and products to each state; in return, the state agreed to develop a network of affiliated organizations, such as state executive departments, chambers of commerce, councils of government, university research departments, and libraries, by which census information would be housed for public access. All states had joined the program by the middle of the decade. Despite various technological and procedural advances, the U.S. Census undercounted the national population, as it typically did in previous censuses. The African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was 3.7 percentage points higher than the rate for all other races combined. Various cities and states, beginning with the City of Detroit, filed suit against the U.S. Census Bureau, demanding that statistical adjustment be used to compensate for census estimates that had been omitted or improperly counted. In the Fall of 1980, the Bureau announced that it would not adjust its population totals because it was unable to determine the number and distribution of illegal aliens and other undercounted groups. A federal district court ruled in favor of the City of New York and the State of New York that same year, ordering the Census Bureau to correct its numbers. The U.S. Supreme Court stayed this ruling, as well as other similar rulings, in December of 1980, which allowed the Bureau to report its figures to the President unadjusted. In 1987, a federal appeals court ruled that the census figures should not be adjusted because the Census Bureau's decision not to adjust the figures was not arbitrary nor capricious.
Original census data collected by the U.S. Census Bureau, 1980.
The Twenty-First United States Census records for Brevard County, Flagler County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County, Osceola County, Seminole County, and Volusia County, Florida, for 1990. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white," "black," "American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut," "Asian or Pacific Islander," "other," "Hispanic," "Mexican," "Puerto Rican," "Cuban," "Other Hispanic," "Dominican," "Central American Hispanic," "Guatemalan," "Honduran," "Nicaraguan," "Panamanian," "Salvadorian," "Other Central American Hispanic," "South American Hispanic," "Columbian," "Ecuadorian," "Peruvian," "Other South American Hispanic," "Chinese," "Japanese," "Filipino," "Korean," "Asian Indian," "Vietnamese," "Cambodian," "Laotian," "Thai," and "Other Asian"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who are foreign born are further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the population categorized by marital status and military service. The census also collected information on labor, on unemployment, on energy usage, and on transportation. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20-percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compared to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the U.S. Department of Commerce. A federal district court ruleded in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts.
Original census data collected by the U.S. Census Bureau, 1990.
The Twenty-Second United States Census records for Brevard County, Flagler County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County, Osceola County, Seminole County, and Volusia County, Florida, for 2000. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white alone," "black," "American Indian and Alaska Native," "Asian," Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander," "other race," "two or moreraces," "Hispanic," "Mexican," "Puerto Rican," "Cuban," "Dominican," "Central American," "Costa Rican," "Guatemalan," "Honduran," "Nicaraguan," "Panamanian," "Salvadoran," "Other Central American," "South American," "Argentinean," "Bolivian," "Chilean," "Columbian," "Ecuadorian," "Paraguayan," "Peruvian," "Uruguayan," "Venezuelan," "Other South American," "Spaniard," "Asian Indian," "Bangladeshi," "Cambodian," "Chinese," "Filipino," "Hmong," "Indonesian," "Japanese," "Korean," "Laotian," "Malaysian," "Pakistani,""Sri Lankan," "Taiwanese," "Vietnamese," and "other Asian"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who are foreign born are further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the population categorized by marital status, type of residence, military service, primary and secondary school attendance, and college attendance. The census also collected information on labor, on unemployment, on energy usage, and on transportation. For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and was used for a 17-percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD. Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in six languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100-percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process instead by following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year.
Original census data collected by the U.S. Census Bureau, 2000.
Sanford High School Geography Assignment, 1909
Geography assignment completed by Sanford High School eighth grader Versa Woodcock in 1909. Woodcock was a former student at Westside Grammar Elementary School and later became the chief operator of the Sanford Telephone and Telegraph Company in the 1920s. Sanford High School was originally established at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida, in 1902. The building was designed by W. G. Talley in the Romanesque revival style. Due to an increasing student population, a new school building was constructed on Sanford Avenue in 1911. The original building on Seventh Street served as Westside Grammar Elementary School, which was later renamed Sanford Grammar School. In 1984, the building was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and converted into the Student Museum. The building reopened as the University of Central Florida's Public History Center in 2012. In 1927, a high school campus was designed by Elton J. Moughton in the Mediterranean revival style and constructed at 1700 French Avenue. The school reopened on January 10 and was renamed Seminole High School. In 1960, the high school moved to a new campus at 2701 Ridgewood Avenue and the former building on French Avenue was converted to Sanford Junior High School, which was later renamed Sanford Middle School. The old building was demolished in the summer of 1991 and replaced by a $5.77 million school complex. As of 2013, Seminole High School offers various Advanced Placement courses, the Academy for Health Careers, and the International Baccalaureate Programme for students.
Original school assignment completed by Versa Woodcock, May 11, 1909: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Student Work 1909, item SCPS00512, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
Sanford High School Geography Class Assignment, 1909
Geography assignment completed by Sanford High School eighth grader Kenneth Morton in 1909. Sanford High School was originally established at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida, in 1902. The building was designed by W. G. Talley in the Romanesque revival style. Due to an increasing student population, a new school building was constructed on Sanford Avenue in 1911. The original building on Seventh Street served as Westside Grammar Elementary School, which was later renamed Sanford Grammar School. In 1984, the building was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and converted into the Student Museum. The building reopened as the University of Central Florida's Public History Center in 2012. In 1927, a high school campus was designed by Elton J. Moughton in the Mediterranean revival style and constructed at 1700 French Avenue. The school reopened on January 10 and was renamed Seminole High School. In 1960, the high school moved to a new campus at 2701 Ridgewood Avenue and the former building on French Avenue was converted to Sanford Junior High School, which was later renamed Sanford Middle School. The old building was demolished in the summer of 1991 and replaced by a $5.77 million school complex. As of 2013, Seminole High School offers various Advanced Placement courses, the Academy for Health Careers, and the International Baccalaureate Programme for students.
Original school assignment completed by Kenneth Morton, May 11, 1909: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Student Work 1909, item SCPS00515, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
Sanford High School Grammar Assignment, 1909
A grammar assignment completed by Sanford High School eighth grader William Raynor in 1909. Sanford High School was originally established at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida, in 1902. The building was designed by W. G. Talley in the Romanesque revival style. Due to an increasing student population, a new school building was constructed on Sanford Avenue in 1911. The original building on Seventh Street served as Westside Grammar Elementary School, which was later renamed Sanford Grammar School. In 1984, the building was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and converted into the Student Museum. The building reopened as the University of Central Florida's Public History Center in 2012. In 1927, a high school campus was designed by Elton J. Moughton in the Mediterranean revival style and constructed at 1700 French Avenue. The school reopened on January 10 and was renamed Seminole High School. In 1960, the high school moved to a new campus at 2701 Ridgewood Avenue and the former building on French Avenue was converted to Sanford Junior High School, which was later renamed Sanford Middle School. The old building was demolished in the summer of 1991 and replaced by a $5.77 million school complex. As of 2013, Seminole High School offers various Advanced Placement courses, the Academy for Health Careers, and the International Baccalaureate Programme for students.
Original school assignment completed by William Raynor, May 14, 1909: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Student Work 1909, item SCPS00516, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
Sanford High School Civil Government Assignment, 1909
A civil government assignment completed by Sanford High School eighth grader Verne Messenger in 1909. In 1948, Messenger married Lourine Vickery, who became the first woman to hold public office in Seminole County when she was appointed as Supervisor of Registration by Governor Fuller Warren (1905-1973). Sanford High School was originally established at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida, in 1902. The building was designed by W. G. Talley in the Romanesque revival style. Due to an increasing student population, a new school building was constructed on Sanford Avenue in 1911. The original building on Seventh Street served as Westside Grammar Elementary School, which was later renamed Sanford Grammar School. In 1984, the building was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and converted into the Student Museum. The building reopened as the University of Central Florida's Public History Center in 2012. In 1927, a high school campus was designed by Elton J. Moughton in the Mediterranean revival style and constructed at 1700 French Avenue. The school reopened on January 10 and was renamed Seminole High School. In 1960, the high school moved to a new campus at 2701 Ridgewood Avenue and the former building on French Avenue was converted to Sanford Junior High School, which was later renamed Sanford Middle School. The old building was demolished in the summer of 1991 and replaced by a $5.77 million school complex. As of 2013, Seminole High School offers various Advanced Placement courses, the Academy for Health Careers, and the International Baccalaureate Programme for students.
Original school assignment completed by Verne Messenger, May 17, 1909: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Student Work 1909, item SCPS00517, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
Sanford High School Geography School Assignment, 1909
A geography assignment completed by Sanford High School student B. Emmrich in 1909. Sanford High School was originally established at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida, in 1902. The building was designed by W. G. Talley in the Romanesque revival style. Due to an increasing student population, a new school building was constructed on Sanford Avenue in 1911. The original building on Seventh Street served as Westside Grammar Elementary School, which was later renamed Sanford Grammar School. In 1984, the building was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and converted into the Student Museum. The building reopened as the University of Central Florida's Public History Center in 2012. In 1927, a high school campus was designed by Elton J. Moughton in the Mediterranean revival style and constructed at 1700 French Avenue. The school reopened on January 10 and was renamed Seminole High School. In 1960, the high school moved to a new campus at 2701 Ridgewood Avenue and the former building on French Avenue was converted to Sanford Junior High School, which was later renamed Sanford Middle School. The old building was demolished in the summer of 1991 and replaced by a $5.77 million school complex. As of 2013, Seminole High School offers various Advanced Placement courses, the Academy for Health Careers, and the International Baccalaureate Programme for students.
Original school assignment completed by B. Emmrich, 1909: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Student Work 1909, item SCPS00518, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
Sanford High School Government Assignment, 1909
A civil government assignment completed by a Sanford High School student in 1909. Sanford High School was originally established at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida, in 1902. The building was designed by W. G. Talley in the Romanesque revival style. Due to an increasing student population, a new school building was constructed on Sanford Avenue in 1911. The original building on Seventh Street served as Westside Grammar Elementary School, which was later renamed Sanford Grammar School. In 1984, the building was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and converted into the Student Museum. The building reopened as the University of Central Florida's Public History Center in 2012. In 1927, a high school campus was designed by Elton J. Moughton in the Mediterranean revival style and constructed at 1700 French Avenue. The school reopened on January 10 and was renamed Seminole High School. In 1960, the high school moved to a new campus at 2701 Ridgewood Avenue and the former building on French Avenue was converted to Sanford Junior High School, which was later renamed Sanford Middle School. The old building was demolished in the summer of 1991 and replaced by a $5.77 million school complex. As of 2013, Seminole High School offers various Advanced Placement courses, the Academy for Health Careers, and the International Baccalaureate Programme for students.
Original school assignment, May 17, 1909: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Student Work 1909, item SCPS00519, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
Sanford High School Physical Geography Assignment, 1909
A geography assignment completed by Sanford High School student named Ethel (possibly Ethel Mae Moughton) in 1909. Only part of the assignment remains, approximately questions 5-9. Sanford High School was originally established at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida, in 1902. The building was designed by W. G. Talley in the Romanesque revival style. Due to an increasing student population, a new school building was constructed on Sanford Avenue in 1911. The original building on Seventh Street served as Westside Grammar Elementary School, which was later renamed Sanford Grammar School. In 1984, the building was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and converted into the Student Museum. The building reopened as the University of Central Florida's Public History Center in 2012. In 1927, a high school campus was designed by Elton J. Moughton in the Mediterranean revival style and constructed at 1700 French Avenue. The school reopened on January 10 and was renamed Seminole High School. In 1960, the high school moved to a new campus at 2701 Ridgewood Avenue and the former building on French Avenue was converted to Sanford Junior High School, which was later renamed Sanford Middle School. The old building was demolished in the summer of 1991 and replaced by a $5.77 million school complex. As of 2013, Seminole High School offers various Advanced Placement courses, the Academy for Health Careers, and the International Baccalaureate Programme for students.
Original school assignment,1909: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Student Work 1909, item SCPS00520, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
A geography assignment completed by Sanford High School student Mary Belle in 1909. Only part of the assignment remains, approximately questions 6-10. Sanford High School was originally established at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida, in 1902. The building was designed by W. G. Talley in the Romanesque revival style. Due to an increasing student population, a new school building was constructed on Sanford Avenue in 1911. The original building on Seventh Street served as Westside Grammar Elementary School, which was later renamed Sanford Grammar School. In 1984, the building was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and converted into the Student Museum. The building reopened as the University of Central Florida's Public History Center in 2012. In 1927, a high school campus was designed by Elton J. Moughton in the Mediterranean revival style and constructed at 1700 French Avenue. The school reopened on January 10 and was renamed Seminole High School. In 1960, the high school moved to a new campus at 2701 Ridgewood Avenue and the former building on French Avenue was converted to Sanford Junior High School, which was later renamed Sanford Middle School. The old building was demolished in the summer of 1991 and replaced by a $5.77 million school complex. As of 2013, Seminole High School offers various Advanced Placement courses, the Academy for Health Careers, and the International Baccalaureate Programme for students.
Original school assignment completed by Mary Belle, 1909: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Student Work 1909, item SCPS00521, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
Sanford High School Commencement Exercises, 1911
Sanford High School's graduating class of 1911 at the school's second campus, located at the corner of East Ninth Street and South Palmetto Avenue in Sanford, Florida, on Class Day in 1919. The graduating ceremony took place on May 26, 1911. Sanford High School was originally established at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida, in 1902. The building was designed by W. G. Talley in the Romanesque revival style. Due to an increasing student population, a new school building was constructed on Sanford Avenue in 1911. The original building on Seventh Street served as Westside Grammar Elementary School, which was later renamed Sanford Grammar School. In 1984, the building was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and converted into the Student Museum. The building reopened as the University of Central Florida's Public History Center in 2012. In 1927, a high school campus was designed by Elton J. Moughton in the Mediterranean revival style and constructed at 1700 French Avenue. The school reopened on January 10 and was renamed Seminole High School. In 1960, the high school moved to a new campus at 2701 Ridgewood Avenue and the former building on French Avenue was converted to Sanford Junior High School, which was later renamed Sanford Middle School. The old building was demolished in the summer of 1991 and replaced by a $5.77 million school complex. As of 2013, Seminole High School offers various Advanced Placement courses, the Academy for Health Careers, and the International Baccalaureate Programme for students.
Original program and black and white photographic print, 1911: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Commencement & Class Day Programs, item SM-093-004, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
Sanford High School Annual Commencement Program, 1914
Sanford High School Class of 1914 commencement program. Commencement ceremonies took place between May 18th and May 22nd, 1914, and included a piano recital, a graduation recital, a performance of the play "The Mishaps of Minerva," a grammar school graduation ceremony, Class Day, a junior class entertainment night, and a high school graduation ceremony. Albert A. Murphree (1870-1927), President of the University of Florida, gave the commencement address. Sanford High School was originally established at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida, in 1902. The building was designed by W. G. Talley in the Romanesque revival style. Due to an increasing student population, a new school building was constructed on Sanford Avenue in 1911. The original building on Seventh Street served as Westside Grammar Elementary School, which was later renamed Sanford Grammar School. In 1984, the building was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and converted into the Student Museum. The building reopened as the University of Central Florida's Public History Center in 2012. In 1927, a high school campus was designed by Elton J. Moughton in the Mediterranean revival style and constructed at 1700 French Avenue. The school reopened on January 10 and was renamed Seminole High School. In 1960, the high school moved to a new campus at 2701 Ridgewood Avenue and the former building on French Avenue was converted to Sanford Junior High School, which was later renamed Sanford Middle School. The old building was demolished in the summer of 1991 and replaced by a $5.77 million school complex. As of 2013, Seminole High School offers various Advanced Placement courses, the Academy for Health Careers, and the International Baccalaureate Programme for students.
Original program by Sanford Public Schools, 1914: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Commencement & Class Day Programs, item SCPS00522, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
Sanford High School Annual Commencement Program, 1912
Sanford High School Class of 1912 commencement program. Commencement ceremonies took place between May 13th and May 17th, 1912, and included a piano recital, a performance of the play "The Time of His Life," a grammar school graduation ceremony, Class Day, a junior class entertainment night, and a high school graduation ceremony. Sanford High School was originally established at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida, in 1902. The building was designed by W. G. Talley in the Romanesque revival style. Due to an increasing student population, a new school building was constructed on Sanford Avenue in 1911. The original building on Seventh Street served as Westside Grammar Elementary School, which was later renamed Sanford Grammar School. In 1984, the building was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and converted into the Student Museum. The building reopened as the University of Central Florida's Public History Center in 2012. In 1927, a high school campus was designed by Elton J. Moughton in the Mediterranean revival style and constructed at 1700 French Avenue. The school reopened on January 10 and was renamed Seminole High School. In 1960, the high school moved to a new campus at 2701 Ridgewood Avenue and the former building on French Avenue was converted to Sanford Junior High School, which was later renamed Sanford Middle School. The old building was demolished in the summer of 1991 and replaced by a $5.77 million school complex. As of 2013, Seminole High School offers various Advanced Placement courses, the Academy for Health Careers, and the International Baccalaureate Programme for students.
Original program by Sanford Public Schools, 1912: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Commencement & Class Day Programs, item SCPS00523, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.
Sanford High School Annual Commencement Program, 1916
Sanford High School Class of 1916 commencement program. Commencement ceremonies took place between May 14th and May 19th, 1916, and included a commencement sermon, a piano recital, a performance of the play "At the End of the Rainbow," a grammar school graduation ceremony, Class Day, a junior class entertainment night, and a high school graduation ceremony. Dr. Lincoln Hulley, President of Stetson University, gave the commencement address. Sanford High School was originally established at 301 West Seventh Street in Sanford, Florida, in 1902. The building was designed by W. G. Talley in the Romanesque revival style. Due to an increasing student population, a new school building was constructed on Sanford Avenue in 1911. The original building on Seventh Street served as Westside Grammar Elementary School, which was later renamed Sanford Grammar School. In 1984, the building was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and converted into the Student Museum. The building reopened as the University of Central Florida's Public History Center in 2012. In 1927, a high school campus was designed by Elton J. Moughton in the Mediterranean revival style and constructed at 1700 French Avenue. The school reopened on January 10 and was renamed Seminole High School. In 1960, the high school moved to a new campus at 2701 Ridgewood Avenue and the former building on French Avenue was converted to Sanford Junior High School, which was later renamed Sanford Middle School. The old building was demolished in the summer of 1991 and replaced by a $5.77 million school complex. As of 2013, Seminole High School offers various Advanced Placement courses, the Academy for Health Careers, and the International Baccalaureate Programme for students.
Original program by Sanford Public Schools, 1916: Sanford High School Collection, box 3A, folder Commencement & Class Day Programs, item SCPS00524, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida.