48 100 5102 https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/a10ccc9f68f154b943a483bb4e5ab8b4.jpg 334f22abf83ff4ba54ee1bc810f5b35f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Veterans Legacy Program Collection Alternative Title VLP Collection Subject Veterans--Florida Description In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Is Part Of Veterans Legacy Program Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"><a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Twelfth Census Population for Camden County, Georgia, 1900 Alternative Title Census, 1900 Subject Census--United States Population--United States Description The Twelfth United States Census records for Camden County, Georgia, for 1900. The census divides the population by sex, race, age, marital status, number of children, occupation, literacy, whether they owned or rented, farm or house. The census also states a resident's place of birth, and birthplace of their mother and father. If foreign born, the person provided the year they immigrated, whether they were naturalized and if they spoke English. A notable resident listed in this record is Alexander Lard Lucas (1893-1989). Born in Satilla Mills, Georgia, on June 6, 1893, Lucas moved to Jacksonville, Florida, as a teenager. By 1918, he had moved to Cleveland, Ohio, to pursue a career as a mechanic. Lucas was drafted into the United States Army on August 9, of 1918. Following his service, he worked as a tailor in Lansing, Michigan. By 1940, Lucas found a position as a shipping clerk for the Department of the Interior in Washington, DC. He lived in federal public housing attached to the North Interior Building in downtown Washington, where he worked. Between 1942 and 1989, he moved to the Miami area, where he passed away on March 2, 1989, at the age of ninety-five. Alexander Lucas is buried in the Florida National Cemetery in Bushnell, Florida. In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Type Text Source Digital reproduction of original census record by E. F. Dean, June 8, 1900. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/210" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Collection</a> Coverage Camden County, Georgia Creator Dean, E.F. <a href="https://www.census.gov/" target="_blank"> United States Census Bureau</a> Publisher <a href="https://www.census.gov/" target="_blank"> United States Census Bureau</a> Date Created 1900-06-08 Format image/jpg Extent 701 KB Medium 1 census record Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Provenance Originally created by E.F. Dean and published by the <a href="https://www.census.gov/" target="_blank"> United States Census Bureau</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: • reproduce the work in print or digital form • create derivative works • perform the work publicly • display the work • distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. This resource is provided here by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105">Section 5</a> of <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Donation Curator Connolly, Lehman Cravero, Geoffrey Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a> <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a> Source Repository <a href="https://www.georgiaarchives.org/">Georgia Archives</a> External Reference Abney, Barb. "<a href="https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/" target="_blank">VA Selects UCF Historians to Archive Stories of Deceased Veterans Veterans</a>." UCF Today, March 13, 2017. Accessed August 9, 2017. https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/. Anderson, Margo J. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/931708638" target="_blank">The American Census: A Social History</a>. New Haven [u.a.]: Yale Univ. Press, 2015. 1900 United States Census Alexander Lard Lucas Bushnell census records Florida National Cemetery military history military service national cemeteries, American National Cemetery Administration population veterans Veterans Administration Veterans Legacy Program https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/2da89fe904765ee06ff58c2b9034e8f7.jpg beeb9d00f4f0da591b4afca8c341a3c5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Veterans Legacy Program Collection Alternative Title VLP Collection Subject Veterans--Florida Description In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Is Part Of Veterans Legacy Program Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"><a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Twelfth Census Population for Union, Suwannee, Florida, 1900 Alternative Title Census, 1900 Subject Census--United States Population--United States Description The Twelfth United States census records for Union, Suwannee, Florida, for 1900. The census divides the population by sex, race, age, marital status, number of children, occupation, literacy, whether they owned or rented, farm or house. The census also states a resident's place of birth, and birthplace of their mother and father. If foreign born, the person provided the year they immigrated, whether they were naturalized and if they spoke English. A notable resident listed in the record is Riley Wright (1893-1919). Wright was likely born in 1893, although some documents list his birth year as 1895, near Falmouth in Suwannee County in Northern Florida. Like his father and grandfather before him, Wright worked as a farmer. He married Eva Coleman on April 15, 1917, and was drafted on August 3, 1918, joining the 807th Pioneer Infantry unit. In France, Wright and his unit served in a technical capacity, constructing and repairing roads, bridges and railways. Though the Army did not consider these infantry units as combat units, their work on the front lines brought them in direct contact with the enemy. The 807th participated in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, which was the last major engagement of the war. Wright survived the offensive. However, he succumbed to influenza on January 7, 1919. He is buried in the Meuse-Argonne American Cemetery at Plot H Row 10 Grave 28 in Romagne-sous-Montfaucon, France. In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program continues, engaging a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in national cemeteries available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 headstones at four national cemeteries, two in Florida (Florida National Cemetery and St. Augustine National Cemetery) and two in France (American Battle Monuments Commission cemeteries at Aisne-Marne and the Meuse-Argonne), where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Type Text Source Digital reproduction of original census record by R.W. Snell, June 12, 1900: Suwannee, Florida; Page: 10; Enumeration District: 0111; FHL microfilm: 1240177. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/210" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Collection</a> Coverage Union, Suwannee, Florida Creator Snell, R.W. <a target="_blank">United States Census Bureau</a> Publisher <a href="https://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">United States Census Bureau</a> Contributor Wright, Riley Date Created 1900-06-12 Format image/jpg Extent 1.84 MB Medium 1 census record Language eng Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally created and published by the <a href="https://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">United States Census Bureau</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: • reproduce the work in print or digital form • create derivative works • perform the work publicly • display the work • distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. This resource is provided here by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105">Section 5</a> of <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Donation Curator O'Neil, Rhiannon Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> <a href="https://vlp.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a> <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/" target="_blank">Ancestry.com</a> Source Repository <a href="https://www.archives.gov/" target="_blank">National Archives and Records Administration</a> External Reference Abney, Barb. "<a href="https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/" target="_blank">VA Selects UCF Historians to Archive Stories of Deceased Veterans</a>. UCF Today, March 13, 2017. Accessed August 9, 2017. https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/. Byerly, Carol R. "<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2862337/" target="_blank">The U.S. Military and the Influenza Pandemic of 1918-1919</a>." Public Health Reports 125, no. suppl. 3 (2010): 82-91. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2862337/. Florida Department of Military Affairs. "<a href="https://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/211766" target="_blank">Riley Wright</a>." Online database with images, FloridaMemory. Palmouth, Florida. Box 16. Accessed August 14, 2018. https://www.floridamemory.com/items/show211766. Hunton, Addie W. and Kathryn M. Johnson. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_VwxAAAAMAAJ/" target="_blank">Two Colored Women with the American Expeditionary Forces</a>. Brooklyn, NY: Brooklyn Eagle Press, 1920. Keene, Jennifer. <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/837560460" target="_blank">World War I: The American Soldier Experience</a>. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2011. National Archives and Records Administration. "<a href="https://www.archives.gov/research/census/publications-microfilm-catalogs-census/1900/part-01.html#in" target="_blank">1900 Federal Population Census - Part 1</a>." National Archives. Accessed July 18, 2018. https://www.archives.gov/research/census/publications-microfilm-catalogs-census/part-01.html#in. Office of the Quartermaster General. "<a href="https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=try&db=NARAWWITroops&h=3923973" target="_blank">Riley Wright</a>." U.S. Army Transport Service Passenger Lists, 1910-1939. Online database with images, Ancestry.com. Falmouth, Florida. Record Group Number 92, Roll or Box Number 578, NAI 6234465. Accessed August 14, 2018. https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=try&db=NARAWWITroops&h=3923973. Rinaldi, Richard A. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70620376" target="_blank">The United States Army in World War I, Ground Units, 1917-1919</a>. [Takoma Park, MD]: Tiger Lily Pub., 2005. Selective Service System. "<a href="https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=try&db=WW1draft&h=10043594" target="_blank">Ralie Wright</a>." U.S. World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918. Online database with images, Ancestry.com. Suwannee, Florida. NARA microfilm publication M1509, roll 1556893. Accessed August 14, 2018. https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=try&db=WW1draft&h=10043594. Selective Service System. "<a href="https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=try&db=ReportLocalBoard&h=494070" target="_blank">Riley Wright</a>." U.S. Lists of Men Ordered to Report to Local Board for Military Duty, 1917-1918. Online database with images, Ancestry.com. Suwannee, Florida. Record Group Number 163, NAI 1159403. Accessed August 14, 2018. https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=try&db=ReportLocalBoard&h=494070. Suwannee, Florida County Courthouse. "<a href="https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=try&db=FSMarriageFlorida&h=1616385" target="_blank">Wralley Wright</a>." Florida County Marriage Records, 1823-1982. Online database with images, Ancestry.com. Suwannee, Florida. Accessed August 14, 2018. https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=try&db=FSMarriageFlorida&h=1616385. U.S. Census Bureau. "<a href="https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=try&db=1900usfedcen&h=8113009" target="_blank">Raley Right</a>." 1900 United States Federal Census. Online database with images, Ancestry.com. Union, Suwannee, Florida. NARA microfilm publication T623, FHL microfilm 1240177. Accessed August 14, 2018. https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=try&db=1900usfedcen&h=8113009. 1910 United States Census African-American soldiers census records military history military service population Riley Wright Union, Florida veterans Veterans Administration Veterans Legacy Program World War I World War, 1914-1918 WWI https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/3b0a6b57873c8297fb85cb2320be6e1e.jpg 5d1d7b4bb51667f6bde818102d2fa8e0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Veterans Legacy Program Collection Alternative Title VLP Collection Subject Veterans--Florida Description In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Is Part Of Veterans Legacy Program Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"><a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Twelfth Census Population for Waltham Ward, Middlesex County, Massachusetts, 1900 Alternative Title Census, 1900 Subject Census--United States Population--United States Description The Twelfth United States Census records for Waltham City, Middlesex County, Massachusetts, for 1900. The census divides the population by sex, race, age, marital status, number of children, occupation, literacy, whether they owned or rented, farm or house. The census also states a resident's place of birth, and birthplace of their mother and father. If foreign born, the person provided the year they immigrated, whether they were naturalized and if they spoke English. A notable resident listed in this record is Mary Sutherland. Born on November 1, 1895, in Watertown, Massachusetts, Sutherland later moved to Palm Bay, Florida. Sutherland joined the US Navy on September 3, 1918 as a Yeoman F 1st Class. Sutherland returned from serving in the Navy just in time to be able to vote for the first time. She had three children, John, Richard, and Marilyn, as well as thirteen grandchildren and six great-grandchildren. Sutherland died September 28, 1988, and was laid to rest in Florida National Cemetery in Bushnell, Florida. In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Type Text Source Digital reproduction of original census record by Frost Lorcl, June 9, 1900. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/210" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Collection</a> Coverage Waltham, Massachusetts Creator Lorcl, Frost <a href="https://www.census.gov/" target="_blank"> United States Census Bureau</a> Publisher <a href="https://www.census.gov/" target="_blank"> United States Census Bureau</a> Date Created 1900-06-09 Format image/jpg Extent 1.32 MB Medium 1 census record Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Provenance Originally created by Frost Lorcl and the <a href="https://www.census.gov/" target="_blank"> United States Census Bureau</a> and published by the <a href="https://www.census.gov/" target="_blank"> United States Census Bureau</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: • reproduce the work in print or digital form • create derivative works • perform the work publicly • display the work • distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. This resource is provided here by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105">Section 5</a> of <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Donation Curator Ortiz, Samuel Cravero, Geoffrey Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a> <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/"> Ancestry.com</a> <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a> Source Repository <a href="https://www.archives.gov//">National Archives and Records Administration</a> External Reference Abney, Barb. "<a href="https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/" target="_blank">VA Selects UCF Historians to Archive Stories of Deceased Veterans Veterans</a>." UCF Today, March 13, 2017. Accessed August 9, 2017. https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/. Anderson, Margo J. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/931708638" target="_blank">The American Census: A Social History</a>. New Haven [u.a.]: Yale Univ. Press, 2015. 1900 United States Census Bushnell census records Florida National Cemetery Frost Lorcl literacy Mary Gilligan Mary Sutherland military history military service national cemeteries, American National Cemetery Administration population United States Navy veterans Veterans Administration Veterans Legacy Program World War I World War, 1914-1918 https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/7a4812fde90ffb598f2de2afeb75c1ab.jpg cbf1914f73543c3f96cb99c31d72cc18 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Orlando Collection Description The Orlando area was originally occupied by the Creek and Seminole tribes. In 1838, Fort Gatlin was erected on the shores of Lake Gatlin, just a few miles south of present-day Downtown Orlando. Centered around Church Street, Orlando became a city in 1884. Originally a cattle town, Orlando grew into a major citrus growing center by the 1920s. The city continued to grow during the Great Depression with aid from the Work Progress Administration (WPA). During World War II, Orlando became a major military center as well, with the development of the McCoy Air Force Base and Pinecastle Air Force Base, and with the addition of the Naval Training Center (NTC) Orlando in 1968. Downtown Orlando declined in the 1960s and 1970s. Redevelopment began in the 1970s and continued into the 1980s, with projects such as the Church Street Station entertainment complex. In 1998, a building boom began and continued through the 2000s. Contributor Cook, Thomas Cepero, Nancy Lynn Cepero, Laura Lynn Alternative Title Orlando Collection Subject Orlando (Fla.) Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/46" target="_blank">Orange County Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Orlando, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference Antequino, Stephanie Gaub, and Tana Mosier Porter. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/783150094" target="_blank">Lost Orlando</a>. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Pub, 2012. Rajtar, Steve. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70911136" target="_blank">A Guide to Historic Orlando</a>. Charleston, SC: History Press, 2006. "<a href="http://sanfordhistory.tripod.com/Links/wtour.pdf" target="_blank">Downtown Orlando Historic District Walking Tour</a>." City of Orlando. http://sanfordhistory.tripod.com/Links/wtour.pdf. Has Format <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/69" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra Collection</a>, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/106" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered Collection</a>, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/126" target="_blank">Downtown Orlando Information Center Collection</a>, Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/110" target="_blank">Orlando Public Library Collection</a>, Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/111" target="_blank">Orlando Regions Bank Collection</a>, Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Twilight Zone Tower of Terror at Disney-MGM Studios, 2000 Alternative Title Disney-MGM Studios Twilight Zone Tower of Terror Subject Lake Buena Vista (Fla.) Theme parks Description The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror at Disney-MGM Studios (now called Disney's Hollywood Studios), located at 351 South Studio Drive in 2000. MGM Studios is a theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. Disney and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer agreed to a licensing contract that would allowed Disney to use the MGM name and logo for Disney-MGM Studios. Despite several lawsuits and countersuits between the two partners, the theme park opened on May 1, 1989. Around this same time, the Tower of Terror was being designed for Euro Disney (now Disneyland Paris). Euro Disney abandoned the project, which was picked up by MGM Studios. The ride is based on the television program The Twilight Zone. Construction began in the beginning of 1992 and the attraction opened on July 22, 1994. Disney-MGM Studios was renamed Disney's Hollywood Studios on January 7, 2008. Type Still Image Source Original color photograph, 2000: Private Collection of Nancy Lynn Cepero. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/20" target="_blank">Orlando Collection</a>, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original color photograph, 2000. Coverage Twilight Zone Tower of Terror, Disney-MGM Studios, Orlando, Florida Contributor Cepero, Nancy Lynn Date Created ca. 2000-04 Format image/jpg Extent 147 KB Medium 1 color photograph Language eng Mediator History Teacher Geography Teacher Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by Nancy Lynn Cepero and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="https://disneyworld.disney.go.com/destinations/hollywood-studios/" target="_blank">Disney's Hollywood Studios</a>." Walt Disney World. https://disneyworld.disney.go.com/destinations/hollywood-studios/. "<a href="https://disneyworld.disney.go.com/attractions/hollywood-studios/twilight-zone-tower-of-terror/" target="_blank">The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror</a>." Walt Disney World. https://disneyworld.disney.go.com/attractions/hollywood-studios/twilight-zone-tower-of-terror/. Transcript The HOLLYWOOD TOWER Hotel Disney-MGM Studios Hollywood Tower Hotel Lake Buena Vista orlando Studio Drive theme parks Twilight Zone Tower of Terror Walt Disney World https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/dedde147145576a6e055522c2d1a81fb.jpg ff4415ac2733af4af2bc43c017e9839d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Orlando Gay Chorus Collection Alternative Title Gay Chorus Collection Is Part Of Orlando Gay Chorus Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"> </div> Subject Orlando (Fla.) Music--Florida Dance--United States Gay culture--United States Description The Orlando Gay Chorus (OGC) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit arts and humanitarian organization, and part of the Gay and Lesbian Association (GALA) of Choruses. Founded on Valentines Day 1990, OGC is not only one of the largest mixed gay choirs in the United States at over 100 members, but they also boast four smaller ensembles that perform annual concerts, cabarets, and a host of community events, such as Come Out With Pride, Orlando Museum of Art’s Festival of Trees, and World AIDS Day memorial services. In 2017, the group performed at over 105 events, including 15 performances for the first anniversary of the Pulse Nightclub tragedy. Members come from all walks of life and all sexual and gender orientations, including straight allies. OGC lives by the motto “Singing the World to a Better Place” and strives to use music to change attitudes and build a stronger community. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Twisted Tinsel Alternative Title Orlando Gay Chorus Presents "Twisted Tinsel" Subject Orlando (Fla.) Music--Florida Dance--United States Description A poster for the Orlando Gay Chorus concert, “Twisted Tinsel”. The event was held at The Plaza Live, located at 425 North Bumby Avenue in Orlando, Florida, on December 13 and 14, 2008. Tickets were $25 in advance through The Center, The Plaza box office and orlandogaychorus.com and $30 at the door. The poster features a light background with a red ornament sitting on silver tinsel across the middle of the page. Featured artwork includes the logos of the OGC and various sponsors across the bottom of the page. The Orlando Gay Chorus is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit arts and humanitarian organization part of GALA Choruses. Founded on Valentines Day 1990, OGC is not only one of the largest mixed gay choirs in the United States at over 100 members, but they also boast four smaller ensembles that perform annual concerts, cabarets, and a whole host of community events like Come Out With Pride, Orlando Museum of Art’s Festival of Trees, and World Aids Day memorial services. In 2017, the group performed at over 105 events, including 15 performances for the first anniversary of the Pulse Nightclub tragedy. Members come from all walks of life and all sexual and gender orientations, including straight allies. OGC lives by the motto “Singing the World to a Better Place” and strives to use music to change attitudes and build a stronger community. Type Still Image Source Original color poster: University of Central Florida Special Collections, Orlando, Florida. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/206" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus Collection</a>, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES. Coverage The Plaza Live Theatre, Orlando, Florida Creator <a href="https://www.orlandogaychorus.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus</a> Publisher <a href="https://www.orlandogaychorus.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus</a> Date Created ca. 2008-12-13 Date Copyrighted ca. 2008-12-13 Format image/jpg Extent 7.94 MB Medium 1 poster Language eng Mediator History Teacher Dance Teacher Music Teacher Art Teacher Provenance Originally created and published by the <a href="https://www.orlandogaychorus.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus</a>. Rights Holder <a href="https://www.orlandogaychorus.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus</a> Accrual Method Donation Curator O'Neill, Carys Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository University of Central Florida Special Collections External Reference Unknown. "About OGC: History." Orlando Gay Chorus. 2018. Accessed April 10, 2018. https://orlandogaychorus.org/history/. Ahlquist, Karen. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62281651" target="_blank">Chorus and Community</a>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2006. Boedeker, Hal. "<a href="http://www.orlandosentinel.com/features/os-orlando-gay-chorus-25-years-20150611-story.html" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus marks 25 years</a>." Orlando Sentinel, October 18, 2016. Accessed October 18, 2018. http://www.orlandosentinel.com/features/os-orlando-gay-chorus-25-years-20150611-story.html. Ameriprise Financial concert Darden Restaurants gayorlando.com Gecko CPA Firm GLBT GLBTQ+ homosexuality LGBT LGBTQ+ music orlando Orlando Gay Chorus performance The Center The Florida Mall The Plaza Live Toys for Tots Twisted Tinsel United Arts of Central Florida Universal Orlando Foundation Walt Disney World Co Watermark https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/959b41cc2ea50a045f1e42a86c4ecc16.jpg 3f86941b8582354fe32a6a62fe6dff9b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Art Legends of Orange County Collection Alternative Title Art Legends Collection Subject Art--Southern States Artists--Florida Contributor <a href="http://www.polasek.org/" target="_blank">Albin Polasek Museum & Sculpture Gardens</a> <a href="http://www.orangecountyfl.net/" target="_blank">Orange County Commission Chambers</a> <a href="http://www.cityoforlando.net/arts/" target="_blank">City of Orlando Gallery</a> <a href="http://www.orlandoslice.com/group/cityartsfactory" target="_blank">CityArts Factory</a> <a href="http://artandhistory.org/" target="_blank">Art & History Museums - Maitland</a> <a href="http://www.rollins.edu/cornell-fine-arts-museum/" target="_blank">Cornell Fine Arts Museum</a> <a href="http://www.crealde.org/" target="_blank">Crealdé School of Art</a> <a href="https://thehistorycenter.org/" target="_blank">Orange County Regional History Center</a> <a href="http://www.omart.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Museum of Art</a> <a href="http://gallery.cah.ucf.edu/">University of Central Florida Art Gallery</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Eldora, Florida Gainesville, Florida Lake Wales, Florida Maitland, Florida Orlando, Florida Sanford, Florida Winter Park, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://www.artlegendsoc.org/" target="_blank">Art Legends of Orange County</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.artlegendsoc.org/" target="_blank">Art Legends of Orange County</a>." Art Legends of Orange County. http://www.artlegendsoc.org/. Description Although visual art had been explored in Central Florida, Orange County’s visual arts community truly came alive during the years of 1932-1982, thanks to the vision of 20 distinguished artists and arts leaders. Their influence not only helped build a solid foundation for the local art community but some of Orange County’s local Art Legends significantly influenced modern American Art. To recognize the leadership and celebrate the accomplishments of these arts visionaries, arts administrators from 11 Orange County museums and galleries joined forces and shared collections to create the Art Legends of Orange County initiative. This community-wide collaboration runs throughout the 2015-2016 arts season and includes more than 15 exhibitions and events. Art Legends of Orange County celebrates 20 distinguished artists and patrons who helped build Orange County’s vibrant cultural landscape. Art Legends of Orange County full exhibition schedule and link to virtual exhibition available at <a href="http://www.ArtLegendsOC.org" target="_blank">www.ArtLegendsOC.org</a>. Visit RICHES™ of Central Florida at <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/exhibits/show/artlegends">https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/exhibits/show/artlegends</a> for virtual exhibition. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format 1 6 x 20 inch oil painting Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Two Figures in Green Landscape by Hugh F. McKean Alternative Title Painting by Hugh McKean Subject McKean, Hugh F. Artists--Florida Art--Southern States Painters--Southern States Painting--Florida Description An untitled oil painting by Hugh F. McKean (1908-1995). Although the painting has no official title, it is commonly referred to as Two Figures in Green Landscape. McKean moved to Orlando, Florida, from College Hill in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, where he was raised. He earned his bachelor’s degree from Rollins College in Winter Park in 1930 and joined its faculty in 1932, later heading its art department. He studied art at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Philadelphia, Art Students League in New York City, the École des Beaux-Arts at Fontainebleau in France, and Harvard University. The Tiffany Foundation also selected him in 1930 to join other artists at Laurelton Hall, Louis Comfort Tiffany’s mansion at Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, New York, under Tiffany’s tutelage. In 1940, he received his master’s degree from Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts. He married Jeannette Genius , the granddaughter of Charles Hosmer Morse, in 1945. McKean then served as the president of Rollins College from 1951 to 1969 and the director of the Charles Hosmer Morse Museum of American Art from 1942 until his death in 1995. Type Still Image Source Original 16 x 20 inch oil painting by Hugh F. McKean: <a href="https://thehistorycenter.org/" target="_blank">Orange County Regional History Center</a>, Orlando, Florida. Is Part Of <a href="https://thehistorycenter.org/" target="_blank">Orange County Regional History Center</a>, Orlando, Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/155" target="_blank">Art Legends of Orange County Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original 6 x 20 inch oil painting by Hugh F. McKean. Coverage Orlando, Florida Winter Park, Florida Creator McKean, Hugh F. Date Created ca. 1908-1995 Format image/jpg Extent 96 KB Medium 1 6 x 20 inch oil painting Mediator History Teacher Humanities Teacher Visual Arts Teacher Provenance Originally created by Hugh F. McKean. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by Hugh F. McKean and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="http://www.artlegendsoc.org/" target="_blank">Art Legends of Orange County</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="https://thehistorycenter.org/" target="_blank">Orange County Regional History Center</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.morsemuseum.org/morse-history/hugh-f-mckean" target="_blank">Hugh F. McKean</a>." The Charles Hosmer Morse Museum of American Art . http://www.morsemuseum.org/morse-history/hugh-f-mckean. "<a href="http://lib.rollins.edu/olin/oldsite/archives/golden/hmckean.htm" target="_blank">Hugh F. McKean (1908 – 1995): Artist, Educator and Philanthropist</a>." Olin Library, Rollins College. http://lib.rollins.edu/olin/oldsite/archives/golden/hmckean.htm. art artist Hugh F. McKean oil painting painting Two Figures in Green Landscape https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/76ca4fec8012a2b7dbca970c92858e3f.jpg b32ccd1a61f6f44ed9de35ecc0d1f580 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Weeki Wachee Collection Alternative Title Weeki Wachee Collection Description Along with a group of investors, Newton Perry opened Weeki Wachee Springs to the public in October of 1947. At the time, roadside attractions were becoming popular stops along Florida roadways. The attraction consisted of an amalgamation of vendors, an orchid garden, a river boat tour, as well as the star attraction: a mermaid show that took place in an underwater theater. Eventually, the May Museum of the Tropics, an "abandoned Seminole village", a show called “Birds of Prey”, and a petting zoo were added. After peaking in the 1950s and 1960s, attendance began to decline as theme parks and highways changed the dynamics of Florida's tourism. The State of Florida took over the attraction as a state park in 2008. Since then, the park has focused on appealing to a modern audience while preserving its history. Subject Weeki Wachee (Fla.) Weeki Wachee Springs (Fla.) Tourism--Florida Springs--Florida Parks--Florida Contributor Schumacher, Elmer "Sparky" Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/63" target="_blank">Hernando County Collection</a>, RICHES. Language eng Type Collection Spatial Coverage Weeki Wachee Springs, Spring Hill, Florida Curator Schwandt, Rebecca Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://weekiwachee.com/about-us/history-of-weeki-wachee-springs.html" target="_blank">History of Weeki Wachee Springs</a>." Weeki Wachee Springs State Park. http://weekiwachee.com/about-us/history-of-weeki-wachee-springs.html. Pelland, Maryan, and Dan Pelland. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67516850" target="_blank">Weeki Wachee Springs</a>. Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2005. Vickers, Lu, and Bonnie Georgiadis. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/780478262" target="_blank">Weeki Wachee Mermaids: Thirty Years of Underwater Photography</a>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2012. Contributing Project Rebecca Schwandt's Thesis Project Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Two Weeki Wachee Mermaids in Costume Performing a Scene from "Peter Pan" Alternative Title Black and White Photograph: Weeki Wachee Springs Mermaids Performing "Peter Pan," c. 1971 Subject Weeki Wachee Springs (Fla.) Tourism--Florida Photograph albums--1960-1970 tourism & museum Tourism--1960-1980 Mermaids--Florida--Weeki Wachee--History Theater--20th century Description Kodak Safety Film Strip consisting of two images. These images show two Weeki Wachee mermaids performing a scene from "Peter Pan." One mermaid is in a Captain Hook costume and the other is in an alligator costume. A prop pirate ship is pictured behind the mermaids. Image was taken sometime in 1971, when the show was performed. Along with a group of investors, Newton Perry opened Weeki Wachee Springs to the public in October of 1947. At the time, roadside attractions were becoming popular stops along Florida roadways. The attraction consisted of an amalgamation of vendors, an orchid garden, a river boat tour, as well as the star attraction: a mermaid show that took place in an underwater theater. Eventually, the May Museum of the Tropics, an "abandoned Seminole village", a show called “Birds of Prey”, and a petting zoo were added. After peaking in the 1950s and 1960s, attendance began to decline as theme parks and highways changed the dynamics of Florida's tourism. The State of Florida took over the attraction as a state park in 2008. Since then, the park has focused on appealing to a modern audience while preserving its history. Abstract Black and white photograph of Mermaids Performign "Peter Pan" Type Still Image Source Original black and white photograph of Weeki Wachee Springs Mermaids Performing in "Peter Pan," c. 1971: Private Collection of karen Geiken. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/63" target="_blank">Weeki Wachee Collection</a>, RICHES. Coverage Weeki Wachee Springs State Park, Spring Hill, Florida Creator Weeki Wachee Spring State Park Sparky Schumacher Publisher RICHES Date Created c. 1971 Format image/jpg Extent 2.15 MB Medium B&W Photograph Mediator History Teacher Humanitites Teacher Visual Arts Teacher Theater Teacher Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by Karen Geiken and is provided here by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project Florida Humanities Council Community Grant Program and Friends of Weeki Wachee Springs State Park Curator Schwandt, Rebecca Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository Private Collection of Karen Geiken. External Reference Allman, T.D. Finding Florida: The True History of the Sunshine State. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2013. Ammidown, Margot. “Edens, Underworlds, and Shrines: Florida’s Small Tourist Attractions.” The Journal of Decorative and Propaganda Arts 23, (1998): 238-259. Georgiadis, Bonnie and Lu Vickers. Weeki Wachee Mermaids. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2012. Hollis, Tim. Glass Bottom Boats and Mermaid Tails: Florida’s Tourist Springs. Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books, 2006. Pelland, Dan and Maryan Pelland. Images of America: Weeki Wachee. Mount Pleasant: Arcadia Publishing, 2006. Revels, Tracy J. Sunshine Paradise: A History of Florida Tourism. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2011. Vickers, Lu. Weeki Wachee City of Mermaids: A History of One of Florida’s Oldest Roadside Attractions. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2007. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original photograph: c. 1971. Scanned by RICHES team. RICHES, Orlando, Florida. Provenance Originally created by Sparky Schumacher, owned by Karen Geiken, and published by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a>. ballet Brooksville Florida tourism Karen Geiken mermaids Peter Pan Rebecca Schwandt roadside attractions roadside tourism tourist attraction Weeki Wachee Springs Weeki Wachee Springs State Park https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/eab9765adc1269bc656aa7475b42a309.jpg b2c72a6f7323c3ad0f5328f22217e168 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Henry L. DeForest Collection Alternative Title DeForest Collection Subject Sanford (Fla.) Businessmen--Florida Citrus fruit industry--Florida Agriculture--Florida Description Henry L. DeForest was born February 7, 1857 in Derby, Connecticut, and knew Henry Shelton Sanford from childhood. In 1870, DeForest came to Florida seeking better health in the warmer climate. He became Sanford's agent and helped carry out the work of establishing Sanford, Florida. He managed the contracted workers for Sanford's groves, especially the contracted Swedes that Sanford brought over in 1871. By the 1880s, he had married Anna M. Sperry, also from Derby, and had become an established businessman and grove owner in Sanford. He built his general store in 1887 which was the second oldest brick building in Downtown Sanford. His general store was the building where the historic September 1887 fire stopped. DeForest built other commercial buildings in Downtown. His home, known as "The Palms," was located at 105 Aldean Drive and still stands today. Henry L. DeForest died on December 23, 1902. Contributor <a href="http://www.sanfordfl.gov/index.aspx?page=456" target="_blank">Sanford Museum</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/44" target="_blank">Seminole County Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/16" target="_blank">Sanford Collection</a>, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Sanford, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference Fry, Joseph A. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8475473" target="_blank">Henry S. Sanford: Diplomacy and Business in Nineteenth-Century America</a>. Reno, Nev: University of Nevada Press, 1982. Molloy, Leo T. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/503116097" target="_blank">Henry Shelton Sanford: (1823-1891)</a>. Derby, Connecticut: Valley Historical Research Committee, 2009. Sanford Historical Society (Fla.). <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53015288" target="_blank">Sanford</a>. Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2003. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format 1 black and white photograph Physical Dimensions 7.25 x 4.25 inches Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Two Women at DeForest Grove Alternative Title DeForest Grove Subject Sanford (Fla.) Citrus--Florida Agriculture--Florida Description Two women, possibly relatives of Henry L. DeForest (1857-1902), at DeForest Grove, sometime between 1895 and 1905. DeForest was born in Derby, Connecticut, and knew Henry Shelton Sanford (1823-1891) since childhood. In 1870, DeForest came to Florida seeking better health in the warmer climate. He became Sanford's agent and helped carry out the work of establishing Sanford. He managed the contracted workers for Sanford's groves, especially the contracted Swedes that Sanford brought over in 1871. By the 1880s, he had married Anna M. Sperry, also from Derby, and had become an established businessman and grove owner in Sanford. He built his general store in 1887, which was the second oldest brick building in Downtown Sanford. His general store was the building where the historic September 1887 fire stopped. DeForest built other commercial buildings in downtown. His home, known as "The Palms," was located at 105 Aldean Drive and still stands today. Type Still Image Source Original 7.25 x 4.25 inch black and white photograph: box 1, folder 7, DeForest Collection, <a href="http://www.sanfordfl.gov/index.aspx?page=456" target="_blank">Sanford Museum</a>, Sanford, Florida. Is Part Of Box 1, folder 7, DeForest Collection, <a href="http://www.sanfordfl.gov/index.aspx?page=456" target="_blank">Sanford Museum</a>, Sanford, Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/116" target="_blank">Henry L. DeForest Collection</a>, Sanford Collection,, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of 7.25 x 4.25 inch original black and white photograph. Date Created ca. 1895-1905 Format image/jpg Extent 575 KB Medium 7.25 x 4.25 inch black and white photographic print Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally published by Ensminger Brothers Photography. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by the <a href="http://www.sanfordfl.gov/index.aspx?page=456" target="_blank">Sanford Museum</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Curator Hazen, Kendra Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.sanfordfl.gov/index.aspx?page=456" target="_blank">Sanford Museum</a> External Reference Fry, Joseph A. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8475473" target="_blank">Henry S. Sanford: Diplomacy and Business in Nineteenth-Century America</a>. Reno, Nev: University of Nevada Press, 1982. Molloy, Leo T. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/503116097" target="_blank">Henry Shelton Sanford: (1823-1891)</a>. Derby, Connecticut: Valley Historical Research Committee, 2009. Sanford Historical Society (Fla.). <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53015288" target="_blank">Sanford</a>. Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2003. Publisher Ensminger Brothers Photography Coverage DeForest Grove, Sanford, Florida agriculture citrus citrus groves DeForest Grove DeForest, Henry L. Sanford https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/4b71d03187f022daa1ed653f9e0bde62.jpg 2d24f75081ba54b7fe60de7e5fba5378 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Lucile Campbell Collection Alternative Title Campbell Collection Subject Sanford (Fla.) Teachers--Florida Educators--Florida Description This collection features postcards kept by Lucile Campbell, a schoolteacher in Sanford, Florida, for 30 years. Campbell collected postcards from her travels around the world and used them as teaching aids in her classrooms. In 1931, she took advantage of a special rate for teachers and sailed to Europe, where she traveled for several months and is thought to have acquired many of these postcards. Contributor Campbell, Lucille <a href="http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">UCF Public History Center/Student Museum</a> Language eng Type Collection Coverage Sanford, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Raffel, Sara Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">UCF Public History Center/Student Museum</a> Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format 1 color postcard Physical Dimensions 4 x 6 inches Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Typical Charleston Home Postcard Alternative Title Typical Charleston Home Postcard Subject Housing--United States Description A postcard depicting a typical home in in Charleston, South Carolina. This postcard is part of a collection of postcards kept by Lucile Campbell, a schoolteacher in Sanford, Florida, for 30 years. In 1931, she took advantage of a special rate for teachers and sailed to Europe, where she traveled for several months and is thought to have acquired many of these postcards. During the 1940-1941 school year, Campbell taught at Sanford Grammar School. Before her retirement in 1970, she taught at many other area schools, including the Oviedo School, Westside Grammar School, and Pinecrest Elementary School. Campbell used these postcards as aids in her classrooms to teach advanced subjects, such as Shakespearean drama. The collection, along with her other teaching aids, papers, and photographs, was later found at Sanford Grammar School after it became the University of Central Florida's Public History Center. Campbell's postcard collection and photographs provide insight into the life of a respected Florida educator. Type Still Image Source Original 4 x 6 inch color postcard by the Gulf Stream Card and Distributing Company: ACC# SM-00-243, file folder 1 (U.S. blanks), box 10A, Lucile (Mary Lucile) Campbell Collection, <a href="http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">UCF Public History Center</a>, Sanford, Florida. Is Part Of File folder 1 (U.S. blanks), box 10A, Lucile (Mary Lucile) Campbell Collection, <a href="http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">UCF Public History Center</a>, Sanford, Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/151" target="_blank">Lucile Campbell Collection</a>, Student Museum and UCF Public History Center Collection, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original 4 x 6 inch color postcard by the Gulf Stream Card and Distributing Company. Coverage Charleston, South Carolina Creator Charleston News Company Publisher Curt Teich and Company Contributor Campbell, Lucile Date Created ca. 1898-1978 Date Copyrighted ca. 1898-1978 Format image/jpg Extent 172 KB Medium 4 x 6 inch color postcard Language eng Mediator History Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally created by the Charleston News Company and published by Curt Teich and Company. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by the <a href="http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">UCF Public History Center</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project Aphasia Project Curator Raffel, Sara Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">UCF Public History Center/Student Museum</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.charleston-sc.gov/index.aspx?NID=110" target="_blank">History of City</a>." Charleston, South Carolina. http://www.charleston-sc.gov/index.aspx?NID=110. America's Most Historic City Charleston, South Carolina homes houses housing https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/7131fb4cae07c44a82119ee2c79f1d68.jpg a72208c54a57180ae0c6bf831ffefa1f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Florida-France Soldier Stories Project Collection Alternative Title Florida-France Soldier Stories Project Subject Cemeteries--Europe Veterans--Florida World War II, 1939-1945 Army Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RICHES</a>. <a href="https://projects.cah.ucf.edu/fl-francesoldierstories/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Florida-France Soldier Stories Project</a>. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Epinal American Cemetery and Memorial, Dinozé, France Contributing Project Florida-France Soldier Stories Project Curator Barnes, Mark Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://history.wisc.edu/epinal_project.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Epinal Project- by Students of History 357: The Second World War</a>." University of Wisconsin-Madison. http://history.wisc.edu/epinal_project.htm (accessed January 3, 2015). Description The Florida-France Soldier Storiesproject seeks to tell the stories of the Florida soldiers buried in the American Battle Monuments Commission cemeteries in France. Our goal is to honor and commemorate the brave individuals who gave their lives supporting the Allied forces, liberating France, and defeating Germany in the Second World War. Simultaneously, our goal is to teach the students who participate in this research project about the history of France and Florida during World War II, about the history of individual servicemen, and about how to implement historical research methods in their work. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Army 6th Armored Division Insignia Alternative Title 6th Armored Division Insignia Subject World War II, 1939-1945 Army Description The insignia for the U.S. Army's 6th Armored Division, which was activate from 1942 to 1945 and again from 1950 to 1956. During World War II, the Super Sixth, as the division was nicknamed, participated in the Invasion of Normandy. A notable Floridian who served in the 6th Armored Division was Sergeant John F. Aylward, Jr. (1912-1944), who died on November 3, 1944. Also known as Jack, Sgt. Aylward was a part of the Headquarters Company within the 6th Armored Division, nicknamed the Super Sixth. Sgt. Aylward was originally from Ocala, Florida, and is interred at Epinal American Cemetery and Memorial in Dinozé, France. Type Still Image Source Digital reproduction of original insignia. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/172" target="_blank">Epinal American Cemetery Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Coverage France Contributor Anderson, Dwight Format image/jpg Extent Medium 1 color insignia Language eng Audience Mediator History Teacher Civics/Government Teacher Rights Holder This resource is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project Epinal Cemetery Project Curator Jaimes, Kyle Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&amp GRid=56370982" target="_blank">Sgt John F. "Jack" Aylward, Jr</a>." Find A Grave. http://findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&amp GRid=56370982. Hofmann, George F. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1903071" target="_blank">The Super Sixth: History of the 6th Armored Division in World War II and Its Post-War Association</a>. Louisville, Ky: Sixth Armored Division Association, 1975. 6th Armored Division Army Super Sixth World War II WWII https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/d3c51e25595c66ae70cdaa0db1f8edbb.jpg c973c111e5540f85e172308b9bd78a9c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Geneva Historical & Genealogical Society Collection Subject Museums--Florida Description The Geneva Historical & Genealogical Society is located in Geneva, an unincorporated area of Seminole County. The first regular meeting was held at the Geneva Community Center on November 30, 1952. Alice Coffee Guyton served as the society’s first president. The Geneva Historical & Genealogical Society established the Museum of Geneva History, located at 165 First Street, in 1965. W. G. Kilbee and his wife donated the land that the museum was built on. The museum was dedicated in 1966, with Leo Rehbinder cutting the ribbon and Judge Don Cheney of Orlando making a speech. In 1977, a second larger room was added to the building. The Society also owns Fort Lane Park. Contributor <a href="http://www.usgennet.org/usa/fl/county/seminole/Geneva/" target="_blank">Geneva Historical & Genealogical Society</a> Language eng Type Collection Coverage Museum of Geneva History, Geneva, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://www.usgennet.org/usa/fl/county/seminole/Geneva/" target="_blank">Geneva Historical & Genealogical Society</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Cravero, Geoffrey Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.usgennet.org/usa/fl/county/seminole/Geneva/museum.htm" target="_blank">Museum of Geneva History</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.usgennet.org/usa/fl/county/seminole/Geneva/geneva_history.htm" target="_blank">Geneva History</a>." Geneva Historical & Genealogical Society, Inc. http://www.usgennet.org/usa/fl/county/seminole/Geneva/geneva_history.htm. Alternative Title Geneva Historical Society Collection Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/54" target="_blank">Apopka Collection</a>, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format 1 felt armband Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Army Air Force Aircraft Warning Service Armband from Geneva Alternative Title Army Air Force AWS Armband Subject Aircraft warning systems United States. Army Army Description United States Army Air Force Aircraft Warning Service armband used during World War II. The Aircraft Warning Service (AWS) was a civilian service of the Army's Ground Observer Corps used to watch for enemy aircraft entering American airspace. Volunteers were organized in May 1941 and the service remained active until May 29, 1944. Source Original 4 x 18 inch felt armband: <a href="http://www.usgennet.org/usa/fl/county/seminole/Geneva/museum.htm" target="_blank">Museum of Geneva History</a>, Geneva, Florida. Date Created ca. 1941-1944 Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original 4 x 18 inch felt armband. Is Part Of <a href="http://www.usgennet.org/usa/fl/county/seminole/Geneva/museum.htm" target="_blank">Museum of Geneva History</a>, Geneva, Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/55" target="_blank">Geneva Historical & Genealogical Society Collection</a>, Geneva Collection, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Format image/jpg Extent 45 KB Medium 4 x 18 inch felt armband Language eng Type Physical Object Coverage Geneva, Florida Accrual Method Donation Mediator History Teacher Civics/Government Teacher Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by the <a href="http://www.usgennet.org/usa/fl/county/seminole/Geneva/" target="_blank">Geneva Historical & Genealogical Society</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Contributing Project <a href="http://www.usgennet.org/usa/fl/county/seminole/Geneva/" target="_blank">Geneva Historical & Genealogical Society</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.usgennet.org/usa/fl/county/seminole/Geneva/museum.htm" target="_blank">Museum of Geneva History</a> External Reference United States. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10160725" target="_blank">The Aircraft Warning Service of the U.S. Air Force</a>. 1950. Transcript U.S. ARMY AIR FORCE AWS OBSERVER Aircraft Warning Service armband AWS Geneva observation post spotters U.S. Army Air Forces World War II WWII https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/505f36a2f887d5dad37b07a721f17973.jpg fa3fafdd272fcaa11386c77e61e38228 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Oviedo Historical Society Collection Alternative Title Oviedo Historical Society Collection Subject Oviedo (Fla). Description The Oviedo Historical Society Collection encompasses historical artifacts donated for digitization at the Oviedo Historical Society's History Harvest in the Spring semester of 2015. The Oviedo Historical Society was organized in November 1973 by a group of citizens. The society is a 501(3) non-profit organization. Its purpose is to help preserve the community identity of Oviedo by collecting and disseminating knowledge about local history, serve as a repository for documents and artifacts relating to Oviedo history, promote the preservation and marking of historic sites and buildings in the Oviedo area and foster interest in local, state, national, and world history. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/128" target="_blank">Oviedo Collection</a>, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Oviedo, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://oviedohs.com/" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society</a> <a href="http://history.cah.ucf.edu/staff.php?id=304" target="_blank">Dr. Connie L. Lester</a>'s Introduction to Public History course, Spring 2015 Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://oviedohs.com/" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society</a>." Oviedo Historical Society, Inc. http://oviedohs.com/. Adicks, Richard, and Donna M. Neely. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5890131" target="_blank">Oviedo, Biography of a Town</a>. S.l: s.n.], 1979. Robison, Jim. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/796757419" target="_blank">Around Oviedo</a>. 2012. "<a href="http://www.cityofoviedo.net/node/68" target="_blank">History</a>." City of Oviedo, Florida. http://www.cityofoviedo.net/node/68. "<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/audio/Ep41-Oviedo.mp3" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries, Episode 41: Oviedo, with Dr. Richard Adicks</a>." RICHES of Central Florida. http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/audio/Ep41-Oviedo.mp3. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format 1 felt armband Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Army Air Force Aircraft Warning Service Armband from Oviedo Alternative Title Army Air Force AWS Armband Subject Oviedo (Fla.) Aircraft warning systems United States. Army Army World War II, 1939-1945 Description United States Army Air Force Aircraft Warning Service (AWS) armband used in Oviedo, Florida, during World War II. This armband was given to Kathryn Aulin (now Kathryn Aulin Bunch) in 1943 for observing aircraft during the war. Bunch was stationed at a tower across the street from the First Baptist Church of Oviedo, located at 45 West Broadway Street. The AWS was a civilian service of the Army's Ground Observer Corps used to watch for enemy aircraft entering American airspace. Volunteers were organized in May 1941 and the service remained active until May 29, 1944. Type Physical Object Source Original felt armband: Private Collection of Kathryn Aulin Bunch. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/147" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society Collection</a>, Oviedo Collection, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original felt armband. Coverage Oviedo, Florida Contributor Bunch, Kathryn Date Created 1943 Format image/jpg Extent 98 KB Medium 1 felt armband Language eng Mediator History Teacher Civics/Government Teacher Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by Kathryn Aulin Bunch and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="http://oviedohs.com/" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository Private Collection of Kathryn Aulin Bunch External Reference United States. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10160725" target="_blank">The Aircraft Warning Service of the U.S. Air Force</a>. 1950. Aircraft Warning Service armband Army Army Air Force AWS Kathryn Aulin Kathryn Aulin Bunch Oviedo U.S. Army U.S. Army Air Force https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/a6dbc972bbb692d1ede429d195281043.pdf ec24afd970cee709d8020e2157e41b8a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Celery Soup: Florida's Folk Life Play Collection Alternative Title Celery Soup Collection Subject Sanford (Fla.) Community theater--United States Theater--United States Description The Celery Soup: Florida’s Folk Life Play Collection encompasses photographs, artifacts, and oral histories related to the production of Creative Sanford, Inc.'s and Celery Soup's play Remade - Not Bought, performed at the Princess Theater in 2013. Many of the items in this collection were collected by Dr. Scot French's Tools in Digital History Seminar Graduate Class during the Fall 2013 semester at the University of Central Florida. Contributor Dingle, Cathy Lee Delgado, Natalie Fedorka, Drew M. Ford, Nancy Harris French, Scot A. Kelley, Katie Lee, Luticia Gormley Maliczowski, Linda Lee Maples, Marilyn Miller, Mark Reisz, Autumn Thompson, Trish Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/44" target="_blank">Seminole County Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/16" target="_blank">Sanford Collection</a>, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Celery Soup: Florida’s Folk Life Play, Sanford, Florida Creative Sanford, Inc., Sanford, Florida Princess Theater, Sanford, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/" target="_blank">Creative Sanford, Inc.</a> <a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/" target="_blank">Celery Soup: Florida’s Folk Life Play</a> Dr. <a href="http://history.scotfrench.com/" target="_blank">Scot A. French</a>'s Tools in Digital History Seminar Graduate Class, Fall 2013 at the <a href="http://www.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">University of Central Florida</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com//about" target="_blank">WHO IS CREATIVE SANFORD, INC?</a>" Celery Soup. http://www.celerysoupsanford.com//about. "<a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/about/" target="_blank">About: History and Purpose</a>." Celery Soup. http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/about/. "<a href="http://www.communityperformanceinternational.org/sanford-florida" target="_blank">Sanford, Florida: How do you make Celery Soup? Add stories, then stir</a>." Community Performance International. http://www.communityperformanceinternational.org/sanford-florida. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format 1 black and white photograph Physical Dimensions 2.25 x 3.25 inches Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Army Squad During World War I Alternative Title WWI Army Squad Subject World War I, 1914-1918 Soldiers--Europe United States. Army Army Description A U.S. Army squad of American soldiers, including brothers Charles Ernest Gormley and George Gormley, during World War I. The squad originally consisted of eight men per tent, but was later cut down to five men per tent. The Gormleys were originally from Kansas, but moved to Sanford, Florida, with their family shortly before WWI. The brothers served alongside each other in France from August 13, 1917 to April 14, 1919. Charles' daughter, Luticia "Tish" Gormley Lee, was the contributor of this photograph. Before entering World War I, the United States maintained a policy of neutrality, although the U.S. continued to supply the Allies: Great Britan, France, and Russia. The U.S. officially entered the war on April 6, 1917, in response to Germany's return to all-out submarine warfare on all commercial ships sailing for Great Britain and Germany's offer for military alliance to Mexico via the Zimmerman Telegram. The U.S. mobilized over four million military personnel through the course of American involvement in the war and lost 110,000 casualties. The U.S. vastly expanded its government and dramatically increase the size of its military during World War I. Type Still Image Source Original 2.25 x 3.25 inch black and white photograph: Private Collection of Luticia "Tish" Gormley Lee. Requires <a href="http://www.adobe.com/reader.html" target="_blank">Adobe Acrobat Reader</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/82" target="_blank">Celery Soup: Florida’s Folk Life Play Collection</a>, Sanford Collection, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original 2.25 x 3.25 inch black and white photograph. Coverage France Contributor Lee, Luticia "Tish" Gormley Date Created ca. 1917-1918 Format application/pdf Extent 237 KB Medium 2.25 x 3.25 inch black and white photograph Language eng Mediator History Teacher Civics/Government Teacher Provenance Inherited by Luticia "Tish" Gormley Lee. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by Luticia "Tish" Gormley Lee and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/" target="_blank">Creative Sanford, Inc.</a> <a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/" target="_blank">Celery Soup: Florida's Folk Life Play</a> Dr. <a href="http://history.scotfrench.com/" target="_blank">Scot French</a>'s "Tools in Digital History Seminar," Fall 2013 Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference Keith, Jeanette. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54543806" target="_blank">Rich Man's War, Poor Man's Fight: Race, Class, and Power in the Rural South During the First World War</a>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004. Carlisle, Rodney P. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/741611844" target="_blank">Sovereignty at Sea U.S. Merchant Ships and American Entry into World War I</a>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2009. Army Gormley, Charles Ernest Gormley, George soldier squad tent U.S. Army World War I WWI https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/08c752ef3296ddebdcb6177468698998.JPG 310c9a1eb606aa64bfd8a948bb80af8c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census Collection Alternative Title Census Collection Subject Census--United States Population--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Description Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000. The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation. In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc. The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office. Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data. The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing. The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior. Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities. The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another. The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions. The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire. Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs. The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census. The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input. In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators. Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD. Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Mosquito County, Florida Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul>This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1 table Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1840 Alternative Title Census, 1840 Subject Census--United States Population--United States Description The Sixth United States Census population records for Mosquito County (including present-day Volusia, Brevard, Indian River, St. Lucie, Martin, Seminole, Osceola, Orange, Lake, Polk, and Palm Beach counties) for 1840. The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation. Type Dataset Source Original census data by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a>, 1840. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original census data by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a>, 1840. Coverage Mosquito County, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> Publisher <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Date Created ca. 1840-06-01 Format image/jpg Extent 59.8 KB Medium 1 table Language eng Mediator History Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> and published by the <a href="http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of the Interior</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul> This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Item Creation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1840.html" target="_blank">1840 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1840.html. United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. Transcript U.S. Census of 1840 Mosquito County* Population Total 73 Males 70 Females 3 *Includes present-day Volusia, Brevard, Indian River, St. Lucie, Martin, Seminole, Osceola, Orange, Lake, Polk, and Palm Beach counties. 6th United States Census Census of 1840 females males men Mosquito County population Sixth United States Census U.S. Census women https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/3d27e89f15ac83518dc1c0c4e5af908f.JPG fb5b583fd1520c829e203f4148e9eea1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census Collection Alternative Title Census Collection Subject Census--United States Population--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Description Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000. The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation. In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc. The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office. Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data. The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing. The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior. Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities. The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another. The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions. The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire. Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs. The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census. The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input. In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators. Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD. Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Mosquito County, Florida Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul>This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1 table Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1850 Alternative Title Census, 1850 Subject Census--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Population--United States Description The Seventh United States Census records for Orange County (including present-day Seminole County and part of Lake County and Osceola County) and Marion County for 1850. The census divides the population by race ("White" vs. "Black") and gender. The "Black" population is further divided into slaves and "free blacks." The population is also divided by out-of-state origin and foreign origin. Finally, the census collected information on agriculture, including number of farms, cash value of farms, acres of improved land of farms, acres of unimproved land of farms, and value of livestock. In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc. Type Dataset Source Original census data by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a>, 1850. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original census data by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a>, 1850. Coverage Orange County, Florida Marion County, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> Publisher <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Date Created ca. 1850-06-01 Format image/jpg Extent 209 KB Medium 1 table Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> and published by the <a href="http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of the Interior</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul> This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Item Creation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1850.html" target="_blank">1850 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1850.html. United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright.<a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. Transcript U.S. Census of 1850 Population Marion County Orange County* White Population Total 2,068 238 Male 1,147 139 Female 921 99 Free Black Population Total 1 2 Male 1 2 Female 0 0 Slave Population Total 1,269 226 Male 633 107 Female 636 66 People Born Out of State Total 1,358 66 People Born Out of the United States of America Total 16 6 Agriculture Marion County Orange County* Farms Total 329 19 Cash Value of Farms Farms $346,695 $60,000 Farming Implements and Machinery $31,885 $14,095 Acres of Farmland Improved Land 11,451 963 Unimproved Land 44,168 4,083 Value of Livestock Total $174,703 $27,020 Animals Slaughtered $28,687 $1,475 *Includes present-day Seminole County and parts of present-day Lake and Osceola counties 7th United States Census African Americans agriculture animals Caucasians Census of 1850 European Americans farming implements farms females free black freedman freedmen improved land livestock machinery males Marion County men orange county population Seventh United States Census slaughter slaves U.S. Census women https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/2f2ea119eac56515205242e901f9b1b7.jpg 10197b9be33d1acc880744108368155f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census Collection Alternative Title Census Collection Subject Census--United States Population--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Description Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000. The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation. In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc. The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office. Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data. The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing. The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior. Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities. The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another. The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions. The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire. Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs. The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census. The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input. In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators. Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD. Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Mosquito County, Florida Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul>This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1 table Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1860 Alternative Title Census, 1860 Subject Census--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Population--United States Description The Eighth United States Census records for Brevard County (including present-day St. Lucie County), Marion County, Orange County (including present-day Seminole County and parts of present-day Lake and Osceola counties), and Volusia County (including present-day Flagler County), Florida, for 1860. The census divides the population by race ("white" and "colored"), gender, and native-born vs. foreign-born. The census also documented the number of slaves and slaveholders. The census collected information on agriculture and on manufacturing. The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office. Type Dataset Source Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> and the <a href="http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en.html" target="_blank">General Land Office</a>, 1860. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> and the <a href="http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en.html" target="_blank">General Land Office</a>, 1860. Coverage Brevard County, Florida Orange County, Florida Marion County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> <a href="http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en.html" target="_blank">General Land Office</a> Publisher <a href="http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of the Interior</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Date Created ca. 1860-06-01 Format image/jpg Extent 449 KB Medium 1 table Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> and the <a href="http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en.html" target="_blank">General Land Office</a>, and published by the <a href="http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of the Interior</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul> This resource is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Item Creation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1860.html" target="_blank">1860 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1860.html. United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. Transcript U.S. Census of 1860 Population Brevard County* Marion County Orange County** Volusia County*** Population Total 246 8,609 987 1,158 White Population Total 224 3,294 823 861 Males 136 1,796 452 467 Females 88 1,498 371 394 Native-Born White Population Total 217 3,260 819 855 Males 129 1,768 449 462 Females 88 1,492 370 393 Free Colored Population Total 1 1 1 0 Males 1 1 1 0 Females 0 0 0 0 Free Foreign-Born Population Total 7 34 4 6 Foreign-Born White Population Total 7 34 4 6 Males 7 28 3 5 Females 0 6 1 1 Free Native-Born Persons Total 218 3,261 820 855 Slave Population Total 21 5,314 163 297 Males 8 2,689 88 158 Females 13 2,625 75 139 Slave Holders Total 4 345 31 38 Agriculture Brevard County* Marion County Orange County** Volusia County*** Farms Total 31 408 87 62 Acres of Land of Farms Improved Land 340 54,546 2,768 3,008 Unimproved Land 11,887 129,376 9,435 11,642 Cash Value of Farms Farms $23,340 $1,887,115 $90,555 $99,810 Farming Implements and Machinery $440 $83,790 $48,681 $9,672 Livestock $155,780 $447,268 $58,295 $113,984 Orchard Products $0 $0 $65 $44,150 Homemade Manufactures $0 $500 $372 $60 Market Garden Products $0 $10 $0 $0 Animals Slaughtered $1,900 $73,107 $9,081 6,550 Farms by Acreage 3-9 20 8 17 1 10-19 7 37 23 14 20-49 3 111 32 37 50-99 1 78 9 6 100-499 0 154 6 3 500-999 0 15 0 0 1000+ 0 5 0 1 Manufacturing Brevard County* Marion County Orange County** Volusia County*** Manufacturing Establishments Total N/A 8 N/A N/A Population Employed in Manufacturing Males N/A 65 N/A N/A Female s N/A 0 N/A N/A Capital Invested in Manufacturing Total N/A $35,500 N/A N/A Annual Costs in Manufacturing Labor N/A $23,220 N/A N/A Products N/A $49,400 N/A N/A "*Includes present-day St, Lucie County **Includes present-day Seminole County and parts of present-day Lake and Osceola counties ***Includes present-day Flagler County" agriculture animals Brevard County capital census Census of 1860 costs employees farming implements farmland farms females freeman freemen gardens labor laborers livestock machinery males manufactures manufacturing Marion County orange county orchards population slaveholders slavemasters slaves U.S. Census Volusia County https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/eba79a2268eb5f407da13bc844c868e6.jpg 09bca50dad90ed5d7b3a667b96d18d1e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census Collection Alternative Title Census Collection Subject Census--United States Population--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Description Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000. The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation. In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc. The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office. Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data. The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing. The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior. Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities. The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another. The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions. The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire. Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs. The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census. The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input. In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators. Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD. Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Mosquito County, Florida Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul>This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1 table Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1870 Alternative Title Census, 1870 Subject Census--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Population--United States Description The Ninth United States Census records for Brevard County (including present-day St. Lucie County), Marion County, Orange County (including present-day Seminole County and parts of present-day Lake and Osceola counties), and Volusia County (including present-day Flagler County), Florida, for 1870. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white" and "colored"), native-born vs. foreign-born, and state-born vs. territory-born. Those born outside of Florida are then divided by state or country of origin. This census also collected information on agriculture and on manufacturing. Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire," as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invented a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker (1840-1897), introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data. Type Dataset Source Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a>, 1870. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a>, 1870. Coverage Brevard County, Florida Orange County, Florida Marion County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> Publisher <a href="http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of the Interior</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Date Created ca. 1870-06-01 Format image/jpg Extent 397 KB Medium 1 table Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> and published by the <a href="http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of the Interior</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul> This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Item Creation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1870.html" target="_blank">1870 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1870.html. United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. Transcript U.S. Census of 1870 Population Brevard County* Marion County Orange County** Volusia County*** Population Total 1,216 10,804 2,195 1,723 Males 703 5,507 984 560 Females 513 5,297 1,211 831 Colored Population Total 19 7,878 198 328 Native-Born Population Total 1,216 10,773 2,174 1,695 Foreign-Born Population Total 0 31 21 28 Population Born by State, Territory or Country of Origin Total 437 5,825 1,127 691 Virginia or West Virginia 14 186 16 14 South Carolina 199 2,828 151 288 Alabama 96 276 52 9 Georgia 452 957 663 558 North Carolina 12 453 94 42 Scotland 0 0 0 1 Italy 0 0 0 3 Ireland 0 7 7 4 Great Britain 0 0 0 0 Germany 0 11 1 1 France 0 0 0 0 West Indies 0 0 1 1 British America 0 0 1 2 Cuba 0 0 0 0 England and Wales 0 3 9 15 Sweden and Norway 0 0 1 0 Africa 0 6 0 0 Agriculture Brevard County* Marion County Orange County** Volusia County*** Farms Total 191 736 220 233 Farms by Acreage Less than 3 0 0 0 0 3-9 0 0 24 75 10-19 90 5 89 77 20-49 70 154 91 71 50-99 23 126 12 7 100-499 8 377 4 3 500-999 0 60 0 0 1000+ 0 14 0 0 Present Cash Value of Farms Farms $21,000 $828,795 $174,900 $146,120 Farming Implements and Machinery $3,895 $87,968 $2,618 $3,450 Agriculture Wages Paid Total $0 $80,897 $4,480 $2,940 Value of Livestock Livestock $386,950 $275,905 $124,845 $87,119 Animals Slaughtered or Sold for Slaughter $48,120 $0 $0 $786 Value of Home Manufactures Total $0 $0 $0 $210 Manufacturing Brevard County* Marion County Orange County** Volusia County*** Manufacturing Establishments Total N/A 7 6 2 Value of Manufacturing Products Total N/A $8,560 $10,240 $1,570 Value of Materials Used in Manufacturing Total N/A $4,650 $8,200 $1,150 Capital Invested in Manufacturing Total N/A $3,950 $8,000 $1,300 Hands Employed in Manufacturing Total N/A 19 12 2 Males, Aged 16+ N/A 13 12 2 Females, Aged 16+ N/A 2 0 0 Youths N/A 4 0 0 "*Includes present-day St, Lucie County **Includes present-day Seminole County and parts of present-day Lake and Osceola counties ***Includes present-day Flagler County" African Americans agriculture Anglo Americans animals Brevard County British Americans capital census Census of 1870 employees employment English Americans European Americans farming implements farms females German Americans investments Irish Americans Italian Americans labor laborers livestock machinery males manufactures manufacturing Marion County Norwegian Americans orange county population Scandinavian Americans Scotch Americans Scottish Americans slaughter Swedish Americans U.S. Census Volusia County Welsh Americans West Indian Americans https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/06986ab371e1b80c8cc662cca7f2fd46.jpg c924774d8aff6d620459ed7d9ea3eeb7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census Collection Alternative Title Census Collection Subject Census--United States Population--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Description Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000. The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation. In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc. The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office. Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data. The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing. The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior. Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities. The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another. The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions. The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire. Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs. The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census. The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input. In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators. Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD. Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Mosquito County, Florida Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul>This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1 table Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1880 Alternative Title Census, 1880 Subject Census--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Population--United States Description The Tenth United States Census records for Brevard County (including present-day St. Lucie County), Marion County, Orange County (including present-day Seminole County and parts of present-day Lake County, Osceola County, and Volusia County), and Volusia County (including present-day Flagler County), Florida, for 1880. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white", "colored", and "Indian"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those born outside of Florida are then divided by state or country of origin. The census also collected information on agriculture and on manufacturing. The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census," selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing. Type Dataset Source Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a>, 1880. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a>, 1880. Coverage Brevard County, Florida Orange County, Florida Marion County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> Publisher <a href="http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of the Interior</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Date Created ca. 1880-06-01 Format image/jpg Extent 589 KB Medium 1 table Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> and published by the <a href="http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of the Interior</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul> This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Item Creation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1880.html" target="_blank">1880 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1880.html. United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. Transcript U.S. Census of 1880 Population Brevard County* Marion County Orange County** Volusia County*** Population Total 1,478 13,046 6,618 3,294 Males 819 6,580 3,863 1,796 Females 659 6,466 2,755 1,498 Population by Race White 1,379 4,471 5,595 2,756 Colored 84 8,305 1,023 538 Indian 15 0 0 0 Native-Born Population Total 1,421 12,958 6,315 3,167 Native-Born Population by State of Origin Alabama 38 337 164 31 Georgia 242 949 1,331 461 Massachusetts 9 27 95 58 New York 46 117 187 140 North Carolina 18 181 162 72 Pennsylvania 14 9 55 55 South Carolina 74 2,797 282 209 Tennessee 8 70 73 13 Virginia 5 101 133 23 Foreign-Born Population by Country of Origin Total 57 88 303 127 British America 5 13 44 20 Cuba 0 1 0 0 England and Wales 14 15 40 35 France 0 2 27 0 German Empire 13 14 38 11 Ireland 11 13 20 13 Scotland 6 3 7 11 Sweden and Norway 0 13 99 21 West Indies 2 1 2 9 Other Foreign Places 6 13 26 6 Agriculture Brevard County* Marion County Orange County** Volusia County*** Farms by Ownership and Tenure Total 231 1,434 893 244 Owner-Operated 228 1,170 875 240 Rented for Fixed Money 3 142 8 1 Rented for Shares of Products 0 122 10 3 Farms by Acreage Less than 3 11 0 0 0 3-9 44 79 39 6 10-19 23 129 71 20 20-49 46 240 162 45 50-99 33 465 135 52 100-499 69 467 460 109 500-999 3 34 19 9 1000+ 2 20 7 3 Acres of Land in Farms Improved Land 1,956 52,888 19,024 6,108 Unimproved Land 20,070 163,650 123,241 36,316 Value of Farms Farmland, Fences, and Buildings $309,055 $1,294,066 $3,245,510 $745,910 Farming Machinery and Implements $6,823 $44,391 $30,512 $9,994 Livestock $204,051 $293,360 $174,228 $47,894 Cost of Buildings and Repairing Fences Total $3,442 $34,533 $11,890 $5,542 Bushels of Crops Produced Barley $0 $90 $0 $0 Indian Corn $6,186 186,917 26,727 12,672 Oats $100 $15,629 $1,412 $375 Rye $0 $21 $160 $10 Manufacturing Brevard County* Marion County Orange County** Volusia County*** Manufacturing Establishments Total 1 15 12 4 Average Males Aged 16+ Employed in Manufacturing Total 2 38 50 9 Value of Products in Manufacturing Total $1,800 $46,381 $62,000 $21,944 Capital Invested in Manufacturing Total $1,000 $66,200 $24,500 $15,100 Value of Raw Materials in Manufacturing Total $1,025 $27,900 $33,175 $12,100 Annual Wages Paid in Manufacturing Total $300 $7,582 $8,740 $2,050 "*Includes present-day St, Lucie County **Includes present-day Seminole County and parts of present-day Lake and Osceola counties ***Includes present-day Flagler County" African Americans Amerindians Anglo Americans barley Brevard County British Americans capital census Census of 1880 corn crops Cuban Americans employees employment English Americans European Americans farming implements farmland farms females French Americans German Americans Indian corn Indians investments Irish Americans labor laborers livestock machinery males manufacturing Marion County Native Americans Norwegian Americans oats orange county population raw materials rye Scandinavian Americans Scotch Americans Scottish Americans Swedish Americans U.S. Census Volusia County wages Welsh Americans West Indian Americans https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/4490f890be7c96343f4206f8407c59d2.jpg 8045722343c163b52430a5fd0ace3b02 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census Collection Alternative Title Census Collection Subject Census--United States Population--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Description Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000. The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation. In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc. The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office. Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data. The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing. The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior. Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities. The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another. The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions. The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire. Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs. The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census. The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input. In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators. Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD. Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Mosquito County, Florida Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul>This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1 table Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1890 Alternative Title Census, 1890 Subject Census--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Population--United States Description The Eleventh United States Census records for Brevard County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County (including present-day Seminole County), Osceola County, and Volusia County (including present-day Flagler County), Florida, for 1890. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white," "black," "Chinese," and "civilized Indian"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who are foreign born are further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the number of teachers and students by county, further dividing teachers and students by gender and race ("white" and "colored"). The census also collected information on agriculture and on manufacturing. The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquiries from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese," along with "Chinese," "Negro," "mulatto," "quadroon," "octoroon," and "White." Herman Hollerith (1860-1929), a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invented the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior. Type Dataset Source Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> and the <a href="http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm/" target="_blank">Office of the Secretary of the Interior</a>, 1890. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> and the <a href="http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm/" target="_blank">Office of the Secretary of the Interior</a>, 1890. Coverage Brevard County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> <a href="http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm/" target="_blank">Office of the Secretary of the Interior</a> Publisher <a href="http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of the Interior</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Date Created ca. 1890-06-01 Format image/jpg Extent 930 KB Medium 1 table Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> and the <a href="http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm/" target="_blank">Office of the Secretary of the Interior</a>, and published by the <a href="http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of the Interior</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form;</li> <li>create derivative works;</li> <li>perform the work publicly;</li> <li>display the work;</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul> This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Item Creation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1890.html" target="_blank">1890 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1890.html. United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. Transcript U.S. Census of 1890 Population Brevard County* Lake County Marion County Orange County** Osceola County Volusia County*** Population Total 3,401 8,034 20,796 12,584 3,133 8,467 Males 1,934 4,342 10,861 6,793 1,724 4,478 Females 1,467 3,692 9,935 5,791 1,409 3,989 White Population Total 2,836 6,190 9,310 3,039 2,657 6,004 Males 1,583 3,334 5,013 4,871 1,418 3,141 Females 1,253 2,856 4,297 4,168 1,239 2,863 Black Population Total 541 1,844 11,485 3,536 476 2,462 Chinese Population Total 1 0 1 9 0 0 Civilized Indian Population Total 23 0 0 0 0 1 Native-Born Population Total 3,109 7,558 20,199 11,540 3,005 7,924 Males 1,739 4,039 10,483 6,152 1,629 4,177 Females 1,370 3,519 9,716 5,388 1,373 3,747 Foreign-Born Population Total 292 476 597 1,044 131 543 Males 195 303 378 641 95 301 Females 97 173 219 403 36 242 Foreign-Born Population by Country of Origin Norway and Denmark 14 4 9 10 6 7 Canada and Newfoundland 58 77 71 76 13 62 Cuba and the West Indies 3 6 44 10 1 7 England 100 228 133 370 62 146 France 0 3 21 21 4 2 Germany 47 38 88 158 11 92 Ireland 30 18 38 44 20 47 Italy 2 0 89 42 1 6 Scotland 14 36 33 60 5 45 South America 1 6 10 2 1 0 Spain 1 1 4 0 0 0 Sweden 11 14 16 170 1 84 Other Countries 11 45 41 81 6 45 Education Brevard County* Lake County Marion County Orange County** Osceola County Volusia County*** Teachers Total 48 70 135 93 25 72 White Teachers Total 41 57 87 74 24 57 Males 10 26 31 25 11 22 Females 31 31 56 49 13 35 Colored Teachers Total 5 13 48 19 1 15 Males 3 8 22 10 1 9 Females 2 5 26 9 0 6 Students Total 687 2,237 5,085 2,615 829 2,069 White Students Total 599 1,801 2,286 1,865 785 1,509 Males 286 875 1,198 901 400 807 Females 313 926 1,088 964 385 702 Colored Students Total 88 436 2,799 750 44 560 Males 54 238 1,333 372 26 273 Females 34 198 1,466 378 18 287 Agriculture Brevard County* Lake County Marion County Orange County** Osceola County Volusia County*** Farms by Acreage Total 156 1,361 2,165 2,099 77 1,127 Less than 10 15 191 107 547 4 263 10-19 19 260 192 458 4 281 20-49 42 346 600 568 35 308 50-99 37 222 669 251 19 124 100-499 38 311 564 257 12 135 500-999 3 17 18 8 2 10 1000+ 2 14 15 10 1 6 Owner-Operated Farms by Acreage Total 156 1,311 1,945 2,075 71 1,123 Less than 10 15 188 91 544 1 262 10-19 19 244 146 450 4 280 20-49 42 326 524 561 32 308 50-99 37 217 623 247 19 123 100-499 38 305 530 255 12 134 500-999 3 17 17 8 2 10 1000+ 2 14 14 10 1 6 Cash Rental Tenant Farms by Acreage Total 0 24 146 12 2 2 Less than 10 0 3 9 2 0 0 10-19 0 9 40 6 0 1 20-49 0 10 52 3 2 0 50-99 0 1 28 0 0 0 100-499 0 1 16 1 0 1 500-999 0 0 1 0 0 0 1000+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 Share Crop Farms by Acreage Total 0 26 74 12 4 2 Less than 10 0 0 7 1 3 1 10-19 0 7 6 2 0 0 20-49 0 10 24 4 1 0 50-99 0 4 18 4 0 1 100-499 0 5 18 1 0 0 500-999 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000+ 0 0 1 0 0 0 Acres of Land on Farms Improved Land 2,311 22,219 65,315 24,561 1,803 16,185 Unimproved Land 15,544 101,317 144,702 82,711 4,963 48,402 Present Cash Value of Farming Implements and Machinery Total $4,170 $60,060 $92,940 $82,070 $2,910 $42,010 Value of Livestock Total $36,360 $153,910 $487,460 $214,490 $47,930 $231,640 Bushels of Agricultural Products Produced Total N/A $27,500 $217,941 $12,702 $4,192 $10,611 Indian Corn N/A $26,338 $166,481 $11,870 $4,192 $10,611 Oats N/A $1,381 $41,820 $832 $0 $0 Rye N/A $84 $9,640 $0 $0 $0 Manufacturing Brevard County* Lake County Marion County Orange County** Osceola County Volusia County*** Manufacturing Establishments Total 8 22 28 42 2 26 Manufacturing Employees Total 18 134 336 365 N/A 123 Officers, Firm Members, and Clerks Total 5 13 32 34 N/A 14 Males, Aged 16+ 5 13 30 34 N/A 13 Females, Aged 16+ 0 1 2 0 N/A 1 Skilled and Unskilled Works Total 13 119 301 330 N/A 109 Males, Aged 16+ 12 117 269 317 N/A 102 Females, Aged 16+ 0 1 29 8 N/A 2 Children 1 1 3 5 N/A 5 Piece Workers Total 0 2 3 1 N/A 0 Annual Wages Paid in Manufacturing Establishments Total $9,018 $35,913 $156,642 $186,830 N/A $45,722 Wages Paid to Officers, Firm Members, and Clerks Total $2,438 $8,804 $24,290 $24,487 N/A $2,438 Males $2,438 $7,604 $22,590 $24,487 N/A $8,540 Females N/A $1,200 $1,700 N/A N/A $500 Wages Paid Skilled and Unskilled Works Total $6,580 $26,029 $131,152 $162,215 N/A $36,682 Males $6,430 $25,677 $120,062 $158,975 N/A $35,810 Females N/A $208 $10,240 $2,440 N/A $364 Children $150 $144 $850 $800 N/A $508 Wages Paid Piece Workers Total N/A $1,080 $1,200 $128 N/A N/A Value of Products in Manufacturing Total $18,148 $92,390 $360,140 $613,354 N/A $190,516 "*Includes present-day St, Lucie County **Includes present-day Seminole County ***Includes present-day Flagler County" African Americans agriculture Amerindians Anglo Americans British Americans Canadian Americans census Census of 1890 child labor Chinese Americans clerks corn Cuban Americans Danish Americans education educators employees English Americans European Americans farming implements farmland farms females firm members French Americans German Americans Hispanic Americans Indian corn Indians Irish Americans Italian Americans labor laborers Latin Americans Latinas Latinos livestock machinery males manufacturing Native Americans Norwegian Americans oats officers piece labor population rye Scandinavian Americans Scotch Americans Scottish Americans sharecropping skilled labor South Americans Spanish Americans students Swedish Americans teachers tenant farming tenants U.S. Census unskilled labor wages West Indian Americans https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/8cd9ed4bdc90b01922a119368548b64b.jpg 0944b913e80e3709b97682bb699514b7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census Collection Alternative Title Census Collection Subject Census--United States Population--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Description Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000. The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation. In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc. The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office. Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data. The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing. The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior. Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities. The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another. The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions. The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire. Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs. The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census. The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input. In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators. Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD. Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Mosquito County, Florida Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul>This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1 table Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1900 Alternative Title Census, 1900 Subject Census--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Population--United States Description The Twelfth United States Census records for Brevard County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County (including present-day Seminole County), Osceola County, and Volusia County (including present-day Flagler County), Florida, for 1900. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white" and "black"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who are foreign born are further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the illiterate population categorized by age, race, and gender. The census also collected information on agriculture and on manufacturing. Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor. Type Dataset Source Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> and the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1900. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> and the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1900. Coverage Brevard County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> Publisher <a href="http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of the Interior</a> <a href="https://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce and Labor</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Date Created ca. 1900-06-01 Format image/jpg Extent 787 KB Medium 1 table Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Office</a> and the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, and published by the <a href="http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of the Interior</a> and the <a href="https://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce and Labor</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form;</li> <li>create derivative works;</li> <li>perform the work publicly;</li> <li>display the work;</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul> This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Item Creation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1900.html" target="_blank">1900 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1900.html. United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. Transcript U.S. Census of 1900 Population Brevard County* Lake County Marion County Orange County** Osceola County Volusia County*** Population Total 5,158 7,467 24,403 11,374 3,44 10,003 Males 2,842 3,959 12,918 5,767 1,783 5,153 Females 2,316 3,508 11,485 5,607 1,611 4,850 White Population Total 4,003 4,829 9,356 7,347 3,013 6,538 Males 2,188 2,474 4,927 3,698 1,547 3,323 Females 1,815 2,355 4,429 3,649 1,466 3,215 Black Population Total 1,074 2,636 15,047 4,027 431 3,464 Males 613 1,484 7,991 2,069 236 1,829 Females 461 1,152 7,056 1,958 195 1,635 Native-Born Population Total 4,796 7,220 24,058 10,769 3,369 9,538 Males 2,608 3,816 12,704 5,432 1,732 4,904 Females 2,188 3,404 11,354 5,337 1,637 4,634 Foreign-Born Population Total 362 247 345 605 75 465 Males 234 143 214 335 51 249 Females 128 104 131 270 24 216 Foreign-Born Population by Country of Origin English Canada 31 43 44 42 3 68 Cuba 1 1 23 0 0 0 Denmark 57 4 4 3 2 1 England 96 112 84 184 38 131 France 3 4 18 11 1 4 Germany 58 31 57 117 6 96 Ireland 30 8 13 31 8 30 Italy 4 0 22 14 4 0 Norway 15 1 1 3 0 2 Russia 3 3 5 4 0 1 Scotland 18 22 13 31 7 15 Spain 0 0 2 0 1 0 West Indies 13 0 18 2 0 11 Other Countries 17 8 33 48 5 34 Illiteracy Brevard County* Lake County Marion County Orange County** Osceola County Volusia County*** Illiterate Population, Aged 10+ Total 265 765 3,937 993 315 899 White 50 132 180 257 183 149 Colored 206 633 3,757 736 132 750 Black 149 631 9,757 736 132 750 Males, Aged 21+ Illiterate 109 354 1,797 377 119 386 Literate 1,590 1,833 4,955 2,808 714 2,441 Agriculture Brevard County* Lake County Marion County Orange County** Osceola County Volusia County*** Farms by Acreage Total 615 848 2,520 1,218 354 430 1-2 19 24 15 51 99 3 3-9 104 64 216 180 21 41 10-19 140 115 403 202 21 60 20-49 166 245 784 359 111 140 50-99 80 177 556 204 50 69 100-174 65 127 322 145 20 65 175-259 20 52 117 36 9 21 260-499 13 28 76 31 8 16 500-999 5 11 22 7 7 5 1,000+ 3 5 9 3 8 10 Farm Owners Full Owners 479 576 1,824 779 312 362 Part-Owners 11 116 228 79 7 22 Owners and Tenants of Farms Total 2 1 19 2 0 0 Farm Managers Total 99 102 85 279 1 32 Tenants Cash Tenants 12 40 228 58 26 10 Share Tenants 12 13 136 21 8 4 White Farmers Total 579 784 1,246 1,132 351 39 Farm Owners 458 542 894 732 309 338 Part-Owners of Farms 7 106 98 69 7 19 Owners and Tenants of Farms 2 0 12 2 0 0 Farm Managers 89 91 78 271 1 31 Cash Tenants 11 33 103 40 26 7 Share Tenants 12 12 60 18 8 4 Colored Farmers Total 36 64 1,274 86 3 31 Farm Owners 21 34 930 47 3 24 Part-Owners of Farms 4 10 130 10 0 3 Owners and Tenants of Farms 0 1 6 0 0 0 Farm Managers 10 11 7 8 0 1 Cash Tenants 1 7 125 18 0 3 Share Tenants 0 1 76 3 0 0 Acres Land on Farms Improved Land 2,311 22,219 65,315 24,561 1,803 16,185 Unimproved Land 15,544 101,317 144,702 82,711 4,963 48,402 Present Cash Value of Farming Implements and Machinery Total $4,170 $60,060 $92,940 $82,070 $2,910 $42,010 Value of Livestock Total $36,360 $153,910 $487,460 $214,490 $47,930 $231,640 Bushels of Agricultural Products Produced Total N/A $27,811 $217,941 $12,702 $4,192 $10,611 Indian Corn N/A $26,338 $166,481 11,870 $4,192 $10,611 Oats N/A $1,381 $41,820 $832 $0 $0 Rye N/A $84 $9,640 $0 $0 $0 Manufacturing Brevard County* Lake County Marion County Orange County** Osceola County Volusia County*** Manufacturing Establishments Total 17 47 97 57 11 51 Capital Invested in Manufacturing Total $124,209 $331,703 $1,300,901 $726,223 $38,755 $390,364 Capital Invested in Plant Land of Manufacturing Establishments Plant Land $5,500 134,482 $596,203 $168,731 $16,700 $120,457 Building of Manufacturing Establishments $22,050 $27,507 $85,330 $79,582 $1,310 $32,627 Machinery, Tools, and Equipment $67,357 $72,542 $321,929 $276,081 $7,995 $138,120 Cash and Sundries $29,302 $97,172 $297,439 $201,829 $12,750 $99,160 "*Includes present-day St, Lucie County **Includes present-day Seminole County ***Includes present-day Flagler County African Americans agriculture Brevard County British Americans Canadian Americans capital Caribbean Americans census Census of 1900 corn Cuban Americans Danish Americans English Americans European Americans farm managers farmers farming implements farmings farmland females French Americans German Americans Hispanic Americans illiteracy Indian corn investments Irish Americans Italian Americans Lake County Latin Americans Latinas Latinos literacy livestock machinery males manufacturing Marion County Norwegian Americans oats orange county Osceola County population Russian Americans rye Scandinavian Americans Scotch Americans Scottish Americans Spanish Americans sundries tenant farming tenants U.S. Census Volusia County West Indian Americans https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/cc6b425dabe82c1220ad4d78ffbed86d.jpg 25cb585b15e648c5491b115826cf333f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census Collection Alternative Title Census Collection Subject Census--United States Population--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Description Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000. The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation. In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc. The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office. Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data. The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing. The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior. Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities. The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another. The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions. The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire. Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs. The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census. The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input. In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators. Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD. Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Mosquito County, Florida Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul>This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1 table Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1910 Alternative Title Census, 1910 Subject Census--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Population--United States Description The Thirteenth United States Census records for Brevard County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County (including present-day Seminole County), Osceola County, and Volusia County (including present-day Flagler County), Florida, for 1910. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white" and "black"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who are foreign born are further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the illiterate population categorized by age, race, gender, and school attendance. The census also collected information on agriculture. The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities. Type Dataset Source Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1910. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1910. Coverage Brevard County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> Publisher <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Date Created ca. 1910-04-15 Format image/jpg Extent 874 KB Medium 1 table Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> and published by the <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form;</li> <li>create derivative works;</li> <li>perform the work publicly;</li> <li>display the work;</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul> This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Item Creation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1910.html" target="_blank">1910 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1910.html. United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1910. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. Transcript U.S. Census of 1910 Population Brevard County* Lake County Marion County Orange County** Osceola County Volusia County*** Population Total 5,158 7,467 24,403 11,374 3,444 10,003 Males 2,842 3,959 12,918 5,767 1,783 5,153 Females 2,316 3,508 11,485 5,607 1,661 4,850 White Population Total 4,003 4,829 9,356 7,347 3,013 6,538 Males 2,188 2,474 4,927 3,698 1,547 3,323 Females 1,815 2,355 4,429 3,649 1,466 3,215 Black Population Total 1,074 2,636 15,047 4,027 431 3,464 Males 613 1,484 7,991 2,069 236 1,829 Females 461 1,152 7,056 1,958 195 1,635 Native-Born Population Total 4,796 7,220 24,058 10,769 3,369 9,538 Males 2,608 3,816 12,704 5,432 1,732 4,904 Females 2,188 3,404 11,354 5,337 1,637 4,634 Foreign-Born Population Total 362 247 345 605 75 465 Males 234 143 214 335 51 249 Females 128 104 131 270 24 216 Foreign-Born Population by Country of Origin English Canada 31 43 44 42 3 68 Cuba 1 1 23 0 0 0 Denmark 57 4 4 3 2 1 England 96 112 84 184 38 131 France 3 4 18 11 1 4 Germany 58 31 57 117 6 96 Ireland 30 8 13 31 8 30 Italy 4 0 22 14 4 0 Norway 15 1 1 3 0 2 Russia 3 3 5 4 0 1 Scotland 18 22 13 31 7 15 Spain 0 0 2 0 1 0 Sweden 18 10 8 115 0 72 West Indies 13 18 2 0 11 Other Countries 17 8 33 48 5 34 Education Brevard County* Lake County Marion County Orange County** Osceola County Volusia County*** Illiterate Population, Aged 10+ Total 265 765 3,937 993 315 899 White 50 132 180 257 183 149 Colored 206 633 3,757 736 132 750 Total 149 631 9,757 736 132 750 Male Population, Aged 21+ Illiterate 109 354 1,797 377 119 386 Literate 1,590 1,833 4,955 2,808 714 2,441 Agriculture Brevard County* Lake County Marion County Orange County** Osceola County Volusia County*** Farms Total 615 848 2,520 1,218 354 430 Farmers by Ownership, Management, and Tenure Full Owners 479 576 1,824 779 312 362 Part Owners 11 116 228 79 7 22 Owners and Tenants 2 1 19 2 0 0 Farm Managers 99 102 85 279 1 32 Cash Tenants 12 40 228 58 26 10 Share Tenants 12 13 136 21 8 4 White Farmers by Ownership, Management, and Tenure Total 579 784 1,246 1,132 351 399 Full Owners 458 542 894 732 309 338 Part Owners 7 106 98 69 7 19 Owners and Tenants 2 0 12 2 0 0 Farm Managers 89 91 78 271 1 31 Cash Tenants 11 33 103 40 26 7 Share Tenants 12 12 60 18 8 4 Colored Farmers by Ownership, Management, and Tenure Total 36 64 1,274 86 3 31 Full Owners 21 34 930 47 3 24 Part Owners 4 10 130 10 0 3 Owners and Tenants 0 1 6 0 0 0 Farm Managers 10 11 7 8 0 1 Cash Tenants 1 7 125 18 0 3 Share Tenants 0 1 76 3 0 0 Acres of Farm Land Improved Farm Land 7,290 22,171 72,755 20,790 5,251 10,741 Unimproved Farm Land 30,823 65,928 128,717 64,719 48,875 36,017 Farms by Acreage 1-2 19 24 15 51 99 3 3-9 104 64 216 180 21 41 10-19 140 115 403 202 21 60 20-49 166 245 784 359 111 140 50-99 80 177 556 204 50 69 100-174 65 127 322 145 20 65 175-259 20 52 117 36 9 21 260-499 13 28 76 31 8 16 500-999 5 11 22 7 7 5 1,000+ 3 5 9 3 8 10 Acres of Farm Land Improved Farm Land 7,290 22,171 72,755 20,790 5,251 10,741 Unimproved Farm Land 30,823 65,928 128,717 64,719 48,875 36,017 Value of Land and Buildings on Farms Farm Buildings $483,590 $400,610 $704,230 $659,570 $66,130 $316,640 Farm Implements and Machinery $26,440 $46,840 $112,030 $71,580 $11,030 $32,330 Farm Products $207,942 $227,451 $227,451 $355,891 $229,068 $178,869 Livestock $160,625 $176,259 $176,259 $362,058 $783,030 $220,568 "*Includes present-day St, Lucie County **Includes present-day Seminole County ***Includes present-day Flagler County" African Americans agriculture Brevard County British Americans Canadian Americans Caribbean Americans Caucasian Americans census Census of 1910 Cuban Americans Danish Americans education English Americans European Americans farm managers farming implements farmland farms females French Americans German Americans illiteracy Irish Americans Italian Americans Lake County Latin Americans literacy livestock machinery males Marion County Norwegian Americans orange county Osceola County population Russian Americans Scandinavian Americans Scotch Americans Scottish Americans sharecropping Spanish Americans Swedish Americans tenant farmers tenant farming U.S. Census Volusia County West Indian Americans https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/12393dba254f2ac70d22b9a23a09c12d.jpg 8137091dfcd240d36abc411d790e6f51 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census Collection Alternative Title Census Collection Subject Census--United States Population--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Description Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000. The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation. In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc. The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office. Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data. The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing. The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior. Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities. The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another. The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions. The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire. Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs. The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census. The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input. In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators. Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD. Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Mosquito County, Florida Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul>This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1 table Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1920 Alternative Title Census, 1920 Subject Census--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Population--United States Description The Fourteenth United States Census records for Brevard County, Flagler County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County, Osceola County, Seminole County, and Volusia County, Florida for 1920. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white" and "black"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who are foreign born are further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the population categorized by age, school attendance, race, and literacy. The census also collected information on agriculture and on manufacturing. The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C., and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every 10 years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, the censuses of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another. The "usual place of abode," the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates, and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquiries related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions. Type Dataset Source Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1920. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1920. Coverage Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> Publisher <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Date Created ca. 1920-01-01 Format image/jpg Extent 1.39 MB Medium 1 table Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> and published by the <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form;</li> <li>create derivative works;</li> <li>perform the work publicly;</li> <li>display the work;</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul> This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Item Creation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1920.html" target="_blank">1920 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1920.html. United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1920. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. Transcript U.S. Census of 1920 Population Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Population Total 8,505 2,442 12,744 23,968 19,890 7,195 10,986 23,374 Males 4,483 1,439 6,612 12,048 10,042 3,662 5,695 11,663 Females 4,022 1,003 6,132 11,920 9,848 3,563 5,291 11,711 White Population Total 6,006 1,481 8,927 11,080 14,423 6,072 5,933 15,159 Males 3,139 833 4,590 5,599 7,22 3,054 3,095 7,435 Females 2,867 648 4,337 5,481 7,201 3,018 2,838 7,724 Black Population Total 2,483 958 3,817 12,887 5,464 1,122 5,044 8,199 Males 1,335 605 2,022 6,448 2,817 578 2,594 4,216 Females 1,148 353 1,795 6,439 2,647 544 2,450 3,983 Native-Born Population Total 5,615 1,317 8,486 10,698 13,609 5,771 5,559 14,070 Males 29,919 730 4,353 5,397 6,786 2,884 2,879 6,897 Females 2,696 587 4,133 5,301 6,823 2,887 2,680 7,173 Foreign-Born Population Total 391 164 441 382 814 301 374 1,089 Males 220 103 237 202 436 170 216 538 Females 171 61 204 180 378 131 158 551 Under Age 7 1,213 347 1,744 3,725 2,485 836 1,532 2,766 Aged 7-13 1,139 347 1,834 4,118 2,589 908 1,628 3,059 Aged 14-15 300 92 484 1,098 653 240 416 786 Aged 16-17 283 91 472 1,037 681 215 368 739 Aged 18-20 434 129 635 1,261 1,039 341 592 1,264 Aged 21-44 3,053 945 4,340 7,501 7,011 1,987 4,282 8,349 Aged 45+ 2,083 491 3,235 5,228 5,432 2,668 2,168 6,411 Foreign-Born Population by Country of Origin Canada 52 23 76 63 130 74 53 228 Austria 13 7 5 4 11 11 5 25 Cuba 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 6 Denmark 13 3 7 4 15 3 3 14 England 74 34 111 86 157 64 51 247 France 7 2 8 14 12 3 12 24 Germany 75 22 51 61 166 66 61 139 Greece 5 2 0 8 3 0 3 14 Holland and the Netherlands 15 3 2 5 13 3 0 9 Born in Hungary 6 1 1 6 10 5 29 9 Ireland 15 4 17 14 37 17 19 57 Italy 11 0 10 20 17 4 22 16 Norway 10 3 6 5 4 4 2 18 Poland 5 35 6 3 13 1 0 19 Romania 2 0 0 0 11 0 8 0 Russia 5 0 2 6 45 5 6 25 Scotland 11 8 24 22 26 9 17 63 Spain 0 0 0 0 2 0 3 1 Sweden 14 3 50 15 61 11 44 93 Switzerland 5 0 6 7 7 12 8 13 Syria 0 0 0 25 8 0 4 6 West Indies 9 0 0 3 5 0 0 11 Other Countries 44 14 59 11 61 9 24 58 Education Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Population Attending School Total 1,499 393 2,191 5,297 3,523 1,268 2,212 3,969 Ages 7-13 1,025 294 1,481 3,635 2,391 831 1,520 2,708 Ages 14-15 266 61 380 916 587 216 376 665 Ages 16-17 148 29 227 560 375 137 208 384 Ages 18-20 60 9 103 186 170 84 108 212 Population Not Attending School Total 657 266 1,234 2,217 1,439 436 792 1,879 Ages 7-13 114 53 353 483 198 77 108 351 Ages 14-15 34 31 104 182 66 24 40 121 Ages 16-17 135 62 245 477 306 78 160 355 Ages 18-20 374 120 532 1,075 869 257 484 1,052 Illiterate Population, Aged 10+ Total 236 319 759 1,685 743 256 713 1,241 White 57 29 91 143 123 68 73 74 Black 179 290 668 1,541 620 188 640 1,167 Other 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Literate Population, Aged 10+ Total 6,555 1,633 9,428 16,823 15,535 5,700 8,091 18,134 White 4,770 1,136 7,089 8,549 11,739 4,993 4,671 12,572 Black 1,776 495 2,339 8,274 3,793 706 3,339 5,549 Other 9 2 0 0 3 1 9 13 Population, Aged 21+ Total 5,136 1,436 7,575 12,729 12,443 4,655 6,450 14,760 Illiterate Population, Aged 21+ Total 211 249 602 1,449 685 233 625 1,157 Males 126 160 334 718 386 122 333 672 Females 85 89 268 731 299 111 292 485 Literate Population, Aged 21+ Total 4,925 1,187 6,973 11,280 11,758 4,422 5,825 13,603 Males 2,675 755 3,603 5,865 5,945 2,256 3,138 6,714 Females 2,250 432 3,370 5,415 5,813 2,166 2,687 6,889 Agriculture Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Number of Farms by Race Ownership Total 672 187 876 2,215 10,093 304 573 998 White-Owned 628 179 826 1,143 1,013 292 510 899 Black-Owned and Other Non-White-Owned 110 8 50 1,072 80 12 63 99 Farms by Acreage Less than 3 15 0 14 5 7 8 19 31 3-9 110 8 65 153 180 34 138 241 10-19 116 37 135 323 234 64 134 219 20-49 169 86 297 770 309 96 139 282 50-99 80 31 160 448 181 47 63 119 100-174 130 21 114 255 100 20 50 54 175-259 22 1 34 110 30 6 14 27 260-499 19 1 40 96 34 7 3 15 500-999 4 1 10 34 7 13 3 3 1,000+ 7 1 7 21 11 9 10 7 Owner-Operated Farms Total 587 152 733 1,802 988 274 463 803 Owners Owning Entire Farm Total 574 139 707 1,458 927 263 418 798 Owners Hiring Additional Land Total 13 13 26 344 61 11 45 5 Farms by Tenure Total 7 25 69 382 41 9 63 48 Share Tenants 2 2 24 123 12 2 11 7 Share-Cash Tenants 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 1 Share-Cropper Tenants 0 0 21 116 7 3 8 11 Stand-In Renters 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cash Tenants 4 20 24 113 16 2 38 26 Tenants, Tenure Not Specified 1 3 0 29 6 2 4 3 Farm Ownership and Management by Race White 551 148 703 971 914 263 409 726 Black/Non-White 36 4 30 831 74 11 54 77 Tenant Farmers by Race White 7 22 54 143 36 9 56 40 Black/Non-White 0 3 15 239 5 0 7 8 Acres of Land in Farms Improved Land 10,945 4,070 32,917 105,471 70,572 6,304 11,795 18,258 Unimproved Land 47,625 6,547 55,422 119,577 171,871 60,614 53,671 51,365 Acres of Land in Farms by Ownership, Tenure, and Management Total 58,570 10,617 88,339 225,048 242,443 66,918 65,466 69,623 Operated by Owners 50,963 7,289 64,190 182,244 114,688 56,622 50,272 44,706 Operated by Tenants 451 741 6,390 18,093 1,414 191 11,752 1,836 Operated by Managers 7,156 2,587 17,759 24,711 126,341 10,105 3,442 23,081 Value of All Farm Property Total 8,351,940 1,103,571 10,148,325 9,490,125 16,322,344 3,349,955 7,202,407 7,677,096 Land $6,179,710 743,250 7,544,815 5,771,755 12,329,463 2,084,905 4,982,110 4,733,950 Buildings $1,628,265 166,750 1,607,360 1,618,814 2,569,440 485,100 1,265,235 1,742,930 Farming Implements and Machinery $263,303 65,083 512,813 462,004 663,834 121,052 429,834 272,770 Livestock $280,662 128,488 483,337 1,637,552 760,433 658,898 525,228 927,448 Value of All Crops Total 1,459,327 390,476 1,731,903 23,156,002 3,254,302 518,552 3,231,896 1,312,882 Cereal 6,012 10,390 75,515 663,888 90,784 29,382 50,085 78,907 Other Grains and Seeds 1,869 327 10,580 205,601 2,409 7,636 2,287 3,695 Hay and Forage 18,347 20,300 77,736 146,957 96,155 20,536 24,449 34,967 Vegetables 112,003 344,267 374,821 657,611 608,884 88,695 2,559,886 307,790 Fruits and Nuts 1,319,907 7,688 1,148,708 473,202 2,448,047 367,217 586,161 $865,762 All Other Crops 1,189 7,504 44,543 168,343 8,023 5,086 9,028 $21,761 Manufacturing Manufacturing Establishments Total 32 16 34 53 51 15 25 63 Average Number of Wage Earners in Manufacturing Total 343 212 517 1,173 521 186 560 1,218 Manufacturing Costs Total 520,298 240,385 790,364 1,764,111 1,491,813 288,603 1,533,377 2,152,679 Wages 313,365 146,611 468,808 770,684 410,203 146,663 600,842 981,679 Rents and Taxes 30,919 6,412 10,913 70,415 38,732 12,034 64,289 62,799 Materials 176,014 87,362 340,643 923,012 1,042,876 129,099 868,246 1,108,836 Value of Products of Manufacturing Establishments Total 735,535 330,664 1,343,070 2,568,991 1,938,183 459,099 1,799,142 3,020,521 Primary Horsepower in Manufacturing Establishments, Rated Capacity of Engines, Motors, etc. Total 1,519 575 1,739 2,523 1,519 260 1,541 2,616 African Americans Anglo Americans Austrian Americans Brevard County British Americans Canadian Americans Caribbean Americans Caucasian Americans census Census of 1920 cereals crops Cuban Americans Dutch Americans education employees English Americans European Americans farm managers farming implements farmland farms females Flagler County forage French Americans fruits German Americans grains Greek Americans hay Hispanic Americans horsepower Hungarian Americans illiteracy Irish Americans Italian Americans labor laborers Lake County Latin Americans Latinas Latinos literacy machinery males manufacturing Marion County Middle Eastern Americans Norwegian Americans nuts orange county Osceola County Polish Americans population Romanian Americans Russian Americans Scandinavian Americans Scotch Americans Scottish Americans seeds Seminole County sharecroppers sharecropping students Swedish Americans Swiss Americans Syrian Americans taxes tenant farmers tenant farming tenants U.S. Census vegetables Volusia County wages West Indian Americans workers https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/ee509e0bf2aa8f9ca179841ea5393069.jpg ae7185ec1a3e743ab87b32dd6dd4c446 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census Collection Alternative Title Census Collection Subject Census--United States Population--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Description Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000. The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation. In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc. The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office. Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data. The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing. The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior. Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities. The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another. The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions. The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire. Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs. The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census. The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input. In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators. Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD. Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Mosquito County, Florida Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul>This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1 table Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1930 Alternative Title Census, 1930 Subject Census--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Population--United States Description The Fifteenth United States Census records for Brevard County, Flagler County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County, Osceola County, Seminole County, and Volusia County, Florida, for 1930. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white" and "black"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who are foreign born are further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the population categorized by age, family size (as well as rural families vs. urban families), family radio ownership, marital status, school attendance, and literacy. The census also collected information on agriculture, on manufacturing, and on unemployment. The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for censuses of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their respective territories. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demand and the bureau was accused of presenting unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire. Type Dataset Source Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1930. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1930. Coverage Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> Publisher <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Date Created ca. 1930-04-01 Format image/jpg Extent 1.99 MB Medium 1 table Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> and published by the <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form;</li> <li>create derivative works;</li> <li>perform the work publicly;</li> <li>display the work;</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul> This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Item Creation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1930.html" target="_blank">1930 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1930.html. United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1930. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. Transcript U.S. Census of 1930 Population Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Population Total 13,283 2,466 23,161 29,578 49,737 10,699 18,735 42,757 Males 6,766 1,355 11,673 14,970 24,034 5,500 9,467 20,850 Females 6,517 1,111 11,488 14,608 25,703 5,199 9,268 21,907 White Population Total 9,062 1,613 16,717 15,065 37,495 7,610 10,302 30,205 Males 4,642 874 8,346 7,664 18,260 3,773 5,228 14,746 Females 4,420 739 8,371 7,401 19,235 3,837 5,074 15,459 Native-Born Population Total 8,593 1,491 16,068 14,645 35,498 7,316 9,875 28,379 Males 4,390 802 7,992 7,439 17,270 3,608 4,984 13,829 Females 4,203 689 8,076 7,206 18,228 3,708 4,891 14,549 Foreign-Born Population Total 469 122 649 420 1,997 294 427 1,827 Males 252 72 354 225 990 165 244 917 Females 217 50 295 195 1,007 129 183 910 Black Population Total 4,199 852 6,442 14,513 12,226 3,056 8,431 12,537 Males 2,112 480 3,235 7,306 5,764 1,710 4,238 6,093 Females 2,087 372 3,117 7,207 6,462 1,346 4,193 6,444 Other Race Population Total 22 1 2 0 16 33 2 15 Males 12 1 2 0 10 17 1 11 Females 10 0 0 0 6 16 1 4 Population by Age Under 1 205 49 393 523 785 180 338 648 1-4 1,028 196 1,894 2,345 3,558 761 1,474 2,938 5-9 1,336 264 2,349 3,126 4,709 1,000 1,911 4,001 10-14 1,230 238 2,109 3,022 4,353 929 1,846 3,729 15-19 1,117 220 2,114 3,092 4,433 933 1,883 3,435 20-24 1,159 235 1,992 2,874 4,486 888 1,753 3,524 25-29 1,068 214 1,826 2,298 4,349 852 1,689 3,471 30-34 981 184 1,656 1,905 3,826 691 1,488 3,132 35-44 1,826 343 3,047 3,653 7,036 1,331 2,703 6,141 45-54 1,452 250 2,326 3,081 5,344 1,100 1,861 4,700 55-64 1,030 162 1,721 2,065 3,711 917 1,022 3,665 65-74 615 79 1,219 1,105 2,184 623 549 2,266 75+ 224 31 498 457 924 470 214 1,033 Age Unknown 12 1 17 32 39 24 4 74 Number of Families Total 3,761 653 6,460 7,483 13,852 3,198 5,043 12,444 Farm 462 131 1,506 2,559 1,308 451 781 892 Rural Farm 454 131 1,468 2,557 1,257 433 722 876 Urban Farm 8 0 38 2 51 18 59 16 Non-Farm 3,299 522 4,954 4,924 12,544 2,747 4,262 11,552 Rural Non-Farm 2,523 522 3,106 3,028 3,775 1,898 1,590 3,887 Urban Non-Farm 776 0 1,848 1,896 8,769 849 2,672 7,665 Number of Families by Size 1 Person 597 91 912 968 1,654 593 611 1,905 2 Persons 1,078 186 1,814 1,778 4,030 984 1,288 3,855 3 Persons 715 123 1,225 1,412 2,895 548 1,052 2,368 4 Persons 514 84 955 1,144 2,117 447 814 1,734 5 Persons 359 60 639 779 1,383 246 516 1,127 6 Persons 196 39 392 530 837 160 319 666 7 Persons 116 33 221 348 422 96 192 378 8 Persons 82 23 144 224 238 65 121 189 9 Persons 52 10 81 135 130 30 67 116 10 Persons 19 3 29 76 84 18 33 60 11 Persons 18 0 19 45 32 7 18 27 12+ Persons 15 1 29 44 30 4 12 19 Radio Ownership Families Reporting Radios 783 57 1,072 680 2,638 323 729 2,164 Urban Families Reporting Radios 165 0 434 319 1,850 140 491 1,526 Rural Families Reporting Radios 618 57 638 361 786 183 238 638 Families Without Radios 2,978 596 5,388 6,803 11,216 2,875 4,314 10,280 Urban Families Without Radios 619 0 1,452 1,579 6,970 727 2,240 6,155 Rural Families Without Radios 2,359 596 3,936 5,224 4,246 2,148 2,074 4,125 Population by Marital Status, Aged 15+ Total 9,484 1,719 16,416 20,562 36,332 7,829 13,166 31,441 Single 2,352 427 4,010 5,432 8,705 1,754 3,094 7,221 Married 6,127 1,170 10,540 12,562 23,568 4,894 8,821 20,237 Widowed 898 104 1,603 2,141 3,404 1,091 1,059 3,388 Divorced 105 18 241 404 474 83 183 539 Unknown Marital Status 2 0 22 23 181 7 9 56 Male Population by Marital Status, Aged 15+ Total 4,850 963 8,306 10,465 17,303 4,080 6,633 15,090 Single 1,442 308 2,407 3,217 4,634 1,138 1,814 3,993 Married 3,060 601 5,252 6,294 11,615 2,454 4,371 10,007 Widowed 299 43 512 747 833 449 348 829 Divorced 49 11 122 193 171 34 94 231 Unknown Marital Status 0 0 13 14 50 5 6 30 Female Population by Marital Status, Aged 15+ Total 4,634 756 8,110 10,097 19,029 3,749 6,533 16,351 Single 910 119 1,603 2,215 4,071 616 1,280 3,228 Married 306 569 5,288 6,268 11,953 2,440 4,450 10,230 Widowed 599 61 1,091 1,394 2,571 642 711 2,559 Divorced 56 7 119 211 303 49 89 308 Unknown Marital Status 2 0 9 9 131 2 3 26 Foreign-Born Population by Country of Origin Austria 18 5 11 7 40 14 1 27 Canada 84 9 140 80 486 62 79 399 Cuba 2 0 0 4 7 3 2 8 Czechoslovakia 27 4 9 2 52 3 28 16 Denmark 6 2 15 8 24 5 3 31 England 76 20 132 101 361 67 62 438 France 8 1 12 11 35 5 10 47 Germany 96 15 59 59 273 50 51 233 Greece 6 0 7 4 58 0 11 36 Irish (free state) 16 0 12 6 51 12 9 50 Italy 17 0 27 15 48 11 12 30 Northern Ireland 2 2 3 7 18 2 2 13 Norway 11 1 9 2 20 1 7 24 Palestine and Syria 0 1 0 18 28 1 4 28 Poland 5 30 8 8 22 0 5 32 Rumania 5 0 3 0 20 1 21 9 Russia 2 8 11 12 83 1 11 32 Scotland 18 6 29 29 68 8 23 61 Spain 0 0 0 2 2 2 1 5 Sweden 17 4 81 18 124 24 40 106 Switzerland 8 2 10 9 23 4 15 24 West Indies 4 0 3 5 13 3 2 14 West Indies, Others 6 0 3 1 6 0 0 6 Other Countries 41 12 68 17 147 18 30 172 Education Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Population, Aged 7-20 Total 3,387 646 6,029 8,598 12,507 2,646 5,221 10,252 Population Attending School, Aged 7-20 Total 2,589 441 4,295 6,304 9,178 1,894 3,764 7,924 Ages 7-13 1,765 297 2,871 4,167 6,043 1,250 2,514 5,285 Ages 14-15 424 81 709 1,049 1,493 320 618 1,288 Ages 16-17 259 43 458 751 1,057 221 426 872 Ages 18-20 141 20 257 367 585 103 206 479 Population Not Attending School, Aged 7-20 Total 798 205 1,734 2,294 3,329 752 1,457 2,328 Ages 7-13 34 32 206 181 274 94 126 159 Ages 14-15 64 19 131 176 265 46 133 144 Ages 16-17 184 42 380 513 725 196 320 523 Ages 18-20 516 112 1,017 1,424 2,065 416 878 1,502 Population, Aged 10+ Total 10,714 1,957 18,525 23,584 40,685 8,758 15,012 35,170 White 7,365 1,266 13,493 12,047 30,806 6,262 8,311 24,894 Black 3,334 690 5,030 11,537 9,865 2,472 6,699 10,262 Other 15 1 2 0 14 24 2 14 Illiterate Population, Aged 10+ Total 503 182 1,089 2,216 1,738 547 1,280 1,749 White 35 13 158 145 257 86 59 161 Black 463 169 931 2,071 1,479 444 1,220 1,585 Other 5 0 0 0 2 17 1 3 Literate Population, Aged 10+ Total 10,211 1,775 17,436 21,368 38,947 8,211 13,732 33,421 White 7,330 1,253 13,335 11,902 30,549 6,176 8,252 24,733 Black 2,871 521 4,099 9,466 8,386 2,028 5,479 8,677 Other 10 1 2 0 12 7 1 11 Agriculture Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Number of Farms by Race Total 633 144 1,981 2,175 1,608 497 780 1,013 White 39 3 109 955 56 10 40 49 Colored 594 141 1,872 1,220 1,552 487 740 964 Acreage of Farms by Race Total 25,608 13,463 127,027 204,467 102,347 75,608 34,471 76,681 White 24,825 13,418 124,578 169,229 100,982 75,501 33,834 75,363 Colored 783 45 2,449 35,238 1,365 107 637 1,318 Farms by Ownership, Tenure, and Management Full Owners 501 105 1,468 1,451 1,380 416 615 900 Part Owners 7 11 66 351 38 21 53 34 Manager-Operated 97 9 285 78 110 22 61 25 Tenant-Operated 28 19 162 295 80 38 51 54 Cash Tenant-Operated 13 16 54 114 48 16 35 31 Other Tenant-Operated 15 3 108 181 32 22 16 23 Farm Acreage by Ownership, Tenure, and Management Full Owners 25,608 13,463 127,027 204,467 102,347 75,608 34,471 76,681 Part Owners 18,856 10,976 70,810 118,675 54,674 23,426 20,430 61,131 Manager-Operated 505 1,015 6,660 33,026 3,982 2,787 1,573 2,753 Tenant-Operated 5,334 345 38,524 32,722 18,419 48,614 10,690 11,441 Cash Tenant-Operated 913 1,127 11,033 20,044 25,272 781 1,778 1,356 Other Tenant-Operated 516 1,043 4,721 7,667 24,182 381 1,392 766 Farms by Acreage Less than 3 15 0 88 16 87 31 36 47 3-9 137 5 391 166 342 92 180 206 10-19 169 17 487 343 416 115 221 251 20-49 183 67 547 793 455 150 237 265 50-99 57 33 234 406 168 60 57 117 100-174 52 12 136 225 71 21 30 69 175-259 13 2 43 94 27 7 9 22 260-499 3 5 32 76 17 7 4 14 500-999 4 1 10 34 16 8 3 8 1,000-4,999 0 2 11 20 7 4 2 14 5,000+ 0 0 2 2 2 2 1 0 Value of Farms Total $12,560,869 $1,152,345 $34,719,355 $14,108,455 $32,468,362 $4,352,981 $13,207,921 $17,052,127 Farmland $9,974,127 $645,100 $28,863,318 $9,560,832 $24,961,455 $3,067,920 $9,712,100 $12,293,764 Buildings $1,402,675 $282,025 $3,100,276 $2,397,812 $4,063,348 $691,705 $1,774,708 $2,600,511 Farmers' Dwellings $982,800 $143,450 $235,270 $1,573,405 $2,866,942 $463,220 $1,241,200 $1,752,640 Farming Implements and Machinery $201,267 $81,770 $405,491 $576,406 $576,617 $130,136 $479,913 $405,212 Value of All Crops Total $2,024,972 $560,114 $3,896,294 $2,489,061 $4,330,237 $434,275 $3,761,321 $1,840,084 Cereal $164 $32,327 $16,425 $293,916 $9,133 $5,830 $36,218 $14,457 Other Grains and Seeds $481 $2,801 $5,359 $85,029 $2,706 $1,859 $50 $4,129 Hay and Forage $145 $10,124 $9,207 $64,930 $19,444 $3,035 $16,658 $12,075 Vegetables $101,832 $496,606 $472,268 $973,677 $395,621 $60,768 $2,904,857 $203,665 Fruits and Nuts $1,910,835 $6,253 $3,356,253 $931,117 $3,878,778 $351,429 $774,298 $1,576,158 All Other Crops $0 $2,213 $8,048 $53,978 $1,576 $2,132 $0 $3,594 Garden Vegetables $11,515 $9,790 $28,734 $86,414 $22,979 $9,222 $29,240 $26,006 Manufacturing Manufacturing Establishments Total 20 12 35 52 62 19 21 60 Average Number of Wage Earners in Manufacturing Total 257 413 619 913 716 1,202 611 781 Annual Wages in Manufacturing Total $194,907 $195,277 $568,133 $515,673 $741,979 $686,476 $602,100 $681,583 Value of Products of Manufacturing Establishments Total $640,042 $4,359,445 $1,789,513 $2,027,539 $3,695,845 $2,144,695 $3,034,534 $2,613,996 Wholesale Establishments Total 24 5 35 36 62 9 30 46 Number of Employees of Wholesale Establishments Total 91 6 588 106 1,902 15 335 236 Males 78 6 529 96 1,429 14 251 198 Females 13 0 59 10 473 1 84 38 Salaries and Wages Paid in Wholesale Establishments Total $134,450 $13,672 $425,507 $306,370 $1,177,251 $42,041 $394,430 $306,052 Retail Distribution Stores Total 317 68 368 444 799 149 295 801 Number of Retail Distribution Proprietors and Firm Members Total 282 63 351 423 725 137 265 687 Full-time Employees of Retail Stores Total 361 43 560 732 1945 188 393 1427 Labor Force (Gainful Workers, Unemployed, and Lay-off) Total 5,644 1,037 9,382 12,206 22,751 4,373 8,429 18,154 Unemployed (Out of job, Able to work, and Looking for a job) Total 223 8 476 220 1,733 199 224 942 Males 173 7 361 153 1,172 154 162 710 Females 50 1 115 67 561 45 62 232 Registered Fully Unemployed Persons Total 529 39 629 1,290 1,952 405 809 1,956 White 221 34 425 546 1,286 322 289 918 White Males 146 24 269 360 780 208 199 586 White Females 75 10 156 186 506 114 90 332 Black 308 5 204 744 663 83 520 1,036 Black Males 107 4 103 352 346 37 336 499 Black Females 201 1 101 392 317 46 184 537 African Americans agriculture Anglo Americans Austrian Americans Brevard County British Americans Canadian Americans Caribbean Americans Caucasian Americans census Census of 1930 cereals crops Cuban Americans Czech Americans Czechoslovakian Americans Danish Americans distribution divorced dwellings education employees English Americans European Americans families farm farmers farming farming implements farmland farms females firm members Flagler County forage French Americans fruits gainful workers garden vegetables German Americans grains Greek Americans hay Hispanic Americans illiteracy Irish Americans Italian Americans labor laborers Lake County Latin Americans Latinas Latinos lay-offs literacy machinery males manufacturing Marion County marital status married Middle Eastern Americans Northern Irish Americans Norwegian Americans nuts orange county Osceola County Palestinian Americans Polish Americans population proprietors radios retail Romanian Americans rural Russian Americans Scandinavian Americans school Scotch Americans Scottish Americans seeds Seminole County single Slovakian Americans Spanish Americans stores Swedish Americans Swiss Americans Syrian Americans tenant farmers tenant farming tenants U.S. Census unemployment urban vegetables Volusia County wages West Indian Americans wholesale widowed workers https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/3bee9bb2e9e2f39ea2b9ec6fd93d25b3.jpg ce2af4d58276e348032e8c08d8bf1102 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census Collection Alternative Title Census Collection Subject Census--United States Population--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Description Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000. The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation. In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc. The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office. Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data. The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing. The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior. Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities. The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another. The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions. The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire. Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs. The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census. The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input. In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators. Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD. Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Mosquito County, Florida Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul>This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1 table Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1940 Alternative Title Census, 1940 Subject Census--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Population--United States Description The Sixteenth United States Census records for Brevard County, Flagler County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County, Osceola County, Seminole County, and Volusia County, Florida for 1940. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white" and "black"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who were foreign born were further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the population categorized by age, primary and secondary school attendance, and college attendance. The census also collected information on agriculture, on manufacturing, on commerce, on unemployment, and on labor. Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probablity sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and was also able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs. Type Dataset Source Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1940. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1940. Coverage Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> Publisher <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Date Created ca. 1940-04-01 Format image/jpg Extent 2.05 MB Medium 1 table Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Civics/Government Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> and published by the <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form;</li> <li>create derivative works;</li> <li>perform the work publicly;</li> <li>display the work;</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul> This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Item Creation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1940.html" target="_blank">1940 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1940.html. United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1940. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. "<a href="http://www.census.gov/1940census/" target="_blank">Taking You Back to the 1940s</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/1940census/. Transcript U.S. Census of 1940 Population Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Population Total 16,142 3,008 27,255 31,243 70,074 10,119 22,304 53,710 Males 8,175 1,631 13,553 15,574 33,901 5,118 11,234 25,899 Females 7,967 1,377 13,702 15,669 36,173 5,001 11,070 27,811 Black Population Total 5,256 1,334 7,602 13,671 16,940 2,061 10,751 14,787 Other Race Population Total 15 5 0 0 2 12 3 18 Native-Born Population Total 10,421 1,561 19,039 17,220 50,977 7,777 11,182 36,813 Males 7,912 1,569 13,224 15,374 32,841 4,967 11,024 24,890 Females 7,753 1,329 13,411 15,511 35,059 4,878 10,898 26,692 Foreign-Born Population Total 450 108 614 352 2,155 269 368 2,092 Males 263 62 329 200 1,060 151 210 1,009 Females 214 48 291 158 1,114 123 172 1,119 Foreign-Born Population by Country of Origin Latvia 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Finland 4 0 28 1 2 1 3 18 Rumania 0 0 1 3 15 0 10 7 Bulgaria 0 0 3 0 2 0 8 2 Greece 5 0 4 4 29 1 9 34 Italy 28 1 25 11 80 8 10 51 Lithuania 2 4 3 0 3 1 0 5 U.S.S.R. (Russia) 4 3 13 6 86 0 10 58 Yugoslavia 4 0 2 0 7 1 0 25 Hungary 3 6 14 2 33 4 8 36 Austria 16 4 12 6 59 14 4 40 Czechoslovakia 29 3 3 1 47 0 29 6 Belgium 1 0 4 0 10 0 1 8 Netherlands 15 1 7 8 22 3 2 32 Denmark 22 0 10 4 27 4 3 33 Sweden 13 5 73 13 107 12 31 107 Norway 11 1 11 4 38 2 2 23 Irish Free State 19 1 11 9 44 18 8 43 Northern Ireland 1 0 6 4 18 2 4 23 Wales 7 0 4 0 16 4 0 13 Scotland 8 5 25 20 69 11 20 81 England 71 18 102 73 372 48 57 489 Poland 5 34 22 17 40 1 2 43 Germany 91 8 73 60 266 54 44 267 France 12 6 6 11 46 3 9 33 Switzerland 3 0 10 3 27 4 9 24 Spain 1 0 1 0 6 1 2 5 Portugal 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 9 Azores 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 Australia 0 1 5 1 7 0 0 7 Central and South America 1 0 6 1 12 0 4 12 Cuba and Other West Indies 5 0 6 3 44 2 4 27 Mexico 1 0 1 0 5 1 1 1 Canada, Other 61 5 102 57 481 59 56 441 French Canada 2 1 9 4 34 6 2 33 Asian Countries 0 0 6 0 21 1 2 9 Turkey (Asia) 1 0 0 1 28 1 4 3 Palestine and Syria 0 1 0 22 22 1 5 27 Other European Countries 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 2 Luxemburg 2 0 0 1 2 1 5 0 Education Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Population Attending School by Age 5-6 188 29 279 323 650 76 239 493 7-13 1,830 329 3,008 4,001 7,671 1,011 2,592 5,559 14-15 505 81 836 1,131 2,071 298 677 1,705 16-17 373 44 592 848 1,597 207 482 1,259 18-20 199 21 354 422 906 86 276 845 21-24 37 10 81 91 227 29 68 184 Years of School Completed for Males 0 181 112 431 669 688 176 429 639 1-4 847 286 1,367 1,715 3,008 456 1,501 2,054 5-6 650 130 1,103 1,286 2,356 499 1,019 1,946 7-8 1,313 208 2,065 1,932 4,810 1,062 1,377 4,283 Years of High School Completed for Males 1-3 619 101 941 1,133 2,861 389 727 2,181 4 639 54 958 834 3,231 359 650 2,260 Years of College Completed for Males 1-3 308 33 500 346 1,505 139 322 1,091 4+ 255 19 489 307 1,602 127 224 1,165 Males with School Completion Not Reported Total 55 11 64 188 257 13 34 81 Years of School Completed for Females 0 133 50 224 467 493 90 265 447 1-4 575 178 940 1,309 2,141 294 1,138 1,596 5-6 577 116 983 1,249 2,414 384 1,024 1,828 7-8 1,199 157 1,912 1,981 4,999 1,026 1,248 4,536 Years of High School Completed for Females 1-3 689 100 1,197 1,357 3,529 523 852 3,005 4 887 77 1,339 1,102 4,939 546 891 3,678 Years of College Completed for Females 1-3 389 31 670 477 1,849 163 420 1,547 4+ 200 14 437 295 1,334 98 237 1,016 Females with School Completion Not Reported Total 26 5 44 46 191 1 12 74 Agriculture Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Number of Farms by Race White 715 104 1,966 1,324 2,337 432 706 1,454 Non-White 49 3 51 822 62 10 54 64 Acreage of Farms by Race White 169,671 30,726 111,511 188,138 207,353 488,471 64,934 261,864 Non-White 1,268 60 2,013 31,912 2,482 117 810 1,422 Farms by Ownership and Management Full Owners 649 88 1,767 1,399 1,399 355 583 1,292 Part Owners 25 12 50 334 334 25 68 80 Manager-Operated 60 2 117 69 69 15 39 34 Farms by Tenure Total 30 5 83 344 107 47 70 112 Share Tenants and Croppers 0 0 11 62 12 3 9 12 Share-Cash Tenants 0 0 0 8 1 0 1 2 Cash Tenant-Operated 9 4 34 171 53 30 45 63 Other Tenant-Operated 21 1 38 103 41 14 15 37 Farm Acreage by Ownership and Management Full Owners 8,750 3,175 32,704 34,004 33,942 3,409 7,140 12,749 Part Owners 292 1,446 2,384 16,380 1,586 198 1,917 1,862 Manager-Operated 28,717 N/A 17,453 34,549 41,939 62,552 4,211 70,395 Acres of Land in Farms of Full Owners Total 28,438 8,868 83,123 123,333 135,783 189,299 41,437 65,959 Acres of Land in Farms of Part Owners Total 112,463 18,743 8,080 36,018 28,108 143,323 18,300 118,971 Owned Land 31,403 1,233 3,468 21,809 4,996 14,542 11,861 9,179 Farm Acreage by Tenure Total 1,321 61 4,868 26,150 4,005 93,414 1,796 7,961 Share Tenants and Croppers 0 N/A 369 4,255 N/A 138 N/A 5,257 Share-Cash Tenants 0 61 0 379 518 0 308 0 Cash Tenants 236 N/A 2,191 15,049 1,377 92,716 661 1,235 Other Tenants 1,085 N/A 2,308 6,467 2,110 560 827 1,469 Farms by Acreage 3-9 162 6 327 216 567 84 211 381 10-19 274 26 819 559 898 138 267 568 20-29 174 13 523 306 585 91 169 375 30-49 126 28 336 431 371 80 100 205 50-69 47 12 141 190 143 23 56 86 70-99 43 8 145 256 138 29 29 74 100-139 30 4 93 125 85 15 31 52 140-179 26 9 36 112 50 11 10 23 175-179 0 2 3 5 2 0 1 2 180-219 9 3 29 68 30 3 9 14 220-259 4 0 2 38 16 3 1 14 260-379 7 3 21 61 22 9 1 20 380-499 4 1 12 26 11 3 5 5 500-699 3 1 9 23 10 3 4 4 700-999 7 1 6 13 10 2 1 3 1,000+ 14 5 10 24 9 36 7 24 Acres of Cropland Harvested on Farms of Managers Total 2,935 N/A 9,271 8,325 11,386 931 2,944 2,844 Acres of Cropland Harvested on Farms of Tenants Total 560 26 1,911 8,442 528 313 555 506 Share Tenants and Croppers 0 N/A 125 2,023 N/A 81 N/A 71 Share-Cash Tenants 0 26 0 112 150 0 162 0 Cash Tenants 31 N/A 450 4,160 143 106 307 305 Other Tenants 529 N/A 1,336 2,147 235 126 86 130 Value of Farms Under 10 Acres Total $170 $6 $340 $220 $606 $87 $239 $423 Value of Farm Buildings on Tenant Farms Total $57,580 $800 $49,350 $176,635 $77,100 $39,475 $61,275 $124,190 Share Tenants and Croppers $0 $0 $4,950 $27,655 $17,700 $6,100 $21,300 $17,100 Share-Cash Tenants $0 $0 $0 $3,710 $0 $0 N/A $0 Cash Tenants $13,450 N/A $29,850 $98,250 $35,250 $23,450 $33,425 $70,750 Other Tenants $44,130 N/A $14,550 $47,020 $24,150 $9,925 $5,550 $36,340 Value of Farm Land Buildings By Ownership and Management Full Owners $6,524,000 $468,000 $14,608,732 $4,220,440 $20,378,911 $2,041,470 $4,986,379 $8,333,465 Part Owners $490,700 $153,500 $642,155 $1,160,466 $1,037,610 $345,313 $1,465,319 $1,031,531 Manager-Operated $2,179,500 N/A $3,940,936 $2,136,970 $6,052,604 $320,880 $1,363,018 $1,820,022 Value of Farm Land Buildings on Tenant Farms Total $480,200 $4,150 $234,380 $624,360 $472,190 $449,085 $382,550 $342,185 Share Tenants and Croppers $0 N/A $16,995 $93,490 N/A $28,000 N/A $51,200 Share-Cash Tenants $0 $4,150 $0 $10,465 $139,200 $0 $95,600 $0 Cash Tenants $24,400 N/A $87,745 $341,600 $143,020 $357,335 $226,550 $188,325 Other Tenants $455,800 N/A $129,640 $178,805 $189,970 $63,750 $60,400 $102,660 Value of Farm Land Buildings by Race White $9,373,800 $686,850 $19,282,088 $7,485,731 $7,485,731 $3,139,498 $8,104,051 $11,357,438 Non-White $300,600 $5,000 $144,115 $656,505 $656,505 $17,250 $93,215 $169,765 Value of Farm Implements and Machinery by Ownership and Operation Full Owners $1,250,220 $145,775 $2,398,955 $1,444,823 $3,787,109 $470,435 $1,209,070 $2,139,500 Part Owners $47,600 $25,325 $96,645 $365,566 $157,250 $30,650 $220,675 $199,935 Manager-Operated $218,500 N/A $196,090 $192,015 $444,016 $37,651 $139,524 $148,894 Value of Farm Implements and Machinery on Tenant Farms Total $9,575 $800 $16,610 $89,513 $13,085 $9,873 $27,177 $30,840 Share Tenants and Croppers $0 $0 $1,975 $13,255 $2,440 $1,970 $11,117 $2,535 Share-Cash Tenants $0 $0 $0 $1,165 N/A $0 N/A $0 Cash Tenants $6,250 N/A $14,080 $54,562 $8,550 $6,040 $14,650 $23,975 Other Tenants $3,325 N/A $555 $20,531 $2,070 $1,863 $1,210 $4,330 Value of Farm Implements and Machinery by Ownership and Operation Full Owners $260,622 $80,526 $333,441 $380,938 $510,070 $81,756 $332,728 $345,871 Part Owners $30,540 $42,717 $41,220 $159,302 $59,630 $7,890 $133,112 $58,115 Manager-Operated $62,470 N/A $178,375 $113,821 $145,223 $10,400 $53,052 $59,095 Value of All Crops Harvested Total $1,038,148 $501,412 $2,922,914 $1,410,710 $3,796,758 $307,552 $3,083,712 $1,401,807 Vegetables (for sale and for farm households) $39,560 $78,230 $239,125 $392,898 $219,593 $26,705 $2,325,406 $81,734 Fruits and Nuts $942,134 $2,429 $2,393,123 $486,945 $3,350,438 $271,885 $406,025 $809,119 Horticultural Specialties $52,249 N/A $238,247 $25,111 $197,802 $2,127 $298,859 $470,353 All Other Crops $878 N/A $2,932 $17,901 $807 $877 $95 $1,459 Irish and Sweet Potatoes $2,688 $367,580 $10,344 $24,872 $2,903 $3,244 $20,856 $17,578 Cereals N/A $28,406 $7,927 $165,793 $2,500 $631 $27,304 $8,604 Corn (harvested for grain) N/A $28,406 $7,909 $164,222 $2,448 $610 $27,304 $8,572 Other Grains and Seeds $24 $290 $5,264 $120,720 $362 $570 $71 $2,151 Hay and Forage $99 $23,572 $9,705 $145,127 $22,353 $1,513 $4,853 $10,809 Forest Products Sold Total 755 N/A 5,263 36,190 1,421 3,133 2,322 18,088 Manufacturing and Labor Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Manufacturing Establishments Total 15 7 30 39 71 12 16 59 Wages Paid in Manufacturing Total $71,590 $4,073 $471,766 $382,112 $842,257 $371,217 $162,698 $467,223 Value of Products of Manufacturing Establishments Total $329 $93 $1,923 $2,447 $5,991 $1,020 $1,488 $2,451 Cost of Materials, Supplies, Fuels, Purchased Electrical Energy Total $120 $64 $872 $1,208 $2,964 $367 $792 $1,021 Wholesale Business Establishments Total 31 5 53 36 146 9 16 69 Active Proprietors of Unincorporated Wholesale Business Establishments Total 22 3 37 27 75 9 23 55 Number of Employees of Wholesale Business Establishments Total 495 4 1,285 356 3,284 90 744 479 Service Business Establishments Total 89 7 107 66 369 37 125 270 Active Proprietors of Unincorporated Service Business Establishments Total 89 5 104 64 366 42 131 274 Retail Stores Total 409 59 442 362 1,192 146 411 1,083 Amount of Retail Sales Total $5,366 $478 $7,010 $7,734 $31,510 $2,144 $5,189 $19,364 Active Proprietors of Unincorporated Retail Businesses Total 381 48 407 306 1,046 143 357 977 Persons in the Labor Force Males 4,908 1,059 7,909 9,021 20,740 2,776 6,842 14,854 Females 1,835 187 2,634 3,111 10,132 851 3,081 6,907 Employed Persons Males 4,385 1,016 6,941 8,090 18,408 2,424 6,293 12,236 Females 1,615 164 2,294 2,603 8,864 690 2,841 6,076 Employed Clerical, Sales, and Kindred Workers Males 352 26 609 648 2,860 180 488 1,562 Females 230 15 384 390 1,879 113 291 1,100 Employed Craftsmen, Foremen, and Kindred Workers Males 429 68 632 675 2,396 301 561 1,685 Females 6 0 5 8 66 4 9 27 Employed Operatives and Kindred Workers Males 543 83 766 992 2,461 307 1,128 1,513 Females 165 1 267 158 999 78 592 330 Employed Domestic Service Workers Males 67 7 121 80 457 8 51 338 Females 623 56 769 903 2,971 176 627 2,134 Employed Service Workers, Except Domestic Males 234 33 310 351 1,343 104 227 1,208 Females 221 12 240 278 1,145 127 183 1,129 Employed Proprietors, Managers and Officials Males 601 92 745 790 2,545 262 665 1,978 Females 128 12 144 148 441 66 85 424 Employed Professional Workers Males 149 18 248 257 835 84 167 669 Females 136 12 311 314 1,025 85 191 693 Employed Semiprofessional Workers Males 38 2 50 36 175 15 30 151 Females 9 0 12 3 57 9 6 34 Employed Farm Laborers, Unpaid Family Workers Males 15 11 40 186 39 21 46 38 Females 2 1 8 55 9 3 16 51 Employed Laborers, Except Farm Males 758 419 995 1,093 2,007 664 689 1,656 Females 4 2 13 35 31 3 49 18 Employed Farmers and Farm Managers Males 345 84 675 1,518 767 228 480 596 Females 43 2 43 68 69 13 37 46 Employed Female Farm Laborers and Foremen (Wage Workers) Total 20 50 73 222 116 3 826 52 Registered Emergency Workers Total 248 56 310 463 653 192 344 693 White Males 90 31 165 234 302 110 101 311 White Females 61 19 69 58 173 40 77 118 Black Males 80 6 54 136 118 30 139 245 Black Females 17 0 22 35 60 12 27 19 Persons Employed in Public Emergency Workers Males 217 21 315 411 723 147 243 1,106 Females 89 17 132 146 367 76 130 252 Employed Persons, Occupation Not Reported Males 35 6 79 46 139 19 31 73 Females 28 1 25 21 56 10 11 38 Totally Unemployed Persons, Registered Total 529 39 629 1,290 1,952 405 809 1,956 White Males 146 24 269 360 780 208 199 586 White Females 75 10 156 186 506 114 90 332 Black Males 107 4 103 352 346 37 336 499 Black Females 201 1 101 392 317 46 184 537 Partially Unemployed Persons, Registered Total 606 43 723 1,090 1,736 322 810 1,724 White Males 179 24 368 356 905 159 196 682 White Females 48 5 64 47 204 70 35 114 Black Males 233 13 208 512 424 54 410 646 Black Females 126 1 82 174 201 39 169 281 Persons Seeking Work Males 306 22 653 520 1,609 205 306 1,512 Females 131 6 208 362 901 85 110 579 New Persons Workers Seeking Work Males 26 2 24 32 68 8 12 97 Females 9 1 11 28 65 7 5 53 African Americans agriculture Asian Americans Australian Americans Azorean Americans Belgian Americans Brevard County British Americans Bulgarian Americans Canadian Americans Caribbean Americans Caucasian Americans census Census of 1940 Central Americans cereals clerical college corn crop cropland Cuban Americans Czech Americans Czechoslovakian Americans Danish Americans domestic service Dutch Americans education electricity emergency workers employees employment energy English Americans European Americans farm laborers farm managers farm workers farming farming implements farms females Finnish Americans Flagler County forage forest products forestry French Americans fruits fuel German Americans grain Greek Americans hay Hispanic Americans horticultural specialties horticulture Hungarian Americans Irish Americans Irish potatoes Italian Americans kindred labor laborers Lake County Latin Americans Latinas Latinos Latvian Americans Lithuanian Americans Luxembourger Americans machinery males managers manufacturing Marion County Mexican Americans Northern Irish Americans Norwegian Americans nuts officials operatives orange county Osceola County Palestinian Americans Polish Americans population Portuguese Americans potatoes primary education professionals proprietors public emergency workers retail Romanian Americans Russian Americans sales Scandinavian Americans school Scotch Americans Scottish Americans secondary education seeds Seminole County semiprofessionals service industry sharecroppers sharecropping Slovakian Americans South Americans Soviet Americans Spanish Americans stores Swedish Americans sweet potatoes Swiss Americans Syrian Americans tenant farmers tenant farming tenants Turkish Americans U.S. Census unemployment university vegetables Volusia County wages Welsh Americans West Indian Americans wholesale workers Yugoslavian Americans https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/a7d8519a5cfcc6f86fc02ecc0498a2ec.jpg 3d767678891393a5630a9771d2e217e8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census Collection Alternative Title Census Collection Subject Census--United States Population--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Description Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000. The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation. In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc. The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office. Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data. The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing. The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior. Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities. The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another. The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions. The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire. Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs. The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census. The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input. In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators. Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD. Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Mosquito County, Florida Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul>This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1 table Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1950 Alternative Title Census, 1950 Subject Census--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Population--United States Description The Seventeenth United States Census records for Brevard County, Flagler County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County, Osceola County, Seminole County, and Volusia County, Florida, for 1950. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white" and "black"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. The census then lists the population categorized by age, marital status, primary and secondary school attendance, and college attendance. The census also collected information on agriculture, on unemployment, and on labor. The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerated Americans living abroad to account for members of the Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The Department of Defense (DOD), the Department of State (DOS), the Maritime Administration (MARAD), and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census. Type Dataset Source Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1950. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1950. Coverage Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> Publisher <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a> Contributor <a href="http://www.defense.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Defense</a> <a href="http://www.state.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of State</a> <a href="http://www.marad.dot.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Maritime Administration</a> Gibson, Ella Date Created ca. 1950-04-01 Format image/jpg Extent 1.59 MB Medium 1 table Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Civics/Government Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> and published by the <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form;</li> <li>create derivative works;</li> <li>perform the work publicly;</li> <li>display the work;</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul> This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Item Creation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1950.html" target="_blank">1950 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1950.html. United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1950. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. Office of the Assistant Director for Statistical Standards, Statistical Reports Division. <a href="http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1950/proceduralHistory/1950proceduralhistory.zip" target="_blank">The 1950 Censuses How They Were Taken</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1955. Transcript U.S. Census of 1950 Population Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Population Total 23,653 3,367 36,340 38,187 114,950 11,406 26,883 74,229 Males 11,830 1,757 17,876 18,648 55,112 5,496 13,129 35,474 Females 11,823 1,610 18,464 19,539 59,838 5,910 13,754 38,755 White Population Total 17,652 1,833 27,798 23,593 92,184 9,914 14,943 57,844 Males 8,849 942 13,631 11,643 43,937 4,748 7,383 27,653 Females 8,803 891 14,167 11,950 48,247 5,166 7,560 30,191 Native-Born Population Males 8,397 85 13,176 11,366 42,144 4,544 7,105 25,983 Females 8,352 826 13,698 11,680 46,263 4,947 7,309 28,455 Foreign-Born Population Males 452 92 455 277 1,793 204 278 1,670 Females 451 65 469 270 1,984 219 251 1,736 Black Population Males 2,972 813 4,240 7,002 11,156 746 5,742 7,799 Females 3,012 718 4,293 7,587 11,575 742 6,193 8,550 Other Race Population Males 9 2 5 3 19 2 4 22 Females 8 1 4 2 16 2 1 14 Population by Marital Status, Aged 14+ Total 17,999 2,445 26,993 27,532 87,882 9,044 19,692 58,330 Single 3,145 414 4,711 5,214 15,291 1,362 3,822 10,445 Married 12,738 1,759 19,245 18,945 62,061 6,249 13,472 39,786 Widowed or Divorced 2,116 272 3,037 3,373 10,530 1,433 2,398 8,099 Male Population by Marital Status, Aged 15+ Total 8,992 1,308 13,249 13,237 41,526 4,311 9,441 27,509 Single 1,967 288 2,702 2,901 8,054 780 2,186 5,566 Married 6,379 901 9,665 9,395 30,748 3,101 6,577 19,819 Widowed or Divorced 646 119 882 941 2,724 430 678 2,104 Female Population by Marital Status, Aged 15+ Total 9,007 1,137 13,744 14,295 46,356 4,733 10,251 30,821 Single 1,178 126 2,009 2,313 7,237 582 1,636 4,859 Married 6,359 858 9,580 9,550 31,313 3,148 6,895 19,967 Widowed or Divorced 1,470 153 2,155 2,432 7,806 1,003 1,720 5,995 Education Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Population by School Completion No School Completed 310 90 500 750 1,085 175 595 1,120 At Least Some Elementary 5,985 1,090 9,610 10,855 27,050 3,685 7,665 17,065 1-4 Years of Elementary 1,555 480 2,730 3,380 6,255 695 2,890 3,795 5-6 Years 1,380 285 2,450 2,750 6,340 890 1,970 3,635 7 Years 900 85 1,295 1,375 4,460 610 970 2,330 8 Years 2,150 240 3,135 3,350 9,995 1,490 1,835 7,305 At Least Some High School 5,585 390 7,510 6,915 28,585 2,445 4,390 18,655 1-3 Years of High School 2,545 215 3,595 3,445 12,440 1,235 2,210 8,400 4 Years of High School 3,040 175 3,915 3,470 16,145 121 2,180 10,255 At Least Some College 2,115 165 3,345 2,300 12,960 995 1,760 8,765 1-3 Years of College 1,125 90 1,795 1,315 7,010 650 995 4,890 4 Years of College 990 75 1,550 985 5,950 345 765 3,875 Unknown Years 840 60 565 570 1,790 250 440 1,235 Agriculture Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Farms by Race Total 705 111 1,711 1,906 1,780 399 541 1,066 White 686 111 1,669 1,348 1,740 397 521 1,038 Non-White 19 0 42 558 40 2 20 28 Acreage of Farms Total 277,842 170,435 249,815 621,134 354,080 766,899 155,595 210,933 Farms by Tenure Livestock-Share Tenants 1 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 Croppers 1 0 4 12 3 0 0 1 Other and Unspecified Tenants 15 4 24 54 20 9 7 19 Other Tenants 9 3 5 20 3 1 1 0 Unspecified Tenants 6 1 19 34 17 8 6 19 All Tenants 22 5 42 116 39 11 17 32 Cash Tenants 4 1 10 37 12 1 8 8 Share-Cash Tenants 1 0 0 5 4 1 1 1 Farms of Full Owners Total 617 89 1,500 1,433 1,585 344 446 919 Tenants with Landlord Living on Farm Total 2 2 9 31 6 1 2 8 Farm Acreage by Ownership and Management Full Owners 94,958 78,912 161,135 255,841 182,321 191,967 92,919 114,807 Part Owners 72,157 70,244 61,915 139,905 112,627 357,850 54,985 50,729 Land Managers 109,430 17,900 24,588 207,067 45,699 213,813 7,362 43,335 Operated by Owner 150,373 106,563 197,473 351,029 268,274 445,689 130,590 136,635 Rented by Farm Operator 18,133 48,555 32,498 71,612 53,907 113,192 17,646 34,672 Managed by Farm Operator 109,945 17,900 24,588 210,715 54,258 213,813 7,442 43,335 Rented Out by Farm Operator 609 2,583 4,744 12,222 22,359 5,795 83 3,709 Farms by Acreage Less than 3 45 5 100 34 124 6 18 51 3-9 140 8 232 194 428 51 113 224 Less than 10 185 13 332 228 552 57 131 275 10-29 214 21 477 415 517 103 178 366 30-49 83 12 266 328 210 56 72 133 50-69 48 8 139 144 107 23 34 66 100-139 34 3 103 129 76 21 31 39 140-179 26 5 52 94 41 13 15 19 180-219 16 5 36 63 20 7 6 23 220-499 8 2 26 47 17 2 3 6 260-499 23 10 62 111 51 23 14 28 500-999 16 7 42 61 39 20 9 20 1,000+ 20 17 48 76 52 50 15 28 Value of All Farm Products Sold Total $4,464,184 $1,789,539 $17,744,044 $6,952,360 $26,072,891 $2,150,345 $9,812,180 $6,618,609 Value of All Crops Sold Total $3,818,351 $1,193,522 $16,777,487 $4,256,057 $23,135,632 $898,137 $9,204,491 $4,854,773 Field Crops, Other Than Vegetables $12,387 $835,574 $56,427 $222,924 $40,197 $8,394 $45,592 $20,241 Vegetables $60,813 $306,610 $691,211 $1,250,620 $1,715,864 $35,666 $6,786,987 $186,424 Fruits and Nuts $3,672,443 $50,858 $15,097,477 $2,738,300 $19,527,596 $853,082 $1,530,597 $3,389,325 Horticultural Specialties $72,708 $480 $932,372 $44,213 $1,851,975 $995 $841,315 $1,258,783 Labor Population in Labor Force Total 9,232 1,317 13,948 142,833 45,869 3,535 10,530 27,998 Civilian Labor Force 8,679 1,316 13,924 14,267 45,750 3,526 10,520 27,944 Armed Forces 553 1 24 16 119 9 10 54 Employed 8,270 1,295 13,486 13,791 43,635 3,333 10,178 26,659 Unemployed 409 21 438 476 2,115 193 342 1,285 Not in Labor Force 8,767 1,128 13,045 13,249 42,013 5,509 9,162 30,332 Male Population in Labor Force Total 6,502 1,009 9,946 10,027 31,191 2,558 6,972 18,757 Civilian Labor Force 5,956 1,008 9,925 10,011 31,085 2,550 6,965 18,705 Armed Forces 546 1 21 16 106 8 7 52 Employed 5,688 996 9,650 9,722 29,651 2,414 6,736 17,870 Unemployed 268 12 275 289 1,434 136 229 835 Not in Labor Force 2,490 299 3,303 3,210 10,335 1,753 2,469 8,752 Female Population in Labor Force Total 2,730 308 4,002 4,256 14,678 977 3,558 9,241 Civilian Labor Force 2,723 308 3,999 4,256 14,665 976 3,555 9,239 Armed Forces 7 0 3 0 13 1 3 2 Employed 2,582 299 3,836 4,069 13,984 919 3,442 8,789 Unemployed 141 9 163 187 681 57 113 450 Not in Labor Force 8,277 829 9,742 10,039 31,678 3,756 6,693 21,580 Population by Sector Private Sector Workers 5,176 937 9,591 9,519 33,124 2,158 7,946 18,466 Government Workers 1,022 98 965 1,182 3,495 379 626 2,489 Self-Employed 1,973 233 2,800 2,850 6,727 772 1,537 5,419 Unpaid Family Works 99 27 130 240 289 24 69 285 Male Population by Sector Private Sector Workers 3,396 730 6,706 6,571 22,041 1,515 5,088 12,037 Government Workers 699 59 580 641 2,127 248 351 1,581 Self-Employed 1,569 198 2,320 2,397 5,426 648 1,266 4,177 Unpaid Family Works 24 9 44 113 57 3 31 75 Female Population by Sector Private Sector Workers 1,780 207 2,885 2,948 11,083 643 2,858 6,429 Government Workers 323 39 385 541 1,368 131 275 908 Self-Employed 404 35 480 453 1,301 124 271 1,242 Unpaid Family Works 75 18 86 127 232 21 38 210 Population by Industry Professional/Technical/Kindred Workers 535 62 866 941 3,780 263 607 2,502 Managers/Proprietors 1,558 236 2,399 2,667 6,189 569 1,304 4,639 Clerical/Kindred Workers 654 29 843 996 4,466 222 658 2,357 Sales Workers 516 34 795 944 4,425 269 557 2,216 Craftsmen/Foremen/Kindred Workers 999 107 1,363 1,446 5,404 431 963 3,584 Operative Workers 933 184 1,955 1,873 5,887 477 1,677 2,816 Private Household Workers 533 22 716 720 2,641 122 408 1,690 Service Workers 737 89 766 1,062 3,685 310 513 3,172 Laborers, Except Mine 1,679 510 3,469 3,011 6,542 592 3,247 3,297 Occupation Not Reported 126 22 314 131 616 78 244 386 Male Population by Industry Professional/Technical/Kindred Workers 309 39 473 469 2,068 140 319 1,451 Managers/Proprietors 1,249 207 2,080 2,341 5,253 482 1,114 3,665 Clerical/Kindred Workers 223 12 271 348 1,436 86 235 772 Sales Workers 319 14 500 591 3,148 156 404 1,424 Craftsmen/Foremen/Kindred Workers 984 106 1,334 1,416 5,273 421 942 3,510 Operative Workers 655 160 1,416 1,516 4,384 387 1,081 2,232 Private Household Workers 26 3 36 23 140 8 14 116 Service Workers 290 23 288 451 1,588 118 237 1,406 Laborers, Except Mine 1,543 418 3,068 2,480 5,957 565 2,245 3,036 Occupation Not Reported 90 14 184 87 404 51 145 258 Female Population by Industry Professional/Technical/Kindred Workers 226 23 393 472 1,712 123 288 1,051 Managers/Proprietors 309 29 319 326 936 87 190 974 Clerical/Kindred Workers 431 17 572 648 3,030 136 423 1,585 Sales Workers 197 20 295 353 1,277 113 153 792 Craftsmen/Foremen/Kindred Workers 15 1 29 30 131 10 21 74 Operative Workers 278 24 539 357 1,503 90 596 584 Private Household Workers 507 19 680 697 2,501 114 394 1,574 Service Workers 447 66 478 611 2,097 192 276 1,766 Laborers, Except Mine 136 92 401 531 585 27 1,002 261 Occupation Not Reported 36 8 130 44 212 27 99 128 African Americans agriculture Anglo Americans Armed Forces Brevard County Caucasian Americans census Census of 1950 civilian labor clerical colleges craftsman craftsmen crops divorced domestic service education employees European Americans farm operators farm products farmland farms females field crops Flagler County foreman foremen forewoman forewomen fruits government horticultural specialties kindred labor labor force laborers Lake County land managers landlords livestock males managers Marion County marital status married nuts operative orange county Osceola County population primary education private household private sector professionals proprietors public sector sales schools secondary education Seminole County service industry sharecroppers sharecropping single technical tenant farmers tenant farming tenants U.S. Census unemployment universities university vegetables Volusia County widowed workers https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/f1daededa509d63078e20ecb89f2a2f4.jpg 3a7ef7ad3a7ce370fedcc74612a39049 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census Collection Alternative Title Census Collection Subject Census--United States Population--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Description Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000. The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation. In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc. The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office. Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data. The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing. The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior. Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities. The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another. The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions. The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire. Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs. The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census. The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input. In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators. Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD. Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Mosquito County, Florida Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul>This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1 table Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1960 Alternative Title Census, 1960 Subject Census--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Population--United States Description The Eighteenth United States Census records for Brevard County, Flagler County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County, Osceola County, Seminole County, and Volusia County, Florida, for 1960. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white", "black", "Japanese", "Chinese", "Filipino", and "other"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who are foreign born are further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the population categorized by age, military service, transportation use, primary and secondary school attendance, and college attendance. The census also collected information on labor and on unemployment. The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Post Office Department delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of work and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input. Type Dataset Source Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1960. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1960. Coverage Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> Publisher <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Date Created ca. 1960-04-01 Format image/jpg Extent 1.75 MB Medium 1 table Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Civics/Government Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> and published by the <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form;</li> <li>create derivative works;</li> <li>perform the work publicly;</li> <li>display the work;</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul> This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Item Creation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1960.html" target="_blank">1960 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1960.html. United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. U.S. Bureau of the Census. <a href="http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1960/proceduralHistory/1960proceduralhistory.zip" target="_blank">1960 Censuses of Population and Housing: Procedural History</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966. Transcript U.S. Census of 1960 Population Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Population Total 111,435 4,566 57,383 51,616 263,540 19,029 54,947 125,319 Males 56,724 2,297 28,893 24,940 129,843 9,237 27,495 59,635 Females 54,711 2,269 28,490 26,676 133,697 9,792 27,452 65,684 White Population Total 98,909 2,826 46,209 33,586 224,105 17,021 41,373 104,177 Males 50,286 1,406 22,691 16,535 109,757 8,239 20,900 49,530 Females 48,623 1,420 23,518 17,051 114,348 8,782 20,473 54,647 Black Population Total 12,334 1,733 11,122 18,001 39,088 1,977 13,500 21,048 Males 6,348 887 6,173 8,392 19,924 982 6,559 10,053 Females 5,986 846 4,949 9,609 19,164 995 6,941 10,995 Indian Population Total 78 2 34 16 89 21 3 24 Males 49 1 18 7 46 11 2 13 Females 29 1 16 9 43 10 1 11 Japanese Population Total 52 0 6 8 102 4 34 13 Males 11 0 2 2 42 2 14 5 Females 41 0 4 6 60 2 20 8 Chinese Population Total 14 0 0 0 60 0 0 19 Males 10 0 0 0 25 0 0 14 Females 4 0 0 0 35 0 0 5 Filipino Population Total 13 4 0 0 35 4 15 6 Males 5 2 0 0 14 2 9 3 Females 8 2 0 0 21 2 6 3 Other Race Population Total 35 1 12 5 61 2 22 32 Males 15 1 9 4 35 1 11 17 Females 20 0 3 1 26 1 11 15 Native-Born Population Total 11,374 N/A 5,825 2,751 27,317 2,065 4,391 20,186 Foreign-Born Population Total 100,061 N/A 51,558 48,865 236,223 16,964 50,556 105,133 Foreign-Born Population by Country of Origin United Kingdom 1,810 N/A 924 314 4,390 434 728 4,106 Irish Free State 414 N/A 171 97 845 96 113 1,010 Norway 164 N/A 113 20 444 34 59 290 Sweden 440 N/A 274 110 984 114 168 883 Denmark 158 N/A 75 33 321 28 66 259 Netherlands 147 N/A 77 32 381 26 74 253 Switzerland 103 N/A 87 52 287 29 48 215 France 295 N/A 109 83 543 63 78 430 Germany 1,969 N/A 981 516 4,214 460 737 3,566 Poland 433 N/A 157 390 1,125 58 183 634 Czechoslovakia 392 N/A 109 27 632 18 217 256 Austria 297 N/A 86 102 721 40 104 604 Hungary 197 N/A 74 48 577 33 70 415 Yugoslavia 73 N/A 31 21 222 28 31 201 USSR 275 N/A 77 63 931 13 98 555 Lithuania 118 N/A 12 61 154 4 30 120 Finland 88 N/A 55 4 166 9 66 129 Rumania 29 N/A 11 4 151 4 12 92 Greece 135 N/A 28 36 221 4 71 216 Italy 983 N/A 264 149 1,814 70 299 1,178 Portugal 57 N/A 4 4 43 0 12 74 Other European Countries 181 N/A 50 52 382 8 83 318 Asia 217 N/A 21 46 726 7 70 279 Canada 1,583 N/A 665 365 4,087 400 665 3,147 Mexico 46 N/A 26 0 167 4 4 33 Other North American Countries 533 N/A 1,194 79 2,115 61 139 508 Other 163 N/A 33 27 185 4 95 81 Unknown 74 N/A 117 16 489 16 71 334 Male Population by Marital Status Single 7,306 322 4,528 3,726 18,536 1,120 3,924 7,981 Married 28,357 1,125 15,250 11,960 66,364 5,148 13,327 33,219 Married, but Separated 587 76 372 545 1,967 108 491 990 Widowed 914 64 965 780 2,772 419 650 2,397 Divorced 960 36 448 444 2,189 177 345 1,230 Female Population by Marital Status Single 4,355 242 2,825 3,199 13,670 850 2,501 7,463 Married 28,245 1,072 14,909 1,304 66,413 5,155 12,350 33,699 Married, but Separated 664 52 371 781 2,394 135 656 1,357 Widowed 2,924 165 2,947 2,871 11,093 1,275 2,128 8,398 Divorced 1,017 28 494 584 3,038 178 442 1,974 Veteran Population by War or Conflict Total 178,181 491 6,962 5,615 35,621 2,555 6,478 18,002 Korean War 3,987 28 863 820 6,248 294 954 2,274 Korean War and World War II 1,529 32 233 204 2,485 136 454 605 World War II 9,091 293 3,420 3,068 18,672 1,105 3,488 8,857 World War I 1,389 33 1,552 832 4,014 611 800 4,269 Other Services 1,822 105 894 691 4,202 409 782 1,997 Population by Work Transportation Method Private Automobile 33,840 1,038 13,369 12,143 73,302 3,999 14,640 28,467 Railroad or Subway 17 N/A 13 4 13 N/A 8 70 Bus or Streetcar 542 18 71 64 4,505 42 70 1,510 Walking 3,022 144 1,859 2,081 7,529 617 1,689 4,002 Other Means 1,543 224 1,785 1,655 5,327 328 1,464 2,295 Working from Home 816 113 526 1,112 2,384 338 518 2,120 Not Reported 1,541 109 819 571 3,701 325 439 2085 Education Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Population by School Enrollment Kindergarten 944 9 232 268 1,252 21 275 571 Public Kindergarten 317 5 129 111 558 11 172 370 Elementary (1-8 Years) 18,421 789 8,805 9,288 42,850 2,771 9,801 16,565 Public Elementary (1-8 Years) 17,139 785 8,708 9,078 40,071 2,739 9,026 15,728 High School (1-4 Years) 5,195 125 2,846 3,179 13,018 865 2,782 6,484 Public High School (1-4 Years) 5,005 125 2,755 3,155 12,091 850 2,528 6,204 College 494 16 111 402 1,936 25 162 2,412 Male Population by School Completion No School Completed 342 60 333 617 1,073 137 453 520 1-4 Years of Elementary School 1,583 251 1,808 2,008 5,133 476 1,402 2,372 5-6 Years of Elementary School 1,510 71 2,008 1,331 5,362 619 1,136 2,490 7 Years of Elementary School 1,262 86 1,164 822 3,617 548 750 2,035 8 Years of Elementary School 3,572 194 2,589 1,990 9,061 1,141 1,686 6,482 1-3 Years of High School 5,463 218 3,274 2,291 13,015 1,120 2,503 6,953 4 Years of High School 7,911 242 3,094 2,318 16,949 1,002 3,277 8,929 1-3 Years of College 3,804 56 1,236 898 8,107 366 1,519 3,681 4 Years of College 4,353 29 1,556 868 8,213 332 1,153 3,972 Female Population by School Completion No School Completed 180 30 179 378 742 79 224 384 1-4 Years of Elementary School 946 196 910 1,575 3,201 308 1,019 1,920 5-6 Years of Elementary School 1,439 112 1,569 1,413 4,499 441 1,157 2,243 7 Years of Elementary School 1,355 85 952 1,057 3,396 398 847 1,850 8 Years of Elementary School 3,199 158 2,613 1,894 9,234 1,370 1,645 6,566 1-3 Years of High School 5,829 270 3,615 3,237 15,859 1,496 3,306 9,149 4 Years of High School 10,140 277 4,317 3,353 23,559 1,449 4,282 13,131 1-3 Years of College 3,423 70 1,892 1,173 8,443 475 1,386 486 4 Years of College 2,047 25 1,249 815 5,536 307 830 3,404 Labor Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Male Population in Labor Force Total 31,421 1,243 14,506 12,168 70,773 4,158 14,005 27,526 Civilian Labor Force 28,918 1,243 14,482 12,148 64,546 4,041 11,892 27,425 Armed Forces 2,505 N/A 24 20 6,227 117 2,113 101 Employed 27,957 1,208 13,391 11,662 61,565 3,901 11,232 26,188 Unemployed 961 35 1,091 486 2,981 140 660 1,237 Not in Labor Force 6,257 305 6,683 4,742 19,083 2,706 4,241 17,261 Female Population in Labor Force Total 12,608 499 6,105 6,840 33,714 1,965 6,458 16,457 Employed 11,865 473 5,689 6,411 31,725 1,867 6,127 15,474 Unemployed 727 26 414 429 1,881 98 331 979 Not in Labor Force 23,981 1,008 15,074 12,118 60,497 5,493 12,143 35,117 Employment by Industry Agriculture 1,118 299 3,913 2,400 6,685 626 2,216 1,591 Forestry and Fishery 74 55 46 97 31 27 69 129 Mining 28 9 29 214 54 5 4 21 Construction 4,223 109 1,912 1,542 9,669 783 2,139 4,502 Manufacturing 9,782 367 1,714 1,889 15,701 808 1,976 3,860 Furniture, Lumber, and Wood Products Manufacturing 100 147 235 689 500 217 126 401 Primary Metal Manufacturing 12 N/A 7 N/A 52 4 N/A 53 Fabricated Metal 3,570 N/A 146 56 6,987 266 522 235 Machinery, Except Electrical, Manufacturing 339 4 61 19 570 17 69 199 Electrical Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing 4,141 5 25 49 896 24 146 283 Motor Vehicle Manufacturing 16 N/A 4 12 68 18 4 34 Transportation Equipment, Except Motor Vehicle, Manufacturing 582 N/A 71 74 224 33 51 247 Durable Goods Manufacturing 228 200 294 92 890 47 220 857 Food and Kindred Products Manufacturing 402 N/A 625 524 3,379 74 308 553 Textile Mill Manufacturing 12 N/A 4 5 47 N/A 8 17 Apparel Manufacturing 36 N/A 8 124 195 N/A 154 190 Printing and Publishing 242 11 100 179 1,060 65 244 638 Chemical 35 N/A 102 36 475 22 88 49 Other Non-Durable Goods Manufacturing 67 N/A 31 30 358 21 36 104 Railroad and Railways Services 102 15 106 214 180 39 351 603 Trucking Services and Warehouse 191 36 139 180 1,118 50 242 261 Other Transportation 288 4 110 116 633 47 126 307 Communication 447 N/A 247 228 1,576 28 260 609 Utilities and Sanitary Services 515 18 157 218 1,231 93 327 764 Wholesale and Trade 702 51 1,315 597 4,605 187 706 1,030 Food and Dairy Product 930 50 587 568 2,505 194 349 1,382 Eating and Drinking Establishments 1,397 85 619 915 2,622 213 446 2,121 Other Retail Services 3,345 118 2,213 2,326 10,799 640 1,988 5,783 Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate 1,134 41 675 638 5,258 183 855 1,969 Business Services 3,603 N/A 156 112 1,345 20 157 601 Repair Services 379 14 282 235 1,574 61 297 797 Private Households 1,661 62 936 1,189 4,803 358 986 2,496 Other Personal Services 1,394 94 670 896 3,519 262 635 3,329 Entertainment and Recreation Service 238 4 96 234 922 34 232 647 Hospital 350 29 298 224 1,866 103 270 749 Education Services with the Government 1,306 41 644 826 2,581 257 542 1,431 Education Services with the Private Sector 358 9 134 80 1,115 28 202 911 Welfare and Non-Profit Organizations 295 13 331 210 1,248 85 177 584 Other Professional Services 871 17 439 364 3,184 104 396 1,332 Public Administration 3,322 40 594 827 4,317 237 870 1,707 Industry Not Reported 1,769 101 716 734 4,147 298 541 2,146 Male Population by Employment Technical and Kindred Workers 6,078 61 820 744 7,109 283 956 387 Engineers and Technical Workers 2,107 5 70 65 2,045 39 149 273 Medical and Other Health-Related Salaried Workers 52 N/A 56 38 278 14 32 109 Medical and Other Health-Related Self-Employed Workers 136 N/A 63 54 424 24 48 169 Teachers 251 4 149 133 414 52 139 259 Farmers and Farm Managers 159 53 462 660 663 132 257 348 Managers and Official Workers 3,934 172 1,970 1,788 9,023 490 1,708 4,711 Managers and Official Salaried Workers 2,467 89 1,054 902 5,362 267 944 2,296 Self-Employed Retail Trade Workers 541 45 363 370 1,360 99 304 920 Other Retail Workers 926 38 553 516 2,301 124 460 1,495 Clerical and Kindred Workers 1,894 30 472 487 3,741 171 581 1,226 Sales Workers 1,004 31 757 754 5,234 169 836 2,238 Retail Sales Workers 455 24 375 346 1,930 96 370 983 Sales Other Than Retail Workers 549 7 382 408 3,304 73 466 1,255 Craftsmen and Foremen 6,668 223 2,355 2,019 12,301 868 2,571 5,839 Construction Craftsmen 2,689 73 1,052 854 4,846 448 1,159 2,560 Foremen 841 26 308 191 1,487 79 241 457 Mechanics and Repair Men 1,837 88 644 577 2,949 180 600 1,538 Metal Craftsmen 295 13 53 66 630 49 52 214 Other Craftsmen 1,006 23 278 331 2,389 112 519 1,070 Operative Workers 2,744 196 1,967 2,047 8,192 595 1,537 2,969 Drivers and Deliverymen Workers 976 94 923 870 3,668 288 656 1,289 Private Household Workers 44 N/A 30 39 157 7 11 87 Service Workers 1,543 47 476 609 2,993 205 427 1,942 Protective Services Workers 531 14 148 144 659 61 132 497 Waiters, Bartenders, and Cooks 255 4 114 115 500 16 76 483 Other Service Workers 757 29 214 350 1,834 128 219 962 Farm Laborer and Farm Foremen 468 144 2,384 937 3,734 311 983 615 Laborers, Except Farm and Mine 1,802 185 1,160 1,095 5,175 440 966 2,212 Construction Laborers 713 24 313 271 1,775 172 401 713 Manufacturing Laborers 96 73 170 284 515 105 88 190 Other Industry Laborers 993 88 677 540 2,885 163 477 1,309 Occupation Not Reported 1,619 66 558 483 3,243 230 399 1,614 Female Population by Employment Technical and Kindred Workers 1,495 37 685 693 3,940 241 667 1,883 Medical and Other Health-Related Salaried Workers 245 8 197 111 981 46 152 471 Medical and Other Health-Related Self-Employed Workers 24 N/A 28 4 230 21 12 71 Teachers 690 20 321 326 1,533 112 308 672 Farmers and Farm Managers 12 N/A 37 49 61 16 16 44 Managers and Official Workers 816 41 401 426 1,473 95 344 1,209 Managers and Official Salaried Workers 438 33 165 204 898 44 201 512 Self-Employed Retail Trade Workers 210 8 151 121 322 21 96 318 Self-Employed Other Than Retail Manager Workers 168 N/A 85 101 253 30 47 379 Clerical and Kindred Workers 4,022 54 1,267 1,189 9,493 309 1,468 3,468 Secretaries, Stenographers, and Typists 1,805 4 337 365 3,525 98 515 1,057 Other Clerical Workers 2,217 50 930 824 5,968 211 953 2,411 Sales Workers 818 27 467 517 2,371 141 419 1,396 Retail Sales Workers 678 22 409 455 1,931 126 334 1,191 Sales Other Than Retail Workers 140 5 58 62 440 15 85 205 Craftsmen and Foremen 97 N/A 16 54 294 27 41 145 Private Household Workers 1,481 52 765 1,606 4,064 305 911 2,019 Service Workers 1,665 118 878 1,195 4,376 439 728 3,097 Waiters, Bartenders, and Cooks 902 45 375 571 1,763 220 323 1,268 Other Service Workers 761 73 503 624 2,613 219 405 1,829 Farm Laborer and Farm Foremen 21 48 277 306 772 25 619 174 Laborers 43 25 64 152 11 64 52 Occupation Not Reported 691 47 274 399 1,778 124 263 943 African Americans agriculture Amerindians Anglo Americans apparel Armed Forces Asian Americans Austrian Americans automobiles bars bartenders Brevard County British Americans bus buses business services Canadian Americans cars Caucasian Americans census Census of 1960 Central Americans chemical Chinese Americans civilian labor clerical college education communication construction cooks crafts craftsman craftsmen Czech Americans Czechoslovakian Americans dairy Danish Americans deliverymen deliverywomen divorced domestic services drinking establishments drivers durable goods Dutch Americans eating establishments education educations electrical equipment electrical machinery elementary education employees engineers English Americans entertainment European Americans fabricated metal farm managers farmers females Filipino Americans finance Finnish Americans fishery Flagler County food food products foreman foremen forestry forewoman forewomen French Americans furniture German Americans government Greek Americans health care high school education Hispanic Americans hospitals Hungarian Americans immigrants immigration Indians insurance Irish Americans Italian Americans Japanese Americans kindergarten kindred products Korean War labor labor force laborers Lake County Latin Americans Latinas Latinos Lithuanian Americans lumber machinery males managers manufacturing Marion County marital status married mechanics medical Mexican Americans mining motor vehicles Native Americans non-durable goods non-profit organizations North Americans Norwegian Americans officials operative orange county Osceola County pedestrians personal services Polish Americans population Portuguese Americans primary education primary metal printing professionals protective services public administration public education public transportation publishing railroad services railroads railway services real estate recreation repair restaurants retail Romanian Americans Russian Americans salaried sales sanitary services Scandinavian Americans schools secondary education self-employed Seminole County separated single Slovakian Americans Soviet Americans streetcars subways Swedish Americans Swiss Americans teachers technicak technicians textile mills trade transportation transportation equipment trucking services U.S. Census unemployment university education utilities veterans Volusia County waiters waitresses walking warehouses warehousing welfare wholesale widowed wood products workers World War I World War II WWI WWII Yugoslavian Americans https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/7d7e2487b93969a4abf35b4756c23383.jpg 88b5aabf531eb18928b6abbf7524e70b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census Collection Alternative Title Census Collection Subject Census--United States Population--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Description Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000. The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation. In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc. The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office. Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data. The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing. The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior. Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities. The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another. The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions. The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire. Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs. The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census. The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input. In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators. Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD. Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Mosquito County, Florida Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul>This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1 table Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1970 Alternative Title Census, 1970 Subject Census--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Population--United States Description The Nineteenth United States Census records for Brevard County, Flagler County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County, Osceola County, Seminole County, and Volusia County, Florida, for 1970. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white," "black," "Spanish," and "other"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who are foreign born are further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the population categorized by marital status, type of residence, military service, primary and secondary school attendance, and college attendance. The census also collected information on labor, on unemployment, on transportation, and on ownership of various types of technology. In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators. Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, was an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes. Type Dataset Source Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1970. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1970. Coverage Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> Publisher <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Date Created ca. 1970-04-01 Format image/jpg Extent 2.23 MB Medium 1 table Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Civics/Government Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> and published by the <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form;</li> <li>create derivative works;</li> <li>perform the work publicly;</li> <li>display the work;</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul> This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Item Creation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1970.html" target="_blank">1970 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1970.html. United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. U.S. Bureau of the Census. <a href="http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1970/proceduralHistory/1970proceduralhistory.zip" target="_blank">Procedural History: 1970 Census of Population and Housing</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966. Transcript U.S. Census of 1970 Population Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Population Total 230,006 4,454 69,305 69,030 344,311 25,267 83,692 169,487 Males 115,184 2,211 33,350 33,005 167,980 12,095 40,605 79,328 Females 114,822 2,243 35,955 36,025 176,331 13,172 43,087 90,159 Population by Race White 208,436 3,068 57,104 50,914 294,653 23,098 69,582 145,320 Black 20,664 1,365 12,056 18,060 48,593 2,148 13,977 23,984 Other Race 906 21 145 56 1,065 21 133 183 Population by Descent or Origin Spanish Descent or Origin 5,100 5 761 875 6,940 194 1,012 1,304 Not Spanish Descent or Origin 224,900 4,449 68,544 68,155 337,371 25,073 82,680 168,183 Households Occupied 68,560 1,488 24,621 22,317 108,645 9,092 25,757 62,747 Husband-Wife Families 51,151 949 16,866 15,104 75,525 6,055 19,194 39,510 Other Family Units 7,069 193 2,478 2,768 12,589 1,005 2,619 7,300 Family Units with Male Head 1,731 71 619 729 2,294 229 468 1,417 Family Units with Female Head 5,338 122 1,859 2,039 10,295 776 2,151 5,883 Male Primary Individual Household Units 5,028 168 1,862 1,676 7,213 677 1,420 5,035 Female Primary Individual Household Units 5,312 178 3,415 2,769 13,318 1,355 2,524 10,902 Population in Group Quarters Total 3,250 77 1,163 1,394 10,655 391 446 4,972 Institutionalized People 289 7 800 1,157 2,669 239 267 1,519 Inmates of Mental Hospitals 0 0 0 6 38 0 0 17 Inmates of Homes for the Aged and Dependent 231 0 582 147 1,063 119 245 957 Inmates of Other Institutions 58 7 218 1,004 1,568 120 22 545 Population Not Institutionalized 2,961 70 363 237 7,986 152 179 3,453 Rooming Houses 209 23 175 83 346 32 99 663 Military Barracks 1,824 0 0 0 5,534 0 4 7 College Dormitories 682 0 24 26 1,276 0 0 2,327 Other Group Quarters 246 47 164 128 830 90 76 456 Population by Marital Status Never Married 35,563 735 9,597 10,702 59,514 3,295 12,091 26,855 Married 108,282 2,018 35,798 32,303 158,034 12,957 39,775 83,513 Spouse Present 104,133 1,924 34,419 30,832 153,144 12,550 38,847 80,356 Spouse Absent 4,149 94 1,379 1,471 4,890 407 928 3,157 Separated 2,627 127 1,115 1,460 5,710 384 1,580 2,539 Widowed 7,930 328 5,694 4,822 19,390 2,226 4,149 16,508 Divorced 5,779 78 1,713 1,766 10,333 677 1,752 5,682 Veteran Population by War or Conflict Vietnam Conflict 5,998 16 1,020 1,470 10,602 470 2,556 3,358 Korean War 8,513 125 1,264 1,384 3,522 521 1,957 3,259 Korean War and World War II 2,589 11 278 335 3,764 186 1,083 960 World War II 13,782 334 4,177 4,181 20,725 1,354 4,576 10,861 World War I 984 45 1,623 793 2,873 583 691 4,307 Other Services 5,916 18 1,060 1,505 6,359 493 1,769 3,172 Non-Veterans 31,721 919 14,626 12,902 52,302 5,056 13,199 32,679 Native-Born Population Total 222,761 4,403 67,996 67,786 333,532 24,479 81,601 160,528 Foreign-Born Population Total 6,429 161 1,468 1,710 9,378 699 1,716 9,474 Foreign-Born Population by Country of Origin United Kingdom 1,084 60 188 208 1,705 157 199 1,954 Ireland 190 8 8 6 138 25 0 257 Norway 25 0 19 21 836 0 18 142 Sweden 110 0 44 7 173 39 6 244 Denmark 72 0 26 27 56 0 41 130 Netherlands 88 0 75 0 148 6 31 132 Switzerland 64 0 8 12 59 13 16 74 France 119 9 6 20 157 17 35 179 Germany 966 11 163 306 1,008 129 233 1,647 Poland 73 41 59 279 216 0 12 268 Czechoslovakia 97 0 36 15 160 0 128 70 Austria 62 0 38 38 142 64 44 359 Hungary 178 5 64 0 202 26 18 209 Yugoslavia 29 0 11 27 119 0 11 133 Russia 84 0 7 61 207 6 35 232 Lithuania 15 0 8 11 62 0 13 45 Finland 32 0 51 0 48 0 5 36 Romania 5 0 0 7 48 5 0 39 Greece 35 0 13 0 123 0 11 118 Italy 348 6 60 73 420 5 117 617 Portugal 8 0 0 0 40 0 0 16 Other Europe 177 9 33 26 84 23 77 150 Southwest Asia 125 0 13 6 114 0 77 148 China 35 0 0 0 77 0 0 33 Japan 104 0 0 0 126 17 20 35 Other Asia 252 0 8 24 171 4 26 93 Canada 1,045 12 385 362 1,465 124 275 1,550 Mexico 35 0 27 15 46 4 38 32 Cuba 273 0 7 50 788 0 85 152 Other America 379 0 54 95 660 18 81 195 Africa 44 0 9 7 134 0 0 24 All Other 151 0 39 7 111 10 19 78 Not Reported 125 0 9 0 285 7 45 83 Population by Work Transportation Method Private Automobile 77,928 1,170 18,827 20,689 114,255 7,113 26,710 46,121 Private Driver Automobile 67,363 921 16,021 17,708 98,709 6,038 23,245 39,700 Private Passenger Automobile 10,565 249 2,806 2,981 15,546 1,078 3,465 6,421 Bus or Streetcar 382 41 486 203 4,364 49 475 825 Subway or Elevated Transportation 5 0 15 0 8 0 8 0 Railroad 0 0 0 6 12 8 24 11 Taxicab 245 0 205 248 559 30 230 552 Walking 3,538 125 1,383 984 7,142 499 1,031 3,287 Multiple Means of Transportation 2,839 55 1,300 1,121 4,704 288 1,354 2,410 Work at Home 1,191 23 511 847 2,469 199 450 1,875 Population by Automobile Ownership None 4,227 304 3,398 3,509 13,081 1,433 2,548 9,174 1 30,228 654 13,914 11,530 51,115 5,223 11,884 35,319 1+ 64,333 1,184 21,223 18,808 95,564 7,659 23,209 53,573 2 29,003 447 6,103 6,002 37,100 2,046 9,343 15,419 3+ 5,102 83 1,206 1,276 7,349 390 1,982 2,835 Population by Television Ownership None 2,544 124 1,135 1,461 4,967 266 881 2,488 1 45,788 1,181 18,269 17,649 71,421 7,277 16,907 46,312 1+ 65,864 1,432 23,492 20,856 103,625 8,826 24,876 60,348 2+ 20,076 251 5,223 3,207 32,204 1,549 7,969 14,036 Population by Home Appliance Ownership Clothes Washing Machine 48,116 1,149 16,374 15,148 73,520 5,566 18,445 36,415 Automatic or Semi-Automatic Clothes Washing Machine 46,670 931 14,727 13,226 69,686 4,767 16,836 33,695 Wringer or Separate Clothes Washing Machine 1,446 218 1,647 1,922 3,834 769 1,609 2,720 No Clothes Washing Machine 20,292 407 8,253 7,169 35,072 3,526 7,312 26,421 Clothes Dryers 28,429 358 5,233 5,429 35,056 1,441 8,542 14,018 Electrically-Heated Clothes Dryers 25,214 339 4,867 5,314 33,661 1,247 8,169 13,378 Gas-Heated Clothes Dryers 3,215 19 366 115 1,395 194 373 640 No Clothes Dryers 39,979 1,198 19,394 16,888 73,536 7,651 17,215 48,818 Dishwashers 18,302 121 3,449 3,081 25,069 652 6,851 8,712 No Dishwashers 50,106 1,435 21,178 19,236 83,523 8,440 18,906 54,124 Education Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Population by School Completion No School Completed 689 59 544 582 2,234 192 574 1,036 Elementary School Completed 15,957 876 13,005 11,913 41,362 5,010 10,838 25,266 1-4 Years of Elementary School 2,288 216 2,378 2,397 6,987 563 2,109 3,398 5-6 Years of Elementary School 3,252 222 2,864 2,687 9,767 978 2,389 5,179 7 Years of Elementary School 2,552 118 1,980 1,910 7,213 806 1,901 3,652 8 Years of Elementary School 7,865 320 5,783 4,919 17,395 2,663 4,439 13,037 High School Completed 64,037 1,264 21,359 19,580 96,067 8,354 23,695 55,823 1-3 Years of High School 18,199 501 9,032 8,146 36,723 3,621 8,999 20,155 4 Years of High School 45,838 763 12,327 11,534 59,344 4,733 14,696 35,668 College Completed 38,264 395 8,702 6,924 45,204 2,278 9,681 25,773 1-3 Years of College 20,287 272 4,715 4,043 23,709 1,219 5,467 14,225 4 Years of College 11,605 87 2,713 1,924 13,488 643 2,620 7,418 5+ Years of College 6,372 36 1,274 957 8,007 416 1,594 4,130 Male Population by School Completion No School Completed 374 44 372 360 1,132 116 305 592 Elementary School Completed 8,156 466 6,759 6,245 20,538 2,594 5,371 12,485 High School Completed 27,446 556 8,998 8,514 40,077 3,563 10,183 22,667 College Completed 22,576 194 4,273 3,324 24,310 1,124 5,334 12,547 Female Population by School Completion No School Completed 315 15 172 222 1,102 76 269 444 Elementary School Completed 7,801 410 6,246 5,668 20,824 2,416 5,467 12,781 High School Completed 36,591 708 12,361 11,166 55,990 4,791 13,512 33,156 College Completed 15,688 201 4,429 3,600 20,894 1,154 4,347 13,226 White Population by School Completion No School Completed 408 18 269 247 1,315 128 214 543 Elementary School Completed 12,362 516 10,019 7,779 31,235 4,452 7,168 20,503 1-4 Years of Elementary School 1,082 59 1,210 879 3,581 339 617 1,703 5-6 Years of Elementary School 2,256 117 2,082 1,453 6,801 781 1,365 3,756 7 Years of Elementary School 2,024 71 1,637 1,369 5,614 746 1,375 3,026 8 Years of Elementary School 7,000 269 5,090 4,078 15,239 2,586 3,811 12,018 High School Completed 59,985 1,072 19,070 16,359 87,158 8,014 21,558 51,512 1-3 Years of High School 16,017 406 7,659 6,080 31,501 3,416 7,620 17,807 4 Years of High School 43,968 666 11,411 10,279 55,657 4,598 13,938 33,705 College Completed 37,227 376 8,369 6,253 43,325 2,244 9,343 24,448 1-3 Years of College 19,754 260 4,578 3,730 22,871 1,200 5,274 13,519 4 Years of College 11,249 80 2,579 1,660 12,802 637 2,533 7,035 5+ Years of College 6,224 36 1,212 863 7,652 407 1,536 3,894 Black Population by School Completion No School Completed 277 41 270 335 905 64 360 493 Elementary School Completed 3,570 355 2,972 4,129 9,954 558 3,657 4,757 1-4 Years of Elementary School 1,206 152 1,168 1,518 3,358 224 1,492 1,691 5-6 Years of Elementary School 996 105 772 1,229 2,930 197 1,015 1,423 7 Years of Elementary School 521 47 339 541 1,567 60 522 626 8 Years of Elementary School 847 51 693 841 2,101 77 628 1,014 High School Completed 3,835 176 2,268 3,314 8,603 329 2,076 4,262 1-3 Years of High School 2,128 79 1,357 2,059 5,097 199 1,355 2,330 4 Years of High School 1,707 97 911 1,255 3,506 130 721 1,932 College Completed 841 19 328 659 1,763 34 321 1,294 1-3 Years of College 444 12 132 301 786 19 181 696 4 Years of College 275 4 0 264 657 6 87 366 5+ Years of College 122 0 62 94 320 9 53 232 Other Race Population by School Completion No School Completed 4 0 5 0 14 0 0 0 Elementary School Completed 25 5 14 5 173 0 13 9 1-4 Years of Elementary School 0 5 0 0 50 0 0 4 5-6 Years of Elementary School 0 0 10 5 36 0 9 0 7 Years of Elementary School 7 0 4 0 32 0 4 0 8 Years of Elementary School 18 0 0 0 55 0 0 5 High School Completed 217 16 21 7 306 1 61 49 1-3 Years of High School 54 16 16 7 125 6 24 18 4 Years of High School 163 0 5 0 181 5 37 31 College Completed 196 0 5 12 116 0 17 31 1-3 Years of College 89 0 5 12 52 0 12 10 4 Years of College 81 0 0 0 29 0 0 17 5+ Years of College 26 0 0 0 35 0 5 4 Spanish Population by School Completion No School Completed 7 0 18 0 8 0 5 0 Elementary School Completed 197 0 114 84 707 9 26 100 1-4 Years of Elementary School 21 0 27 20 157 0 5 0 5-6 Years of Elementary School 39 0 37 31 208 9 8 5 7 Years of Elementary School 26 0 5 13 73 0 6 15 8 Years of Elementary School 111 0 45 20 269 0 7 80 High School Completed 1,069 5 67 136 1,291 25 249 362 1-3 Years of High School 213 5 20 38 385 7 73 42 4 Years of High School 856 0 47 98 906 18 176 320 College Completed 1,008 0 117 153 948 44 202 282 1-3 Years of College 500 0 70 69 503 6 133 146 4 Years of College 279 0 27 32 235 20 34 58 5+ Years of College 229 0 20 52 210 18 35 78 Labor Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Population in Labor Force Total 92,489 1,481 24,045 25,369 142,011 8,509 32,266 58,551 Armed Forces 4,502 23 68 62 8,953 28 461 157 Civilian Labor Force 87,987 1,458 23,977 25,307 133,058 8,481 31,805 58,394 Employed 83,051 1,437 22,830 24,428 126,731 8,233 30,242 56,054 Unemployed 4,936 21 1,147 879 6,327 248 1,563 2,340 Not in Labor Force 57,079 1,598 27,182 22,829 96,488 9,994 23,283 70,519 Male Population in Labor Force Total 61,033 951 14,804 15,420 89,238 5,316 20,195 33,902 Armed Forces 4,437 23 68 57 8,817 28 435 150 Civilian Labor Force 56,596 928 14,736 15,363 80,421 5,288 19,760 33,752 Employed 53,911 916 14,100 14,943 77,240 5,114 18,948 32,515 Unemployed 2,685 12 636 420 3,181 174 812 1,237 Not in Labor Force 12,743 542 9,344 7,201 24,663 3,383 6,040 24,880 Female Population in Labor Force Total 31,456 530 9,241 9,949 52,773 3,193 12,071 24,649 Armed Forces 65 0 0 5 136 0 26 7 Civilian Labor Force 31,391 530 9,241 9,944 52,637 3,193 12,045 24,642 Employed 29,140 521 8,730 9,485 49,491 3,119 11,294 23,539 Unemployed 2,251 9 511 459 3,146 74 751 1,103 Not in Labor Force 44,336 1,056 17,838 15,628 71,825 6,611 17,243 45,639 White Population in Labor Force Total 84,261 1,016 19,134 19,279 122,059 7,775 26,956 49,696 Armed Forces 4,121 14 62 50 7,774 28 441 157 Civilian Labor Force 80,140 1,002 19,072 19,229 114,735 7,747 26,515 49,539 Employed 75,669 988 18,219 18,614 109,551 7,508 25,348 47,647 Unemployed 4,471 14 853 615 5,184 239 1,167 1,892 Not in Labor Force 53,174 1,286 24,555 18,017 85,934 9,463 20,093 64,512 Black Population in Labor Force Total 7,870 454 4,850 6,083 19,054 723 5,279 8,786 Armed Forces 297 9 6 12 1,070 0 20 0 Civilian Labor Force 7,573 445 4,844 6,071 17,984 723 5,259 8,786 Employed 7,118 438 4,550 5,807 16,858 714 4,863 8,343 Unemployed 455 7 294 264 1,126 9 396 443 Not in Labor Force 3,688 302 2,613 4,795 10,214 521 3,118 5,928 Other Race Population in Labor Force Total 358 11 61 7 448 11 31 69 Armed Forces 84 0 0 0 109 0 0 0 Civilian Labor Force 274 11 61 7 339 11 31 69 Employed 264 11 61 7 322 11 31 64 Unemployed 10 0 0 0 17 0 0 5 Not in Labor Force 217 10 14 17 340 10 72 79 Spanish Population in Labor Force Total 1,919 5 260 349 2,741 42 355 511 Armed Forces 183 0 0 0 290 5 8 0 Civilian Labor Force 1,736 5 260 349 2,451 37 347 511 Employed 1,610 5 234 336 2,260 37 317 493 Unemployed 126 0 26 13 191 0 30 18 Not in Labor Force 119 0 171 144 1,467 77 291 421 Employment by Sector Private Sector 60,990 1,011 17,072 18,020 98,386 5,974 23,570 41,989 Private Company 59,979 983 16,609 17,744 95,860 5,852 23,034 40,937 Own Corporation 1,011 28 463 276 2,526 122 536 1,052 Public Sector 17,663 296 3,108 4,007 18,233 1,414 4,109 7,893 Federal Government Workers 8,404 32 366 500 4,992 227 1,139 1,189 State Government Workers 1,513 98 615 1,140 3,018 251 755 1,368 Local Government Workers 7,746 166 2,127 2,367 10,223 936 2,215 5,336 Self-Employed Workers 4,018 120 2,479 2,271 9,297 804 2,400 5,726 Unpaid Family Workers 380 10 171 130 815 41 163 446 Male Employment by Sector Private Company 39,740 623 10,193 11,091 57,829 3,563 14,444 23,051 Own Corporation 817 23 394 237 2,111 116 461 833 Federal Government Workers 6,291 27 226 355 3,677 162 835 868 State Government Workers 733 66 331 543 1,320 180 389 730 Local Government Workers 3,315 62 974 864 4,748 464 930 2,586 Self-Employed Workers 2,952 107 1,938 1,827 7,339 617 1,849 4,383 Unpaid Family Workers 63 5 44 26 216 12 40 64 Female Employment by Sector Private Company 20,239 360 6,416 6,653 38,031 2,289 8,590 17,886 Own Corporation 194 5 69 39 415 6 75 219 Federal Government Workers 2,113 5 140 145 1,315 65 304 321 State Government Workers 780 32 284 597 1,698 71 366 638 Local Government Workers 4,431 101 1,153 1,503 5,475 472 1,285 2,750 Self-Employed Workers 1,066 13 541 444 1,958 187 551 1,343 Unpaid Family Workers 317 5 127 104 599 29 123 382 Employment by Industry Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery 1,335 186 3,827 2,518 6,018 922 2,024 2,461 Mining 59 0 82 171 81 12 11 50 Construction 5,255 103 1,689 2,111 11,156 974 2,980 5,013 Furniture and Lumber 39 89 262 447 549 183 144 257 Primary Metal 6 0 62 22 158 6 83 56 Fabricated Metal 7,765 0 116 125 6,051 200 867 673 Machinery, Except Electrical 705 0 115 65 817 129 261 298 Electrical Machinery, Equipment, and Supply 7,959 38 118 36 1,830 94 1,053 1,665 Motor Vehicle 1,252 5 228 506 642 183 272 400 Other Durable Goods 1,004 8 430 347 1,540 134 434 994 Food and Kindred Products 234 0 680 516 2,563 95 359 388 Textile and Fabric 31 0 42 234 233 6 391 177 Printing and Publishing 770 17 164 176 1,731 160 358 698 Chemical 151 0 164 137 484 5 114 93 Other Non-Durable Goods 373 17 187 284 1,240 120 260 313 Railroad and Railways Services 28 7 84 183 222 11 338 231 Trucking Services and Warehousing 390 10 329 193 1,964 119 447 319 Other Transportation 1,547 35 193 171 1,400 90 347 698 Communication 1,187 16 324 422 2,696 104 555 883 Utilities and Sanitary 1,361 42 330 428 2,459 194 598 1,128 Wholesale Trade 1,617 35 1,547 1,100 7,977 268 1,525 1,358 Food and Bakery 2,238 26 710 624 3,203 266 951 1,578 Eating and Drinking Establishments 2,718 72 599 907 4,186 362 879 2,984 General Merchandise Retail 2,641 5 343 585 4,689 170 1,068 1,629 Motor Vehicle Retail 2,159 37 920 1,098 4,091 295 912 1,964 Other Retail Trade 4,141 79 1,577 1,723 8,146 404 1,658 4,488 Banking and Credit 1,033 0 321 316 2,282 136 534 1,108 Insurance, Real Estate, and Finance 2,024 24 550 768 6,109 202 1,369 2,174 Business Service 5,507 3 158 243 2,993 102 681 927 Repair Service 1,483 18 337 379 2,516 97 608 990 Private Household 1,069 48 777 815 2,874 133 606 1,578 Other Personal Services 3,233 147 908 1,129 4,538 304 940 4,205 Entertainment and Recreation Service 640 14 154 545 1,582 39 548 906 Hospital 1,760 67 563 586 3,887 254 828 2,210 Medical and Other Health Service 1,350 14 543 399 2,740 229 658 1,594 School-Related 6,544 114 1,723 1,920 8,361 542 2,024 4,420 Government 5,039 104 1,482 1,578 6,459 479 1,589 2,736 Private 1,505 10 241 342 1,902 63 435 1,684 Other Education and Kindred 283 0 110 61 488 22 66 235 Welfare, Religious, and Non-Profit 930 13 326 345 2,061 92 473 695 Legal, Engineering, and Miscellaneous Professional 1,995 22 467 553 3,629 139 571 1,578 Public Administration 8,235 126 771 1,240 6,545 436 1,447 2,638 Professional, Technical, and Kindred 22,143 200 2,624 2,634 18,976 874 4,281 7,756 Engineer and Technical 6,402 0 128 84 2,788 75 546 791 Physicians, Dentists, and Related Practitioners 395 9 126 104 808 22 134 386 Medical and Health Workers, Except Practitioners 1,059 14 364 344 1,896 87 454 1,103 Teachers, Elementary and Secondary Schools 3,243 75 853 852 4,346 331 975 1,682 Technicians, Except Health 3,835 7 207 181 1,350 69 502 645 Other Professional Workers 7,209 95 946 1,069 7,788 290 1,670 3,149 Managers and Administrators, Except Farms 7,693 162 2,119 2,324 11,907 701 3,270 6,149 Salaried Managers and Administrators 6,686 134 1,595 1,683 9,820 456 2,754 4,407 Salaried Manufacturing Managers and Administrators 1,239 11 179 158 1,281 45 370 436 Salaried Retail Managers and Administrators 1,694 34 434 474 2,533 113 743 1,355 Salaried Other Managers and Administrators 3,753 89 982 1,051 6,006 298 1,641 2,616 Self-Employed Workers 1,007 28 524 641 2,087 245 516 1,742 Self-Employed Retail Trade Workers 436 24 240 334 966 115 223 797 Self-Employed Other Industry Workers 571 4 284 307 1,121 130 293 945 Sales Workers 5,259 59 1,776 1,907 12,620 490 2,972 5,144 Manufacturing and Wholesale Trade Workers 629 10 203 277 2,777 56 728 656 Retail Sales Workers 3,353 38 1,128 1,085 6,413 300 1,445 2,975 Other Sales Workers 1,277 11 445 545 3,430 134 799 1,513 Clerical and Kindred Workers 15,177 145 2,747 3,558 24,021 1,041 4,747 8,942 Bookkeepers 1,495 25 435 618 2,907 154 589 1,141 Secretaries, Stenographers, and Typists 4,728 29 756 1,000 7,382 251 1,399 2,488 Other Clerical Workers 8,954 91 1,556 1,940 13,732 636 2,759 5,313 Craftsmen, Foremen, and Kindred Workers 12,101 172 2,836 3,251 17,269 1,382 4,609 7,896 Automobile Mechanics and Body Workers 1,072 11 365 372 1,980 149 462 881 Mechanics and Repair Men, Except Auto 2,633 22 385 477 2,589 131 748 1,145 Machinists 242 0 26 46 248 39 28 130 Metal Craftsmen, Except Mechanics and Machinists 169 5 29 67 451 46 107 199 Carpenters 962 14 312 438 1,628 196 505 686 Construction Craftsmen 2,526 33 651 792 4,161 383 1,139 2,063 Others Craftsmen 4,497 87 1,068 1,059 6,212 438 1,620 2,792 Operatives, Except Transport, Workers 4,832 128 2,150 2,180 9,301 837 2,674 3,442 Manufacturing Durable Goods Workers 2,137 36 556 492 2,608 386 946 1,235 Manufacturing Non-Durable Goods Workers 343 8 388 623 1,751 96 589 349 Non-Manufacturing Industry 2,352 84 1,206 1,065 4,942 355 1,139 1,858 Transport Equipment Operators 1,803 47 1,179 1,115 5,309 388 1,213 1,719 Truck Drivers 658 26 703 528 2,463 223 631 659 Other Transport Equipment Operatives 1,145 21 476 587 2,846 165 582 1,060 Laborers, Except Farms 2,947 126 1,138 1,445 6,263 417 1,440 2,925 Construction Laborers 767 37 269 299 1,578 116 457 639 Freight, Stock, and Material Handlers 949 23 298 473 2,076 123 395 612 Other Laborers, Except Farm 1,231 66 571 673 2,609 178 588 1,674 Farmers and Farm Managers 169 44 560 587 566 156 220 335 Farm Laborers and Farm Foremen 595 101 2,595 1,466 3,797 574 1,357 973 Farm Laborers, Unpaid Family Workers 12 0 26 13 49 6 9 14 Farm Laborers, Except Unpaid and Farm Foremen 583 101 2,569 1,453 3,748 568 1,348 959 Service Workers, Except Private Household 9,233 208 2,351 3,143 13,759 1,202 2,836 9,290 Cleaning Service Workers 2,168 100 467 674 2,473 199 588 2,063 Food Service Workers 2,974 56 810 1,103 4,824 414 973 3,362 Health Service Workers 765 10 333 307 1,889 236 420 1,174 Personal Service Workers 1,282 10 322 437 1,958 101 400 1,112 Protective Service Workers 1,366 24 224 402 1,493 144 301 885 Service Workers, Except Private Household 678 8 195 220 1,122 108 154 694 Private Household Workers 1,099 45 755 818 2,943 171 623 1,483 administrators African Americans aged agriculture Armed Forces Asian Americans assisted living facilities Austrian Americans automobiles bakeries bakers bakery banking bars bookkeepers Brevard County British Americans bus buses business cabs Canadian Americans Caribbean Americans carpenters cars Caucasian Americans census Census of 1970 Central Americans chemicals Chinese Americans civilian labor cleaning services clerical college dormitories college dorms college education communications construction crafts craftsman craftsmen credit Cuban Americans Czech Americans Czechoslovakian Americans Danish Americans dentists dependents dishwashers divorced divorcees doctors domestic service drinking establishment dryers durable goods Dutch Americans eating establishment education educations electric heat electrical equipment electrical machinery electrical supply elementary education elevated transportation employees employment engineering engineers English Americans entertainment European Americans fabricated metal fabrics families farm managers farmers farming federal government females finance Finnish Americans fishery Flagler County food food services foreman foremen forestry freight French Americans furniture gas eat German Americans government Greek Americans group quarters health care health services high school education higher education Hispanic Americans hospitals households Hungarian Americans inmates institutionalized insurance Irish Americans Italian Americans Japanese Americans kindred Korean War labor labor force laborers Lake County Latin Americans Latinas Latinos legal Lithuanian Americans local government lumber machinery machinists males managers manufacturing Marion County marital status married material handlers mechanics medical medical practitioners mental hospitals merchandise Mexican Americans Middle Eastern Americans military barracks mining motor vehicles non-durable goods non-profit Norwegian Americans nursing homes old folks homes operatives orange county Osceola County pedestrians personal services physicians Polish Americans population Portuguese Americans primary education primary metal printing private sector professionals protective services public administration public sector public transportation publishing railroads railways real estate recreation religious repair restaurants retail Romanian Americans rooming houses Russian Americans salaried sales sanitary sanitation Scandinavian Americans schools secondary education secretaries secretary self-employed Seminole County separated servicemen servicewomen single Slovakian Americans Southwest Asian Americans Spanish Americans spouses state government stenographers stock streetcars subways Swedish Americans Swiss Americans taxicabs teachers technical technicians televisions textiles trade transport equipment transportation truck drivers trucking services TV typists U.S. Census unemployment university education utilities veterans Vietnam War Volusia County walkers walking warehousing washing machines welfare wholesale widowed widowers widows workers World War I World War II wringers WWI WWII Yugoslavian Americans https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/8b547d3a5224a9bfe187723655b82ccf.jpg 3dee748e21788c4592f42ef2eacfc09f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census Collection Alternative Title Census Collection Subject Census--United States Population--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Description Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000. The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation. In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc. The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office. Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data. The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing. The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior. Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities. The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another. The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions. The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire. Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs. The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census. The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input. In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators. Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD. Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Mosquito County, Florida Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul>This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1 table Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1980 Alternative Title Census, 1980 Subject Census--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Population--United States Description The Twentieth United States Census records for Brevard County, Flagler County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County, Osceola County, Seminole County, and Volusia County, Florida for 1980. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white," "black," "American Indian, Eskimo, and Aleut," "Asian and Pacific Islander," "Spanish," "Mexican American," "Puerto Rican American," "Cuban American," "Other Spanish American," "Chinese American," "Japanese American," "Filipino American," "Korean American," "Asian Indian American," "Vietnamese American," "Hawaiian American," "Guamanian American," and "Samoan American"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who are foreign born are further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the population categorized by marital status, type of residence, military service, primary and secondary school attendance, and college attendance. The census also collected information on labor, on unemployment, and on transportation. Due to the success of the 1970 Census' mail-out/mail-back questionnaire, the program was expanded for the Census of 1980 to include approximately 95 percent of the population. The short-form questionnaire for this census contained seven questions related to population and 11 questions related to housing; whereas the long-form questionnaire included 26 questions on population and 10 questions on housing. A question regarding Spanish or Hispanic origin, separate from race inquires, was used in all questionnaires due to its success in a five-percent sample for the 1970 Census. Two surveys were included in the new census: the Components of Inventory Change Survey, making inquiries regarding the number and characteristics of housing units that either changed or remained the same between 1973 and 1980; and the Residential Finance Survey, which collected information on mortgages, shelter costs, housing characteristics, and owner characteristics. The U.S. Census Bureau's Census Publicity Office, established in 1978, directed an extensive public service advertising campaign focusing on public awareness of the census and encouraging individuals to participate. A special effort was made to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses: "M-Night" focused on counting individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories; "T-Night" focused on the enumeration of hotels and motels with permanent residents. The State Data Center Program was established to simplify public access to census data via computer tapes. The Census Bureau was to provide free copies of electronic and printed census information and products to each state; in return, the state agreed to develop a network of affiliated organizations, such as state executive departments, chambers of commerce, councils of government, university research departments, and libraries, by which census information would be housed for public access. All states had joined the program by the middle of the decade. Despite various technological and procedural advances, the U.S. Census undercounted the national population, as it typically did in previous censuses. The African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was 3.7 percentage points higher than the rate for all other races combined. Various cities and states, beginning with the City of Detroit, filed suit against the U.S. Census Bureau, demanding that statistical adjustment be used to compensate for census estimates that had been omitted or improperly counted. In the Fall of 1980, the Bureau announced that it would not adjust its population totals because it was unable to determine the number and distribution of illegal aliens and other undercounted groups. A federal district court ruled in favor of the City of New York and the State of New York that same year, ordering the Census Bureau to correct its numbers. The U.S. Supreme Court stayed this ruling, as well as other similar rulings, in December of 1980, which allowed the Bureau to report its figures to the President unadjusted. In 1987, a federal appeals court ruled that the census figures should not be adjusted because the Census Bureau's decision not to adjust the figures was not arbitrary nor capricious. Type Dataset Source Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1980. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1980. Coverage Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> Publisher <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Date Created ca. 1980-04-01 Format image/jpg Extent 2.26 MB Medium 1 table Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Civics/Government Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> and published by the <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form;</li> <li>create derivative works;</li> <li>perform the work publicly;</li> <li>display the work;</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul> This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Item Creation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1980.html" target="_blank">1980 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1980.html. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. U.S. Bureau of the Census. <a href="http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1980/proceduralHistory/1980proceduralhistory.zip" target="_blank">Procedural History: 1980 Census of Population and Housing</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966. Transcript U.S. Census of 1980 Population Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Population Total 272,959 10,913 104,870 122,488 471,016 49,287 179,752 258,762 Males 134,937 5,297 49,999 58,908 229,001 23,573 86,869 122,668 Females 138,022 5,616 54,871 63,850 242,015 25,714 92,883 136,094 Population by Race White 245,223 9,552 90,196 101,336 390,383 45,468 159,067 227,324 Black 23,832 1,303 13,240 20,276 69,557 3,012 18,026 28,883 American Indian, Eskimo, and Aleut 588 6 191 259 1,351 119 316 427 Asian and Pacific Islander 1,739 29 259 250 3,712 284 1,294 1,046 Other 1,577 23 984 367 6,013 404 1,049 1,082 Population by Descent or Origin Not Spanish Descent or Origin 267,623 10,725 102,615 120,476 451,290 48,198 174,595 254,638 Total 5,336 188 2,255 2,012 19,726 1,089 5,157 4,124 Mexican American 964 38 1,497 451 3,959 258 583 835 Puerto Rican American 1,239 30 170 586 6,662 417 2,079 1,242 Cuban American 760 32 83 218 4,099 148 851 349 Other Spanish American 2,373 88 505 757 5,006 266 1,644 1,698 Japanese American 286 3 27 40 349 23 116 125 Chinese American 333 4 26 74 599 32 281 276 Filipino American 351 14 53 22 918 66 240 143 Korean American 215 4 25 28 314 59 191 96 Asian Indian American 323 4 34 34 418 52 214 232 Vietnamese American 157 0 79 32 923 36 210 113 Hawaiian American 53 0 13 15 115 8 31 37 Guamanian American 16 0 1 4 45 1 6 10 Samoan American 5 0 1 1 31 7 5 14 Households by Race White 93,614 3,971 37,344 39,065 147,099 17,490 56,977 96,107 Black 7,094 369 3,993 6,146 20,699 918 5,518 8,873 American Indian, Eskimo, and Aleut 218 2 71 84 444 41 107 176 Asian and Pacific Islander 403 9 65 54 901 73 330 299 Other 454 8 177 109 1,611 93 315 318 Population by Marital Status Single 49,790 1,474 13,935 18,016 98,234 7,283 29,725 44,851 Married 136,618 5,956 56,658 61,718 204,810 24,636 86,312 127,066 Separated 4,085 174 1,705 2,130 9,805 774 2,618 4,378 Widowed 14,781 750 9,103 8,508 26,475 3,607 8,740 23,400 Divorced 15,655 556 4,846 6,703 32,299 2,891 10,146 15,694 Population in Group Quarters Total 3,787 66 1,856 2,359 15,496 780 1,065 6,031 Institutionalized 1,772 0 1,081 1,929 3,065 522 803 2,468 Inmates of Mental Hospitals 58 0 0 16 52 0 29 42 Inmates of Homes for the Aged 682 0 534 375 1,395 412 551 1,450 Inmates of Other Institutions 1,032 0 547 1,538 1,618 110 223 976 Population Not Institutionalized 215 66 775 430 12,431 258 262 3,563 College Dormitories 1,146 0 206 15 1,340 237 0 3,072 Other Group Quarters 869 66 569 415 11,091 21 262 491 Not in Group Quarters 269,172 108,477 103,014 120,129 455,520 48,507 178,687 252,731 Veteran Population Veterans 48,557 1,962 15,611 18,260 68,100 7,156 28,670 41,139 Non-Veterans 163,042 6,794 68,894 76,268 283,154 31,121 105,124 170,179 Male Veterans 46,069 1,860 14,889 17,456 64,590 6,823 27,126 39,012 Male Non-Veterans 55,977 2,347 24,724 27,362 100,641 11,022 36,005 5,902 Female Veterans 2,488 102 722 804 3,510 333 1,544 2,127 Female Non-Veterans 107,065 4,447 44,170 49,266 182,513 20,099 69,119 111,159 Veteran Population by War or Conflict Veterans from May 1975 or Later 1,657 23 448 535 2,734 173 847 1,345 Vietnam Era 14,973 496 3,492 4,308 23,837 2,205 10,351 9,349 Korean Conflict 9,599 216 2,405 2,504 11,891 1,064 4,882 5,856 World War II 16,684 1,035 7,006 8,424 20,913 2,518 8,578 18,820 World War I 646 17 764 285 1,179 275 318 1,617 Other Engagements 4,998 175 1,496 2,204 7,546 921 3,694 4,152 Native-Born Population Total 258,528 10,351 101,031 118,567 447,689 47,619 181,319 243,731 Born in Florida 65,987 2,804 33,817 49,553 148,940 13,564 50,386 68,762 Born in Different State 188,506 7,493 66,600 68,120 290,061 33,497 118,029 172,711 Born Abroad 435 54 614 894 8,688 558 2,904 2,258 Foreign-Born Population Total 14,431 562 3,839 3,921 23,327 1,668 8,433 15,031 Households by Energy Usage Using Utility Gas for Heat 17,729 141 8,249 6,414 17,954 664 7,657 13,854 Using Bottled, Tank or LP Gas for Heat 9,703 689 8,024 12,765 14,378 6,063 4,210 11,473 Using Electricity for Heat 57,725 2,723 18,616 16,529 97,398 9,877 40,506 51,722 Using Fuel Oil, Kerosene, Etc. for Heat 14,452 619 5,491 7,598 39,819 1,562 9,929 26,858 Using Coal and Coke for Heat 0 0 8 6 6 0 0 5 Using Wood for Heat 1,139 136 979 1,782 1,561 340 619 1,546 Using Other Fuel for Heat 90 8 18 22 92 6 11 37 Using No Fuel for Heat 945 43 265 312 1,546 103 315 548 Population by Work Transportation Method Cars 105,631 3,368 32,929 38,876 195,317 18,106 75,974 82,121 Driving Alone 76,581 2,584 25,033 30,618 151,238 13,316 60,762 64,044 Carpooling 29,050 784 7,896 8,258 44,079 4,790 15,212 18,077 Public Transportation 471 0 387 254 4,752 105 638 1,260 Walking 3,330 196 1,769 1,444 13,113 588 1,557 4,241 Other Means 4,443 144 1,031 8,789 7,073 470 1,722 3,874 Working from Home 1,420 78 675 953 2,652 287 1,167 1,962 Education Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Population by School Completion Elementary School Completed 19,017 895 14,551 16,265 39,319 6,090 12,165 27,795 High School Completed 87,757 4,136 38,182 44,147 141,202 17,626 52,568 94,031 1-3 Years of High School 22,827 1,292 12,981 15,607 41,698 5,888 13,558 30,353 4 Years of High School 64,930 2,844 25,201 28,540 99,504 11,738 39,010 63,678 College Completed 63,518 2,455 19,401 18,205 93,290 7,342 43,339 51,988 1-3 Years of College 34,376 1,427 10,279 10,686 50,228 4,499 22,223 29,456 4+ Years of College 29,142 1,028 9,122 7,519 43,062 2,843 21,116 22,532 White Population by School Completion Elementary School Completed 15,391 619 11,323 12,428 28,406 5,592 8,242 23,155 High School Completed 81,569 3,876 34,898 39,129 122,450 16,651 48,146 86,944 1-3 Years of High School 20,549 1,122 11,425 13,330 33,986 5,434 11,510 27,148 4 Years of High School 61,020 2,754 23,473 25,799 88,464 11,217 36,636 59,796 College Completed 60,523 2,345 18,453 16,292 85,718 7,044 41,325 48,368 1-3 Years of College 32,596 1,343 9,764 9,593 45,750 4,316 21,126 27,358 4+ Years of College 27,927 1,002 8,689 6,699 39,368 2,728 20,199 21,010 Black Population by School Completion Elementary School Completed 3,269 270 2,877 3,631 9,750 386 3,675 4,267 High School Completed 5,234 260 2,964 4,833 16,519 734 3,797 6,417 1-3 Years of High School 2,083 170 1,396 2,228 7,072 365 1,881 3,008 4 Years of High School 3,151 90 1,568 2,605 9,447 369 1,916 3,409 College Completed 2,270 88 792 1,805 6,168 167 1,328 3,021 1-3 Years of College 1,534 70 421 1,011 3,710 112 788 1,812 4+ Years of College 736 18 371 794 2,458 55 540 1,209 Native American, Eskimo, Aleut Population by School Completion Elementary School Completed 70 0 38 52 125 35 46 110 High School Completed 214 0 93 106 475 112 107 215 1-3 Years of High School 60 0 63 35 240 55 63 53 4 Years of High School 154 0 30 71 235 57 44 162 College Completed 123 0 18 39 154 21 112 106 1-3 Years of College 74 0 18 39 112 21 67 78 4+ Years of College 49 0 0 0 42 0 45 28 Asian and Pacific Islander Population by School Completion Elementary School Completed 220 0 26 69 209 32 100 102 High School Completed 579 0 141 39 918 48 354 353 1-3 Years of High School 122 0 53 7 164 18 63 100 4 Years of High School 457 0 88 32 754 30 291 253 College Completed 436 0 65 33 750 66 403 352 1-3 Years of College 116 0 17 21 358 20 138 105 4+ Years of College 320 0 48 12 392 46 265 247 Other Population by School Completion Elementary School Completed 67 6 287 85 829 45 102 161 High School Completed 161 0 86 40 840 81 164 102 1-3 Years of High School 13 0 44 7 236 16 41 44 4 Years of High School 148 0 42 33 604 65 123 58 College Completed 166 22 73 36 500 44 171 141 1-3 Years of College 56 14 59 22 298 30 104 103 4+ Years of College 110 8 14 14 202 14 67 38 Spanish Population by School Completion Elementary School Completed 318 15 480 406 2,573 11 500 578 High School Completed 1,220 31 244 633 4,204 238 1,144 960 1-3 Years of High School 288 12 94 248 1,153 49 319 330 4 Years of High School 932 19 150 385 3,051 189 825 630 College Completed 1,274 17 167 349 3,036 135 1,155 707 1-3 Years of College 621 17 105 182 1,821 60 569 432 4+ Years of College 653 0 62 167 1,215 75 586 275 Labor Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Population in Labor Force Armed Forces 4,022 9 123 93 12,487 23 418 239 Civilian Labor Force 121,034 4,148 39,585 46,567 225,975 21,311 86,174 102,437 Employed 113,941 3,861 37,625 43,511 215,888 20,262 82,316 96,113 Unemployed 7,093 287 1,960 3,056 10,087 1,049 3,858 6,324 Not in Labor Force 90,565 4,608 44,920 48,321 125,279 16,966 47,620 108,881 Male Population in Labor Force Total 73,284 2,415 22,599 26,504 134,581 11,812 49,306 57,030 Armed Forces 3,563 9 101 55 9,080 15 367 239 Civilian Labor Force 69,721 2,406 22,498 26,449 125,501 11,797 48,939 56,791 Employed 66,269 2,261 21,641 24,946 120,264 11,237 46,910 53,436 Unemployed 3,452 145 857 1,503 5,237 560 2,029 3,355 Not in Labor Force 32,325 1,801 17,115 18,369 39,730 6,048 14,192 41,241 Female Population in Labor Force Total 51,772 1,742 17,109 20,156 103,881 9,522 37,286 45,646 Armed Forces 459 0 22 38 3,407 8 51 0 Civilian Labor Force 51,313 1,742 17,087 20,118 100,474 9,514 37,235 45,646 Employed 47,672 1,600 15,984 18,565 95,624 9,025 35,406 42,677 Unemployed 3,641 142 1,103 1,553 4,850 489 1,829 2,969 Not in Labor Force 58,240 2,807 27,805 29,952 85,549 10,918 33,428 67,640 Employment and Unemployment by Race White Employed 104,353 3,404 32,066 36,975 184,092 18,727 74,817 84,965 White Unemployed 5,965 240 1,374 2,355 7,586 932 3,313 5,259 Black Employed 8,147 419 4,868 6,279 27,377 1,119 6,221 10,036 Black Unemployed 933 47 511 659 2,224 461 461 981 American Indian, Eskimo, Aleut Employed 325 0 96 121 653 150 181 318 American Indian, Eskimo, Aleut Unemployed 71 0 33 18 75 33 7 45 Asian and Pacific Islander Employed 750 0 106 41 1,536 106 699 471 Asian and Pacific Islander Unemployed 95 0 0 7 54 0 47 19 Other Employed 366 38 489 95 2,230 160 398 323 Other Unemployed 29 0 42 17 148 18 30 20 Spanish Employed 2,070 45 848 783 8,399 420 2,368 1,568 Spanish Unemployed 146 0 66 63 726 35 154 128 Employment by Industry Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries, and Mining 2,279 298 5,604 3,493 10,157 1,083 2,315 3,407 Construction 9,660 560 2,794 3,997 15,594 1,594 6,706 8,800 Manufacturing 24,729 311 3,577 5,120 25,260 2,384 11,932 10,456 Non-Durable Goods 1,959 54 1,590 1,843 8,639 674 2,818 2,921 Durable Goods 22,770 257 1,987 3,277 16,621 1,710 9,114 7,535 Transportation 3,243 129 1,145 1,507 8,614 693 2,622 2,632 Communications and Other Public Utilities 3,151 86 1,567 1,306 7,095 431 3,325 2,866 Wholesale Trade 2,798 132 1,279 2,393 10,457 521 4,146 2,684 Retail Trade 20,979 523 6,755 8,373 40,454 4,131 15,856 22,590 Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate 5,863 449 2,037 2,551 14,953 1,092 7,167 6,399 Business and Repair Services 6,614 234 1,493 1,612 11,688 675 4,195 3,914 Personal, Entertainment, and Recreation Services 5,605 258 2,687 2,793 24,224 3,926 4,503 8,372 Professional and Related Services 21,398 679 7,242 8,060 37,987 2,720 15,476 18,898 Health Services 6,138 272 2,765 2,743 13,024 1,088 5,232 7,318 Educational Services 8,401 240 3,016 3,792 14,652 1,064 6,658 7,877 Other Professional and Related Services 6,859 167 1,461 1,525 10,311 568 3,586 3,703 Public Administration 7,622 202 1,445 2,306 9,405 1,012 4,073 5,095 Employment by Occupation Managerial and Professional Employees 30,782 1,047 7,424 8,492 48,352 3,451 22,954 21,782 Executive, Administrative and Managerial Employees 13,963 578 3,535 4,369 23,782 2,061 12,020 10,977 Professional Specialty Employees 16,819 469 3,889 4,123 24,750 1,390 10,934 10,805 Technical, Sales, and Administrative Employees 36,748 943 10,391 12,380 69,197 5,980 28,991 29,634 Technicians and Related Support Employees 5,757 63 892 813 6,162 399 2,857 2,798 Sales Employees 12,171 348 4,251 5,073 26,111 2,603 12,084 12,168 Administrative Support, Including Clerical Employees 18,820 532 5,248 6,494 36,924 2,978 14,050 14,668 Service Employees 14,689 579 5,364 6,462 34,770 4,003 9,384 17,248 Private Household Employees 581 43 432 409 1,715 96 375 828 Protective Service Employees 2,166 86 481 763 3,737 444 1,097 2,051 Service, Except Protective and Household Employees 11,942 450 4,451 5,290 29,318 3,463 7,912 14,369 Farming, Forestry, and Fishing Employees 1,772 314 4,018 2,729 7,760 1,071 1,736 3,150 Precision Production, Craft, and Repair Employees 16,292 501 4,806 6,268 25,789 2,731 9,974 12,978 Operators, Fabricators, and Laborers 13,658 477 5,622 7,180 29,840 3,026 9,277 11,321 Machine Operators, Assemblers, and Inspectors 6,205 112 1,848 2,476 10,498 1,026 3,709 4,336 Transportation and Material Moving Employees 3,173 248 1,800 2,223 9,533 1,124 2,221 3,197 Handlers, Equipment Cleaners, Helpers, and Laborers 4,280 117 1,974 2,481 9,809 876 3,347 3,788 Employment by Sector Private Wage and Salary Workers 85,872 2,694 28,084 30,835 172,595 16,228 64,582 72,551 Federal Government Workers 6,842 55 737 882 6,538 270 1,975 1,753 State Government Workers 2,934 134 1,234 2,236 6,410 501 2,598 2,859 Local Government Workers 10,681 358 3,741 4,852 17,411 1,748 7,119 9,605 Self-Employed Workers 6,894 544 3,497 4,278 12,127 1,427 5,582 8,652 Unpaid Family Workers 718 76 332 428 807 88 460 693 administrators African Americans agriculture Aleuts American Indians Amerindians Armed Forces Asian Americans Asian Indian Americans assembles assisted living facilities automobiles bottle gas Brevard County business Caribbean Americans carpooling carpools cars Caucasian Americans census Census of 1980 Central Americans Chinese Americans civilian labor clerical coals Coke college dormitories college dorms college education communications construction craft Cuban Americans divorced divorcees domestic service durable goods education educators electricity elementary education employees employment energy usage entertainment equipment cleaners Eskimos European Americans executives fabricators farmers farming federal government females Filipino Americans finance fishery Flagler County forestry fuel fuel oil gas heat government group quarters Guamanian Americans handlers Hawaiian Americans health care health services helpers high school education higher education Hispanic Americans homes for the aged households immigrants immigration Indian Americans inmates inspectors institutionalized insurance Japanese Americans kerosene Korean Americans Korean War labor labor force laborers Lake County Latin Americans Latinas Latinos local government LP gas machine operators males managers manufacturing Marion County marital status married material movers medical mental hospitals Mexican Americans mining motor vehicles Native Americans non-durable goods nursing homes old folks homes operators orange county Osceola County Pacific Islanders pedestrians personal services population precision production primary education professionals protective services public administration public transportation public utilities Puerto Rican Americans Puerto Ricans real estate recreation repair retail salaried salaries sales Samoan Americans schools secondary education self-employed Seminole County separated service industry servicemen servicewomen single Spanish Americans state government tank gas teachers technicians trade transportation U.S. Census unemployment utility gas veterans Vietnam War Vietnamese Americans Volusia County wages walkers walking wholesale widowed widowers widows wood workers World War I World War II WWI WWII https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/b7fe9b73a3d3dc95e3d2c4ff36030f1b.jpg d192eb411d8345af9e2318eda47216c1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census Collection Alternative Title Census Collection Subject Census--United States Population--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Description Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000. The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation. In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc. The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office. Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data. The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing. The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior. Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities. The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another. The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions. The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire. Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs. The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census. The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input. In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators. Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD. Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Mosquito County, Florida Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul>This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1 table Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census for Central Florida, 1990 Alternative Title Census, 1990 Subject Census--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Population--United States Description The Twenty-First United States Census records for Brevard County, Flagler County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County, Osceola County, Seminole County, and Volusia County, Florida, for 1990. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white," "black," "American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut," "Asian or Pacific Islander," "other," "Hispanic," "Mexican," "Puerto Rican," "Cuban," "Other Hispanic," "Dominican," "Central American Hispanic," "Guatemalan," "Honduran," "Nicaraguan," "Panamanian," "Salvadorian," "Other Central American Hispanic," "South American Hispanic," "Columbian," "Ecuadorian," "Peruvian," "Other South American Hispanic," "Chinese," "Japanese," "Filipino," "Korean," "Asian Indian," "Vietnamese," "Cambodian," "Laotian," "Thai," and "Other Asian"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who are foreign born are further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the population categorized by marital status and military service. The census also collected information on labor, on unemployment, on energy usage, and on transportation. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20-percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compared to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the U.S. Department of Commerce. A federal district court ruleded in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. Type Dataset Source Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1990. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 1990. Coverage Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> Publisher <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Date Created ca. 1990-04-01 Format image/jpg Extent 1.65 MB Medium 1 table Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Civics/Government Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> and published by the <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul> This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Item Creation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1990.html" target="_blank">1990 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1990.html. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. U.S. Bureau of the Census. <a href="http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1990/history/Chapter1-14.zip" target="_blank">Procedural History: 1990 Census of Population and Housing</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966. Transcript U.S. Census of 1990 Population Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Population Total 398,978 28,701 152,104 194,833 677,491 107,728 287,529 370,712 Males 197,163 13,756 72,929 93,813 336,061 52,716 140,587 179,481 Females 201,815 14,945 79,175 101,020 341,430 55,012 146,952 191,231 Population by Race White 358,391 25,831 135,619 167,094 539,061 96,231 253,621 328,530 Black 31,417 2,366 14,191 24,844 103,092 5,902 24,314 33,455 American Indian, Eskimo, and Aleut 1,369 52 384 638 2,036 360 803 915 Asian and Pacific Islander 5,379 283 566 945 13,994 1,637 4,843 2,739 Other 2,422 169 1,344 1,312 19,308 3,598 3,948 5,073 Population by Descent or Origin Hispanic 12,279 1,280 4,154 5,705 63,087 12,813 18,758 14,668 Mexican 1,724 82 2,358 685 7,439 1,161 1,801 4,652 Puerto Rican 4,785 418 595 2,535 34,091 8,091 9,521 5,832 Cuban 1,248 240 366 648 7,056 943 2,091 1,257 Other Hispanic 4,522 540 835 1,837 14,501 2,618 5,345 2,927 Dominican 181 38 58 109 1,785 411 484 45 Central American Hispanic 879 34 279 152 2,552 518 667 429 Guatemalan 114 0 50 37 476 165 51 23 Honduran 190 27 27 71 513 56 72 52 Nicaraguan 50 0 0 0 374 42 101 50 Panamanian 248 7 179 44 640 109 274 117 Salvadorian 85 0 15 0 266 96 127 154 Other Central American Hispanic 192 0 8 0 283 50 42 33 South American Hispanic 1,229 222 122 586 5,386 827 2,325 1,047 Colombian 507 90 84 312 3,081 438 1,188 383 Ecuadorian 136 0 0 76 493 120 298 198 Peruvian 213 0 16 37 602 99 161 54 Other South American Hispanic 373 132 22 161 1,210 170 678 412 Other Hispanic American 2,233 246 376 990 4,778 862 1,869 1,406 Chinese 828 47 79 127 2,133 339 873 489 Filipino 1,058 147 114 136 2,450 392 760 435 Japanese 493 11 43 60 697 65 235 198 Asian Indian 1,059 29 114 318 3,244 427 1,235 669 Korean 601 12 66 149 1,046 73 582 273 Vietnamese 474 8 70 71 2,686 87 551 264 Cambodian 33 8 2 0 77 8 21 11 Laotian 11 0 0 0 186 7 103 66 Thai 272 4 21 20 233 61 109 67 Other Asian 358 12 28 38 717 112 277 161 Population by Marital Status Never Married 66,486 3,592 18,793 27,666 154,225 17,676 54,036 65,316 Married 194,871 16,588 82,858 97,858 281,616 51,243 131,451 176,551 Separated 6,527 379 2,236 3,635 14,056 1,690 4,765 6,040 Widowed 24,229 1,873 13,044 14,375 32,388 5,945 13,294 31,185 Divorced 32,790 1,687 10,150 15,039 58,114 8,245 23,290 30,347 Veteran Population Veterans 70,358 5,665 26,923 32,473 83,928 14,560 37,374 60,087 Non-Veterans 246,413 18,064 98,512 123,910 436,056 68,764 185,243 245,155 Veteran Population by War or Conflict Veterans from May 1975 or Later 10,467 326 1,961 3,386 15,270 2,049 5,129 6,322 Vietnam Era 16,445 800 4,821 6,262 23,690 4,279 12,158 12,431 Korean Conflict 8,301 758 2,888 3,887 9,453 1,783 4,041 6,856 World War II 20,618 2,816 12,720 14,030 19,755 4,059 8,087 24,826 World War I 137 0 112 41 98 58 48 306 Multiple Wars 8,515 523 2,162 2,130 7,587 879 3,298 4,103 Other Service 5,875 442 2,259 2,737 8,075 1,453 4,613 5,243 Native-Born Population Total 378,016 26,326 146,809 187,848 626,436 100,071 269,494 349,372 Foreign-Born Population Total 20,962 2,375 5,295 6,985 51,055 7,657 18,035 21,340 Naturalized 11,803 1,577 3,119 4,185 22,480 3,554 8,779 12,076 Non-Citizen 9,159 798 2,176 2,800 28,575 4,103 9,256 9,262 Households by Energy Usage for Heat Gas (Utility, Bottled, Tank, or LP Gas) 28,232 1,127 17,521 23,407 30,664 6,505 12,834 22,707 Electricity 123,633 10,080 42,252 47,220 203,089 30,855 88,181 113,935 Fuel Oil, Kerosene, Etc. 7,230 476 2,713 5,270 18,190 1,165 5,736 14,278 Coal, Coke, and Wood 791 114 846 1,883 1,047 333 491 1,287 Solar Energy 89 17 17 72 60 28 40 102 Other Fuel 159 29 30 91 290 36 40 337 No Fuel 1,231 37 237 234 1,512 228 335 730 Population by Work Transportation Method Car, Truck, or Van 171,569 9,578 52,519 68,824 319,961 48,215 141,039 139,505 Public Transportation 505 25 181 125 7,671 206 740 1,648 Motorcycles 1,309 92 299 331 1,641 235 500 1,373 Bicycles 1,616 79 255 185 2,345 387 709 1,507 Walking 3,564 210 1,662 1,614 15,755 1,043 2,472 4,145 Other Means 931 107 619 618 2,475 503 668 1,282 Working from Home 3,775 293 1,399 1,825 6,423 655 3,805 3,604 Labor Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Population in Labor Force Total 198,490 11,280 61,591 80,415 381,101 55,154 159,464 165,864 Armed Forces 3,773 20 106 107 12,529 39 717 430 Civilian Work Force 194,717 11,260 61,485 80,308 368,572 55,115 158,747 165,434 Employed 183,692 10,542 57,965 74,958 350,953 52,455 151,377 155,529 Unemployed 11,025 718 3,520 5,350 17,619 2,660 7,370 9,905 Not in Work Force 122,054 12,469 63,950 76,075 151,412 28,209 63,870 139,808 Male Population in Labor Force Total 110,881 6,106 33,653 43,092 209,060 29,754 86,497 89,643 Armed Forces 3,395 9 81 100 10,247 34 594 405 Civilian Work Force 107,486 6,097 33,572 42,992 198,813 29,720 85,903 89,238 Employed 101,530 5,786 31,679 40,226 189,907 28,281 82,157 83,833 Unemployed 5,956 311 1,893 2,766 8,906 1,439 3,746 5,405 Not in Work Force 46,033 5,175 25,774 30,815 52,562 10,539 21,026 56,768 Female Population in Labor Force Total 87,609 5,174 27,938 37,323 172,041 25,400 72,967 76,221 Armed Forces 378 11 25 7 2,282 5 123 25 Civilian Work Force 87,231 5,163 27,913 37,316 169,759 25,395 72,844 76,196 Employed 82,162 4,756 26,286 34,732 161,046 24,174 69,220 71,696 Unemployed 5,069 407 1,627 2,584 8,713 1,221 3,624 4,500 Not in Work Force 76,021 7,294 38,176 45,260 98,850 17,670 42,844 83,040 Employment and Unemployment by Race White Employed 167,811 9,574 51,334 65,887 290,042 47,449 136,251 139,601 White Unemployed 9,129 577 2,680 4,180 12,253 2,174 6,220 7,921 Black Employed 11,740 682 5,499 7,647 42,870 2,487 9,920 11,720 Black Unemployed 1,456 98 738 1,144 4,110 255 783 1,681 American Indian, Eskimo, Aleut Employed 816 72 226 405 1,267 202 569 592 American Indian, Eskimo, Aleut Unemployed 82 0 0 36 103 0 51 40 Asian and Pacific Islander Employed 2,266 131 316 469 7,243 814 2,348 1,103 Asian and Pacific Islander Unemployed 268 21 30 37 323 32 153 81 Other Race Employed 1,059 83 590 550 9,531 1,503 2,019 2,513 Other Race Unemployed 90 22 72 15 830 199 163 182 Hispanic Employed 5,533 433 2,020 2,003 30,876 5,588 8,768 6,479 Hispanic Unemployed 412 63 110 139 2,336 521 761 634 Employment by Industry Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishery 3,437 395 4,054 4,030 7,682 1,252 3,095 5,468 Mining 148 8 170 213 215 24 46 138 Construction 14,823 13,559 5,058 5,691 26,863 4,679 11,660 13,254 Manufacturing Non-Durable Goods 3,381 205 2,581 2,884 10,562 1,139 4,434 4,724 Manufacturing Durable Goods 32,952 1,022 3,392 7,910 24,101 2,703 13,580 12,075 Transportation 6,688 396 2,137 2,172 17,333 2,387 5,398 5,128 Communications and Other Public Utility 3,942 314 2,201 1,883 10,585 1,382 4,897 4,189 Wholesale Trade 5,836 357 2,534 3,894 17,169 1,770 8,848 5,477 Retail Trade 34,686 2,006 11,698 15,125 65,210 11,627 29,513 34,590 Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate 10,033 750 3,403 4,856 25,976 2,581 13,789 10,693 Business and Repair Services 11,175 504 2,313 3,543 22,772 2,346 9,592 7,598 Personal Services 5,918 558 2,831 2,582 22,404 6,111 4,903 7,697 Entertainment and Recreation Services 3,144 261 1,885 1,342 24,292 5,037 4,149 3,213 Professional and Related Services 35,933 2,043 11,256 15,291 63,103 7,482 31,675 33,496 Health Services 12,933 697 4,637 6,160 22,052 2,794 11,317 13,573 Educational Services 10,952 777 3,480 5,230 20,327 2,660 9,709 11,197 Other Professional and Related Services 12,048 569 3,139 3,901 20,724 2,028 10,649 8,726 Public Administration 11,596 364 2,452 3,542 12,686 1,935 5,798 7,789 Employment by Occupation Managerial and Professional Employees 53,807 2,301 11,327 15,627 89,965 10,112 47,570 37,311 Executive, Administrative and Managerial Employees 23,616 1,482 5,606 7,511 46,089 5,418 24,616 18,905 Professional Specialty Employees 30,191 1,119 5,721 8,116 43,876 4,694 22,954 18,405 Technical, Sales, and Administrative Employees 59,003 3,409 18,080 24,321 118,893 16,312 55,707 50,263 Technicians and Related Support Employees 9,879 278 1,705 2,193 11,892 1,283 5,883 5,296 Sales Employees 22,290 1,551 8,259 11,631 47,443 6,841 25,621 21,931 Administrative Support, Including Clerical, Employees 26,834 1,580 8,116 10,497 59,558 8,188 24,203 23,036 Service Employees 25,352 1,478 9,047 10,595 57,969 11,489 17,124 25,978 Private Household Employees 430 55 336 199 1,305 128 406 527 Protective Service Employees 4,209 176 1,170 1,756 6,467 1,193 2,565 3,744 Service, Except Protective and Household, Employees 20,713 1,247 7,541 8,640 50,197 10,168 14,153 21,707 Farming, Forestry, and Fishing Employees 3,369 408 3,534 3,545 6,923 1,348 2,468 4,917 Precision Production, Craft, and Repair Employees 23,485 1,345 7,571 9,686 37,308 6,760 14,791 19,699 Operators, Fabricators, and Laborers 18,676 1,301 8,406 11,184 39,895 6,434 13,717 17,361 Machine Operators, Assemblers, and Inspectors 7,021 519 2,981 4,668 12,224 1,862 4,815 8,428 Transportation and Material Moving Employees 5,735 303 2,945 3,349 14,839 2,524 4,438 5,572 Handlers, Equipment Cleaners, Helpers, and Laborers 5,920 479 2,480 3,167 12,832 2,048 4,464 5,361 Employment by Sector Private Sector, Wage and Salary Workers 135,001 7,742 42,595 54,435 274,595 42,410 116,103 112,473 Public Sector, Wage and Salary Workers 27,172 1,217 6,734 10,447 39,665 5,418 16,738 20,540 Self-Employed Workers 10,897 878 4,636 6,246 18,937 2,679 9,759 12,661 Private Sector, Not-For-Profit, Wage and Salary Workers 9,992 618 3,525 3,430 16,556 1,805 8,077 9,125 Unpaid Family Workers 630 87 474 400 1,200 143 700 730 administrative administrative support administrators African Americans agriculture Aleuts American Indians Amerindians Armed Forces Asian Americans assemblers automobiles bicycles bikes bottled gas Brevard County business Cambodian Americans Caribbean Americans cars Caucasian Americans census Census of 1990 Central Americans Chinese Americans citizens civilian work clerical coal Coke Colombian Americans communications construction craft Cuban Americans divorced divorcees domestic services durable goods Ecuadorian Americans education educators electric heat electricity employees employment energy usage entertainment equipment cleaners Eskimos executives fabricators farmers farming females Filipino Americans finance fishery Flagler County forestry fuel oil gas Guatemalan Americans handlers health car heat helpers Hispanic Americans Honduran Americans Indian Americans inspectors insurance Japanese Americans kerosene Korean Americans Korean War labor labor force laborers Lake County Laotian Americans Latin Americans Latinas Latinos LP gas machine operators males managerial managers manufacturing Marion County marital status married material moving medical Mexican Americans mining motor vehicles motorcycles Native Americans naturalized Nicaraguan Americans non-citizens non-durable goods operators orange county Osceola County Pacific Islander Americans Panamanian Americans pedestrians personal services Peruvian Americans population precision production private sector professionals protective services public administration public sector public transportation public utility Puerto Rican Americans Puerto Ricans real estate recreation repair retail salaried salary sales Salvadorian Americans self-employeed Seminole County separated service industry servicemen servicewomen single solar energy specialty tank gas teachers technical technicians Thai Americans trade transportation trucks U.S. Census unemployment utility vans veterans Vietnam War Vietnamese Americans Volusia County wages walkers walking wholesale widowed widowers widows wood workers World War I World War II WWI WWII https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/c15371e0c6ae5885bc6f64ccd636cea1.tif 61de1989e782d8c8396d65702b9fa1dc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census Collection Alternative Title Census Collection Subject Census--United States Population--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Description Collection of United States Census population records for various counties in Central Florida from 1840 to 2000. The Census Act of 1840 was signed into law on March 3, 1839 and later amended on February 26, 1840. This piece of legislation established a centralized census office during each enumeration. Congress designated the census questionnaire designs to the Secretary of State. However, each household received inquiries regarding "the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of the country" and included questions related to school attendance, literacy, and vocation. In March of 1849, Congress pass legislation that established a census board consisting of the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The board was responsible for preparing and printing forms and schedules for enumeration related to population, mining, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, education, etc. The 1850 Census also increased population inquiries to include every free person's name (as opposed to just the head of the household), as well as information on taxes, schools, crime, wages, estate values, etc. The Census Act of 1850 authorized the U.S. Census of 1860 and stipulated that its provisions be adhered to for all future decennial censuses should no new legislation be passed by the first of the year of said census. In May of 1865, the U.S. Census Office was abolished and many superintending clerks were transferred to the General Land Office. Although the 1870 Census was conducted under the provisions of the Census Act of 1850, a new act was passed on May 6, 1870. The new census legislation required two changes in procedures related to questionnaire return submission dates. Moreover, penalties for refusing to reply to inquires were expanded to apply to all questions and questionnaires. The questionnaires themselves had to be redesigned due to the end of the "slave questionnaire", as slavery had been formally abolished slavery nationwide via the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This left five schedules for the census: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics. In addition, the use of a Charles W. Seaton, a U.S. Census Office chief clerk and later superintendent, invited a rudimentary tallying machine that partially alleviated the difficulties of tallying and tabulating questionnaire responses. Finally, the new superintendent for the Ninth Census, General Francis A. Walker, introduced employment examinations to test the qualifications of applicants to the Census Office, allowing for increased efficiency in the process of collecting census data. The newest act authorizing the Census of 1880 provided for supervision of enumeration by "supervisors of the census", selected exclusively for the collection of census data. All supervisors, as well as the superintendent, were to appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. Census enumerators were required to personally visit each household and family within his subdivision. The new census act also allowed for the collection of data related to the condition and operation of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, as well as data related to the condition and operation of life, fire, and marine insurance companies. Corporations who refused to provide the census with "true and complete" answers were subject to fines. In addition, the census superintendent was required to collect and publish data on the population, industries and resources of the District of Alaska. Finally, the 1880 Census consisted of five schedules: Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Social Statistics, and Manufacturing. The Census of 1890 was authorized by an act modeled after the 1880 enumeration and signed into law on March 1, 1889. The 1890 Census was supervised by 175 employees and enumerators were required to collect all information by personally visiting each household. The 1890 Census included essentially the same inquires from the 1880 Census, with some notable additions, such as questions about home and farm ownership and indebtedness; and the names, units, length of service, and residences of former Union soldiers and sailors, as well as the names of the widows of those who were no longer alive. Racial categorization was expanded to include "Japanese", along with "Chinese", "Negro", "mulatto", "quadroon", "octoroon", and "White". Herman Hollerith, a former employee of the U.S. Census Office, invited the electric tabulating system, which was widely used in the 1890 Census, allowing data to be processed faster and more efficiently. On October 3, 1893, Congress passed a law that transferred census-related work to the direction of the commissioner of labor. Congress passed another act on March 2, 1895, effectively abolishing the U.S. Census Office and transferring the remaining responsibilities to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior. Congress limited the Census of 1900 to content related to population, mortality, agriculture, and manufacturing. Special census agents were authorized to collect statistics related to incidents of deafness, blindness, insanity, and juvenile delinquency; as well as data on religious bodies, utilities, mining, and transportation. The act authorizing the 1900 Census designated the enumeration of military personally to the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of the Navy, while Indiana Territory was to be enumerated by the commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annexed in 1898, Hawaii was included in the census for the first time. In 1902, the U.S. Census Office was officially established as a permanent organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The office became the U.S. Census Bureau in 1903 and was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census of 1910 was approved by legislation introduced in December of 1907 and enacted in July of 1909. The delay was the result of a disagreement over the appointment of enumerators. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the hiring of enumerators via the civil service system, while Congress supported enumerators as positions of patronage. President Roosevelt successfully won the debate. This census act also changed Census Day from the traditional date of June 1st to April 15th. Additional questions regarding the nationality and native language of foreign-born persons and their parents. Funds for the U.S. Census Bureau were also increased to expand the Census' permanent workforce and created several new full-time positions, including a geographer, a chief statistician, and an assistant director. The assistant director was to be appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, while all other census employees were hired on the basis of open, competitive examinations administered by the Civil Service Commission. Despite the use of automatic counting machinery, issues with the tabulation process persisted. Finally, with the United States' entrance into World War I in 1917, the U.S. Census Bureau became a source of even more valuable purpose: the Census was able to use population and economic data to report on the populations of draft-age men, as well as information regarding each state's industrial capabilities. The Census of 1920 changed the date of Census Day from April 15th to January 1st, as requested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which argued that farmers' memories and harvest information would be more accurate on this day. The U.S. Census Bureau was also authorized to hire additional employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and to create a special field force to collect census data. The legislation authorizing the 1920 Census also allowed for a census of manufacturing to be conducted in 1921, and for such a census to be repeated every two years thereafter, as opposed to the traditional five-year census cycle. Furthermore, a census of agriculture and livestock was to be conducted in 1925 and to be repeated every ten years thereafter. In addition, penalties for those who refused to supply information or those who supplied false information were strengthened. As a result of these changes, census of population, manufacturing, and agriculture and livestock became increasingly independent of one another. The "usual place of abode", the location where residents regularly slept, instead of where they worked or were visiting, became the new basis for enumeration in the 1920 Census. Those with no permanent or regular residence were listed as residents of the location that they were enumerated at. Enumeration related to institutional inmates and dependent, defective, and delinquent classes were also modified. Unlike the previous census, the 1920 Census did not have inquires related to unemployment, to Union or Confederate Army or Navy service, to the number of children born, or to the length of time that a couple had been married. The Census of 1920, however, did include four additional questions: one regarding year of naturalization and three regarding native languages. Issues also arose as a result of changes in international boundaries following World War I, particularly for persons declaring birth or parental birth in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. In response, enumerators were required to ask said persons for their province, state, or region of birth. Enumerators were not required to ask individuals how to spell their names, nor were respondents required to provide proof of various pieces of information. Race was determined by the enumerator's impressions. The act authorizing the 1930 Census was approved on June 18, 1929, allowing for a census of population, agriculture, irrigation, draining, distribution, unemployment, and mining. For the first time, specific questions for inquiry were left to the discretion of the Director of the Census. The Census encompassed each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The Governors of Guam, American Samoa, the Virginia Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone were responsible for conducting censuses in their territory. Between the date that the census act was passed and Census Day (April 1st), the stock market crashed, plunging the entire country into the Great Depression. In response, there were public and academic requests for access to unemployment data collected in the 1930 Census; however, the U.S. Census Bureau was unable to meet this demands and the bureau was accused of present unreliable data. Congress required a special unemployment census for January 1931, which ultimately confirmed the severity of the economic crisis. Another unemployment census was conducted in 1937, as mandated by Congress. Because this special census was voluntary, it allowed the Census Bureau to experiment with statistical sampling. Only two percent of households received a special census questionnaire. Congress authorized the 1940 Census in August 1939, providing the Director of the Census the additional authority to conduct a national census of housing in each state, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. The housing census was conducted separately, though enumerators often collection housing information at the same time that they collected population information. The Census of 1940 was the first time that the U.S. Census Bureau used advanced statistical techniques. In particular, the census used probably sampling, which had only previously been tested in a trial census of unemployment conducted the Civil Works Administration during 1933-1934, in surveys of retail stores in the 1930s, and in an official sample survey of unemployment conducted amongst two percent of American households in 1937. Probability sampling allowed for the inclusion of additional demographic questions without increasing the burden on the collection process or on data processing. Moreover, sampling the U.S. Census Bureau was able to publish preliminary returns eight months before tabulations were completed. Likewise, the census increased its number of published tables, and also was able to complete data processing with higher quality and more efficiency. New census questions focused on employment, unemployment, internal migration, and incomes—reflecting on the concerns of the Great Depression, the country's housing stock, and the need for public housing programs. The Census of 1950 encompassed every state, Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other small American territories. For the first time, the U.S. Census Bureau enumerate American living abroad to account for members of the U.S. Armed Forces, vessel crew members, and government employees residing in foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and several other federal agencies were responsible for distributing and collecting census questionnaires in a cooperative effort. Persons living abroad for reasons other than what is listed above had their census information reported by families or neighbors residing in the United States, but such data was criticized as unreliable and were not published in official statistics. The 1950 Census also included a new survey on residential financing collected separately on a sample basis from owners of owner-occupied properties, rental properties, and mortgage lenders. The accuracy of the new census was increased by improved enumerator training, the use of detailed street maps for enumerators, the publication of "Missed Person" forms in local newspapers, and the designation of a specific night to conduct a special enumeration of transient individuals. Moreover, a post-enumeration survey was conducted to further verify the accuracy of the original enumeration. A sample of approximately 3,500 small areas was compared to the original census data to identify households that may have been omitted initially. Likewise, a sample of approximately 22,000 households were re-interviewed to identify persons omitted in the original enumeration count. Though not used for the 1950 Census, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer I (UNIVAC I), the first non-military computer, was used to tabulate some of the statistics for the 1954 census of economy. In August of 1954, Congress codified various census statutes, such as the Fifteenth Census Act of 1929, authorizing the decennial census and other census. The Census of 1960 was the first to be mailed to respondents. The U.S. Postal Service delivered census questionnaires to households, the head of household was required to complete the questionnaire, and an enumerator was to pick it up. The enumeration process was divided into two stages: first, select data for each person and dwelling unit was collected; and second, more detailed economic and social data was collected from a sample of households and dwelling units. The census questionnaires for the second stage were hand-delivered by enumerators as they were collecting data from the first stage. Households receiving the second census questionnaire were to complete the form and mail it to their local census office. Twenty-five percent of the population was giving additional sample questions. Because of the increased use of sampling, less populated areas were prone to sampling variation; however, this did not significantly decrease the usefulness of census statistics gathered. Moreover, increased use of sampling reduced data processing costs. Additional questions included in the 1960 Census were related to places of works and means of transportation to work. By 1960, nearly all census data was processed using computers. The U.S. Census Bureau used a Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer (FOSDIC) for the first time, thus decreasing the amount of time and money required for data input. In 1966, the U.S. Census Bureau sought suggestions from advisory committees and from the public, resulting in numerous proposals for additional inquiries related to the scope and structure of the census, as well as in public interest for the publication of additional census data. Researchers also concluded that the 1950 Census and the 1960 Census had undercounted certain segments of the population. Moreover, they noted a growing distrust of government activity and increased resistance to responding to the census. Simultaneously, both the public and private sectors expressed need for accurate information. The U.S. Census Bureau decreased its number of questions from 66 to 23 in an effort to simplify its products. A register for densely populated areas was also created to ensure that all housing units were accounted for. A Spanish-language questionnaire was also enclosed with census questionnaires in areas with a significant amount of Spanish-speaking households. Additionally, a question on Hispanic origins or descent was asked independently from race, but only on a five-percent sample. Only five questions were given to all individuals: relationship to household head, sex, race, age, and marital status. Additional questions were asked in smaller sample groups. This was also the first census in which respondents of urban areas were asked to mail their forms to the Census Bureau, rather than to hold questionnaires for enumerators. Address Coding Guides were used to assign census geographic codes to questionnaires. Counts, a series of computer tape files, were an additional innovation used to increase the accuracy of census data. Count 1 consisted of complete count data for block groups and/or enumeration districts. Count 2 contained census tracts and minor civil/census county divisions, while Count 3 consisted of census blocks. Counts 4-6 provided sample census data for geographic areas of various population sizes. The Census Bureau also produced six Public Use Microdata Sample files, each of which contained complete information for a sample of approximately two million people. Finally, the Census Bureau developed the Summary Tape Processing Center Program, which was a group of organizations, both public and private, that processed census data from computer tapes. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the 1990 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau utilized extensive user consultation prior to enumeration in order to refine both long and short form census questionnaires. The short form consisted of 13 questions and was given to the entire population. The long form asked 45 questions and was given to a 20 percent sample. The long form included topics related to marital history, carpooling, residence, residential elevators, and energy usage. Unlike the 1980 Census, the new census eliminated questions regarding air conditioning, the number of bathrooms in a residence, and the type of heating equipment used. A vast advertising campaign was marketed to increase public awareness of the census via public television, radio, and print media. Like the previous census, the Census of 1990 made a special effort to enumerate groups that have historically been undercounted in previous censuses called "S-Night": individuals in homeless shelters, soup kitchens, bus and railway stations, and dormitories (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "M-Night"); and permanent residents in hotels and motels (enumerated separately in the 1980 Census on "T-Night"). Following legal issues filed in response to the 1980 Census regarding statistical readjustment of undercounted areas, the Census Bureau initiated a post-enumeration survey (PES), in which a contemporaneous survey of households would be conducted and compare to the census results from the official census. In a partial resolution of a 1989 lawsuit filed by New York plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Commerce agreed to use the PES to produce population data that had been adjusted for the projected undercount and that said data would be judged against the unadjusted data by the Secretary of Commerce's Special Advisory Panel (SAP). The Census of 1990 also introduced the U.S. to the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Census Bureau. TIGER used computerized representations of various map features to geographically code addresses into appropriate census geographic areas. It also produced different maps required for census data collection and tabulation. Five years earlier, the Census Bureau became the first government agency to publish information on CD-ROM. For the 1990 Census, the bureau made detailed census data, which had previously been only available to organizations with large mainframe computers, accessible to any individual with a personal computer. Census data was also available in print, on computer tape, and on microfiche. Using two online service vendors, DIALOG and CompuServe, the Census Bureau also published select census data online. As with previous censuses, the 1990 Census undercounted the national population, and again, the African-American population had an estimated net undercount rate that was significantly higher than the rate for other races. In July of 1991, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he did not find evidence in favor of using adjusted counts compelling—despite SAP's split vote on the issue—and chose to use unadjusted totals for the official census results. In response, the New York plaintiffs resumed the lawsuit against the Department of Commerce. A federal district court divided in favor of the DOC in April of 1993. The U.S. Court of Appeals, however, rejected the previous court ruling and ordered that the case be reheard by the federal district court. In March of 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled in favor of the Secretary of Commerce's decision to use the unadjusted census date, but did not rule on the legality or constitutionality of the use of statistical adjustment in producing apportionment counts. For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and used for a 17 percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD. Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in 6 languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100 percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process by instead following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Mosquito County, Florida Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul>This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Source Repository <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> External Reference United States. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf" target="_blank">Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</a>. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1975. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/" target="_blank">Through the Decades</a>." United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1 table Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Census for Central Florida, 2000 Alternative Title Census, 2000 Subject Census--United States Orange County (Fla.) Marion County (Fla.) Brevard County (Fla.) St. Lucie County (Fla.) Seminole County (Fla.) Volusia County (Fla.) Flagler County (Fla.) Lake County (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Population--United States Description The Twenty-Second United States Census records for Brevard County, Flagler County, Lake County, Marion County, Orange County, Osceola County, Seminole County, and Volusia County, Florida, for 2000. The census divides the population by gender, race ("white alone," "black," "American Indian and Alaska Native," "Asian," Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander," "other race," "two or moreraces," "Hispanic," "Mexican," "Puerto Rican," "Cuban," "Dominican," "Central American," "Costa Rican," "Guatemalan," "Honduran," "Nicaraguan," "Panamanian," "Salvadoran," "Other Central American," "South American," "Argentinean," "Bolivian," "Chilean," "Columbian," "Ecuadorian," "Paraguayan," "Peruvian," "Uruguayan," "Venezuelan," "Other South American," "Spaniard," "Asian Indian," "Bangladeshi," "Cambodian," "Chinese," "Filipino," "Hmong," "Indonesian," "Japanese," "Korean," "Laotian," "Malaysian," "Pakistani,""Sri Lankan," "Taiwanese," "Vietnamese," and "other Asian"), and native-born vs. foreign-born. Those who are foreign born are further divided by country of origin. The census then lists the population categorized by marital status, type of residence, military service, primary and secondary school attendance, and college attendance. The census also collected information on labor, on unemployment, on energy usage, and on transportation. For the Census of 2000, the short form consisted of only seven questions, while the long form consisted of 52 questions and was used for a 17-percent sample of the population. For the first time, race questions were not limited to a single category; rather, respondents were able to check multiple boxes. A new question related to grandparents as caregivers was also mandated by legislation passed in 1996. Disability questions were expanded to including hearing and vision impairments, as well as learning, memory, and concentration disabilities. The 2000 Census also eliminated questions related to children born, water sources, sewage disposal, and condominium status. In addition, the 2000 Census was the first in which the Internet was used as the principal medium for the dissemination of census information. Summary Files were available for download immediately upon release and individual tables could be viewed via American FactFinder, the Census Bureau's online database. Files were also available for purchase on CD-Rom and DVD. Due to declining questionnaire mail-back rates, the U.S. Census Bureau marketed a $167 million national and local print, television, and public advertising campaign in 17 different languages. The campaign successfully brought the mail-back rate up to 67 percent. Additionally, respondents receiving the short form were given the option of responding via the Internet. Telephone questionnaire assistance centers available in six languages also took responses via the phone. Statistical sampling techniques were utilized in two ways: first, to alter the traditional 100-percent personal visit of non-responding households during the non-response follow-up (NRFU) process instead by following up on a smaller sample basis; second, the sampling of 750,000 housing units matched to housing unit questionnaires obtained from mail and telephone responses, as well as from personal visits. The goal of the latter was to develop adjustment factors for individuals estimated to have been missed or duplicated and to correct the census counts to produce one set of numbers. This "one-number census" would correct for net coverage errors called Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM). Both of these measures were taken in an attempt to avoid repetition of the litigation costs generated by the 1980 Census and the 1990 Census. Despite these efforts, two lawsuits—one filed by the U.S. House of Representatives—were filed in February 1998 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the planned uses of sampling to produce apportionment counts. Both cases were decided in favor of the plaintiffs in federal district courts, but the U.S. Department of Commerce made appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known as the U.S. Department of Commerce v. the U.S. House of Representatives, the Court ruled that the Census Bureau's plans to use statistical sampling for purposes of congressional apportionments violated the Census Act. The bureau revised its plan, stating that it would produce statistically adjusted data for non-apportionment uses of census data information, such as redistricting. However, in March of 2001, the Census Bureau recommended against the use of adjusted census data for redistricting due to accuracy concerns; the Secretary of Commerce determined that the unadjusted data would be released as the bureau's official redistricting data. The Director of the Census Bureau also rejected to the use of adjusted data for non-redistricting purposes in October of that same year. Type Dataset Source Original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 2000. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/104" target="_blank">U.S. Census Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original census data collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 2000. Coverage Brevard County, Florida Flagler County, Florida Lake County, Florida Marion County, Florida Orange County, Florida Osceola County, Florida Seminole County, Florida Volusia County, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> Publisher <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a> Contributor Gibson, Ella Date Created ca. 2000-04-01 Format image/jpg Extent 3.12 MB Medium 1 table Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Civics/Government Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally collected by the <a href="http://www.census.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Census Bureau</a> and published by the <a href="http://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul> This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Item Creation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/2000.html" target="_blank">2000 Overview</a>." U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/2000.html. United States, and Carroll D. Wright. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166662" target="_blank">The History and Growth of the United States Census</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/wright-hunt.pdf. U.S. Bureau of the Census. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/Census2000v1.pdf" target="_blank">History: 2000 Census of Population and Housing</a><a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/Census2000v1.pdf" target="_blank">, Volume 1</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/Census2000v1.pdf. U.S. Bureau of the Census. <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/Census2000v2.pdf" target="_blank">History: 2000 Census of Population and Housing, Volume 2</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/Census2000v2.pdf. Transcript U.S. Census of 2000 Population Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Population Total 476,230 49,832 210,528 258,916 896,344 172,493 365,196 443,343 Males 233,186 23,887 101,866 124,945 443,716 85,022 178,776 215,361 Females 243,044 25,945 108,662 133,971 452,628 87,471 186,420 227,982 Population by Race White Alone 413,411 43,490 184,138 217,909 614,830 133,169 300,948 381,760 Black 40,000 4,401 17,503 29,900 162,899 12,702 34,764 41,198 American Indian and Alaska Native 1,765 133 701 1,158 3,079 790 1,087 1,373 Asian 7,152 583 1,667 1,806 30,033 3,802 9,115 4,430 Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 305 12 76 57 843 142 163 164 Other Race 5,168 480 3,966 4,363 53,889 15,631 11,175 8,071 Two or More Races 8,429 733 2,477 3,723 30,771 6,257 7,944 6,347 Population by Descent or Origin Hispanic 21,970 2,537 11,808 15,616 168,361 50,727 40,731 29,111 Mexican 3,281 237 5,638 3,350 19,755 3,400 3,871 7,733 Puerto Rican 9,111 1,031 2,978 6,997 86,583 30,728 19,609 13,546 Cuban 2,161 292 638 1,049 12,371 2,178 3,610 1,570 Dominican 458 37 102 257 6,358 2,313 1,223 452 Central American 1,296 101 372 561 5,703 1,870 1,595 789 Costa Rican 150 5 39 45 600 188 233 122 Guatemalan 323 23 75 122 949 241 165 83 Honduran 210 15 71 87 1,223 266 212 138 Nicaraguan 93 6 34 78 716 315 220 100 Panamanian 392 34 75 152 1,037 251 402 173 Salvadorian 91 11 58 62 883 521 265 134 Other Central American 37 7 20 15 295 88 98 39 South American 1,690 340 559 1,013 15,436 4,254 4,690 1,541 Argentinean 136 26 32 29 794 217 370 132 Bolivian 26 7 2 1 191 34 83 22 Chilean 116 7 24 33 451 130 114 101 Colombian 661 149 235 520 7,676 2,071 2,182 592 Ecuadorian 156 28 60 181 1,687 474 484 210 Paraguayan 15 0 1 1 25 4 8 7 Peruvian 217 54 114 96 1,629 470 648 141 Uruguayan 15 33 8 8 115 42 41 49 Venezuelan 256 21 60 95 2,315 686 587 190 Other South American 92 15 23 49 553 126 173 97 Other Hispanic 3,973 499 1,521 2,389 22,155 5,984 6,133 3,480 Spaniard 262 37 52 50 599 129 218 147 Spanish 784 88 267 333 1,968 415 759 556 Spanish American 90 4 36 69 329 78 104 63 Other Hispanic or Latino 2,837 370 1,166 1,937 19,259 5,362 5,052 2,714 Asian Indian 1,806 69 562 715 8,166 1,230 2,994 1,345 Bangladeshi 15 0 11 0 101 33 33 14 Cambodian 48 13 9 1 141 6 33 19 Chinese, Except Taiwanese 951 82 217 160 4,227 569 1,428 661 Filipino 1,577 292 332 313 5,066 951 1,281 798 Hmong 0 0 2 0 2 0 10 0 Indonesian 32 2 3 4 71 9 30 25 Japanese 531 16 84 129 1,193 92 307 256 Korean 631 37 153 209 1,950 141 1,094 445 Laotian 20 1 11 1 232 25 154 120 Malaysian 9 0 0 1 33 2 10 7 Pakistani 52 1 13 17 732 245 171 76 Sri Lankan 2 0 3 1 56 14 8 28 Taiwanese 72 11 2 13 226 45 65 21 Thai 351 10 47 26 436 85 123 79 Vietnamese 763 24 174 130 6,189 184 1,074 329 Other Asian 23 0 4 1 58 3 9 4 Other Asian, Not Specified 166 10 19 72 577 90 161 130 Households Total 198,195 21,294 88,413 106,755 336,286 60,977 139,572 184,723 Family Households 132,480 15,683 62,468 74,637 220,258 45,077 97,249 120,064 Married Couple Family 104,964 13,378 52,105 59,339 157,937 34,207 75,718 93,161 Other Family 27,516 2,305 10,363 15,298 62,321 10,870 21,531 26,903 Non- Family 65,715 5,611 25,945 32,118 116,028 15,900 42,323 64,659 Population by Marital Status Never Married 78,006 5,869 27,762 37,350 214,910 32,173 71,780 78,186 Married 224,987 28,530 110,140 127,501 355,270 75,570 162,707 205,036 Separated 7,403 553 2,689 4,160 19,485 3,577 5,162 6,690 Widowed 31,880 3,799 17,018 19,631 36,918 7,860 15,876 34,496 Divorced 47,747 3,707 17,129 24,635 79,329 14,725 32,730 45,397 Population in Group Quarters Total 9,695 462 3,767 6,881 18,831 2,400 3,606 14,737 Institutionalized 6,303 428 3,071 5,644 11,987 1,921 2,260 7,391 Correctional Institutions 2,431 55 1,522 3,780 6,307 903 1,216 2,616 Nursing Homes 2,543 342 1,425 1,579 3,684 862 994 3,931 Other Institutions 1,329 31 124 285 1,996 156 50 844 Non-Institutionalized 3,392 34 696 1,237 6,844 479 1,346 7,346 College Dormitories 1,088 0 0 231 3,402 155 12 4,530 Military Quarters 215 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Other, Non-Institutionalized 2,089 34 696 1,006 3,442 324 1,334 2,811 Not in Group Quarters 466,535 49,370 206,761 252,035 877,513 170,093 361,590 428,606 Population by Military Service Active Armed Forces 2,318 19 129 113 413 76 198 255 Veterans 79,145 9,252 35,534 43,300 84,940 17,226 39,515 66,646 Non-Veterans 290,433 31,631 132,175 160,233 585,412 108,979 233,200 286,986 Veteran Population by War or Conflict Gulf War 6,733 444 1,748 2,324 11,262 1,975 4,764 4,137 Vietnam Era 19,233 1,769 6,720 8,584 23,668 4,829 12,294 15,369 Korean Conflict 10,541 1,739 6,225 7,318 8,673 1,903 4,025 10,017 World War II 15,312 2,797 10,930 12,695 11,921 2,722 5,281 18,058 Multiple Wars 7,086 469 2,240 2,301 4,506 595 2,142 3,455 Other Service 20,240 2,034 7,671 10,078 24,910 5,202 11,009 15,610 Native-Born Population Total 445,229 44,875 199,708 245,564 767,440 148,383 331,911 414,990 Foreign-Born Population Total 31,001 4,957 10,820 13,352 128,904 24,110 33,285 28,353 Naturalized 18,374 3,354 5,084 7,516 53,651 9,514 16,507 14,955 Non-Citizen 12,627 1,603 5,736 5,836 75,253 14,596 16,778 13,398 Foreign-Born Population by Region or Country of Origin Europe 9,881 2,267 2,779 3,458 13,547 3,790 6,769 9,808 Northern Europe 3,374 561 1,091 1,060 4,471 1,560 2,414 2,883 United Kingdom 2,595 413 820 875 3,519 1,388 1,891 2,217 Ireland 317 74 105 79 432 70 214 297 Sweden 172 31 59 26 135 34 115 151 Other Northern Europe 290 43 107 80 385 68 194 218 Western Europe 3,480 585 1,167 1,394 3,827 805 1,735 3,281 Austria 76 21 36 52 112 23 113 164 France 509 17 193 56 754 43 118 293 Germany 2,298 440 867 1,137 2,378 617 1,185 2,407 Netherlands 305 77 20 96 280 71 162 252 Other Western Europe 292 30 51 53 303 51 157 165 Southern Europe 1,616 523 205 477 2,044 457 1,218 1,603 Greece 239 16 21 52 255 25 144 379 Italy 961 230 143 329 1,080 207 706 975 Portugal 132 178 10 41 235 120 108 92 Spain 227 77 31 51 459 89 237 129 Other Southern Europe 57 22 0 4 15 16 23 28 Eastern Europe 1,400 598 316 527 3,195 959 1,402 2,031 Czechoslovakia, Including Czech Republic and Slovakia 128 29 48 48 208 275 129 242 Hungary 166 15 50 144 306 110 217 303 Poland 469 179 101 168 366 169 204 501 Romania 143 15 16 28 252 19 134 101 Belarus 2 0 0 0 16 0 8 18 Russia 166 148 42 10 430 298 116 180 Ukraine 50 187 19 23 259 50 26 147 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0 0 0 0 451 0 214 7 Yugoslavia 62 14 12 41 126 5 128 131 Other Eastern Europe 214 11 28 65 781 33 226 401 Europe, Not Elsewhere Classified 11 0 0 0 10 9 0 10 Asia 6,529 570 1,209 1,704 23,739 3,187 7,205 4,426 Eastern Asia 1,584 36 307 459 5,728 636 1,947 1,224 China 640 16 133 152 2,843 496 852 494 China, Excluding Hong Kong and Taiwan 361 9 75 99 1,635 218 589 267 Hong Kong 57 7 29 19 460 93 64 146 Taiwan 222 0 29 34 748 185 199 81 Japan 410 9 96 133 1,069 52 279 321 Korea 534 11 71 174 1,757 88 801 409 Other Eastern Asia 0 0 7 0 59 0 15 0 South Central Asia 1,558 108 336 501 5,754 1,270 2,060 1,179 Afghanistan 0 0 0 0 1 0 8 31 Bangladesh 12 0 0 8 361 120 15 90 India 1,261 43 273 392 3,298 424 1,268 735 Iran 151 38 39 52 562 25 429 202 Pakistan 126 26 16 18 1,426 574 299 58 Other South Central Asia 8 1 8 31 106 127 41 63 South Eastern Asia 2,426 380 479 581 10,114 1,063 2,339 1,347 Cambodia 54 37 0 9 146 12 13 13 Indonesia 129 19 18 83 88 13 57 57 Laos 0 0 52 5 77 102 194 37 Malaysia 52 6 13 24 140 16 29 58 Philippines 1,177 225 246 200 3,418 647 1,060 783 Thailand 398 18 28 30 452 63 151 128 Vietnam 616 75 121 195 5,730 203 814 271 Other South Eastern Asia 0 0 1 35 63 7 21 0 Western Asia 924 46 78 145 1,774 165 816 610 Iraq 39 0 0 0 61 0 58 12 Israel 29 0 31 12 238 49 163 64 Jordan 33 0 5 27 165 50 77 120 Lebanon 266 0 26 70 437 13 254 85 Syria 24 0 0 5 222 20 104 25 Turkey 122 46 16 7 170 6 87 109 Armenia 6 0 0 7 0 0 0 9 Other Western Asia 405 0 0 17 481 27 73 186 Asia, Not Elsewhere Classified 37 0 9 18 369 53 43 66 Africa 1,088 58 253 251 3,710 804 1,344 828 Eastern Africa 161 8 18 93 820 45 479 183 Ethiopia 14 8 0 11 123 0 0 20 Other Eastern Africa 147 0 18 82 697 45 479 163 Middle Africa 20 0 0 0 98 0 0 36 Northern Africa 474 50 122 9 1,338 519 409 353 Egypt 263 31 80 9 358 42 304 195 Other Northern Africa 211 19 42 0 980 477 105 158 Southern Africa 228 0 15 43 549 30 204 103 South Africa 200 0 15 43 549 30 204 103 Other Southern Africa 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Western Africa 163 0 28 91 561 185 225 108 Ghana 16 0 9 0 69 8 94 15 Nigeria 121 0 19 91 308 6 81 48 Sierra Leone 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 Other Western Africa 26 0 0 0 165 171 50 45 Africa, Not Elsewhere Classified 42 0 70 15 344 25 27 45 Oceania 140 78 36 95 313 38 129 138 Australia and New Zealand Subregion 104 78 36 73 188 23 108 124 Australia 78 21 36 64 142 13 70 109 Other Australian and New Zealand Subregion 26 57 0 9 46 10 38 15 Melanesia 0 0 0 16 17 15 0 0 Micronesia 16 0 0 6 59 0 0 14 Polynesia 20 0 0 0 49 0 15 0 Oceania, Not Elsewhere Classified 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 Americas 13,363 1,984 6,543 7,827 87,595 16,291 17,838 13,153 Latin America 10,644 1,762 5,479 6,469 83,648 15,648 15,711 10,093 Caribbean 5,495 974 1,322 2,559 41,956 6,227 6,632 3,287 Barbados 153 33 19 62 589 141 88 28 Cuba 970 159 424 554 8,809 1,251 2,094 875 Dominican Republic 331 58 128 210 5,153 2,080 931 446 Haiti 213 33 167 143 13,227 569 718 268 Jamaica 2,414 437 375 1,198 8,756 1,248 1,684 790 Trinidad and Tobago 693 180 119 222 2,663 457 586 493 Other Caribbean 721 74 90 170 2,759 481 531 387 Central America 2,553 203 3,396 2,172 16,926 3,549 3,387 4,556 Mexico 1,028 34 2,846 1,597 11,100 1,626 1,364 3,663 Other Central America 1,525 169 550 575 5,826 1,923 2,023 893 Costa Rica 206 0 0 35 506 133 340 172 El Salvador 180 11 91 66 826 572 404 161 Guatemala 355 16 162 112 1,114 172 280 106 Honduras 236 18 116 151 1,457 290 336 141 Nicaragua 94 8 32 70 708 414 155 87 Panama 454 95 137 133 1,066 310 385 199 Other Central America 0 21 12 8 149 32 123 27 South America 2,596 585 761 1,738 24,766 5,872 5,692 2,250 Argentina 255 57 18 0 853 177 417 159 Bolivia 3 0 0 0 442 7 30 7 Brazil 352 25 39 98 4,765 835 435 307 Chile 144 40 30 13 562 184 178 93 Colombia 744 193 211 819 8,550 2,156 2,306 761 Ecuador 121 30 99 270 1,885 607 403 209 Guyana 397 102 113 282 2,741 291 538 185 Peru 226 20 102 142 1,707 574 725 163 Venezuela 299 20 119 80 2,826 878 518 259 Other South America 55 98 30 34 435 163 142 107 Northern America 2,719 222 1,064 1,358 3,947 643 2,127 3,060 Canada 2,682 220 1,055 1,338 3,900 643 2,085 3,030 Other Northern America 37 2 9 20 47 0 42 30 Born at Sea 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 Housing Units Total 222,072 24,452 102,830 122,663 361,349 72,293 147,079 211,938 Occupied 198,195 21,294 88,413 106,755 336,286 60,977 139,572 184,723 Vacant 23,877 3,158 14,417 15,908 25,063 11,316 7,507 27,215 For Rent 5,970 358 2,158 2,341 10,116 2,429 2,819 4,039 For Sale 3,477 370 1,886 2,331 3,619 958 1,319 2,864 Households by Energy Usage for Heat Gas (Utility, Bottled, Tank, or LP Gas) 30,291 645 15,796 19,235 26,907 5,163 12,114 16,924 Electricity 163,791 20,322 70,732 83,373 299,899 54,547 124,260 159,179 Fuel Oil, Kerosene, Etc. 2,073 169 882 2,380 6,047 365 2,233 6,144 Coal, Coke, and Wood 336 36 387 843 506 101 203 660 Solar Energy 39 0 3 0 43 24 57 79 Other Fuel 105 33 130 112 243 33 50 256 No Fuel 1,560 89 483 812 2,641 744 655 1,481 Population by Work Transportation Method Car, Truck, or Van 192,896 17,168 76,050 90,409 404,604 73,183 174,772 171,448 Public Transportation 591 130 348 217 10,923 825 1,227 1,914 Motorcycles 765 76 217 159 853 281 534 981 Bicycles 1,278 78 248 313 2,038 386 660 1,033 Walking 2,653 221 1,129 1,369 6,085 1,054 1,898 3,531 Other Means 1,390 151 838 818 3,642 624 1,317 1,582 Working from Home 5,506 625 2,633 3,019 11,178 1,510 7,186 5,426 Education Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Population by School Completion Completing Less Than High School 46,416 5,453 31,482 40,813 104,591 23,095 27,523 56,982 High School Completed 98,108 12,330 53,339 67,271 148,006 37,536 59,280 102,353 Some College Completed 115,194 12,642 44,940 53,477 171,495 32,560 80,922 101,929 Bachelor's Degree 51,616 5,170 17,509 16,126 104,818 12,052 51,235 36,646 Master's Degree 20,995 2,023 5,458 5,966 29,990 3,610 16,882 12,536 Professional School 4,889 722 2,056 2,638 10,945 1,393 5,472 4,785 Doctorate Degree 2,520 276 788 896 4,256 361 1,902 1,994 Male Population by School Completion Completing Less Than High School 21,055 2,682 15,185 20,255 50,528 11,453 12,856 27,650 High School Completed 42,196 5,366 23,137 29,860 67,485 17,246 25,644 46,259 Some College Completed 53,613 5,775 21,256 24,683 81,995 15,676 36,647 46,461 Bachelor's Degree 28,222 2,753 9,236 7,952 53,117 6,076 27,227 18,609 Master's Degree 12,251 997 2,942 2,950 15,844 1,661 8,764 6,326 Professional School 3,216 459 1,254 1,626 6,803 725 3,674 3,072 Doctorate Degree 1,751 189 579 674 2,822 204 1,369 1,385 Female Population by School Completion Completing Less Than High School 25,361 2,771 16,297 20,558 54,063 11,642 14,667 29,332 High School Completed 55,912 6,964 30,202 37,411 80,521 20,290 33,636 56,094 Some College Completed 61,581 6,867 23,684 28,794 89,500 16,884 44,275 55,468 Bachelor's Degree 23,394 2,417 8,273 8,174 51,701 5,976 24,008 18,037 Master's Degree 8,744 1,026 2,516 3,016 14,146 1,949 8,118 6,210 Professional School 1,673 263 802 1,012 4,142 668 1,798 1,713 Doctorate Degree 769 87 209 222 1,434 157 533 609 White Population by School Completion Completing Less Than High School 37,567 4,500 25,766 33,247 60,146 17,355 19,218 47,006 High School Completed 265,645 29,645 115,146 130,473 358,068 71,834 186,568 236,703 Some College Completed 177,263 18,296 66,168 70,187 250,401 40,341 136,300 143,048 Bachelor's Degree 73,746 7,262 24,294 22,835 121,362 14,077 66,382 50,651 Graduate or Professional School 26,151 2,599 7,793 8,503 36,549 4,353 20,807 17,596 Black Population by School Completion Completing Less Than High School 6,222 612 3,791 5,330 27,290 1,928 5,406 6,694 High School Completed 15,871 2,365 5,630 11,463 61,429 5,240 14,425 15,128 Some College Completed 9,416 1,661 2,351 6,135 36,623 2,845 9,327 9,047 Bachelor's Degree 2,667 564 692 1,768 13,058 828 3,660 3,207 Graduate or Professional School 747 259 267 638 3,681 272 1,397 1,049 American Indian and Alaska Native Population by School Completion Completing Less Than High School 314 12 154 201 461 109 164 191 High School Completed 1,160 87 317 612 1,503 193 842 871 Some College Completed 725 80 145 456 853 106 612 624 Bachelor's Degree 152 26 8 134 284 19 268 180 Graduate or Professional School 38 26 0 31 116 0 99 73 Asian Population by School Completion Completing Less Than High School 904 61 202 336 3,867 394 638 532 High School Completed 4,249 345 798 1,149 15,500 2,031 5,225 2,711 Some College Completed 3,235 267 649 808 12,144 1,610 4,258 2,044 Bachelor's Degree 1,946 151 338 513 7,945 997 2,838 1,190 Graduate or Professional School 947 58 80 190 2,684 256 1,189 408 Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Population by School Completion Completing Less Than High School 24 0 9 10 84 34 0 23 High School Completed 134 0 0 28 327 46 101 57 Some College Completed 81 0 0 28 230 31 40 42 Bachelor's Degree 21 0 0 19 76 5 0 0 Graduate or Professional School 12 0 0 14 25 0 0 0 Some Other Race Population by School Completion Completing Less Than High School 500 143 1,091 1,177 8,193 2,388 1,318 1,630 High School Completed 2,225 258 978 1,147 19,255 5,492 4,552 2,055 Some College Completed 1,666 166 635 646 12,161 3,369 3,005 1,321 Bachelor's Degree 478 70 249 97 3,700 894 1,082 330 Graduate or Professional School 164 19 64 27 985 310 279 88 Hispanic or Latino Population by School Completion Aged 25+ 12,809 1,767 6,248 8,790 95,505 28,364 24,165 16,659 Completing Less Than High School 2,540 461 2,705 3,460 27,742 8,247 5,071 6,202 High School Completed 10,269 1,306 3,543 5,330 67,763 20,117 19,094 10,457 Some College Completed 7,396 741 2,326 3,228 44,475 11,928 13,519 6,860 Bachelor's Degree 2,935 302 907 831 16,194 3,552 5,625 1,954 Graduate or Professional School 972 163 277 374 5,099 939 1,915 658 Population by School Enrollment Enrolled 112,005 9,366 40,624 54,173 248,040 44,944 99,337 101,190 Not Enrolled 349,620 39,284 163,384 197,003 611,968 120,923 252,611 329,318 Public School 91,848 8,149 34,908 46,347 204,974 38,926 80,854 79,381 Public Pre-School 3,521 324 1,400 1,882 7,437 1,321 2,503 2,905 Public K-8 49,627 4,380 19,813 26,299 102,097 22,395 42,047 42,065 Public High School 21,896 2,024 9,201 11,584 45,485 10,211 18,665 19,215 Public College 16,804 1,421 4,494 6,582 49,955 4,999 17,639 15,196 Private School 20,157 1,217 5,716 7,826 43,066 6,018 18,483 21,809 Private Pre-School 3,885 376 1,353 1,592 9,371 1,284 4,830 3,730 Private K-8 7,203 360 2,720 3,620 15,393 2,146 7,126 5,258 Private High School 1,996 118 633 1,118 4,102 495 2,071 1,655 Private College 7,073 363 1,010 1,496 14,200 2,093 4,456 11,166 Labor Brevard County Flagler County Lake County Marion County Orange County Osceola County Seminole County Volusia County Population in Labor Force Total 220,413 19,670 86,307 104,422 471,974 84,142 198,464 201,913 Armed Forces 2,318 19 129 113 413 76 198 255 Civilian Labor Force 218,095 19,651 86,178 104,309 471,561 84,066 198,266 201,658 Employed 207,366 18,815 82,819 98,248 447,861 79,859 190,973 189,035 Unemployed 10,729 836 3,359 6,061 23,700 4,207 7,293 12,623 Not in Labor Force 163,663 22,200 85,967 105,310 221,452 47,135 84,636 162,621 Male Population in Labor Force Total 119,342 10,349 46,312 54,645 251,471 44,428 106,283 107,321 Armed Forces 2,048 10 109 109 375 58 178 206 Civilian Labor Force 117,294 10,339 46,203 54,536 251,096 44,370 106,105 107,115 Employed 111,595 9,889 44,453 51,569 239,431 42,204 102,411 100,145 Unemployed 5,699 450 1,750 2,967 11,665 2,166 3,694 6,970 Not in Labor Force 66,680 9,544 36,010 44,657 87,278 19,206 30,039 67,395 Female Population in Labor Force Total 101,071 9,321 39,995 49,777 220,503 39,714 92,181 94,592 Armed Forces 270 9 20 4 38 18 20 49 Civilian Labor Force 100,801 9,312 39,975 49,773 220,465 39,696 92,161 94,543 Employed 95,771 8,926 38,366 46,679 208,430 37,655 88,562 88,890 Unemployed 5,030 386 1,609 3,094 12,035 2,041 3,599 5,653 Not in Labor Force 96,983 12,656 49,957 60,653 134,174 27,929 54,597 95,226 Employment and Unemployment by Race White Employed 182,829 16,701 72,821 84,361 324,773 63,838 161,737 164,827 White Unemployed 8,644 722 2,596 4,543 13,878 3,045 5,384 9,831 Black or African American Employed 14,154 1,364 5,894 9,629 67,034 5,376 14,393 15,240 Black or African American Unemployed 1,445 92 520 1,155 5,956 454 1,089 2,144 American Indian and Alaska Native Employed 1,044 60 356 496 1,478 222 826 765 American Indian and Alaska Native Unemployed 81 0 29 62 119 30 46 77 Asian Employed 3,329 220 728 962 14,961 1,702 4,757 2,131 Asian Unemployed 205 14 25 16 675 107 169 88 Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Employed 142 0 12 14 355 63 68 97 Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Unemployed 9 0 0 0 22 0 0 8 Some Other Race Employed 2,289 267 1,901 1,694 24,246 5,983 5,163 3,364 Some Other Race Unemployed 152 6 126 171 1,939 465 289 228 Hispanic or Latino Employed 9,415 873 5,232 5,816 73,233 20,739 19,335 11,101 Hispanic or Latino Unemployed 622 29 334 590 5,428 1,477 1,123 1,797 Employment by Industry Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting, and Mining 1,042 241 2,311 3,432 2,369 482 621 2,075 Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing and Hunting 887 223 2,132 3,266 2,257 434 584 2,058 Mining 155 18 179 166 112 48 37 17 Construction 16,424 1,873 8,556 8,803 33,618 7,030 15,439 16,827 Manufacturing 28,223 1,875 5,264 10,416 28,548 4,325 15,131 16,297 Wholesale Trade 5,177 439 3,399 3,117 17,584 2,559 8,255 5,606 Retail Trade 27,766 3,046 11,145 15,499 54,069 10,596 26,089 26,243 Transportation, Warehousing, and Utilities 8,434 813 4,043 4,789 24,799 4,689 8,412 8,310 Transportation and Warehousing 7,176 611 3,229 3,714 21,872 4,084 7,030 6,655 Utilities 1,258 202 814 1,075 2,927 605 1,382 1,655 Information 6,541 412 2,347 1,892 17,174 1,229 8,357 5,339 Finance, Insurance, Real Estate, and Rental and Leasing 10,828 1,151 4,901 5,100 34,668 4,409 18,231 11,886 Finance and Insurance 5,875 579 2,982 2,896 20,344 1,720 12,994 6,701 Real Estate and Rental and Leasing 4,953 572 1,919 2,204 14,324 2,689 5,237 5,185 Professional, Scientific, Management, Administrative, and Waste Management Services 21,876 1,633 6,716 7,712 51,511 5,497 25,213 17,342 Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services 13,377 823 2,754 3,488 29,078 2,113 16,195 8,448 Management of Companies and Enterprise 57 0 5 24 210 7 80 18 Administrative, Support, and Waste Management Services 8,442 810 3,957 4,200 22,223 3,377 8,938 8,876 Educational, Health, and Social Services 36,027 3,497 14,135 19,167 64,356 9,802 32,953 37,004 Educational Services 13,513 1,634 5,099 7,275 27,559 4,522 14,673 15,296 Health Care and Social Assistance 22,514 1,863 9,036 11,892 36,797 5,280 18,280 21,708 Arts, Entertainment, Recreation, Accommodation, and Food Services 20,476 2,124 11,273 8,440 82,026 23,687 16,862 22,680 Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation 4,542 466 5,154 1,940 31,553 8,907 4,969 4,891 Accommodation and Food Services 15,934 1,658 6,119 6,500 50,473 14,780 11,893 17,789 Other Services, Except Public Administration 9,517 836 4,416 5,305 21,953 3,088 8,218 10,088 Public Administration 15,035 875 4,313 4,576 15,186 2,466 7,192 9,338 Employment by Occupation Management, Business, and Financial Operations Employees 25,257 2,385 10,256 10,089 63,728 8,262 31,322 21,985 Professional and Related Employees 47,217 3,121 13,456 15,821 81,543 10,119 42,507 32,511 Health Care Support Employees 4,085 407 1,996 2,333 5,904 1,160 2,658 4,085 Protective Service Employees 4,921 494 2,225 2,313 8,794 1,852 3,507 4,497 Food Preparation and Serving Related Employees 11,930 1,272 4,274 5,089 30,987 7,844 8,461 12,263 Building, Grounds Cleaning, and Maintenance Employees 7,971 914 4,061 3,995 18,641 5,343 5,128 8,353 Personal Care and Service Employees 5,303 501 2,649 3,458 15,855 2,814 4,895 4,980 Sales and Related Employees 25,845 2,447 10,301 13,270 58,829 10,614 29,534 24,853 Office and Administrative Support Employees 29,940 2,962 12,118 14,457 74,240 12,573 30,850 29,414 Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Employees 642 65 1,540 1,297 1,808 239 314 1,562 Construction, Extraction, and Maintenance Employees 21,793 2,175 10,229 11,851 40,021 9,616 16,353 22,216 Production Employees 12,388 1,242 3,985 7,344 20,704 3,753 7,463 11,721 Transportation and Material Moving Employees 10,074 830 5,729 6,931 26,807 5,670 7,981 10,595 Male Employment by Occupation Management, Business, and Financial Operations Employees 14,925 1,448 6,088 5,838 35,997 4,460 18,881 12,645 Professional and Related Employees 24,396 1,279 5,224 5,957 38,302 4,211 20,386 13,322 Health Care Support Employees 456 51 192 297 843 109 284 453 Protective Service Employees 3,998 414 1,895 1,818 6,603 1,454 2,818 3,558 Food Preparation and Serving Related Employees 4,759 516 1,686 1,611 16,146 3,765 4,144 5,303 Building, Grounds Cleaning, and Maintenance Employees 4,818 633 2,734 2,432 10,339 2,741 3,417 5,346 Personal Care and Service Employees 1,197 147 738 1,088 5,860 975 1,418 1,306 Sales and Related Employees 11,874 1,099 5,047 6,147 29,017 4,668 16,138 11,841 Office and Administrative Support Employees 7,137 672 2,652 3,079 20,733 3,287 7,376 7,067 Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Employees 544 38 999 1,012 1,083 160 212 1,017 Construction, Extraction, and Maintenance Employees 20,941 2,043 9,759 11,359 38,404 9,055 15,590 21,334 Production Employees 7,991 878 2,776 5,006 13,455 2,513 4,841 7,752 Transportation and Material Moving Employees 8,559 671 4,663 5,925 22,649 4,806 6,906 9,201 Female Employment by Occupation Management, Business, and Financial Operations Employees 10,332 937 4,168 4,251 27,731 3,802 12,441 9,340 Professional and Related Employees 22,821 1,842 8,232 9,864 43,241 5,908 22,121 19,189 Health Care Support Employees 3,629 356 1,804 2,036 5,061 1,051 2,374 3,632 Protective Service Employees 923 80 330 495 2,191 398 689 939 Food Preparation and Serving Related Employees 7,171 756 2,588 3,478 14,841 4,079 4,317 6,960 Building, Grounds Cleaning, and Maintenance Employees 3,153 281 1,327 1,563 8,302 2,602 1,711 3,007 Personal Care and Service Employees 4,106 354 1,911 2,370 9,995 1,839 3,477 3,674 Sales and Related Employees 13,971 1,348 5,254 7,123 29,812 5,946 13,396 13,012 Office and Administrative Support Employees 22,803 2,290 9,466 11,378 53,507 9,286 23,474 22,347 Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Employees 98 27 541 285 725 79 102 545 Construction, Extraction, and Maintenance Employees 852 132 470 492 1,617 561 763 882 Production Employees 4,397 364 1,209 2,338 7,249 1,240 2,622 3,969 Transportation and Material Moving Employees 1,515 159 1,066 1,006 4,158 864 1,075 1,394 Employment by Sector Private Sector Employees 140,975 12,217 57,209 67,011 336,958 62,521 135,938 127,632 Public Sector Employees 31,971 2,806 10,183 13,194 47,342 7,878 21,726 25,132 Self-Employed Employees 21,305 2,634 10,119 12,153 37,746 6,330 21,673 22,679 Non-Profit Employees 12,549 1,098 4,964 5,510 24,923 2,983 11,169 13,052 Unpaid Family Workers 566 60 344 380 892 147 467 540 Male Employment by Sector Private Sector Employees 77,045 6,502 31,252 36,394 184,769 33,504 74,886 68,711 Public Sector Employees 16,669 1,214 4,841 5,436 20,573 3,474 9,221 11,784 Self-Employed Employees 13,933 1,867 6,565 7,979 25,601 4,277 14,931 14,977 Non-Profit Employees 3,748 277 1,621 1,605 8,051 898 3,160 4,432 Unpaid Family Workers 200 29 174 155 437 51 213 241 Female Employment by Sector Private Sector Employees 63,930 5,715 25,957 30,617 152,189 29,017 61,052 58,921 Public Sector Employees 15,302 1,592 5,342 7,758 26,769 4,404 12,505 13,348 Self-Employed Employees 7,372 767 3,554 4,174 12,145 2,053 6,742 7,702 Non-Profit Employees 8,801 821 3,343 3,905 16,872 2,085 8,009 8,620 Unpaid Family Workers 366 31 170 225 455 96 254 299 accommodation administrative administrative support administrators Afghan Americans African Americans agriculture Alaska Natives American Indians American War Amerindians Arab Americans Argentinian Americans Armed Forces Armenian Americans arts Asian Americans Australian Americans Austrian Americans automobiles bachelor's degree Bangladeshi Americans Barbadian Americans Belorussian Americans bicycles bikers Bolivian Americans Bosnian Americans bottled gas Brazilian Americans Brevard County British Americans building business Cambodian Americans Canadian Americans car Caribbean Americans cars Caucasian Americans census Census of 2000 Central Americans Chilean Americans Chinese Americans citizens civilian labor coal Coke college dormitories college education Colombian Americans construction correctional institutions Costa Rican Americans Cuban Americans Czech Americans Czechoslovakian Americans divorced divorcees doctorate degree Dominican Americans dorms Dutch Americans Ecuadorian Americans education educational educators Egyptian Americans electric heat electricity employees employment energy usage English Americans enterprise entertainment Ethiopian Americans European Americans extraction families family farmers farming females Filipino Americans finance financial operators First Gulf War First Iraq War fishing Flagler County food preparation food services food serving forestry French Americans fuel oil gas heat German Americans Ghanaian Americans Greek Americans grounds cleaning group quarters Guatemalan Americans Gulf War Gulf War I Haitian Americans Hawaiian Natives health care heat Herzegovinian Americans high school education higher education Hispanic Americans 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Operation Desert Storm orange county Osceola County Pacific Islander Americans Pakistani Americans Panamanian Americans Paraguayan Americans pedestrians Persian Americans Persian Gulf War personal care Peruvian Americans PhD Polish Americans Polynesian Americans population Portuguese Americans preschool education primary education private education private schools private sector production professional professional school professionals protective services public administration public education public schools public sector public transportation Puerto Rican Americans Puerto Ricans real estate recreation rental Resistance War Against America retail Romanian Americans Russian Americans sales Salvadorian Americans Scandinavian Americans schools scientific scientists Scotch Americans Scottish Americans Second Indochina War Second World War secondary education self-employed Seminole County separated Sierra Leonean Americans single Slovakian Americans social assistance social services solar energy South Americans Spaniards Spanish Americans Sri Lankan Americans Swedish Americans Syrian Americans Taiwanese Americans tank gas teachers technical Thai Americans Tobagonian Americans trade transportation Trinidadian Americans truck trucks Turkish Americans U.S. Census Ukrainian Americans unemployment Uruguayan Americans utilities utility gas van vans Venezuelan Americans veterans Vietnam War Vietnamese Americans Volusia County walking warehousing waste management Welsh Americans wholesale widowed widowers widows wood workers World War II WWII Yugoslavian Americans https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/974aff8946985aca4dc602775e59355d.jpg 4837386cfd6bd8d4d1dc8c4f689b0e5b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Westinghouse Electric Collection Alternative Title Westinghouse Collection Subject Westinghouse Electric Corporation Description Originally called the Westinghouse Electric Company, George Westinghouse (1846-1914) founded his manufacturing company in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on January 8, 1886. In 1889, he renamed his business the The Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company. Westinghouse's primary products include turbines, generators, motors and switchgear related to the generation, transmission, and use of electricity. The company changed its name to Westinghouse Electric Corporation in 1945. In 1981, the company began to relocate its divison headquarters for the Steam-Turbine Generator Divisions from Pennsylvania (turbines from Lester and generators from Pittsburgh) to Orlando, Florida. The Power Generation Business Unit (PGBU) building was located in The Quadrangle, at 4400 Alafaya Trail. Originally, Westinghouse had purchased a large plot of land for future development that extended westward from Alafaya Trail to Rouse Road. The original headquarters was located on several acres of that land parcel close to Alafaya Trail. In 1994, after a major corporate management shuffling, and a top-level decision to change from an industrial manufacturing company to primarily a broadcasting/communications company, Westinghouse bought the CBS Network and changed its name to the CBS Corporation. As the PGBU grew in size, other buildings in the area were leased and then, after PGBU was sold to Siemens Corporation of Germany in 1998, additional buildings (Quad II and Quad III) were added to the original complex at the Quadrangle. From 1998 to 2003 the Orlando operation was known as Siemens-Westinghouse, after which the name of Westinghouse was dropped. The operation has been known as Siemens from that time forward. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Orlando, Florida Curator DeRosa, Peter Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.westinghousenuclear.com/About/History" target="_blank">History</a>." Westinghouse Nuclear. http://www.westinghousenuclear.com/About/History. "<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/6422" target="_blank">Westinghouse Power Generation Booklet</a>." RICHES of Central Florida. https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/6422. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Combustion Turbine Market Alternative Title Combustion Turbine Market Subject Energy--United States Description A chart showing the U.S. gas turbine market from 1965 to 1990, with forecasts through 2000. The chart begins with the Great Northeast Blackout of 1965, which accelerated the growth of electric utility market for gas turbines in the United States. Later events, most notably the 1973 Arab-Israeli War (also known as the Yom Kippur War, Ramadan War, or October War), followed by the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries' (OAPEC) oil embargo and the U.S. Fuel Use Act (FUA) of 1978, caused a steep decline in the industry. A strong recovery followed with the rise of the Independent Power Producer (IPP) cogeneration market under the Public Utility Regulatory Policy Act (PURPA), upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in Federal Energy Regulatory Commission v. Mississippi (1982). Type Dataset Source Original color chart by Harry L. Jaeger: Personal Collection of Harry L. Jaeger. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/169" target="_blank">Westinghouse Electric Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original color chart by Harry L. Jaeger. Coverage Times Square, Midtown Manhattan, New York City, New York Union Carbide Building, Midtown Manhattan, New York City, New York Creator Jaeger, Harry L. Contributor Jaeger, Harry L. Date Created ca. 1990 Format image/jpg Extent 147 KB Medium 1 color chart Language eng Mediator History Teacher Civics/Government Teacher Economics Teacher Provenance Originally created by Harry L. Jaeger. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by Harry L. Jaeger and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Curator Jaeger, Harry L. Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference Nye, David E. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/593295754" target="_blank">When the Lights Went Out: A History of Blackouts in America</a>. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2010. Hakes, Jay. "<a href="http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content&id=155" target="_blank">35 Years After the Arab Oil Embargo</a>." The Journal of Energy, October 6, 2008. http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content&id=155. "<a href="http://americanhistory.si.edu/powering/past/history4.htm" target="_blank">The Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act</a>." National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institute. http://americanhistory.si.edu/powering/past/history4.htm. 1973 Oil Crisis combustion turbines Federal Energy Regulatory Commission v. Mississippi Northeast Blackout of 1965 OAPEC oil embargos Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries Power Plant and Industrial Fuel Use Act Powerplant and Industrial Fuel Use Act of 1978 Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act PURPA Westinghouse Electric Corporation https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/0dea004397bb8759f6fe8cc73473bdc9.pdf ad65d0f4fddf46a01703983e41236fd5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Patricia Black Collection Alternative Title Black Collection Subject Sanford (Fla.) Migrant workers Agricultural laborers--Florida Migration, Internal--United States Farm laborers Upstate New York (N.Y.) Chase and Company (Sanford, Fla.) Madison (Fla.) Houses and homes Rochester (N.Y.) Description Collection of photographs and ephemera donated by <a title="Photo of Patricia Black" href="http://s2.postimg.org/4mpxwg2u1/P3212376.jpg">Patricia Ann Black</a> (1956- ), the daughter of Pilgrim Black (1905-2002) and Lula Mae Haynes Black (1917-2007). Pilgrim was born in 1905, although some records list 1907 as his birth year. Pilgrim and Lula were migrant crew leaders, and thus migrated to Upstate New York in the summers and back to their home in Sanford, Florida, for the rest of the year. Pilgrim was the son of Harry Black (d. 1911) and Maggie Benjamin Black (ca. 1870-ca. 1934), who migrated to Sanford from South Carolina in the 1800s. Harry and Maggie had several children: Leckward Black, Mustar Black, Malachi Black, Leatha Black Walker (1889-1976), Pilgrim Black, Margaret Black Jones (1889-1976), and Harriett Black Lawson. In 1911, Harry owned a grocery store at 206 South Sanford Avenue. One day, he came home from work with pneumonia and passed away shortly thereafter. Pilgrim was nine years old when his father passed away. Maggie was the daughter of former slaves, Isaac Benjamin and Roseanna Benjamin, and the sister of Nathan Benjamin, Pledge Benjamin, Sam Benjamin, Louis Benjamin, Chainey Benjamin, Lara Benjamin, Melvina Benjamin, and Katie Benjamin. Pilgrim had to quit school at age 11 in order to provide for his mother, originally working in a mill house until he was 18 years old. After declining a management position, he traveled to Wayne County in Upstate New York to pick cherries, apples, pears, and other crops. He broke a bone after falling from an apple tree his first year and decided to try farm labor on a potato farm in Red Creek instead. Don Holdridge, the farmer who owned the land, noted Pilgrim's high rate of productivity and offered him a management position supervising up to 30 workers at once, which he accepted. Pilgrim also worked as a foreman in Sanford for Chase & Company for over 30 years. He married Lula in 1937 and they had several children together, including Vivian Louise Black (1940-), Lula Yvonne Black (1942-), Charles Samuel Black (1945-), Pilgrim Black, Jr. (ca.1947-), and Patricia. Patricia was born August 31, 1956, and grew up at the end of East Tenth Street in Sanford, Florida. She attended Hopper Elementary through sixth grade, Lakeview Middle School for seventh grade, Sanford Junior High School for eighth grade, Crooms High School for ninth grade, and Seminole High School through twelfth grade. She also attended school in the North Rose-Wolcott district each year while in New York. During fourth grade, integration began and parents were given the choice to have their children to attend other schools, but Patricia chose to continue attending an all-black school until she entered seventh grade in 1968 and began attending integrated schools. In June 1973, Patricia married her first husband, Clint Holt (1955- ); however, the couple quickly separated due to domestic violence and divorced around 1977. Patricia gave birth to her first child, Charmion Le'Antwinetta Holt in 1974. She also had three other children with William Bigham, Jr. (1952- ), who she was married to for 33 years: William Arthur Bigham III (1982- ), Brandon Oliver Black (1990- ), and Tempestt Teonte’ Black (1992- ). She lives in the family home built by her grandmother, Maggie Benjamin Black on East Tenth Street in Sanford. Patricia endured weekly molestation for 11n years from age six to age 17, and was raped at age seventeen while pregnant with Charmion. At age 29, Patricia became severely addicted to smoking cocaine. After seven years, Patricia was able to overcome her addiction and has maintained her sobriety for 21 years. Despite her traumatic experiences, Patricia has developed a devout relationship with God. While in recovery, Patricia refocused her attention on spreading her ministry of love by becoming a foster parent, serving as the Parent Representative of the Committee for Special Education (CSE), and serving on her local school board in the North Rose-Wolcott school district. Patricia also has owned her own business making incense and importing shea butter from Africa. She also became a licensed nail technician specializing in stress-relieving pedicures. As of 2009, Patricia is retired but still maintains some involvement in her business/ministry named GIFTED. Contributor Black, Patricia Ann Language eng Type Collection Coverage Madison, Florida Sanford, Florida Rochester, New York Wayne County, New York Wolcott, New York Accrual Method Donation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Source Repository Private Collection of Patricia Ann Black External Reference Coles, Robert. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67637" target="_blank">Uprooted Children; The Early Life of Migrant Farm Workers</a>. [Pittsburgh]: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1970. Piore, Michael J. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank">Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies</a> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979. Flewellyn, Valada S. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank">African Americans of Sanford</a>. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub, 2009. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1 certificate Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Employment Secruity Farm Labor Contractor Certificate of Registration No. 4-05-5631-71-R Alternative Title Farm Labor Contractor Certificate Subject Sanford (Fla.) Upstate New York (N.Y.) Migrant workers Farm laborers Agricultural laborers--Florida Description Farm labor contractor certificate for Pilgrim Black (1905-2002) issued by William N. Norwood, Jr. of the U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Employment Security on March 9, 1971. The certificate authorized Pilgrim Black for migrant labor. At the time that the certificate was issue, Pilgrim resided at 1101 East Tenth Street in Sanford, Florida. His date of birth was listed as April 2, 1907, but he was actually born in 1905. The certificate also identified Pilgrim as a 5'9" person weighing 155 pounds with black hair and brown eyes. Pilgrim Black was born in 1905, although some records list 1907 as his birth year. Pilgrim and Lula Mae Haynes Black were migrant crew leaders, and thus migrated to Wayne County in Upstate New York in the summers and back to their home in Sanford for the rest of the year. Pilgrim was the son of Harry Black (d. 1911) and Maggie Benjamin Black (ca.1870-ca.1934), who migrated to Sanford from South Carolina in the 1800s. Harry and Maggie had several children: Leckward Black, Mustar Black, Malachi Black, Leatha Black Walker (1889-1976), Pilgrim Black, Margaret Black Jones (1889-1976), and Harriett Black Lawson. In 1911, Harry owned a grocery store at 206 South Sanford Avenue. One day, he came home from work with pneumonia and passed away shortly thereafter. Pilgrim was nine years old when his father passed away. Maggie was the daughter of former slaves, Isaac and Roseanna Benjamin, and the sister of Nathan Benjamin, Pledge Benjamin, Sam Benjamin, Loui Benjamin, Chainey Benjamin, Lara Benjamin, Melvina Benjamin, and Katie Benjamin. Pilgrim had to quit school at age eleven in order to provide for his mother, originally working in a mill house until he was 18n years old. After declining a management position, he traveled to Wayne County to pick cherries, apples, pears, and other crops. He broke a bone after falling from an apple tree his first year and decided to try farm labor on a potato farm in Red Creek, New York, instead. Don Holdridge, the farmer who owned the land, noted Pilgrim's high rate of productivity and offered him a management position supervising up to thirty workers at once, which he accepted. While in Sanford, Pilgrim also worked as a foreman in Sanford for Chase & Company for over 30 years. He married Lula in 1937 and they had several children together, including Vivian Louise Black (1940- ); Lula Yvonne Black (1942- ); Charles Samuel Black (1945- ); Pilgrim Black, Jr. (ca.1947- ), and Patricia Ann Black (1956- ). Type Text Source Original certificate by <a href="http://www.dol.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Labor</a> Bureau of Employment Security, 1971: Private Collection of Patricia Ann Black. Requires <a href="http://www.adobe.com/reader.html" target="_blank">Adobe Acrobat Reader</a> Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original certificate by the <a href="http://www.dol.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Labor</a> Bureau of Employment Security, 1971. Coverage Sanford, Florida Creator <a href="http://www.dol.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Labor</a> Bureau of Employment Security Contributor Black, Patricia Ann Date Created 1971-03-09 Format application/pdf Extent 501 KB Medium 1 certificate Language eng Mediator History Teacher Civics/Government Teacher Economics Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally created by the <a href="http://www.dol.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Labor</a> Bureau of Employment Security and owned by Pilgrim Black. Inherited by Patricia Ann Black in 2002. Rights Holder Copyright to the resource is held by Patricia Ann Black and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/72/" target="_blank">Patricia Black Collection</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference Coles, Robert. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67637" target="_blank">Uprooted Children: The Early Life of Migrant Farm Workers</a>. [Pittsburgh]: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1970. Piore, Michael J. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4497409" target="_blank">Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979. Transcript S-411 (Rev. 11/67) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Bureau of Employment Security FARM LABOR CONTRACTOR CERTIFICTE OF REGISTRATION NO. 4-05-5631-71-R EXPIRES DECEMBER 31, 1971 Name BLACK, PILGRIM I certify that the person named above is registered pursuant to the Farm Labor Cot[?] Registration Act of 1963 and is authorized to perform activities covered by the Act, s[?] to the restrictions indicated below. RESTRICTIONS The transportation of migrant workers within the meaning of the Act is authorized only during[?] the period beginning 3/9/71 and ending 12/22/71, unless [?] authorization is otherwise terminated. APPROVED William K.[?] Norwood Jr.[?] Regional Administrator DATE 3/9[?] Social Security No. Permanent Home Address 1101 E. 10th St. Sanford, Florida Date of Birth 4/02/07 Weight 155 Hieght Ft. 5 In. 9 Color Hair Blk. Color Eyes Brn. Certificate is based on the Farm Lanor Contractor Registration Act of 1963 and regulated[?] [?] thereunder, and on my application for registraion. It may be revoked or suspended or its renewal denied, for noncompliance with the Act or regulations, including application requirements for transporting migrant workers. Such noncompliance may constitute a federal offense. Pilgrim Black GPO; 1968-O-290-619 Source Repository Private Collection of Patricia Ann Black 10th Street agricultural laborer Bigham, Patricia Ann Black Black, Pilgrim Bureau of Employment Security contractor Department of Labor DOL employment employment security farm labor contractor certificate Farm Labor Contractor Registration Act of 1963 farm laborer labor laborer migrant worker New York Norwood, William N., Jr. Sanford Tenth Street U.S. Department of Labor U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Employment Security Upstate New York https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/390f6dae0818e596b9f42d39c50517f9.jpg c60edc97105ae96b75420d27b8985814 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Friends of Lake Apopka Collection Alternative Title FOLA Collection Subject Lake Apopka (Fla.) Water quality--Florida Pollution--Florida Description The Friends of Lake Apopka (FOLA) is a citizen advocacy group with the mission of restoring Lake Apopka in Orange County and Lake County, Florida. Due to poor farming practices along its shores, Lake Apopka has become one of the largest polluted lakes in Florida. This collection features various archival items related to the restoration of the lake. Contributor <a href="http://www.fola.org/" target="_blank">Friends of Lake Apopka</a> Language eng Type Collection Coverage Lake Apopka, Florida Florida Game and Fresh Water Commission, Tallahassee, Florida Oakland, Florida Orlando, Florida Saint Johns River, Florida Winter Garden, Florida Winter Haven, Florida Zellwood, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://www.fola.org/" target="_blank">Friends of Lake Apopka</a> Curator Cepero, Laura King, Joshua Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.oaktownusa.com/Pages/Preserve/index" target="_blank">Oakland Nature Preserve</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.fola.org/" target="_blank">Our Mission & Purpose</a>." Friends of Lake Apopka. http://www.fola.org/. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1-page geological survey Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Department of the Interior Geological Survey of Lake Apopka Alternative Title Lake Apopka Water Quality Survey Subject Lake Apopka (Fla.) Winter Garden (Fla.) Water quality--Florida Geological surveys--United States Description A U.S. Department of the Interior, Water Resources Division survey of Lake Apopka's water quality. This data was collected at Winter Garden, Florida, in 1959 and 1961. Winter Garden is located on the southern shore of Lake Apopka. Type Text Source Photocopy of original 1-page geological survey by the <a href="https://solicitor.doi.gov/divisions.html" target="_blank">U.S. Department of the Interior, Water Resources Division</a>, 1961: binder 1961, drawer 1938-1987, Friends of Lake Apopka Archives, Ginn Museum, <a href="http://www.oaktownusa.com/Pages/Preserve/index" target="_blank">Oakland Nature Preserve</a>, Oakland, Florida. Is Part Of Binder 1961, drawer 1938-1987, Friends of Lake Apopka Archives, Ginn Museum, <a href="http://www.oaktownusa.com/Pages/Preserve/index" target="_blank">Oakland Nature Preserve</a>, Oakland, Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/153" target="_blank">Oakland Nature Preserve Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of photocopied 1-page geological survey by the <a href="https://solicitor.doi.gov/divisions.html" target="_blank">U.S. Department of the Interior, Water Resources Division</a>, 1961. Coverage Lake Apopka, Winter Garden, Florida Publisher <a href="https://solicitor.doi.gov/divisions.html" target="_blank">U.S. Department of the Interior, Water Resources Division</a> Contributor Anderson Joyner WFL Date Created ca. 1961-05-25 Format image/jpg Extent 172 KB Medium 1-page geological survey Language eng Mediator History Teacher Science Teacher Geography Teacher Civics/Government Teacher Provenance Originally created by the <a href="https://solicitor.doi.gov/divisions.html" target="_blank">U.S. Department of the Interior, Water Resources Division</a>. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by the <a href="http://www.fola.org/" target="_blank">Friends of Lake Apopka</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="http://www.fola.org/" target="_blank">Friends of Lake Apopka</a> Curator King, Joshua Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.oaktownusa.com/Pages/Preserve/index" target="_blank">Oakland Nature Preserve</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.protectingourwater.org/watersheds/map/ocklawaha/" target="_blank">Learn About Your Watershed: Ocklawaha River Watershed</a>." Florida's Water: Ours to Protect, Florida Department of Environmental Protection. Accessed June 12, 2015. http://www.protectingourwater.org/watersheds/map/ocklawaha/. "<a href="https://solicitor.doi.gov/divisions.html" target="_blank">U.S. Department of the Interior Office of the Solicitor HEADQUARTERS</a>." Wild Taro, Dasheen | Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants. Accessed June 12, 2015. https://solicitor.doi.gov/divisions.html. bicarbonate calcium calcium carbonate carbonate chloride flouride geological survey iron Lake Apopka magnesium manganese nitrate orange county potassium silica sodium sulfate U.S Department of the Interior water water quality Water Resources Division Winter Garden https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/6f2816967c34b8d64236e2293b84efe0.pdf 9f23a0277d926f2f709fa7bf787d12c1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government Collection Alternative Title Lou Frey Institute Collection Subject Frey, Lou, 1934- United States. House of Representatives Republican Party (Fla.) Contributor <a href="http://loufreyinstitute.org/" target="_blank">Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government</a> Language eng Type Collection Coverage Brevard County, Florida Cape Canaveral, Florida Cocoa, Florida John F. Kennedy Space Center, Titusville, Florida Indian River County, Florida Lake County, Florida Melbourne, Florida Miami, Florida Orange County, Florida Orlando Jetport, McCoy Air Force Base, Orlando, Florida Osceola County, Florida Patrick Air Force Base, Florida Port Canaveral, Florida Seminole County, Florida St. Petersburg, Florida Tampa, Florida Winter Park, Florida New York City, New York Washington, D. C. Rights Holder The Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government holds all rights to the items housed from the institute as well as those items represented digitally on the <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>. Contact the <a href="http://loufreyinstitute.org/" target="_blank">Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government</a> for the proper permissions for the use of its items. Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://loufreyinstitute.org/" target="_blank">Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government</a> External Reference "<a href="http://loufreyinstitute.org/" target="_blank">Lou Frey Institute</a>." Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government. http://loufreyinstitute.org/. "<a href="http://loufreyjr.com/" target="_blank">Congressman Lou Frey, Jr. Biography</a>." Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government. http://loufreyjr.com/. "<a href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=F000381">FREY, Louis, Jr., (1934 - )</a>." Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, United States Congress. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=F000381. Frey, Lou, and Aubrey Jewett. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/422763388">Political Rules of the Road: Representatives, Senators, and Presidents Share Their Rules for Success in Congress, Politics, and Life</a>. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2009. Frey, Lou, and Michael T. Hayes. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45419938">Inside the House: Former Members Reveal How Congress Really Works</a>. Lanham, MD: U.S. Association of Former Members of Congress, 2001. Description Collection of digital images, documents, and other records from the Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government Series descriptions are based on special topics, the majority of which students focused their metadata entries around. Congressman Lou Frey, Jr. (1934-2019) served in the House of Representatives from 1969-1979. He was on several committees during his time in office, including the Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control and the Science and Technology Committee. He was also the chairman of the Young Republicans of Florida. According to its website, "The Lou Frey Institute promotes the development of enlightened, responsible, and actively engaged citizens. The Institute works to accomplish its mission: <ul><li>through civic education programs that encourage thoughtful debate and discussion about current policy issues;</li> <li>through experiential learning programs that encourage the development of civic and political skills;</li> <li>by working to help strengthen the civic education capacity of Florida’s k-12 education system; and</li> <li>through research, policy analysis, and advocacy."</li> </ul> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 3-page typewritten legislative bill Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. House of Representatives Bill 13771: Veterans Administration Hospital for Brevard County Description A draft of a bill proposal that would call for a U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) hospital to be built in Brevard County, Florida. At the time that the legislation was being drafted, Central Florida did not have its own VA hospital. Veterans had to travel to other parts of the state in order to receive hospital care from the Veterans Administration. Representative Louis Frey, Jr. (1934-2019), who represented the district that included Brevard, worked to advocate for veterans issues and was the congressman who introduced the bill. Rep. Frey served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1969 to 1979. He was on several committees during his time in office, including the Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control and the Science and Technology Committee. He was also the chairman of the Young Republicans of Florida. Source Original legislative bill by Lou Frey, Jr., March 27, 1974: Lou Frey Papers, box 8, <a href="http://loufreyinstitute.org/" target="_blank">Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government</a>, Special Collections and University Archives, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida. Date Created ca. 1974-03-27 Coverage Brevard County, Florida Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form;</li> <li>create derivative works;</li> <li>perform the work publicly;</li> <li>display the work;</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul> This resources is provided here by <a>RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a>Section 5</a> of <a>Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Source Repository <a href="http://library.ucf.edu/about/departments/special-collections-university-archives/" target="_blank">University of Central Florida, Special Collections and University Archives</a> External Reference "<a href="http://loufreyjr.com/" target="_blank">Congressman Lou Frey, Jr. Biography</a>." Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government. http://loufreyjr.com/. "<a href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=F000381" target="_blank">FREY, Louis, Jr., (1934 - )</a>." Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, United States Congress. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=F000381. Frey, Lou, and Aubrey Jewett. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/422763388">Political Rules of the Road: Representatives, Senators, and Presidents Share Their Rules for Success in Congress, Politics, and Life</a>. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2009. Frey, Lou, and Michael T. Hayes. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45419938">Inside the House: Former Members Reveal How Congress Really Works</a>. Lanham, MD: U.S. Association of Former Members of Congress, 2001. Transcript H.R. 13771 Date: March 27, 1974 Committee: Veterans' Affairs Description: VA hospital for Brevard County Mr. Frey introduced himself May 1, 1974 - Exec. comment requested from VA 93D CONGRESS 2D SESSION H.R. 13771 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES March 27, 1974 Mr. Frey introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Veterans' Affairs A BILL To provide for a Veterans' Administration hospital in Brevard County, Florida. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the Administrator of Veterans' Affairs is is authorized and directed to construct a five hundred-bed general medical, surgical, and psychiatric Veterans' Administration hospital in Brevard County, Florida. Sec. 2. Such sums as are necessary to carry out the provisions of this Act are authorized to be appropriated. 93D CONGRESS 2D SESSION H.R. 13771 A BILL To provide for a Veterans' Administration hospital in Brevard County, Florida. By Mr. Frey March 27, 1974 Referred to the Committee on Veterans' Affairs Alternative Title H.R. 13771: VA Hospital for Brevard County Subject Frey, Lou, 1934- Brevard County (Fla.) Congress Veterans--Florida Hospitals--Florida U.S. House of Representatives Legislation--Florida Date Issued 1974-03-27 Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original legislative bill by Lou Frey, Jr., March 27, 1974. Is Part Of Lou Frey Papers, box 8, <a href="http://loufreyinstitute.org/" target="_blank">Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government</a>, Special Collections and University Archives, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/73" target="_blank">Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Format application/pdf Extent 241 KB Medium 3-page typewritten legislative bill Language eng Type Text Accrual Method Donation Mediator History Teacher Civics/Government Teacher Provenance Originally created by Lou Frey, Jr. and published by the <a href="http://www.house.gov/" target="_blank">U.S. House of Representatives</a>. Contributing Project <a href="http://loufreyinstitute.org/" target="_blank">Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government</a> Curator Mayer, Erica Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> 93rd Congress bill Brevard County Committee on Veterans Affairs Congress Frey, Lou, Jr. Frey, Louis, Jr. H.R. 13771 hospital legislation U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs U.S. House of Representatives VA veteran Veterans Administration https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/e3ef7ac8b0c8a79851d109cc7b242eba.pdf d7a75ea2ef1bd41644440c1610865b79 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government Collection Alternative Title Lou Frey Institute Collection Subject Frey, Lou, 1934- United States. House of Representatives Republican Party (Fla.) Contributor <a href="http://loufreyinstitute.org/" target="_blank">Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government</a> Language eng Type Collection Coverage Brevard County, Florida Cape Canaveral, Florida Cocoa, Florida John F. Kennedy Space Center, Titusville, Florida Indian River County, Florida Lake County, Florida Melbourne, Florida Miami, Florida Orange County, Florida Orlando Jetport, McCoy Air Force Base, Orlando, Florida Osceola County, Florida Patrick Air Force Base, Florida Port Canaveral, Florida Seminole County, Florida St. Petersburg, Florida Tampa, Florida Winter Park, Florida New York City, New York Washington, D. C. Rights Holder The Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government holds all rights to the items housed from the institute as well as those items represented digitally on the <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>. Contact the <a href="http://loufreyinstitute.org/" target="_blank">Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government</a> for the proper permissions for the use of its items. Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://loufreyinstitute.org/" target="_blank">Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government</a> External Reference "<a href="http://loufreyinstitute.org/" target="_blank">Lou Frey Institute</a>." Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government. http://loufreyinstitute.org/. "<a href="http://loufreyjr.com/" target="_blank">Congressman Lou Frey, Jr. Biography</a>." Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government. http://loufreyjr.com/. "<a href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=F000381">FREY, Louis, Jr., (1934 - )</a>." Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, United States Congress. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=F000381. Frey, Lou, and Aubrey Jewett. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/422763388">Political Rules of the Road: Representatives, Senators, and Presidents Share Their Rules for Success in Congress, Politics, and Life</a>. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2009. Frey, Lou, and Michael T. Hayes. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45419938">Inside the House: Former Members Reveal How Congress Really Works</a>. Lanham, MD: U.S. Association of Former Members of Congress, 2001. Description Collection of digital images, documents, and other records from the Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government Series descriptions are based on special topics, the majority of which students focused their metadata entries around. Congressman Lou Frey, Jr. (1934-2019) served in the House of Representatives from 1969-1979. He was on several committees during his time in office, including the Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control and the Science and Technology Committee. He was also the chairman of the Young Republicans of Florida. According to its website, "The Lou Frey Institute promotes the development of enlightened, responsible, and actively engaged citizens. The Institute works to accomplish its mission: <ul><li>through civic education programs that encourage thoughtful debate and discussion about current policy issues;</li> <li>through experiential learning programs that encourage the development of civic and political skills;</li> <li>by working to help strengthen the civic education capacity of Florida’s k-12 education system; and</li> <li>through research, policy analysis, and advocacy."</li> </ul> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 3-page typewritten legislative bill Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. House of Representatives Bill 3231: Veterans Administration Hospital in Brevard County Description A draft of a bill proposal that would call for a U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) hospital to be built in Brevard County, Florida. Central Florida didn't have its own VA hospital, so veterans had to travel to other parts of the state in order to receive medical care. Representative Lou Frey, Jr. (1934-2019), who represented the district that included Brevard, often worked to advocate for veterans issues and was the congressman who introduced the bill. Frey served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1969 to 1979. He was on several committees during his time in office, including the Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control and the Science and Technology Committee. He was also the chairman of the Young Republicans of Florida. Source Original U.S. House of Representatives legislative bill by Louis Frey, Jr., February 19, 1975: Lou Frey Papers, box 8, <a href="http://loufreyinstitute.org/" target="_blank">Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government</a>, Special Collections and University Archives, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida. Date Created ca. 1975-02-19 Coverage Brevard County, Florida Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form;</li> <li>create derivative works;</li> <li>perform the work publicly;</li> <li>display the work;</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul> This resources is provided here by <a>RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a>Section 5</a> of <a>Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Source Repository <a href="http://library.ucf.edu/about/departments/special-collections-university-archives/" target="_blank">University of Central Florida, Special Collections and University Archives</a> External Reference "<a href="%20http%3A//loufreyjr.com/" target="_blank">Congressman Lou Frey, Jr. Biography</a>." Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government. http://loufreyjr.com/. "<a href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=F000381" target="_blank">FREY, Louis, Jr., (1934 - )</a>." Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, United States Congress. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=F000381. Frey, Lou, and Aubrey Jewett. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/422763388">Political Rules of the Road: Representatives, Senators, and Presidents Share Their Rules for Success in Congress, Politics, and Life</a>. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2009. Frey, Lou, and Michael T. Hayes. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45419938">Inside the House: Former Members Reveal How Congress Really Works</a>. Lanham, MD: U.S. Association of Former Members of Congress, 2001. Transcript Date: February 19, 1975 Committee: Veterans' Affairs Description: VA hospital in Brevard Mr. Frey introduced himself March 4, 1975: Exec comment requested from VA Sept 19, 1975 executive comment received from VA 94TH CONGRESS 1ST SESSION H.R. 3231 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES February 19, 1975 Mr.Frey introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Veterans' Affairs A BILL To provide for a Veterans' Administration hospital in Brevard County, Florida. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the Administrator of Veterans' Affairs is authorized and directed to construct a five hundred-bed general medical, surgical, and psychiatric Veterans' Administration hospital in Brevard County, Florida. SEC. 2. Such sums as are necessary to carry out the provisions of this Act are authorized to be appropriated. 94TH CONGRESS 1ST SESSION H.R. 3231 A BILL To provide for a Veterans' Administration hospital in Brevard County, Florida. By Mr. Frey February 19, 1975 Referred to the Committee on Veterans' Affairs Alternative Title H.R. 3231: VA Hospital in Brevard County Subject Frey, Lou, 1934- Brevard County (Fla.) Congress Hospitals--Florida U.S. House of Representatives Legislation--Florida Date Copyrighted 1975-02-19 Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original U.S. House of Representatives legislative bill by Louis Frey, Jr., February 19, 1975. Is Part Of Lou Frey Papers, box 8, <a href="http://loufreyinstitute.org/" target="_blank">Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government</a>, Special Collections and University Archives, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/73" target="_blank">Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Format application/pdf Extent 228 KB Medium 3-page typewritten legislative bill Language eng Type Text Accrual Method Donation Mediator History Teacher Civics/Government Teacher Provenance Originally created by Lou Frey, Jr. and published by the <a href="http://www.house.gov/" target="_blank">United States House of Representatives</a>. Contributing Project <a href="http://loufreyinstitute.org/" target="_blank">Lou Frey Institute of Politics & Government</a> Curator Mayer, Erica Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> 94th Congress bill Brevard County Committee on Veterans Affairs Congress Frey, Lou, Jr. Frey, Louis, Jr. H.R. 3231 hospital legislation Senate U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs VA Veterans Administration https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/8abe4ad3a9ef175f3ca3a29c8e46737f.jpg 7cb6d51d2144e92e3540f42911250c86 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Veterans Legacy Program Collection Alternative Title VLP Collection Subject Veterans--Florida Description In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Is Part Of Veterans Legacy Program Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"><a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. National Army Cantonment, Camp Devens, Ayer, Mass. Subject World War, 1914-1918 Veterans--Florida Description In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Type Still Image Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/210" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Collection</a> Language eng Mediator History Teacher Accrual Method Donation https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/f9983d1b252d06a2f8b753855c982d22.JPG 53c261430129a97759468ebd2ab8a291 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Central Florida Railroad Depots Collection Alternative Title Central Florida Railroad Depots Collection Subject Railroad depots Railroad stations--Florida Railroads--Florida Apopka (Fla.) Orlando (Fla.) Ocala (Fla.) Port Orange (Fla.) Lake Wales (Fla.) Avon Park (Fla.) Mount Dora (Fla.) Punta Gorda (Fla.) Sanford (Fla.) Kissimmee (Fla.) Oviedo (Fla.) Language eng Type Collection Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Description Collection of digital images, documents, and other records depicting the various railroad depots and railroad stations in Central Florida. Series descriptions are based on special topics, the majority of which students focused their metadata entries around. Contributor Bronson, Kelly Campbell, Tyler Clemente, Chris Connolly, Lehman Covington, Adrian Gray, Mark Lester, Connie L. Mercado, Carlos R. Moore, Samantha Santos, Marina Simons, Nicholas Smalls, Eric Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/77" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Coverage Amtrak Seaboard Coast Line Railroad Station, Orlando, Florida Apopka Seaboard Air Line Railway Depot, Apopka, Florida Avon Park Depot Museum, Avon Park, Florida Avon Park Seaboard Air Line Depot, Avon Park, Florida Avon Park Atlantic Coast Line Train Station, Avon Park, Florida Church Street Station, Orlando, Florida Fort Pierce Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Depot, Fort Pierce, Florida Fort Pierce Florida East Coast Railway Company Depot, Fort Pierce, Florida Kissimmee Railroad Station, Kissimmee, Florida Lake Wales Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Depot, Lake Wales, Florida Lake Wales Depot Museum, Lake Wales, Florida Mount Dora Train Station, Mount Dora, Florida Ocala Union Station, Ocala, Florida Orlando Railroad Depot, Orlando, Florida Oviedo Train Depot, Oviedo, Florida Port Orange Train Station, Port Orange, Florida Punta Gorda Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Depot, Punta Gorda, Florida Sanford Atlantic Coast Line Depot, Sanford, Florida Sanford South Florida Railroad, Sanford, Florida St. Lucie County Regional History Center, Fort Pierce, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://history.cah.ucf.edu/staff.php?id=525" target="_blank">Dr. Connie L. Lester</a>'s American Economic History Undergraduate Class, Spring 2014 External Reference Mulligan, Michael. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/225874809" target="_blank">Railroad Depots of Central Florida</a>. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub, 2008. Turner, Gregg M. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/184906141" target="_blank">A Journey into Florida Railroad History</a>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2008. Murdock, R. Ken. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38291666" target="_blank">Outline History of Central Florida Railroads</a>. Winter Garden, Fla: Central Florida Chapter, National Railway Historical Society, 1997. "<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/2477" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries, Episode 25: The Railways of Central Florida</a>." RICHES of Central Florida. https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/2477. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. National Register of Historic Places Dedication Marker for the Lake Wales Train Depot Alternative Title Lake Wales Depot Historic Marker Subject Lake Wales (Fla.) Railroads--Florida Museums--Florida Description The U.S. National Register of Historic Places dedication marker for the Lake Wales Train Depot. The Lake Wales Train Depot, which is currently the Lake Wales Depot Museum, was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places, along with several other buildings in Lake Wales, Florida, in 1990. The train depot was built in 1928 by R. W. Burrows Construction Company. It was the second train depot to be constructed along the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad (ACL) in Lake Wales. It was built to house the large influx of train traffic through the city. The Lake Wales Depot Museum is located at 325 South Scenic Highway. Type Still Image Source Original color digital image by Tyler Campbell, February 21, 2014. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/97" target="_blank">Central Florida Railroad Depots Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Coverage Lake Wales Train Depot, Lake Wales, Florida Creator Campbell, Tyler Contributor Campbell, Tyler Date Created 2014-02-21 Format image/jpg Extent 295 KB Medium 1 color digital image Language eng Mediator History Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally created and owned by Tyler Campbell. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by Tyler Campbell and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="http://history.cah.ucf.edu/staff.php?id=525" target="_blank">Dr. Connie L. Lester</a>'s American Economic History Undergraduate Class, Spring 2014 Curator Campbell, Tyler Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference Mulligan, Michael. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/225874809" target="_blank">Railroad Depots of Central Florida</a>. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub, 2008. Turner, Gregg M. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/184906141" target="_blank">A Journey into Florida Railroad History</a>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2008. Turner, Gregg M. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52260683" target="_blank">A Short History of Florida Railroads</a>. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub, 2003. Murdock, R. Ken. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38291666" target="_blank">Outline History of Central Florida Railroads</a>. Winter Garden, Fla: Central Florida Chapter, National Railway Historical Society, 1997. "<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/2477" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries, Episode 25: The Railways of Central Florida</a>." RICHES of Central Florida. https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/items/show/2477. "<a href="http://www.cityoflakewales.com/439/Depot-Museum" target="_blank">ABOUT THE DEPOT</a>." Lake Wales Museum & Cultural Center, City of Lake Wales. http://www.cityoflakewales.com/439/Depot-Museum. "<a href="http://www.cityoflakewales.com/439/Depot-Museum" target="_blank">THE RAILROAD AND LAKE WALES</a>." Lake Wales Museum & Cultural Center, City of Lake Wales. http://www.cityoflakewales.com/439/Depot-Museum. "<a href="http://www.csx.com/index.cfm/about-csx/our-evolution-and-history/interactive-timeline/" target="_blank">Our Evolution and History: CSX</a>." CSX http://www.csx.com/index.cfm/about-csx/our-evolution-and-history/interactive-timeline/. "<a href="http://www.american-rails.com/atlantic-coast-line.html" target="_blank">The Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, Standard Railroad of the South</a>." The American Railroads: A Long and Storied History. http://www.american-rails.com/atlantic-coast-line.html. Transcript THIS PROPERTY HAS BEEN PLACED ON THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES BY THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ACL Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Compan Lake Wales Lake Wales ACL Depot Lake Wales Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Depot Lake Wales Depot museums museums railroad depots railroad stations railroads Scenic Highway Tyler Campbell U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. National Register of Historic Places https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/db1bb424972fbd973cbc9a302236ce0a.jpg cba4cec87f0f5314aa985b61beeb650c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Downtown Orlando Post Office Collection Alternative Title Orlando Post Office Collection Subject Orlando (Fla.) Post offices Churches--Florida Catholic Church--Florida Education--Florida Contributor Allison, Megan Baker, Keith Bernard, Sam Fallen, Riley Frye, Stephen Gold, Stephen Irizarry, Michael Joshi, Ashis Reed, Michael Shumate, Alayna Stoddard, James Tran, Tristan Is Part Of <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Exhibit, <a href="http://tinyurl.com/o4zfrls" target="_blank">Downtown Orlando Post Office</a>, Downtown Orlando, Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/106" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered Collection</a>, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/20" target="_blank">Orlando Collection</a>, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/46" target="_blank">Orange County Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Downtown Orlando Post Office, Downtown Orlando, Florida Federal Building, Downtown Orlando, Florida St. James Cathedral, Downtown Orlando, Florida St. Joseph's Academy, Downtown Orlando, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference Rajtar, Steve. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70911136" target="_blank">A Guide to Historic Orlando</a>. Charleston, SC: History Press, 2006. "<a href="https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/welcome.htm" target="_blank">Postal History</a>." United States Postal Service. https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/welcome.htm. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23369979" target="_blank">St. James Pioneer Days: Parish & School Reunion : October 5-6, 1974</a>. [Orlando, Fla.]: [St. James Parish], 1974. "<a href="http://www.stjamesorlando.org/about-us/" target="_blank">About Us</a>." St. James Cathedral. http://www.stjamesorlando.org/about-us/. Description The new Downtown Orlando Post Office building, located at 51 East Jefferson Street, in 1958. The original post office was housed in the Federal Building, located 44 East Central Boulevard in Downtown Orlando, Florida, from 1917 to 1941. In 1935, when James Beggs, Jr. became the postmaster, he began petitioning to move the post office from its Central Boulevard and Court Avenue location to a more spacious building. In 1939, St. James Catholic Church sold a plot of land on Jefferson Street for the new building. The building was designed by Louis A. Simon in the Northern Italian Palazzo Revival-style, and was constructed by J. P. Cullen and Sons. The new building opened in 1941 and housed the post office, the courthouse, and Internal Revenue Service (IRS) offices. The building was named an Orlando Historic Landmark in 1989. However, it was eventually sold back to the St. James Church. In 2003, the building was renovated and came under joint ownership by both the church and the federal government. Today, the building retains its post office services but also includes offices for the Catholic Diocese. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Post Office Advisory Board Meeting, 1968 Alternative Title U.S. Post Office Advisory Board Meeting, 1968 Subject Post offices Description The U.S. Post Office Department's advisory board meeting in 1968. Orlando Postmaster Lucius A. Bryant, Jr. (ca. 1919-2012) can be seen on the left, sitting closest to the camera. The man sitting three seats to Bryant's left has also been identified as Charles Hawkins, Sr., founder of the Washington Shores Savings and Loan Association After serving in the U.S. Army during World War II, Bryant settled in Orlando's College Park neighborhood. At the time of his death in 2012, Bryant was the longest-serving postmaster for Orlando, a position that he held from 1951 to 1983. In 1952, William Beardall (1890-1984) appointed Bryant to the local aviation advisory board, which he served on for 22 years. Type Still Image Source Original black and white photograph, 1968: Private Collection of Texann Ivy Buck. Is Referenced By "<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/items/show/7660" target="_blank">Letter from A. C. Hahn to Lucius A. Bryant, Jr. (December 17, 1968)</a>." RICHES of Central Florida. https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/items/show/7660. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of black and white photograph, 1968. Coverage New York Contributor Buck, Texann Ivy Date Created ca. 1968-12 Format image/jpg Extent 160 KB Medium 1 black and white photograph Language eng Mediator History Teacher Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by Texann Ivy Buck and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Curator Stoddard, James Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository Private Collection of Texann Ivy Buck External Reference Tracy, Dan. "<a href="http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2012-08-06/news/os-obit-bryant-20120806_1_orlando-sentinel-orlando-international-airport-greg-ethington" target="_blank">Lucius 'Jim' Bryant: Former Orlando postmaster was civic-minded</a>." The Orlando Sentinel, August 6, 2012. http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2012-08-06/news/os-obit-bryant-20120806_1_orlando-sentinel-orlando-international-airport-greg-ethington. A. C. Hahn advisory boards Charles Hawkins, Sr. Chris Hahn Jim Bryant Jimmy Bryant L. A. Bryant, Jr. Lucius A. Bryant New York Office of the Regional Director postmasters U.S. Post Office Department William Beardall https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/1d116c8c19106ea4a1f092851b03ed32.pdf 60753881540465c4b956a2d61a8dbe96 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Postcard Collection Alternative Title Postcard Collection Subject Orlando (Fla.) Osceola County (Fla.) Winter Park (Fla.) Lake Wales (Fla.) Longwood (Fla.) Description Collection of postcards from the private collection of Thomas Cook. Series descriptions are based on special topics, the majority of which students focused their metadata entries around. Contributor Cook, Thomas Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/102" target="_blank">Thomas Cook Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Kissimmee, Florida Lake Wales, Florida Longwood, Florida Orlando, Florida Winter Park, Florida Rights Holder All items in the <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/102" target="_blank">Thomas Cook Collection</a> are provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository Private Collection of Thomas Cook External Reference Antequino, Stephanie Gaub, and Tana Mosier Porter. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/783150094" target="_blank">Lost Orlando</a> Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Pub, 2012. "<a href="http://sanfordhistory.tripod.com/Links/wtour.pdf" target="_blank">Downtown Orlando Historic District Walking Tour</a>." City of Orlando. http://sanfordhistory.tripod.com/Links/wtour.pdf. Rajtar, Steve. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70911136" target="_blank">A Guide to Historic Orlando</a>. Charleston, SC: History Press, 2006. Smith, Margaret. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51888803" target="_blank">The Edward Bok Legacy: A History of Bok Tower Gardens: The First Fifty Years</a>. Lake Wales, Fla: Bok Tower Gardens Foundation, 2002. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format 1 color postcard Physical Dimensions 5.5 x 3.5 inch Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Post Office Building Postcard Alternative Title Orlando Post Office Postcard Subject Orlando (Fla.) Postcards--Florida Post office buildings--Florida Buildings--Florida Courthouses--Florida Description Postcard showing the United States Post Office and Federal Courthouse at 42-44 East Central Boulevard in Orlando, Florida. The building was constructed in a Spanish Colonial Revival style from 1939 to 1941 and dedicated on April 14, 1941. It has been occupied by the United States Post Office since 1941, the Federal District Courthouse from 1941 to circa 1974, and the office of the Roman Catholic Church since 2003. The building was renovated in the early 2000s and was modified for office and retail use, with the Post Office retaining 13,200 square feet. Plans included an adjacent parking garage on the north side, though that that aspect never came to fruition. St. James Roman Catholic Cathedral, located across Court Street from the Post Office, purchased the parts of the building not utilized by the Post Office and use it for Chancery office space. Creator Genuine Curteich-Chicago Source Original 5.5 x 3.5 inch color postcard by Genuine Curteich-Chicago: Orange News Company, Orlando, Florida: Private Collection of Thomas Cook. Publisher Orange News Company Date Created 1957 Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original 5.5 x 3.5 inch color postcard by Genuine Curteich-Chicago: Orange News Company, Orlando, Florida. Is Part Of Private Collection of Thomas Cook. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/103">Postcard Collection</a>, Thomas Cook Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Requires <a href='http://www.adobe.com/reader.html' target='_blank'>Adobe Acrobat Reader</a> Format application/pdf Extent 733 KB Medium 5.5x 3.5 inch color postcard Language eng Type Still Image Coverage Orlando, Florida Spatial Coverage 28.545614, -81.3783 Temporal Coverage 1957-01-01/1957-03-04 Accrual Method Donation Mediator History Teacher Civics/Government Teacher Geography Teacher Humanities Teacher Visual Arts Teacher Provenance Originally created by Genuine Curteich-Chicago and published by the Oranges News Company. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by Genuine Curteich-Chicago and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Contributing Project <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/buildingblocks.php" target="_blank">Building Blocks</a> Curator Cook, Thomas Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository Private Collection of Thomas Cook External Reference Antequino, Stephanie Gaub, and Tana Mosier Porter. Lost Orlando. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Pub, 2012 "Downtown Orlando Historic District Walking Tour." City of Orlando. http://sanfordhistory.tripod.com/Links/wtour.pdf Dickinson, Joy Wallace. A Guide to Historic Orlando. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub, 2003 "U.S. Courthouse." U.S. District Court: Middle District of Florida. http://www.flmd.uscourts.gov/division/orlandodivision.htm. External Reference Title <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/783150094" target="_blank">Lost Orlando</a> "<a href="http://sanfordhistory.tripod.com/Links/wtour.pdf" target="_blank">Downtown Orlando Historic District Walking Tour</a>" <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70911136" target="_blank">A Guide to Historic Orlando</a> "<a href="http://www.flmd.uscourts.gov/division/orlandodivision.htm" target="_blank">U.S. Courthouse</a>" Transcript O-118--U.S. Post Office Building, Orlando, Fla., "The City Beautiful" Orlando "Florida's City Beautiful" is a progressive modern healthful resort amid semi-tropical beauty in the very heart of the Florida Peninsula, and truly presents one of America's loveliest cities. 1228 Illinois Ave. Dear Erna: I am getting a good rest but miss our bridge. Haven't started to do any thing don't suppose I will want [?] the [?]. Love, Helen Mrs. J. Guesniev[?] 6733 Cermak Rd Berwyn, Ill Date Copyrighted 1957 Date Issued 1957-03-04 Contributor Cook, Thomas C. T. Art-Colortone Cermak Road Cook, Thomas Court Street federal courthouse Genuine Curteich-Chicago Guesniev, J. Orange News Company Orlando Post Office post office Robinson Street St. James Roman Catholic Cathedral The City Beautiful https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/12e9e57bfa03f556af673fa75f6127a7.jpg 95680699b2038b3e54d619ed174d264f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Downtown Orlando Post Office Collection Alternative Title Orlando Post Office Collection Subject Orlando (Fla.) Post offices Churches--Florida Catholic Church--Florida Education--Florida Contributor Allison, Megan Baker, Keith Bernard, Sam Fallen, Riley Frye, Stephen Gold, Stephen Irizarry, Michael Joshi, Ashis Reed, Michael Shumate, Alayna Stoddard, James Tran, Tristan Is Part Of <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Exhibit, <a href="http://tinyurl.com/o4zfrls" target="_blank">Downtown Orlando Post Office</a>, Downtown Orlando, Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/106" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered Collection</a>, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/20" target="_blank">Orlando Collection</a>, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/46" target="_blank">Orange County Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Downtown Orlando Post Office, Downtown Orlando, Florida Federal Building, Downtown Orlando, Florida St. James Cathedral, Downtown Orlando, Florida St. Joseph's Academy, Downtown Orlando, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference Rajtar, Steve. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70911136" target="_blank">A Guide to Historic Orlando</a>. Charleston, SC: History Press, 2006. "<a href="https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/welcome.htm" target="_blank">Postal History</a>." United States Postal Service. https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/welcome.htm. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23369979" target="_blank">St. James Pioneer Days: Parish & School Reunion : October 5-6, 1974</a>. [Orlando, Fla.]: [St. James Parish], 1974. "<a href="http://www.stjamesorlando.org/about-us/" target="_blank">About Us</a>." St. James Cathedral. http://www.stjamesorlando.org/about-us/. Description The new Downtown Orlando Post Office building, located at 51 East Jefferson Street, in 1958. The original post office was housed in the Federal Building, located 44 East Central Boulevard in Downtown Orlando, Florida, from 1917 to 1941. In 1935, when James Beggs, Jr. became the postmaster, he began petitioning to move the post office from its Central Boulevard and Court Avenue location to a more spacious building. In 1939, St. James Catholic Church sold a plot of land on Jefferson Street for the new building. The building was designed by Louis A. Simon in the Northern Italian Palazzo Revival-style, and was constructed by J. P. Cullen and Sons. The new building opened in 1941 and housed the post office, the courthouse, and Internal Revenue Service (IRS) offices. The building was named an Orlando Historic Landmark in 1989. However, it was eventually sold back to the St. James Church. In 2003, the building was renovated and came under joint ownership by both the church and the federal government. Today, the building retains its post office services but also includes offices for the Catholic Diocese. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format 1 black and white photograph Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Post Office Building Postcard Description A postcard displaying a drawing of the new Downtown Orlando Post Office building, located at 51 East Jefferson Street in Downtown Orlando, Florida. The post office was built and finished in 1941 as a result of funding provided by the federal government. The land it was built upon had formerly been the site of a Catholic school, but was sold during the Great Depression. The post office building, after debuting in 1941, served Downtown dutifully through the middle of the 20th century in numerous capacities. It served as a post office, a courthouse, and a base for the United States Marshals Service (USMS), as well as several important roles in government adjudication at a federal and local level. In 1989, the Federal Building at Jefferson Street was declared a landmark in the city of Orlando. Date Created ca. 1941-1960 Coverage Downtown Orlando Post Office, Downtown Orlando, Florida Source Original color postcard: <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Exhibit, <a href="http://tinyurl.com/o4zfrls" target="_blank">Downtown Orlando Post Office</a>, Downtown Orlando, Florida. Source Repository <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Alternative Title Post Office Postcard Subject Orlando (Fla.) Post offices Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original color postcard. Is Part Of <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Exhibit, <a href="http://tinyurl.com/o4zfrls" target="_blank">Downtown Orlando Post Office</a>, Downtown Orlando, Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/157" target="_blank">Downtown Orlando Post Office Collection</a>, Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Format image/jpg Extent 355 KB Medium 1 black and white photograph Language eng Type Still Image Accrual Method Donation Mediator History Teacher Contributing Project <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Curator Gold, Stephen Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://livingnewdeal.org/projects/federal-building-orlando-fl/" target="_blank">Federal Building - Orlando FL - Living New Deal</a>." Living New Deal. April 18, 2015. Accessed October 27, 2015. http://livingnewdeal.org/projects/federal-building-orlando-fl/. Dickinson, Joy Wallace. "<a href="http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2001-09-02/news/0108310478_1_catholic-school-james-church-church-property" target="_blank">Church Comes Full Circle With Its Post Office Deal</a>." The Orlando Sentinel, September 2, 2001. Accessed October 11, 2015. http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2001-09-02/news/0108310478_1_catholic-school-james-church-church-property. Downtown Orlando Downtown Orlando Post Office Jefferson Street Northern Italian Palazzo Revival architecture orlando post offices Renaissance Revival architecture The City Beautiful https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/78a9b1f7a32d6931ac87b2dc80986f67.jpg 47385013016fe6263a244e3cd2b29082 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Downtown Orlando Post Office Collection Alternative Title Orlando Post Office Collection Subject Orlando (Fla.) Post offices Churches--Florida Catholic Church--Florida Education--Florida Contributor Allison, Megan Baker, Keith Bernard, Sam Fallen, Riley Frye, Stephen Gold, Stephen Irizarry, Michael Joshi, Ashis Reed, Michael Shumate, Alayna Stoddard, James Tran, Tristan Is Part Of <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Exhibit, <a href="http://tinyurl.com/o4zfrls" target="_blank">Downtown Orlando Post Office</a>, Downtown Orlando, Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/106" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered Collection</a>, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/20" target="_blank">Orlando Collection</a>, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/46" target="_blank">Orange County Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Downtown Orlando Post Office, Downtown Orlando, Florida Federal Building, Downtown Orlando, Florida St. James Cathedral, Downtown Orlando, Florida St. Joseph's Academy, Downtown Orlando, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference Rajtar, Steve. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70911136" target="_blank">A Guide to Historic Orlando</a>. Charleston, SC: History Press, 2006. "<a href="https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/welcome.htm" target="_blank">Postal History</a>." United States Postal Service. https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/welcome.htm. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23369979" target="_blank">St. James Pioneer Days: Parish & School Reunion : October 5-6, 1974</a>. [Orlando, Fla.]: [St. James Parish], 1974. "<a href="http://www.stjamesorlando.org/about-us/" target="_blank">About Us</a>." St. James Cathedral. http://www.stjamesorlando.org/about-us/. Description The new Downtown Orlando Post Office building, located at 51 East Jefferson Street, in 1958. The original post office was housed in the Federal Building, located 44 East Central Boulevard in Downtown Orlando, Florida, from 1917 to 1941. In 1935, when James Beggs, Jr. became the postmaster, he began petitioning to move the post office from its Central Boulevard and Court Avenue location to a more spacious building. In 1939, St. James Catholic Church sold a plot of land on Jefferson Street for the new building. The building was designed by Louis A. Simon in the Northern Italian Palazzo Revival-style, and was constructed by J. P. Cullen and Sons. The new building opened in 1941 and housed the post office, the courthouse, and Internal Revenue Service (IRS) offices. The building was named an Orlando Historic Landmark in 1989. However, it was eventually sold back to the St. James Church. In 2003, the building was renovated and came under joint ownership by both the church and the federal government. Today, the building retains its post office services but also includes offices for the Catholic Diocese. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Post Office Letter Carrier Badge Alternative Title Letter Carrier Badge Subject Post offices Description A letter Carrier badge worn by postal workers. In 1922, the letter Carrier’s badge was redesigned. The new badge was solid, of nickel-plated metal, elliptical in shape, and topped with a 1/2 inch tall eagle with wings spread two inches wide. The numbers, raised in the center of the badge, were 9/16ths of an inch long. The words "U. S. Post Office" were raised along the top, and the name of the Post Office and state were along the bottom. Raised five-pointed stars adorned the right and left sides, visually separating the text. The badge was curved at 10% to conform to the shape of the headgear. Type Physical Object Source Original badge: Private Collection of Texann Ivy Buck. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/157" target="_blank">Downtown Orlando Post Office Collection</a>, Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original badge. Coverage Downtown Orlando Post Office, Downtown Orlando, Florida Contributor Buck, Texann Ivy Date Created ca. 1941-1971 Format image/jpg Extent 114 KB Medium 1 badge Language eng Mediator History Teacher Civics/ Government Teacher Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by Texann Ivy Buck and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Curator Stoddard, James Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository Private Collection of Texann Ivy Buck External Reference "<a href="https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/letter-Carrier-badges.pdf" target="_blank">Letter Carrier's Uniform: Badges</a>." U. S. Postal Service, May 2002. https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/letter-Carrier-badges.pdf. "<a href="https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/letter-Carrier-uniform-overview.pdf" target="_blank">Letter Carriers’ Uniform: Overview </a>." United States Postal Service. https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/letter-Carrier-uniform-overview.pdf. badges letter carriers mail carriers post offices U.S. Post Office Department USPOD https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/85bda84c5522a8e0b8f7d26bbf779259.jpg 642f76c9f097ed8a56d352d33d89977c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Downtown Orlando Post Office Collection Alternative Title Orlando Post Office Collection Subject Orlando (Fla.) Post offices Churches--Florida Catholic Church--Florida Education--Florida Contributor Allison, Megan Baker, Keith Bernard, Sam Fallen, Riley Frye, Stephen Gold, Stephen Irizarry, Michael Joshi, Ashis Reed, Michael Shumate, Alayna Stoddard, James Tran, Tristan Is Part Of <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Exhibit, <a href="http://tinyurl.com/o4zfrls" target="_blank">Downtown Orlando Post Office</a>, Downtown Orlando, Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/106" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered Collection</a>, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/20" target="_blank">Orlando Collection</a>, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/46" target="_blank">Orange County Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Downtown Orlando Post Office, Downtown Orlando, Florida Federal Building, Downtown Orlando, Florida St. James Cathedral, Downtown Orlando, Florida St. Joseph's Academy, Downtown Orlando, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference Rajtar, Steve. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70911136" target="_blank">A Guide to Historic Orlando</a>. Charleston, SC: History Press, 2006. "<a href="https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/welcome.htm" target="_blank">Postal History</a>." United States Postal Service. https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/welcome.htm. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23369979" target="_blank">St. James Pioneer Days: Parish & School Reunion : October 5-6, 1974</a>. [Orlando, Fla.]: [St. James Parish], 1974. "<a href="http://www.stjamesorlando.org/about-us/" target="_blank">About Us</a>." St. James Cathedral. http://www.stjamesorlando.org/about-us/. Description The new Downtown Orlando Post Office building, located at 51 East Jefferson Street, in 1958. The original post office was housed in the Federal Building, located 44 East Central Boulevard in Downtown Orlando, Florida, from 1917 to 1941. In 1935, when James Beggs, Jr. became the postmaster, he began petitioning to move the post office from its Central Boulevard and Court Avenue location to a more spacious building. In 1939, St. James Catholic Church sold a plot of land on Jefferson Street for the new building. The building was designed by Louis A. Simon in the Northern Italian Palazzo Revival-style, and was constructed by J. P. Cullen and Sons. The new building opened in 1941 and housed the post office, the courthouse, and Internal Revenue Service (IRS) offices. The building was named an Orlando Historic Landmark in 1989. However, it was eventually sold back to the St. James Church. In 2003, the building was renovated and came under joint ownership by both the church and the federal government. Today, the building retains its post office services but also includes offices for the Catholic Diocese. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format 1 color digital image Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage Downtown Orlando Post Office, Downtown Orlando, Florida Source Original color digital image, September 2015: <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Exhibit, <a href="http://tinyurl.com/o4zfrls" target="_blank">Downtown Orlando Post Office</a>, Downtown Orlando, Florida. Source Repository <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by the <a href="https://www.thehistorycenter.org/" target="_blank">Orange County Regional History Center</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Transcript Mailman Badge worn on hats and coats by Post Office staff. External Reference "<a href="https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/letter-carrier-badges.pdf" target="_blank">Letter Carriers’ Uniform: Badges</a>." United States Postal Service. https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/letter-carrier-badges.pdf. "<a href="https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/letter-carrier-uniform-overview.pdf" target="_blank">Letter Carriers’ Uniform: Overview </a>." United States Postal Service. https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/letter-carrier-uniform-overview.pdf. Title U.S. Post Office Mailman Badge Alternative Title Mailman Badge Subject Orlando (Fla.) Post offices Description A mailman badge worn on hats and coats by post office staff. In 1922, the letter carrier’s badge was redesigned. The new badge was solid, of nickel-plated metal, elliptical in shape, and topped with a 1/2 inch tall eagle with wings spread two inches wide. The numbers, raised in the center of the badge, were 9/16ths of an inch long. The words "U. S. Post Office" were raised along the top, and the name of the Post Office and state were along the bottom. Raised five-pointed stars adorned the right and left sides, visually separating the text. The badge was curved at 10% to conform to the shape of the headgear. Date Created 2015-09 Is Part Of <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Exhibit, <a href="http://tinyurl.com/o4zfrls" target="_blank">Downtown Orlando Post Office</a>, Downtown Orlando, Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/157" target="_blank">Downtown Orlando Post Office Collection</a>, Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Format image/jpg Extent 400 KB Medium 1 color digital image Language eng Type Physical Object Accrual Method Donation Mediator History Teacher Civics/Government Teacher Contributing Project <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Curator Fallen, Riley Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> badges Downtown Orlando Downtown Orlando Post Office Jefferson Street letter carriers mail carriers mailman mailman badges mailmen orlando post offices postal carriers postman postmen U.S. Post Office https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/f49cc732012ecda41b9eb017576ae59c.jpg e755d1dbc888afcb14c6d305b4565ac7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Downtown Orlando Post Office Collection Alternative Title Orlando Post Office Collection Subject Orlando (Fla.) Post offices Churches--Florida Catholic Church--Florida Education--Florida Contributor Allison, Megan Baker, Keith Bernard, Sam Fallen, Riley Frye, Stephen Gold, Stephen Irizarry, Michael Joshi, Ashis Reed, Michael Shumate, Alayna Stoddard, James Tran, Tristan Is Part Of <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Exhibit, <a href="http://tinyurl.com/o4zfrls" target="_blank">Downtown Orlando Post Office</a>, Downtown Orlando, Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/106" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered Collection</a>, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/20" target="_blank">Orlando Collection</a>, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/46" target="_blank">Orange County Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Downtown Orlando Post Office, Downtown Orlando, Florida Federal Building, Downtown Orlando, Florida St. James Cathedral, Downtown Orlando, Florida St. Joseph's Academy, Downtown Orlando, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference Rajtar, Steve. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70911136" target="_blank">A Guide to Historic Orlando</a>. Charleston, SC: History Press, 2006. "<a href="https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/welcome.htm" target="_blank">Postal History</a>." United States Postal Service. https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/welcome.htm. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23369979" target="_blank">St. James Pioneer Days: Parish & School Reunion : October 5-6, 1974</a>. [Orlando, Fla.]: [St. James Parish], 1974. "<a href="http://www.stjamesorlando.org/about-us/" target="_blank">About Us</a>." St. James Cathedral. http://www.stjamesorlando.org/about-us/. Description The new Downtown Orlando Post Office building, located at 51 East Jefferson Street, in 1958. The original post office was housed in the Federal Building, located 44 East Central Boulevard in Downtown Orlando, Florida, from 1917 to 1941. In 1935, when James Beggs, Jr. became the postmaster, he began petitioning to move the post office from its Central Boulevard and Court Avenue location to a more spacious building. In 1939, St. James Catholic Church sold a plot of land on Jefferson Street for the new building. The building was designed by Louis A. Simon in the Northern Italian Palazzo Revival-style, and was constructed by J. P. Cullen and Sons. The new building opened in 1941 and housed the post office, the courthouse, and Internal Revenue Service (IRS) offices. The building was named an Orlando Historic Landmark in 1989. However, it was eventually sold back to the St. James Church. In 2003, the building was renovated and came under joint ownership by both the church and the federal government. Today, the building retains its post office services but also includes offices for the Catholic Diocese. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format 1 color digital image Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Post Office Mailman Badge, 1922 Description In 1922, the letter carrier’s badge was redesigned. The new badge was solid, of nickel-plated metal, elliptical in shape, and topped with a 1/2 inch tall eagle with wings spread two inches wide. The numbers, raised in the center of the badge, were 9/16ths of an inch long. The words "U. S. Post Office" were raised along the top, and the name of the Post Office and state were along the bottom. Raised five-pointed stars adorned the right and left sides, visually separating the text. The badge was curved at 10% to conform to the shape of the headgear. Date Created 2015-09 Coverage Downtown Orlando Post Office, Downtown Orlando, Florida Source Original color digital image, September 2015: <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Exhibit, <a href="http://tinyurl.com/o4zfrls" target="_blank">Downtown Orlando Post Office</a>, Downtown Orlando, Florida. Source Repository <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by the <a href="https://www.thehistorycenter.org/" target="_blank">Orange County Regional History Center</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Transcript U.S. POST OFFICE LETTER CARRIER External Reference "<a href="https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/letter-carrier-badges.pdf" target="_blank">Letter Carriers’ Uniform: Badges</a>." United States Postal Service. https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/letter-carrier-badges.pdf. "<a href="https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/letter-carrier-uniform-overview.pdf" target="_blank">Letter Carriers’ Uniform: Overview </a>." United States Postal Service. https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/letter-carrier-uniform-overview.pdf. Alternative Title Mailman Badge Subject Orlando (Fla.) Post offices United States. Post Office Department Is Part Of <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Exhibit, <a href="http://tinyurl.com/o4zfrls" target="_blank">Downtown Orlando Post Office</a>, Downtown Orlando, Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/157" target="_blank">Downtown Orlando Post Office Collection</a>, Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Format image/jpg Extent 242 KB Medium 1 color digital image Language eng Type Physical Object Accrual Method Donation Mediator History Teacher Civics/Government Teacher Contributing Project <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Curator Fallen, Riley Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> badge Downtown Orlando Downtown Orlando Post Office Jefferson Street letter carrier mail carrier mailman mailman badge nickel orlando post office postal carrier postman U.S. Post Office Department https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/1f66345099cc5e8820af784179b3d281.jpg fd825fddfb1602e9f4ef511c3f43e813 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Downtown Orlando Post Office Collection Alternative Title Orlando Post Office Collection Subject Orlando (Fla.) Post offices Churches--Florida Catholic Church--Florida Education--Florida Contributor Allison, Megan Baker, Keith Bernard, Sam Fallen, Riley Frye, Stephen Gold, Stephen Irizarry, Michael Joshi, Ashis Reed, Michael Shumate, Alayna Stoddard, James Tran, Tristan Is Part Of <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Exhibit, <a href="http://tinyurl.com/o4zfrls" target="_blank">Downtown Orlando Post Office</a>, Downtown Orlando, Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/106" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered Collection</a>, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/20" target="_blank">Orlando Collection</a>, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/46" target="_blank">Orange County Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Downtown Orlando Post Office, Downtown Orlando, Florida Federal Building, Downtown Orlando, Florida St. James Cathedral, Downtown Orlando, Florida St. Joseph's Academy, Downtown Orlando, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference Rajtar, Steve. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70911136" target="_blank">A Guide to Historic Orlando</a>. Charleston, SC: History Press, 2006. "<a href="https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/welcome.htm" target="_blank">Postal History</a>." United States Postal Service. https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/welcome.htm. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23369979" target="_blank">St. James Pioneer Days: Parish & School Reunion : October 5-6, 1974</a>. [Orlando, Fla.]: [St. James Parish], 1974. "<a href="http://www.stjamesorlando.org/about-us/" target="_blank">About Us</a>." St. James Cathedral. http://www.stjamesorlando.org/about-us/. Description The new Downtown Orlando Post Office building, located at 51 East Jefferson Street, in 1958. The original post office was housed in the Federal Building, located 44 East Central Boulevard in Downtown Orlando, Florida, from 1917 to 1941. In 1935, when James Beggs, Jr. became the postmaster, he began petitioning to move the post office from its Central Boulevard and Court Avenue location to a more spacious building. In 1939, St. James Catholic Church sold a plot of land on Jefferson Street for the new building. The building was designed by Louis A. Simon in the Northern Italian Palazzo Revival-style, and was constructed by J. P. Cullen and Sons. The new building opened in 1941 and housed the post office, the courthouse, and Internal Revenue Service (IRS) offices. The building was named an Orlando Historic Landmark in 1989. However, it was eventually sold back to the St. James Church. In 2003, the building was renovated and came under joint ownership by both the church and the federal government. Today, the building retains its post office services but also includes offices for the Catholic Diocese. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Post Office Special Delivery Messenger Badge Alternative Title Special Delivery Messenger Badge Subject Post offices Description A badge worn by postal workers who were charged with delivering Special Delivery mail and packages. Special Delivery began as a mail category in 1885 and ended in 1997, when it was replaced by the Express Mail category. Special Delivery was one of the few exceptions that allowed Sunday deliveries. For an extra postage fee, individuals could ensure a faster delivery of their parcels. Instead of waiting for the next day’s standard delivery route, Special Delivery mail was dispatched as soon as it arrived at the delivering post office. Carriers charged with a Special Delivery package would wear a badge such as this one. Type Physical Object Source Original badge: Private Collection of Texann Ivy Buck. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/157" target="_blank">Downtown Orlando Post Office Collection</a>, Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original badge. Coverage Downtown Orlando Post Office, Downtown Orlando, Florida Contributor Buck, Texann Ivy Date Created ca. 1941-1971 Format image/jpg Extent 110 KB Medium 1 badge Language eng Mediator History Teacher Civics/ Government Teacher Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by Texann Ivy Buck and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Curator Stoddard, James Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository Private Collection of Texann Ivy Buck External Reference "<a href="https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/letter-Carrier-badges.pdf" target="_blank">Letter Carrier's Uniform: Badges</a>." U. S. Postal Service, May 2002. https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/letter-Carrier-badges.pdf. "<a href="https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/letter-Carrier-uniform-overview.pdf" target="_blank">Letter Carriers’ Uniform: Overview </a>." United States Postal Service. https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/letter-Carrier-uniform-overview.pdf. Leibowitz, Ed. "<a target="_blank">Special Delivery</a>." Smithsonian Magazine, February 2004. http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/special-delivery-106712600/?no-ist. badges post offices special delivery messengers U.S. Post Office Department USPOD https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/c47d36e4a450c4334e35dbe3ba34d3ab.pdf 37160a54177be465283d5832b7d3d58c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title General Collection Description Collection of digital images, documents, and other records depicting the history of Florida. Series descriptions are based on special topics, the majority of which students focused their metadata entries around. Florida was first inhabited by Paleo-Indians as early as 14,000 years ago. By the 16th century, several distinct Native American tribes inhabited present-day Florida, primarily the Apalachee of the Panhandle, the Timucua of North and Central Florida), the Ais of the Central Atlantic Coast, the Tocobaga of the Tampa Bay area, the Calusa of Southwest Florida, and the Tequesta of the Southeast Florida. In 1513, Juan Ponce de León of Spain became the earliest known European explorer to arrive in Florida. During the 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, Spanish, French, and English pioneers settled various parts of the states, though not all settlement were successful. Most of the region was owned by Spain, until it was ceded to the United States via the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819. On March 3, 1845, Florida earned statehood. Florida was marred by nearly constant warfare with the Native Americans in the region, particularly with the Seminoles during the Seminole Wars. On January 10, 1861, Florida seceded from the Union and joined the Confederate States of American on January 20th. The state's participation in the Civil War revolved mostly around the transportation of goods via ships. On June 25, 1868, Florida regained its representation in Congress. During the Reconstruction period, Florida drafted a new state constitution, which included statues that effectively disenfranchised its African-American citizens, as well as many poor white citizens. Through much of its early history, Florida's economy relied heavily upon agriculture, especially citrus, cattle, sugarcane, tomatoes, and strawberries. Florida's tourism industry developed greatly with the economic prosperity of the 1920s. However, this was halted by devastating hurricanes in the second half of the decade, the Wall Street Crash of 1929, and the Great Depression. The economy would not fully recover until manufacturing was stimulated by World War II. As of 2014, Florida was the third most populous state in the country. Contributor Humphrey, Daphne F. Alternative Title General Collection Subject Florida Eatonville (Fla.) Orlando (Fla.) Winter Park (Fla.) Sanford (Fla.) Daytona Beach (Fla.) New Smyrna Beach (Fla.) Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Eatonville, Florida Orlando, Florida Winter Park, Florida Sanford , Florida Daytona Beach, Florida New Smyrna Beach, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://dos.myflorida.com/florida-facts/florida-history/" target="_blank">Florida History</a>." Florida Department of State. http://dos.myflorida.com/florida-facts/florida-history/. Knotts, Bob. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49672975" target="_blank">Florida History</a>. Chicago: Heinemann Library, 2003. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Postal Service Florida ZIP Code Directory, 1984 Alternative Title Florida ZIP Code Directory Subject Post offices Description A ZIP code directory for the Central Florida area. This directory was created in June of 1984 and published in November of that same year by the U.S. Postal Service (USPS). The directory explains how to use the dictionary, how to use ZIP codes in addresses, and what ZIP codes are. The directory also contains the locations of the various post offices within the Central Florida Area and the various ZIP codes within. Before the implementation of ZIP codes, the U.S. Post Office Department (USPOD) used two-digit postal zones for large cities, beginning in 1943. Postal employee Robert Moon (1917-2011) first suggested a system of ZIP codes in 1944, but the concept was not implemented until 1963, USPOD introduced five-digit ZIP codes, as well as two-letter state abbreviations, nationwide. In 1983, a year before this directory was published, USPS introduced ZIP+4, an expanded ZIP code system with four additional digits to identify a geographic segment within the five-digit ZIP code area. Type Text Source Original directory, November 1, 1984: Private Collection of Texann Ivy Buck. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original directory, November 1, 1984. Coverage Altamonte Springs, Florida Casselberry, Florida Cocoa, Florida DeLand, Florida Kissimmee, Florida Leesburg, Florida Longwood, Florida Melbourne, Florida Merritt Island, Florida Orange City, Florida Orlando, Florida Titusville, Florida Vero Beach, Florida Winter Park, Florida Contributor Buck, Texann Ivy Date Created 1984-06 Date Issued 1984-11 Format image/jpg Medium 32 page directory Language eng Mediator History Teacher Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: <ul class="one_column_bullet"><li>reproduce the work in print or digital form</li> <li>create derivative works</li> <li>perform the work publicly</li> <li>display the work</li> <li>distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending.</li> </ul> This resources is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105" target="_blank">Section 5</a> of <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html" target="_blank">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Curator Stoddard, James Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository Private Collection of Texann Ivy Buck External Reference "<a href="https://about.usps.com/publications/pub100/pub100_029.htm" target="_blank">ZIP Code</a>." United States Postal Service. https://about.usps.com/publications/pub100/pub100_029.htm. "<a href="https://about.usps.com/publications/pub100/pub100_076.htm" target="_blank">Significant Years in U.S. Postal History</a>." United States Postal Service. https://about.usps.com/publications/pub100/pub100_076.htm. Altamonte Springs Casselberry Cocoa DeLand Kissimmee Leesburg Longwood Melbourne Merritt Island Orange City orlando Titusville Vero Beach Winter Park ZIP codes https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/e5e8059c2d00c8fcee757f9629cf4e3f.jpg cbdc3a9cba5c70fc9bde5ff399a49369 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Downtown Orlando Post Office Collection Alternative Title Orlando Post Office Collection Subject Orlando (Fla.) Post offices Churches--Florida Catholic Church--Florida Education--Florida Contributor Allison, Megan Baker, Keith Bernard, Sam Fallen, Riley Frye, Stephen Gold, Stephen Irizarry, Michael Joshi, Ashis Reed, Michael Shumate, Alayna Stoddard, James Tran, Tristan Is Part Of <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Exhibit, <a href="http://tinyurl.com/o4zfrls" target="_blank">Downtown Orlando Post Office</a>, Downtown Orlando, Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/106" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered Collection</a>, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/20" target="_blank">Orlando Collection</a>, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/46" target="_blank">Orange County Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Downtown Orlando Post Office, Downtown Orlando, Florida Federal Building, Downtown Orlando, Florida St. James Cathedral, Downtown Orlando, Florida St. Joseph's Academy, Downtown Orlando, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference Rajtar, Steve. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70911136" target="_blank">A Guide to Historic Orlando</a>. Charleston, SC: History Press, 2006. "<a href="https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/welcome.htm" target="_blank">Postal History</a>." United States Postal Service. https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/welcome.htm. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23369979" target="_blank">St. James Pioneer Days: Parish & School Reunion : October 5-6, 1974</a>. [Orlando, Fla.]: [St. James Parish], 1974. "<a href="http://www.stjamesorlando.org/about-us/" target="_blank">About Us</a>." St. James Cathedral. http://www.stjamesorlando.org/about-us/. Description The new Downtown Orlando Post Office building, located at 51 East Jefferson Street, in 1958. The original post office was housed in the Federal Building, located 44 East Central Boulevard in Downtown Orlando, Florida, from 1917 to 1941. In 1935, when James Beggs, Jr. became the postmaster, he began petitioning to move the post office from its Central Boulevard and Court Avenue location to a more spacious building. In 1939, St. James Catholic Church sold a plot of land on Jefferson Street for the new building. The building was designed by Louis A. Simon in the Northern Italian Palazzo Revival-style, and was constructed by J. P. Cullen and Sons. The new building opened in 1941 and housed the post office, the courthouse, and Internal Revenue Service (IRS) offices. The building was named an Orlando Historic Landmark in 1989. However, it was eventually sold back to the St. James Church. In 2003, the building was renovated and came under joint ownership by both the church and the federal government. Today, the building retains its post office services but also includes offices for the Catholic Diocese. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S. Postal Service Routing Slip (July 27, 1979) Alternative Title Postal Service Routing Slip (Jul. 27, 1979) Subject Sebastian (Fla.) Post offices July Fourth Fourth of July Independence Day (U.S.) Description A routing slip that describing the photographs of the two women on the decorated motor scooters. One of the women is Gertrude Broomell. The women have been identified as Gertrude Broomell and Beulah (last name unknown), who is the author of this note. Theses photographs are from the 1979 celebration of Independence Day in Sebastian, Florida. The slip describes the various events that took place at the celebration, such as a water skiing demonstration, hang gliders, and a drill team from the Naval Training Center Orlando (NTC Orlando). Type Text Source Original routing slip, July 27, 1979: Private Collection of Texann Ivy Buck. References "<a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/items/show/7664" target="_blank">Women Riding Decorated Post Office Scooters</a>." RICHES of Central Florida. https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/items/show/7664. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original routing slip, July 27, 1979. Coverage Sebastian, Florida Contributor Buck, Texann Ivy Date Created 1979-07-27 Format image/jpg Extent 117 KB Medium 1-page typewritten routing slip Language eng Mediator History Teacher Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by Texann Ivy Buck and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="http://orlandoremembered.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered</a> Curator Stoddard, James Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository Private Collection of Texann Ivy Buck External Reference "<a href="http://www.sebastianchamber.com/about-us/our-history" target="_blank">OUR HISTORY: HISTORY OF THE SEBASTIAN RIVER AREA INDIAN RIVER COUNTY AND THE TREASURE COAST</a>." Sebastian River Area Chamber of Commerce. http://www.sebastianchamber.com/about-us/our-history. 4th of July Fourth of July Gertrude Broomell Independence Day July 4th July Fourth Naval Training Center Orlando NTC Orlando post offices Sebastian https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/7f15de4a9d5678d1251e45ed7f1f76ce.jpg 072ecc7a3edb4a60e489bfe77b0aec94 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Veterans Legacy Program Collection Alternative Title VLP Collection Subject Veterans--Florida Description In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Is Part Of Veterans Legacy Program Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"><a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S.S. Harding (DD-625) Alternative Title USS Harding (DD-625) Subject World War, 1939-1945 Veterans--Florida Description The second USS Harding (DD-625) was launched on June 28, 1942, by the Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corporation and commissioned by the United States Navy on May 25, 1943. The Harding served as a ship destroyer responsible for antisubmarine patrolling and escorting battleships in the Atlantic earlier during World War II before transitioning to the Pacific in the later part of the war. The Navy decommissioned the ship on November 2, 1945, and was sold for scrap on April 16, 1947, by the Luia Brothers Co., Inc. of Philadelphia. Harding received three battle stars for World War II service. A notable crewmember was George Downings Jr. (1925-1946). Downings was born and raised in St. Johns County, Florida. Before joining the military, he lived in Saint Augustine, Florida. On March 4, 1943, Downings enlisted in the United States Naval Reserve in Jacksonville, Florida. Downings served as a Navy Messman, later called a Steward. In his duty, Downings was responsible for feeding and cleaning up after Navy officers. He eventually reached the rank of Steward’s Mate First Class. Downings served on various vessels, including the U.S.S. Harding, the U.S.S. O’Brien, and the U.S.S. Moale. Downings continued to serve in the Navy until December 25, 1945. He passed away on July 5, 1946, at the age of 21. He is buried in Saint Augustine National Cemetery in Section D, Plot 57. In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for K-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Type Image Source Digital reproduction of original black and white photograph. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/210" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Collection</a> Coverage New York, New York Date Created 1943-10-05 Format image/jpg Extent 819 KB Medium 1 black and white photograph Language eng Mediator History Teacher Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: • reproduce the work in print or digital form • create derivative works • perform the work publicly • display the work • distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. This resource is provided here by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105">Section 5</a> of <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Donation Curator Stoddard, James Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a> External Reference Abney, Barb. "<a href="https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/" target="_blank">VA Selects UCF Historians to Archive Stories of Deceased Veterans Veterans</a>." UCF Today, March 13, 2017. Accessed August 9, 2017. https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/. Black, Jeremy. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/834223370" target="_blank">World War Two: A Military History</a>. London [u.a]: Routledge, 2003. George Downings Jr Jacksonville military history military service Navy Messman Navy ship ship U.S.S. Harding United States Navy US Naval Reserve US Navy USS Harding veterans Veterans Legacy Program World War II World War, 1939-1945 WWII https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/1ad15a0b5ae8cc28a7005ba3c0e9f254.jpg e9cc8c259d2001f70d842fc003bff38e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Veterans Legacy Program Collection Alternative Title VLP Collection Subject Veterans--Florida Description In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Is Part Of Veterans Legacy Program Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"><a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S.S. Helvetia (SP-3096) Alternative Title USS Helvetia (SP-3096) Subject World War, 1914-1918 Veterans--Florida Description A photograph of the USS Helvetia (SP-3096), which was a three-masted schooner or sailing vessel, as seen from her accompanying submarine USS E-2 in August 1918. The Helvetia was a tender/decoy ship, providing supplies to the tailing submarine and sailing under the disguise of a merchant ship to entice German U-boats into surfacing. A notable crewmember was Phillip Kenneth Winter (1898-1945). Born on December 24, 1898, in Baltimore, Maryland, to Phillip and Mary Rose Winter, Phillip was the seventh of eight children. Sometime after 1900, the family moved to Jacksonville, Florida, where Phillip eventually found work as a messenger for a railroad company. He enlisted in the United States Navy on April 14, 1917, in Atlanta, Georgia, and first served in Norfolk, Virginia, before serving on the USS Orion in June 1917. In July 1918, Phillip transferred to the USS Helvetia (SP-3096). After the war ended, Phillip returned to Jacksonville, where he resumed work in the railroad industry and met his future wife, Mary Jeanette "Janie" Roberts. They married on August 15, 1921. Mary gave birth to their daughter, Martha Rose, on August 5, 1922. Mary passed in 1925 due to tuberculosis. Phillip remarried on July 27, 1929, to Harriett Rhynard, but they divorced in 1934. Sometime after, Phillip moved to Clearwater, Florida. In April 1942, Phillip registered for the World War II Young Man's Draft but was not called into service. He worked as a member of the barracks in the area. He passed away on December 22, 1945, two days before his forty-seventh birthday. He is buried in the Bay Pines National Cemetery at Section 11 Row 1 Site 10. In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for K-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Type Still Image Source Digital reproduction of original black and white still photograph: NH78920, U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command, Washington, D.C. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/210" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Collection</a> Coverage Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia Creator <a href="https://www.navy.mil/" target="_blank">United States Navy</a> Publisher <a href="https://www.history.navy.mil" target="_blank">Naval History and Heritage Command</a> Date Created ca. 1918-08-08 to 1918-08-21 Format image/jpg Extent 182 KB Medium 1 black and white photograph Language eng Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally created by the <a href="https://www.navy.mil" target="_blank">United States Navy</a> and published by the <a href="https://www.history.navy.mil" target="_blank">Naval History and Heritage Command</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: • reproduce the work in print or digital form • create derivative works • perform the work publicly • display the work • distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. This resource is provided here by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105">Section 5</a> of <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Donation Curator O'Neil, Rhiannon Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a> <a href="https://www.history.navy.mil" target="_blank">Naval History and Heritage Command</a> Source Repository <a href="https://www.ussnautilis.org/" target="_blank">Submarine Force Library and Museum</a>, Groton, Connecticut. External Reference Abney, Barb. "<a href="https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/" target="_blank">VA Selects UCF Historians to Archive Stories of Deceased Veterans Veterans</a>." UCF Today, March 13, 2017. Accessed August 9, 2017. https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/. Tuchman, Barbara W., and Robert K. Massie. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881458391" target="_blank">The Guns of August: The Outbreak of World War I</a>. 2014. military history military service Navy ship Phillip Kenneth Winter ship submarine tender/decoy ship U.S.S. Helvetia (SP-3096) United States Navy US Navy USS Helvetia (SP-3096) veterans Veterans Legacy Program World War I World War, 1914-1918 WWI https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/b0377acabde72dbac5bf9990b5f96cb7.jpg c138ed1f044a2a70903cd39c9ca27493 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Veterans Legacy Program Collection Alternative Title VLP Collection Subject Veterans--Florida Description In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Is Part Of Veterans Legacy Program Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"><a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S.S. Leopold (DE-319) Alternative Title USS Leopold (DE-319) Subject World War, 1939-1945 Veterans--Florida Description A photograph of the USS Leopold, which was an Edsall Class destroyer escort that was laid down in Orange, Texas, in March 1943 by the Consolidated Steel Corporation. A destroyer escort’s mission included escorting merchant shipping and protecting them from submarines. The USS Leopold was named for Ensign Robert Lawrence Leopold, who was killed on the USS Arizona on December 7, 1941. The USS Leopold launched on June 12, 1943, sponsored by Miss Helen S. Leopold, who was the sister of Ensign Leopold. After commissioning ceremonies on October 18, 1943, the USS Leopold was delivered to Galveston, Texas, for firing tests. It made its maiden voyage to the port of New Orleans, Louisiana. The ship completed its shakedown training in Great Sound, Bermuda, in November 1943. After completing crew training in December 1943, the ship deployed as a destroyer escort for naval convoys. The USS Leopold was hit by a torpedo fired by the Kriegsmarine (German Navy) U-255 on March 9, 1944. The ship was badly damaged and the crew abandoned ship. The USS Leopold remained afloat until March 10, 1944, when it officially sank south of Iceland during a storm. A notable crewmember of the USS Leopold was Francis Patrick Currey. Currey was born on August 9, 1924, in Buffalo, New York. On December 12, 1941, Currey enlisted in the United States Coast Guard, where he served on the USS Leopold as a Petty Officer Third Class. Currey’s duties included transmitting, receiving, encoding, decoding, and distributing messages obtained via the visual transmission systems of flag semaphore, visual Morse code, and flag hoist signaling. After the USS Leopold was struck by a torpedo, Currey was declared Missing in Action or Lost at Sea, presumed dead, in the Atlantic Ocean, about 400 miles south of Iceland on March 9, 1944. In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Type Still Image Source Original black and white photograph. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/210" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Collection</a> Coverage Orange, Texas Creator United States Department of the Navy Publisher United States Department of the Navy Date Created 1943-06-12 Format image/jpg Extent 975 KB Medium 1 black and white photograph Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally created and published by the United States Department of the Navy. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: • reproduce the work in print or digital form • create derivative works • perform the work publicly • display the work • distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. This resource is provided here by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105">Section 5</a> of <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Donation Curator Stoddard, James Cravero, Geoffrey Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a> <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/"> Ancestry.com</a> <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a> Source Repository <a href="https://www.archives.gov/">National Archives and Records Administration</a> External Reference Abney, Barb. "<a href="https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/" target="_blank">VA Selects UCF Historians to Archive Stories of Deceased Veterans Veterans</a>." UCF Today, March 13, 2017. Accessed August 9, 2017. https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/. Black, Jeremy. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/834223370" target="_blank">World War Two: A Military History</a>. London [u.a]: Routledge, 2003. Bushnell Edsall Class destroyer escort Florida National Cemetery Francis P. Currey military history military service National Cemetery Administration U.S.S. Leopold (DE-319) USS Leopold (DE-319) veterans Veterans Administration Veterans Legacy Program World War II World War, 1939-1945 WWII https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/c817b88b176e9c5da441e6080ab78d49.jpg a892e3903105fd9b9eef748c4508b721 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Veterans Legacy Program Collection Alternative Title VLP Collection Subject Veterans--Florida Description In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Is Part Of Veterans Legacy Program Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"><a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S.S. Leviathan Alternative Title USS Leviathan Subject World War, 1914-1918 Veterans--Florida Description The USS Leviathan at harbor in 1918. The ship was acquired from Germany by the United States Navy in 1917, serving as a troop transport ship until it was decommissioned on October 29, 1919. Fred White (1898-1919) and the 547th Engineer Service Battalion were transported to France on board the Leviathan in October 1918. Fred White was born on March 14, 1898, in Marianna, Florida, and was raised by his grandparents. He moved to Youngstown in neighboring Bay County, where he worked as a laborer. On June 5, 1918, he registered for the draft, adding a year to his age to make himself eligible. On June 15, he married Mamie Grey Kennedy. Two months later, on August 21, White was inducted into the United States Army and trained at Camp Joseph E. Johnston. He joined Company C of the 547th Engineer Service Battalion and departed for France on October 27, 1918. After the war, White succumbed to the influenza epidemic of 1918-1919 on February 1, 1919. White is buried in the Meuse-Argonne American Cemetery in Romange-sous-Montfaucon, France, at Plot C Row 7 Grave 3. In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program continues, engaging a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in national cemeteries available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 headstones at four national cemeteries, two in Florida (Florida National Cemetery and St. Augustine National Cemetery) and two in France (American Battle Monuments Commission cemeteries at Aisne-Marne and the Meuse-Argonne), where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Type Still Image Source Digital reproduction of original black and white still photograph: U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command Photograph, NH 71. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/210" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Collection</a> Coverage New York Harbor, New York Creator <a href="https://www.navy.mil/" target="_blank">United States Navy</a> Publisher <a href="https://www.history.navy.mil/" target="_blank">Naval History and Heritage Command</a> Date Created ca. 1918 Format image/jpg Extent 1.06 MB Medium 1 black and white photograph Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally created by the <a href="https://www.navy.mil/" target="_blank">United States Navy</a> and published by the <a href="https://www.history.navy.mil/" target="_blank">Naval History and Heritage Command</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: • reproduce the work in print or digital form • create derivative works • perform the work publicly • display the work • distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. This resource is provided here by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105">Section 5</a> of <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Donation Curator O'Neil, Rhiannon Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a> <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a> <a href="https://www.history.navy.mil/" target="_blank">Naval History and Heritage Command</a> Source Repository <a href="https://www.history.navy.mil/" target="_blank">Naval History and Heritage Command</a> External Reference Abney, Barb. "<a href="https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/" target="_blank">VA Selects UCF Historians to Archive Stories of Deceased Veterans</a>." UCF Today, March 13, 2017. Accessed August 9, 2017. https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/. American Battle Monuments Commission. "<a href="https://www.abmc.gov/node/329776#.W40mOehKi01" target="_blank">Fred White</a>." American Battle Monuments Commission. Romagne-sous-Montfaucon, France. Accessed September 3, 2018. https://www.abmc.gov/node/329776#.W40mOehKi01. Bay County Judge. "<a href="https://www.familysearch.org/frontier/search-artifact/ark:/61903/1:1:FWM1-VZ5" target="_blank">Fred White</a>." Florida County Marriages, 1830-1957. Online database with images, FamilySearch. Bay, Florida. FHL microfilm 988,464. Accessed September 3, 2018. https://www.familysearch.org/frontier/search-artifact/ark:/61903/1:1:FWM-VZ5. Byerly, Carol R. "<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2862337/" target="_blank">The U.S. Military and the Influenza Pandemic of 1918-1919</a>." Public Health Report 125, no. suppl. 3 (2010): 82-91. Dalessandro, Robert J. and Gerald Torrence. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/264045802" target="_blank">Willing Patriots: Men of Color in the First World War</a>. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing Ltd., 2009. Florida Department of Military Affairs. "<a href="https://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/223055" target="_blank">Fred White</a>." Online database with images, FloridaMemory. Panama City, Florida. Army Box 16. Accessed September 3, 2018. https://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/223055. Keene, Jennifer. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/837560460" target="_blank">World War I: The American Soldier Experience</a>. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2011. Mjagkij, Nina. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/681481436" target="_blank">Loyalty in the Time of Trial: The African American Experience During World War I</a>. Lanham, MD: Rowman, Littlefield Publishing, Inc., 2011. Naval History and Heritage Command. "<a href="https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/our-collections/photography/numerical-list-of-images/nhhc-series/nh-series/NH-00001/NH-71.html" target="_blank">NH 71 USS Leviathan (ID #1326)</a>." NHHC. Accessed September 4, 2018. https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/our-collections/photography/numerical-list-of-images/nhhc-series/nh-series/NH-00001/NH-71.html. NavSource. "<a href="https://www.navsource.org/archives/11/171326.htm" target="_blank">Leviathan (ID 1326)</a>." Section Patrol Craft Photo Archive. Accessed September 4, 2018. https://www.navsource.org/archives/11/171326. Office of the Quartermaster General. "<a href="https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=try&db=NARAWWITroops&h=1874029" target="_blank">Fred White</a>." U.S. Army Transport Service Passenger Lists, 1910-1939. Online database, Ancestry.com. Hoboken, New Jersey. Record Group 92, Roll or Box Number 477, NAI 6234477. Accessed September 3, 2018. https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=try&db=NARAWWITroops&h=1874029. Selective Service System. "<a href="https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=try&db=WW1draft&h=1664135" target="_blank">Fred White</a>." U.S. World War I Draft Registratio Cards, 1917-1918. Online database with images, Ancestry.com. Bay, Florida. NARA microfilm publication M1509, Roll 1556878. Accessed September 3, 2018. https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=try&db=WW1draft&h=1664135. U.S. Census Bureau. "<a href="https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=try&db=1910USCenIndex&h=186537488" target="_blank">Fred White</a>." 1910 United States Federal Census. Online database with images, Ancestry.com. Cottondale, Jackson, Florida. NARA microfilm publication T624, Page 13B, Enumeration District 0056, FHL microfilm 1374176. Accessed August 31, 2018. https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=try&db=1910USCenIndex&h=186537488. Army Transport Service ATS Fred White military history military service Navy ship ship troop transport ship U.S.S. Leviathan USS Leviathan veterans Veterans Administration Veterans Legacy Program World War I World War, 1914-1918 WWI https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/699f7c7af96505d12ce22a96ce64c8ba.jpg 2e64d0798b279b47fdf74990314f7c20 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Veterans Legacy Program Collection Alternative Title VLP Collection Subject Veterans--Florida Description In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Is Part Of Veterans Legacy Program Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"><a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S.S. Lykens (SP-876/AT-56) Alternative Title USS Lykens (SP-876/AT-56) Subject World War, 1914-1918 Veterans--Florida Description A photograph of the USS Lykens (SP-876/AT-56), which was a 170-foot steam-powered tugboat. The photograph was taken sometime in 1917, after the ship was acquired by the United States Navy. Built in 1899, the Lykens started as a private vessel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. After the Navy acquired it, the ship operated in the Atlantic, reaching as far out as Bermuda and the Azores, primarily serving as a tender/decoy ship. Tender/decoy missions involved a ship travelling with an allied submarine in order to keep the sub supplied, while also acting as bait to draw out enemy submarines. A notable crewmember was the ship's commander, Leo Rosser Davis (1880-1951). Born in Tallahassee, Florida, to James and Nora Davis, Leo was the oldest of four children. On June 1, 1918, at the age of thirty-eight, Leo received a commission as a Lieutenant in the United States Navy Reserve. He reported to the Naval Auxiliary Reserve in New York on June 3, 1918. Then, on June 22, he began his service aboard the USS Lykens (SP-876/AT-56). By late July, Leo commanded the ship, which operated in the northern Atlantic, off the coast of New England. Leo continued to command the ship through the end of World War I. On April 18, 1919, he was discharged and returned to Florida. After having spent so much time at sea, Leo earned the title of a master mariner. He sailed the civilian cargo ship SS Lake Felicity, a 250-foot steam-powered ship. On at least three occasions in 1919 and 1920, he commanded this ship and sailed between New Orleans, Louisiana, various Caribbean islands, and New York. On March 20, 1951, Leo passed away in the Bay Pines Hospital after spending nearly his entire life in the St. Petersburg area. He was survived by his wife Anna, his stepson William, his brothers Claude and Herbert, and his mother Nora. Leo is buried in Bay Pines National Cemetery at Section 16, Row 6, Site 11. In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for K-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Type Still Image Source Digital reproduction of original black and white photograph: NH102011, US Naval History and Heritage Command, Washington, D.C. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/210" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Collection</a> Coverage Navy Yard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Creator <a href="https://www.navy.mil/" target="_blank">United States Navy</a> Publisher <a href="https://www.history.navy.mil" target="_blank">Naval History and Heritage Command</a> Date Created ca. 1917-09-18 to 1917-11-10 Format image/jpg Extent 50.2 KB Medium 1 black and white photograph Language eng Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally created by the <a href="https://www.navy.mil" target="_blank">United States Navy</a> and published by the <a href="https://www.history.navy.mil" target="_blank">Naval History and Heritage Command</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: • reproduce the work in print or digital form • create derivative works • perform the work publicly • display the work • distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. This resource is provided here by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105">Section 5</a> of <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Donation Curator O'Neil, Rhiannon Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a> <a href="https://www.history.navy.mil" target="_blank">Naval History and Heritage Command</a> Source Repository <a href="https://www.archives.gov/" target="_blank">National Archives and Records Administration</a>, Record Group 19-LCM. External Reference Abney, Barb. "<a href="https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/" target="_blank">VA Selects UCF Historians to Archive Stories of Deceased Veterans Veterans</a>." UCF Today, March 13, 2017. Accessed August 9, 2017. https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/. Tuchman, Barbara W., and Robert K. Massie. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881458391" target="_blank">The Guns of August: The Outbreak of World War I</a>. 2014. Leo Rosser Davis military history military service Navy Navy ship ship submarine tender/decoy ship U.S. Navy U.S.S. Lykens (SP-876/AT-56) US Navy USS Lykens (SP-876/AT-56) veterans Veterans Legacy Program World War I World War, 1914-1918 WWI https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/b16841af178f1d33735e7c3e4e526e6a.jpg 81143f16170d0c7e1e0d36dee235bc66 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Veterans Legacy Program Collection Alternative Title VLP Collection Subject Veterans--Florida Description In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Is Part Of Veterans Legacy Program Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"><a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S.S. MacDounough (DD-351) Alternative Title USS MacDounough (DD-351) Subject World War, 1939-1945 Veterans--Florida Description Black and white photograph of the USS MacDounough (DD-351). The USS Macdonough (DD-351) was a Farragut-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War II. The MacDounough downed a Japanese attack plane during the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941. Raymond D. Nelson served on the ship for part of his tenure in the United States Navy. Nelson was born to Danish immigrants in Brooklyn, Iowa, on August 9, 1920. On December 27, 1939, he joined the United States Navy. He reached the rank of Lieutenant Junior Grade by the time he retired on October 3, 1946. He served on the USS MacDonough and USS Birmingham. Nelson is buried at the Florida National Cemetery in Bushnell, Florida. In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Type Still Image Source Digital reproduction of original black and white photograph. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/210" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Collection</a> Coverage USS MacDounough (DD-351) Format image/jpg Extent 128 KB Medium 1 black and white photograph Mediator History Teacher Accrual Method Donation Curator Ortiz, Samuel Cravero, Geoffrey Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a> <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/"> Ancestry.com</a> <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a> External Reference Abney, Barb. "<a href="https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/" target="_blank">VA Selects UCF Historians to Archive Stories of Deceased Veterans Veterans</a>." UCF Today, March 13, 2017. Accessed August 9, 2017. https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/. Black, Jeremy. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/834223370" target="_blank">World War Two: A Military History</a>. London [u.a]: Routledge, 2003. Bushnell Florida National Cemetery military history military service national cemeteries, American National Cemetery Administration Raymond Donald Nelson ships United States Navy USS Birmingham USS MacDoinough veterans Veterans Administration World War II World War, 1939-1945 https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/6040bcc9f835ecd4425613786191c4da.jpg 770bf4df882c42721e85c31a5d742c7a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Veterans Legacy Program Collection Alternative Title VLP Collection Subject Veterans--Florida Description In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Is Part Of Veterans Legacy Program Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"><a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S.S. Mount Vernon Alternative Title USS Mount Vernon Subject World War, 1914-1918 Veterans--Florida Description The USS Mount Vernon after being torpedoed by a German submarine in the eastern Atlantic on September 5, 1918. The torpedo killed 36 men. The ship made port the next day in Brest, France, where it was given a temporary patch. It is possible that Buster Williams (1887-1945) was on the ship at this time. Buster Williams was born on December 16, 1887, in Barnwell, South Carolina. He worked as a farmer in Elkton, Florida, before being drafted into the United States Army in St. Augustine, Florida, on June 19, 1918. Williams served for about two months in the 135th Depot Brigade, a unit responsible for processing and training new recruits. From August 18, 1918, until the end of the war, he was part of Company B of the 536th Engineers Service Battalion. The 536th boarded their ship for France on August 26, 1918. The unit likely worked at the St. Aignan depot, where they would have been responsible for loading and unloading equipment and serving in primarily a support capacity. Once the war ended, Williams returned to Florida, where he married his wife, Ethel, and had three children. Williams worked as a laborer for a cemetery. He, his wife, and his son-in-law remained in the same house until Williams's death on December 28, 1945. He is buried in the St. Augustine National Cemetery. In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program continues, engaging a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in national cemeteries available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 headstones at four national cemeteries, two in Florida (Florida National Cemetery and St. Augustine National Cemetery) and two in France (American Battle Monuments Commission cemeteries at Aisne-Marne and the Meuse-Argonne), where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Type Still Image Source Digital reproduction of original black and white still photograph: NH 89149, Collection of Lieutenant P.W. Yeatman, USN (Retired), Naval History and Heritage Command, Washington, D.C. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/210" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Collection</a> Coverage Brest, France Creator <a href="https://www.navy.mil/" target="_blank">United States Navy</a> Publisher <a href="https://history.navy.mil/" target="_blank">Naval History and Heritage Command</a> Date Created ca. 1918-09-05 Format image/jpg Extent 98.2 KB Medium 1 black and white still photograph Language eng Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally created by the <a href="https://www.navy.mil/" target="_blank">United States Navy</a> and published by the <a href="https://history.navy.mil/" target="_blank">Naval History and Heritage Command</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: • reproduce the work in print or digital form • create derivative works • perform the work publicly • display the work • distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. This resource is provided here by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105">Section 5</a> of <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Donation Curator O'Neil, Rhiannon Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a> <a href="https://www.navsource.org/" target="_blank">NavSource Naval History</a> Source Repository Collection of Lieutenant P.W. Yeatman, USN (Retired), Naval History and Heritage command External Reference Abney, Barb. "<a href="https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/" target="_blank">VA Selects UCF Historians to Archive Stories of Deceased Veterans Veterans</a>." UCF Today, March 13, 2017. Accessed August 9, 2017. https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/. American Battle Monuments Commission. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/923834983/" target="_blank">American Armies and Battlefields in Europe: A History, Guide, and Reference Book. Washington, D.C., 1938.</a> Army War College. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/221518410" target="_blank">Order of the Battle of the United States Land Forces in the World War [Vol. 1-2], American Expeditionary Forces</a>. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1931-1949. "<a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/17264125" target="_blank">Buster Williams (1887-1945)</a>." Online database with images, Find a Grave. Accessed August 6, 2018. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/17264125. Florida Department of Military Affairs. "<a href="https://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/222633" target="_blank">Buster Williams</a>." Online database with images, FloridaMemory. New Augustine, Florida. Box 16. Accessed August 6, 2018. https://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/222633. Keene, Jennifer. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/837560460" target="_blank">World War I: The American Soldier Experience</a>. Lincoln [u.a.]: University of Nebraska Press, 2011. United States Army. <a href="http://credo.library.umass.edu/view/full/mums312-b219-i076" target="_blank">536th Engineer Service Battalion Historial Technical Report, 1919</a>. W.E.B. Du Bois Papers. Accessed August 6, 2018. http://credo.library.umass.edu/view/full/mmums312-b219-i076. Office of the Quartermaster General. "<a href="https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=1&ampdb=NARAWWITroops&amph=7414092">Buster Williams</a>." U.S. Army Transport Service Passenger Lists, 1910-1939. Online database with images, Ancestry.com. Hoboken, New Jersey. Record Group Number 92, Roll or Box Number 507. Accessed August 6, 2018. https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=1&ampdb=NARAWWITroops&amph=1483191. Selective Service System. "<a href="https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=1&ampdb=WW1draft&amph=70930822">Busetr Williams</a>." U.S. World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918. Online database with images, Ancestry.com. NARA microfilm publication M1509, Roll 15569277. Accessed August 6, 2018. https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=1&ampdb=WW1draft&amph=70930822. U.S. Census Bureau. "<a href="https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=1&ampdb=1920usfedcen&amph=4091921">Buster Williams</a>." 1920 United States Federal Census. Online database with images, Ancestry.com. New Augustine, St. Johns, Florida. NARA microfilm publication T625, 2076 rolls. Accessed August 6, 2018. https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=1&ampdb=1920usfedcen&amph=4091921. U.S. Census Bureau. "<a href="https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=1&ampdb=1930usfedcen&amph=7865448">Buster Williams</a>." 1930 United States Federal Census. Online database with images, Ancestry.com. St. Augustine, St. Johns, Florida. NARA microfilm publication T626, FHL microfilm 2340067. Accessed August 6, 2018. https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=1&ampdb=1930usfedcen&amph=7865448. 536th Engineers Service Battalion Army Transport Service ATS Buster Williams military history military service Mount Vernon Navy ship troop transport ship U.S.S. Mount Vernon USS Mount Vernon veterans Veterans Administration Veterans Legacy Program World War I World War, 1914-1918 WWI https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/9558a7339250bc2f0356501d871041f8.pdf e44a3588d0427095511b307f68d27d63 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Celery Soup: Florida's Folk Life Play Collection Alternative Title Celery Soup Collection Subject Sanford (Fla.) Community theater--United States Theater--United States Description The Celery Soup: Florida’s Folk Life Play Collection encompasses photographs, artifacts, and oral histories related to the production of Creative Sanford, Inc.'s and Celery Soup's play Remade - Not Bought, performed at the Princess Theater in 2013. Many of the items in this collection were collected by Dr. Scot French's Tools in Digital History Seminar Graduate Class during the Fall 2013 semester at the University of Central Florida. Contributor Dingle, Cathy Lee Delgado, Natalie Fedorka, Drew M. Ford, Nancy Harris French, Scot A. Kelley, Katie Lee, Luticia Gormley Maliczowski, Linda Lee Maples, Marilyn Miller, Mark Reisz, Autumn Thompson, Trish Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/44" target="_blank">Seminole County Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/16" target="_blank">Sanford Collection</a>, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Celery Soup: Florida’s Folk Life Play, Sanford, Florida Creative Sanford, Inc., Sanford, Florida Princess Theater, Sanford, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/" target="_blank">Creative Sanford, Inc.</a> <a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/" target="_blank">Celery Soup: Florida’s Folk Life Play</a> Dr. <a href="http://history.scotfrench.com/" target="_blank">Scot A. French</a>'s Tools in Digital History Seminar Graduate Class, Fall 2013 at the <a href="http://www.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">University of Central Florida</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com//about" target="_blank">WHO IS CREATIVE SANFORD, INC?</a>" Celery Soup. http://www.celerysoupsanford.com//about. "<a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/about/" target="_blank">About: History and Purpose</a>." Celery Soup. http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/about/. "<a href="http://www.communityperformanceinternational.org/sanford-florida" target="_blank">Sanford, Florida: How do you make Celery Soup? Add stories, then stir</a>." Community Performance International. http://www.communityperformanceinternational.org/sanford-florida. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format 1 sepia photograph Physical Dimensions 5.5 x 3.5 inches Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S.S. Nansemond Postcard Alternative Title U.S.S. Nansemond Postcard Subject World War I, 1914-1918 Description A postcard showing United States Ship (USS) Nansemond (ID-1395), most likely around March 1919. Originally called Steamship (SS) Pennsylvania, this steamship was built by Hartland & Wolff in Belfast, Northern Ireland, in 1896 for the Hamburg-American Line. In 1917, the ship was seized by the United States Shipping Board (USSB). During World War I, Nansemond served in the Army Cargo and Transport Service until it was transferred to the U.S. Navy. On January 20, 1919, the steamship was commissioned in Hoboken, New Jersey, under Commander W. MacLeod of the U.S. Navy Reserve (USNR). USS Nansemond was assigned to the Naval Overseas Transportation Service (NOTS) and departed from New York on February 4, 1919. Carrying supplies for the U.S. Army, the ship arrived at Saint-Nazaire, France, on February 16 and then departed for Virginia on February 26. Carrying returning soldiers of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF), Nansemond arrived at Newport News on March 11, 1919. In August, the steamship returned to New York to be decommissioned on August 25. USS Nansemond was returned to the USSB and then scrapped in 1924. Type Still Image Source Original 5.5 x 3.5 inch sepia postcard, 1919: Private Collection of Luticia "Tish" Gormley Lee. Requires <a href="http://www.adobe.com/reader.html" target="_blank">Adobe Acrobat Reader</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/82" target="_blank">Celery Soup: Florida’s Folk Life Play Collection</a>, Sanford Collection, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original 5.5 x 3.5 inch sepia postcard, 1919. Coverage Hoboken, New Jersey New York City, New York Saint-Nazaire, France Newport News, Virginia Contributor Lee, Luticia "Tish" Gormley Date Created ca. 1919 Format application/pdf Extent 198 KB Medium 5.5 x 3.5 inch sepia photograph Language eng Mediator History Teacher Civics/Government Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Inherited by Luticia "Tish" Gormley Lee. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by Luticia "Tish" Gormley Lee and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/" target="_blank">Creative Sanford, Inc.</a> <a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/" target="_blank">Celery Soup: Florida's Folk Life Play</a> Dr. <a href="http://history.scotfrench.com/" target="_blank">Scot French</a>'s "Tools in Digital History Seminar," Fall 2013 Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/855479958" target="_blank">USS Nansemond</a>. [S.l.]: Book On Demand Ltd, 2013. "<a href="http://www.navsource.org/archives/12/171395.htm" target="_blank">Nansemond (ID 1395)</a>." NavSource Online: Section Patrol Craft Photo Archive. http://www.navsource.org/archives/12/171395.htm. "<a href="http://freepages.military.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cacunithistories/USS_Nansemond.html" target="_blank">USS Nansemond</a>." Troopships, Battleships, Subs, Cruisers, Destroyers. http://freepages.military.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cacunithistories/USS_Nansemond.html. "<a href="http://www.nansemond.org/" target="_blank">U.S.S. NANSEMOND</a>." E W T V E T S [Energize With the Vets]: The Forget Us Not Project. http://www.nansemond.org/. Transcript U.S.S NANSEMOND "SHIP THAT BROUGHT US HOME." POST CARD PLACE STAMP HERE CORRESPONDENCE ADDRESS AEF American Expeditionary Forces Army Army Cargo and Transport Service Hamburg-American Line Hartland & Wolff ID-1395 Naval Overseas Transportation Service Navy Navy Reserve NOTS SS Pennsylvania Steamship Pennsylvania U.S. Army U.S. Navy U.S. Navy Reserve United States Shipping Board USNR USS Nansemond USSB World War I WWI https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/71f2dae5dc1d9a128178029f331bc0c3.jpeg c1566f4d0f39c1dc0b67f94bbd6f13e7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Veterans Legacy Program Collection Alternative Title VLP Collection Subject Veterans--Florida Description In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Is Part Of Veterans Legacy Program Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"><a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S.S. Orion (AS-18) Alternative Title USS Orion Subject World War, 1939-1945 Veterans--Florida Description The USS Orion between 1970 and 1979. The second Orion (AS-18) was laid down on July 31, 1941, at the Moore Dry Dock Comaony, in Oakland, California, launched on June 24 1942, sponsored by Mrs. Robert A. White, and commissioned on September 30, 1943. A notable soldier who served on the ship was Sheldon Paul McCloskey (1919-1996). Born to James and Dessie McCloskey on April 15, 1919, in Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania, Sheldon worked for the Pennsylvania Railroad Company with his father as a railcar builder after graduating high school. He registered for the World War II draft on October 16, 1940, but eventually enlisted in the United States Navy on June 3, 1944. During his time in the Navy, he served on two submarine tender ships: the USS Orion and the USS Sperry. McCloskey left the Navy on February 15, 1946. After the war, he retuned to Washington DC and joined the Marine Corps reserve squadron VMF-321, achieving the rank of Sargent. McCloskey died on November 1, 1996, and is memorialized in Florida National Cemetery in Bushnell, Florida. In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Type Still Image Source Digital reproduction of original black and white photograph. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/210" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Collection</a> Creator McPherson, Donald M. Publisher Naval History and Heritage Command Date Created ca. 1970 to 1979 Format image/jpg Extent 283 KB Medium 1 black and white photograph Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally created by Donald M. McPherson and published by the Naval History and Heritage Command. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: • reproduce the work in print or digital form • create derivative works • perform the work publicly • display the work • distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. This resource is provided here by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105">Section 5</a> of <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Donation Curator Campbell, Tyler Connolly, Lehman Cravero, Geoffrey Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a> <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a> Source Repository <a href="https://www.archives.gov/">National Archives and Records Administration</a> External Reference Abney, Barb. "<a href="https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/" target="_blank">VA Selects UCF Historians to Archive Stories of Deceased Veterans Veterans</a>." UCF Today, March 13, 2017. Accessed August 9, 2017. https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/. Bushnell Florida National Cemetery memorials military history military service national cemeteries, American National Cemetery Administration Sheldon McCloskey U.S.S. Orion (AS-18) United States Navy USS Orion (AS-18) veterans Veterans Administration Veterans Legacy Program https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/c0f5de3e7d6e5b3f50a5c89d01df417e.jpg fe671367d78036d47a2077770e4f201f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Veterans Legacy Program Collection Alternative Title VLP Collection Subject Veterans--Florida Description In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Is Part Of Veterans Legacy Program Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"><a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title U.S.S. Orizaba Alternative Title USS Orizaba Subject World War, 1914-1918 Veterans--Florida Navy (Ship) World War, 1914-1918--African Americans Description The USS Orizaba leaving port for France in 1918. During World War I, the ship carried over 15,000 soldiers to France. After the war ended, it brought another 30,000 back before being decommissioned on September 4, 1919. Crozier Williams (1895?-1948) and other members of his unit boarded the Orizaba on June 25, 1919, in Brest, France, to sail home. Crozier Williams was born in Waynesboro, Georgia sometime between 1892 and 1895, according to various records of his life and service. In the years before World War I, Williams was arrested and held at the Jenkins County Convict Camp in Birdsville, Georgia. He registered for the draft on June 5, 1917 and was eventually drafted for service on June 20, 1918 in Florida. He served in Company E of the 807th Pioneer Infantry. The unit was responsible for repairing and constructing roads, bridges, and railways. Williams received an honorable discharge on July 11, 1919 but continued to serve and was promoted on March 25, 1919 to Sergeant. After July 1919, Williams returned to his hometown, where he then lived with his wife, Neomia, and worked as a brakeman, a specialist in train brakes. He died in Dade, Florida in 1948 at the age of 53. He is buried in the St. Augustine National Cemetery at Plot D, Grave 77. In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Type Still Image Source Digital reproduction of original black and white still photograph: NH44914, U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command, Washington, D.C. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/210" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Collection</a> Coverage New York, New York Creator <a href="https://www.navy.mil/" target="_blank">United States Navy</a> Publisher <a href="https://www.history.navy.mil/" target="_blank">Naval History and Heritage Command</a> Date Created ca. 1918-06-10 Format application/pdf Extent 371 KB Medium 1 black and white photograph Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally created by the <a href="https://www.navy.mil/" target="_blank">United States Navy</a> and published by the <a href="https://www.history.navy.mil/" target="_blank">Naval History and Heritage Command</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: • reproduce the work in print or digital form • create derivative works • perform the work publicly • display the work • distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. This resource is provided here by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105">Section 5</a> of <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Donation Curator O'Neil, Rhiannon Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a> <a href="https://www.history.navy.mil" target="_blank">Naval History and Heritage Command</a> Source Repository <a href="https://www.history.navy.mil/" target="_blank">Naval History and Heritage Command</a> External Reference Abney, Barb. "<a href="https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/" target="_blank">VA Selects UCF Historians to Archive Stories of Deceased Veterans</a>." UCF Today, March 13, 2017. Accessed August 9, 2017. https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/. Florida Department of Health, Office of Vital Records. "<a href="https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=try&db=floridadeath&h=327658" target="_blank">Crozier Williams</a>." Florida Death Index, 1877-1998. Online database with images, Ancestry.com. Accessed August 22, 2018. https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=try&db=floridadeath&h=327658. Georgia Adjutant General's Office. "<a href="https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=try&db=GeorgiaWWIServiceCards&h=23198" target="_blank">Grozier Williams</a>." Georgia World War I Service Cards, 1917-1918. Online database with images, Ancestry.com. Waynesboro, Georgia. WWI Statement of Service Summary Cards, CLM-425, Georgia State Archives. Accessed August 22, 2018. https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=try&db=GeorgiaWWIServiceCards&h=23198. Husted, F.M. "<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B6pKAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA64#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">Abbreviations</a>." In San Jose City Directory Including Santa Clara County, 64. San Francisco, California: F.M. Husted, 1896. Keene, Jennifer. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/837560460" target="_blank">World War I: The American Soldier Experience</a>. Lincoln [u.a.]: University of Nebraska Press, 2011. Naval History and Heritage Command. "NH44914 USS Orizaba." Accessed August 24, 2018. <a href="https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/our-collections/photography/numerical-list-of-images/nhhc-series/nh-series/NH-44000/NH-44914.html.">https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/our-collections/photography/numerical-list-of-images/nhhc-series/nh-series/NH-44000/NH-44914.html.</a> Naval History and Heritage Command. "<a href="https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/o/orizaba-sp-1536.html" target="_blank">Orizaba (SP-1536)</a>." Accessed August 24, 2018. https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/o/orizaba-sp-1536.html. Office of the Quartermaster General. "<a href="https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=try&db=NARAWWITroops&h=6920916" target="_blank">Crozier Williams</a>." U.S. Army Transport Service Passenger Lists, 1910-1939. Online database with images, Ancestry.com. Brest, France. Record Group Number 92, Roll or Box Number 257, NAI 6234465. Accessed August 24, 2018. https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=try&db=NARAWWITroops&h=6920916. Office of the Quartermaster General. "<a href="https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=try&db=IntermentControlForms&h=1407122" target="_blank">Crozier Williams</a>." U.S. National Cemetery Interment Control Forms. Online database with images, Ancestry.com. St. Augustine, Florida. Record Group 92, Interment Control Forms A1 2110-B. Accessed August 22, 2018. https://searches.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.ddl?indiv=try&db=IntermentControlForms&h=1407122. R.L. Polk & Co. "<a href="https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=try&db=USDirectories&h=693327715" target="_blank">Crozier Williams</a>." U.S. City Directories, 1882-1995. Online database with images, Ancestry.com. Waycross, Georgia, City Directory 1925. Accessed August 22, 2018. https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=try&db=USDirectories&h=693327715. 807th Pioneer Infantry Army Transport Service ATS Crozier Williams military history military service troop transport ship U.S.S. Orizaba USS Orizaba veterans Veterans Administration Veterans Legacy Program World War I World War, 1914-1918 WWI https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/614ce1ba723c62a1d9316fb6b98e48a2.jpg dea8027d650ec99e3b41c310f8e2060b Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format Pamplet Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title UCF 1990 Cast and Crew of "Hell Bent for Good Times" Description This playbook would have been given out with the purchase of a ticket and gives information related to the play and about the people involved. The biography of the playwrite is given to give some background on the play. Following this is a list of the play's characters and who is playing them Finally there is a cast list, sorted by order from importance from Director to a list of the production crew. Date Created November, 1990 Coverage 4000 Central Florida Blvd, Orlando, FL 32816 Spatial Coverage 4000 Central Florida Blvd, Orlando, FL 32816 Source Box 1, Folder 92, University of Central Florida Theatre Program Collection Source Repository University of Central Florida Special Collections Rights Holder University of Central Florida Special Collections Transcript James Best A biography While he is probably most widely known for his role as Rosco. P. Coltrane in the long-running television hit The Dukes of Hazzard, James Best has built an impressive career on both stage and screen and has taught some of the film industry’s biggest stars. He is a veteran character actor, having appeared in eighty-three feature films, many of them considerable of historical significance: The Left Handed Gun, Shenandoah, The Caine Mutiny, Battle Cry, Sounder, and The Naked and the Dead, to name but a few. Born in Kentucky and reared in Indiana, Best’s first professional stage experience came in a European tour of My Sister Eileen, which was produced by Arthur Penn, who whould later go on to direct such film classics as The Left Handed Gun and Bonnie and Clyde. With the completion of the tour, Best returned to New York, where he performed in both summer and winter stock productions. Additionally, he performed ion stage throughout the Northeast, and toured nationally for almost 18 months in the Broadway musical Marinka. Upon his return to New York, Best was noticed by an executive for Universal Pictures. Under contract to Universal for two years, Best moved to California before embarking on a freelance career that firmly established his credentials in the performance arena. Since then, he has appeared in more than 600 television shows, including The Twilight Zone, Gunsmoke, The andy Griffith Show, Rawhide (with a then relatively unknown Clint Eastwood) and Wagon Train. He now lives and teaches in Central Florida, and is a Faculty Associate in the Department of Theatre. AT ANOTHER THEATRE IN CENTRAL FLORIDA Mark Two - The Most Happy Fella SCC - Talk Radio VCC - Only You Rollins - The Madwoman of Chaillot Theatre Downtown - Joe Turner’s Come and Gone Civic Theatre - The Road to Mecca, Eastern Standard THE CAST John Lambert James Best Ada Lambert Mimi Cartee Granny Brigitte Hill Heather Lambert Rhona Gay Orville Keith Michael Hudson Miss Glory Coni Causey The Scene: The Deep South Act I Scene I - Early Morning Scene II - Two Hours Later Intermission Act II Scene I- Early Morning Scene II - Later that same day Mr. Best appears by arrangement with Actors’ Equity Association For the comfort of others and the health of our actors, please refrain from smoking within the Theatre Building. Please, no photography, recording or paging devices in the Theatre during the performance. Thank you. Hell Bent for Good Times By James Best Directed by James Best Production Coordinator Dorothy Collier Best Lighting Designer/Master Electrician Melinda Batchelor Scenery Coordinator Donald E. White Master Carpenter Matthew Smith Stage Manager Mindy Humphrey Assistant Stage Manager Mandy Ratliff PRoperties Master Rudy Gonzalez Light Board OPerator Emil Frias Costume Coordinator Kathryn Sherman Makeup Margaret Nicholas Susie Kraft Gary Shanabarger Sound Operator Susan Wachtel Properties Assistant Cara Nedleman House Managers Billy G. Woody Teresa Lundy Production Crew Keith M. Bennett Christine Parson Lori Della Costa Maria E. Roasario Marc Della Costa Sid Lagos Alan Cochrane Deborah Slama Susan Hermann Ken Weisberg Sean Jacques Emily Benner Felix Vega Karen Brown Lisa Walker Suzanne Lake Susan Sinclair Dana Pinney Shani Hinton Gwendolyn Carney Philip Spyckboer James P. Gallaher Carrie Winfield Heidi Scheimer Michael Bradley Victoria Lauteria Erik Irrgang Tanya Kokaisel Heidi Jones Jeffrey Eberie Michael Wotherspoon Christopher Runnels Acknowledgements Praegers Gun Shop Rader’s Relics Valencia Community College - Michael Shuggs Rollins College UCF Music Department External Reference University of Central Florida Theatre Program Collection, Box 1, Folder 92, Special Collections and University Archives, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format T-shirt Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title UCF Homecoming Committee T Shirt Medieval Knights Description The 1984 homecoming celebration theme for 1984 was "Medieval Knights." The homecoming events were sponsored by Miller Brewing Company. Homecoming celebrations for 1984 were held during the week of Oct. 21 to Oct. 27. Date Created 1984-10 Coverage University of Central Florida Spatial Coverage 4000 Central Florida Blvd, Orlando, FL 32816 Source Special Collections University of Central Florida Source Repository Special Collections University of Central Florida Rights Holder University of Central Florida Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Seminole County Centennial Celebration Collection Description The Seminole County Centennial Celebration Collection contains digital items related to the 100 year celebration of the creation of Seminole County. Items include ephemera distributed before and during the celebration, photographs, and other digital items. Seminole County will turn 100 years old on April 25, 2013. This centennial benchmark is being commemorated as Seminole Celebrates A Century of Success with a 100-day celebration beginning January 16, 2013, and will conclude with a community-wide Centennial Festival planned for April 20, 2013. Seminole Celebrates will highlight the county Points of Pride and is designed to celebrate Seminole County's heritage while embracing its future. Collaboration among the business community, faith-based organizations, art and historical societies, civic groups, and educational institutions will provide our residents with numerous fun family oriented events and activities over the 100 days of celebration. Contributor <a href="http://www.celerysoupsanford.com/" target="_blank">Creative Sanford, Inc.</a> <a href="http://www.goldenrodhistoricalsociety.com/" target="_blank">Goldenrod Historical Society Museum</a><a href="http://www.goldsboromuseum.com/" target="_blank"> </a> <a href="http://www.goldsboromuseum.com/" target="_blank">Goldsboro Historical Museum</a> <a href="http://www.sanfordwelcomecenter.com/" target="_blank">Historic Sanford Welcome Center</a> <a href="http://www.lakemaryhistory.org/" target="_blank">Lake Mary Historical Museum</a> <a href="http://www.usgennet.org/usa/fl/county/seminole/Geneva/museum.htm" target="_blank">Museum of Geneva History</a> <a href="http://www.seminolecountyfl.gov/departments-services/leisure-services/parks-recreation/museum-of-seminole-county-history/" target="_blank">Museum of Seminole County History</a> <a href="http://oviedohs.com/" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society</a> <a href="http://www.ruralheritagecenter.net/" target="_blank">Rural Heritage Center</a> <a href="http://www.sanfordfl.gov/index.aspx?page=108" target="_blank">Sanford Museum</a> <a href="http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">UCF Public History Center</a> Alternative Title Seminole Centennial Collection Subject Seminole County (Fla.) Goldenrod (Fla.) Sanford (Fla.) Lake Mary (Fla.) Oviedo (Fla.) Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/30" target="_blank">Seminole County Centennial Celebration Collection</a>, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Creative Sanford, Inc., Sanford, Florida Goldenrod Historical Society Museum, Goldenrod, Florida Goldsboro Historical Museum, Goldsboro, Sanford, Florida Historic Sanford Welcome Center, Sanford, Florida Lake Mary Historical Museum, Lake Mary, Florida Museum of Geneva History, Geneva, Florida Museum of Seminole County History, Sanford, Florida Oviedo Historical Society, Oviedo, Florida Rural Heritage Center, Geneva, Florida Sanford Museum, Sanford, Florida UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://apps.seminolecountyfl.gov/centennial/index.aspx" target="_blank">Seminole County Centennial Celebration</a> Curator Marra, Katherine Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference <a href="http://apps.seminolecountyfl.gov/centennial/index.aspx" target="_blank">Seminole County Centennial Celebration</a> Francke, Arthur E. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39871004" target="_blank">Early Days of Seminole County, Florida</a>. [Sanford, FL]: Seminole County Historical Commission, 1988. Website A resource comprising of a web page or web pages and all related assets ( such as images, sound and video files, etc. ). Local URL <a href="http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title UCF Public History Center Alternative Title Student Museum Subject Public history--United States University of Central Florida. Department of History Sanford (Fla.) Museums--Florida Description According to its website, "The Student Museum has been a popular field trip destination for local [Seminole County] students for nearly 30 years. Built in 1902, this Romanesque revival style brick building has a rich history, and serves as a focal point of cultural heritage in Sanford [and is on the National Register of Historic Places]. Each year, approximately 4,000 Seminole County Public School students visit the museum as a field trip integrated into the 4th grade curriculum on Florida history. Beginning in July 2012, the University of Central Florida (UCF) Department of History will transform this facility into the UCF Public History Center. UCF will enhance the current programming offered with the addition of new media such as virtual exhibits, artifact databases, and podcasts. UCF students will preserve and interpret the past at this site, using emerging audio, video, and digital technologies to create engaging, interactive exhibits and programming. The UCF Public History Center will foster a closer connection between the community and the university's innovative research projects, encouraging greater public engagement with this region's history." Creator <a href="http://www.scps.k12.fl.us/" target="_blank">Seminole County Public Schools</a> Source UCF Public History Center 301 West Seventh Street Sanford, Florida 32771 Is Part Of <a href="http://www.scps.k12.fl.us/studentmuseum/Home.aspx" target="_blank">Student Museum</a>. <a href="http://history.cah.ucf.edu/">Department of History</a>, University of Central Florida <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/30" target="_blank">Seminole County Centennial Celebration Collection</a>, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Format application/http Medium Website Language eng Type Website Coverage Sanford, Florida Spatial Coverage 28.805814, -81.270562 Temporal Coverage 2012-07-01/2014-12-31 Accrual Method Deposit Rights Holder <a href="http://www.scps.k12.fl.us/" target="_blank">Seminole County Public Schools</a> holds all rights to the items housed within the institution as well as those items represented digitally on <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a>. Contact the <a href="http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">UCF Public History Center</a> for the proper permissions for the use of its items. Contributing Project <a href="http://nextexithistory.com/" target="_blank">Next Exit History™</a> Curator Marra, Katherine Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">Public History Center/Student Museum</a> External Reference "Public History Center." Public History Center, University of Central Florida. http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/. "Student Museum." Seminole County Public Schools. http://www.scps.k12.fl.us/studentmuseum/Home.aspx. External Reference Title "<a href="http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">Public History Center</a>" "<a href="http://www.scps.k12.fl.us/studentmuseum/Home.aspx" target="_blank">Student Museum</a>" Click to View (Movie, Podcast, or Website) <a href="http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/</a> <a href="http://www.scps.k12.fl.us/studentmuseum/Home.aspx" target="_blank">http://www.scps.k12.fl.us/studentmuseum/Home.aspx</a> Date Created 2012-07 7th Street PHC Public History Center Sanford Grammar Sanford Grammar Elementary School Sanford Grammar School Sanford High Sanford High School Sanford HS Seventh St. Seventh Street SHS Westside Grammar Elementary School Student Museum UCF UCF Department of History UCF PHC UCF Public History Center University of Central Florida Department of History Westside Grammar Westside Grammar School https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/6b190647e6f8779683cd77bdcfbe0307.jpg 7b15a72b14b64638e04b7523d524ccc9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Orlando Gay Chorus Collection Alternative Title Gay Chorus Collection Is Part Of Orlando Gay Chorus Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"> </div> Subject Orlando (Fla.) Music--Florida Dance--United States Gay culture--United States Description The Orlando Gay Chorus (OGC) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit arts and humanitarian organization, and part of the Gay and Lesbian Association (GALA) of Choruses. Founded on Valentines Day 1990, OGC is not only one of the largest mixed gay choirs in the United States at over 100 members, but they also boast four smaller ensembles that perform annual concerts, cabarets, and a host of community events, such as Come Out With Pride, Orlando Museum of Art’s Festival of Trees, and World AIDS Day memorial services. In 2017, the group performed at over 105 events, including 15 performances for the first anniversary of the Pulse Nightclub tragedy. Members come from all walks of life and all sexual and gender orientations, including straight allies. OGC lives by the motto “Singing the World to a Better Place” and strives to use music to change attitudes and build a stronger community. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Uncut Cabaret Alternative Title Orlando Gay Chorus Presents "Uncut Cabaret" Subject Orlando (Fla.) Music--Florida Dance--United States Description A poster for the Orlando Gay Chorus' (OGC) adult content concert, “Uncut Cabaret.” The event was held at the Parliament House Resort's Footlight Theatre, located at 410 North Orange Blossom Trail in Orlando, Florida, on February 28, 2013. Tickets were $15 in advance through orlandogaychorus.org, and $20 at the door. The poster has a white background with a nude male holding a sign over his lower half that features the show's details. A red banner across the top right corner warns of adult content. The Orlando Gay Chorus is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit arts and humanitarian organization part of GALA Choruses. Founded on Valentines Day 1990, OGC is not only one of the largest mixed gay choirs in the United States at over 100 members, but they also boast four smaller ensembles that perform annual concerts, cabarets, and a whole host of community events like Come Out With Pride, Orlando Museum of Art’s Festival of Trees, and World Aids Day memorial services. In 2017, the group performed at over 105 events, including 15 performances for the first anniversary of the Pulse Nightclub tragedy. Members come from all walks of life and all sexual and gender orientations, including straight allies. OGC lives by the motto “Singing the World to a Better Place” and strives to use music to change attitudes and build a stronger community. Type Still Image Source Original color poster: University of Central Florida Special Collections, Orlando, Florida. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/206" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus Collection</a>, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES. Coverage Footlight Theatre, Parliament House Resort, Orlando, Florida Creator <a href="https://www.orlandogaychorus.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus</a> Publisher <a href="https://www.orlandogaychorus.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus</a> Date Created ca. 2013-02-28 Date Copyrighted ca. 2013-02-28 Format image/jpg Extent 8.31 MB Medium 1 poster Language eng Mediator History Teacher Dance Teacher Music Teacher Art Teacher Provenance Originally created and published by the <a href="https://www.orlandogaychorus.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus</a>. Rights Holder <a href="https://www.orlandogaychorus.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus</a> Accrual Method Donation Curator O'Neill, Carys Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository University of Central Florida Special Collections External Reference Unknown. "About OGC: History." Orlando Gay Chorus. 2018. Accessed April 10, 2018. https://orlandogaychorus.org/history/. Ahlquist, Karen. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62281651" target="_blank">Chorus and Community</a>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2006. Boedeker, Hal. "<a href="http://www.orlandosentinel.com/features/os-orlando-gay-chorus-25-years-20150611-story.html" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus marks 25 years</a>." Orlando Sentinel, October 18, 2016. Accessed October 18, 2018. http://www.orlandosentinel.com/features/os-orlando-gay-chorus-25-years-20150611-story.html. chorus concert Footlight Theatre GLBT GLBTQ+ homosexuality LGBT LGBTQ+ music orlando Orlando Gay Chorus Parliament House Resort performance Uncut Cabaret https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/241b95cd36281b35c108d32903393f05.jpg 8c884e1951d04842c798c1a6c9ff6112 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Orlando Gay Chorus Collection Alternative Title Gay Chorus Collection Is Part Of Orlando Gay Chorus Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"> </div> Subject Orlando (Fla.) Music--Florida Dance--United States Gay culture--United States Description The Orlando Gay Chorus (OGC) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit arts and humanitarian organization, and part of the Gay and Lesbian Association (GALA) of Choruses. Founded on Valentines Day 1990, OGC is not only one of the largest mixed gay choirs in the United States at over 100 members, but they also boast four smaller ensembles that perform annual concerts, cabarets, and a host of community events, such as Come Out With Pride, Orlando Museum of Art’s Festival of Trees, and World AIDS Day memorial services. In 2017, the group performed at over 105 events, including 15 performances for the first anniversary of the Pulse Nightclub tragedy. Members come from all walks of life and all sexual and gender orientations, including straight allies. OGC lives by the motto “Singing the World to a Better Place” and strives to use music to change attitudes and build a stronger community. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Uncut Cabaret Alternative Title Orlando Gay Chorus Presents "Uncut Cabaret" Subject Orlando (Fla.) Music--Florida Dance--United States Description A poster for the Orlando Gay Chorus concert "Many Songs, Countless Stories, One Voice". The event was held at The Plaza Theater in Orlando, Florida on June 13 &amp 14, 2015. The poster features artwork commemorating the 25th Anniversary of the Orlando Gay Chorus. A black panel at the bottom of the page contains information like time, location, with the OGC header at the top of the page. The Orlando Gay Chorus is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit arts and humanitarian organization part of GALA Choruses. Founded on Valentines Day 1990, OGC is not only one of the largest mixed gay choirs in the United States at over 100 members, but they also boast four smaller ensembles that perform annual concerts, cabarets, and a whole host of community events like Come Out With Pride, Orlando Museum of Art’s Festival of Trees, and World Aids Day memorial services. In 2017, the group performed at over 105 events, including 15 performances for the first anniversary of the Pulse Nightclub tragedy. Members come from all walks of life and all sexual and gender orientations, including straight allies. OGC lives by the motto “Singing the World to a Better Place” and strives to use music to change attitudes and build a stronger community. Type Still Image Source Original color poster, Special Collections and University Archives, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/206" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus Collection</a>, LGBTQ+ Collection, RICHES. Coverage The Plaza Live Theatre, Orlando, Florida Creator <a href="https://orlandogaychorus.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus</a> Publisher <a href="https://www.orlandogaychorus.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus</a> Date Created 2015-06-13 Date Copyrighted 2015-06-13 Format image/jpg Extent 23 MB Medium 1 poster Language eng Mediator History Teacher Dance Teacher Music Teacher Art Teacher Provenance Originally created and published by the <a href="https://orlandogaychorus.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus</a>. Rights Holder <a href="https://www.orlandogaychorus.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus</a> Accrual Method Donation Curator Rodriguez, Sharon Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository University of Central Florida Special Collections External Reference Unknown. "About OGC: History." Orlando Gay Chorus. 2018. Accessed April 10, 2018. https://orlandogaychorus.org/history/. Ahlquist, Karen. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62281651" target="_blank">Chorus and Community</a>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2006. Boedeker, Hal. "<a href="http://www.orlandosentinel.com/features/os-orlando-gay-chorus-25-years-20150611-story.html" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus marks 25 years</a>." Orlando Sentinel, October 18, 2016. Accessed October 18, 2018. http://www.orlandosentinel.com/features/os-orlando-gay-chorus-25-years-20150611-story.html. Many Songs, Countless Stories, One Voice OGC Orlando Gay Chorus https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/0d0db6e02bc5566d22573f8a0be60a8d.jpg 5cd99a3c03cb95becc7f88d17dbe2a33 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Lucile Campbell Collection Alternative Title Campbell Collection Subject Sanford (Fla.) Teachers--Florida Educators--Florida Description This collection features postcards kept by Lucile Campbell, a schoolteacher in Sanford, Florida, for 30 years. Campbell collected postcards from her travels around the world and used them as teaching aids in her classrooms. In 1931, she took advantage of a special rate for teachers and sailed to Europe, where she traveled for several months and is thought to have acquired many of these postcards. Contributor Campbell, Lucille <a href="http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">UCF Public History Center/Student Museum</a> Language eng Type Collection Coverage Sanford, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Raffel, Sara Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">UCF Public History Center/Student Museum</a> Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format 1 color postcard Physical Dimensions 3 x 5 inches Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Under Six Flags, Showing the Alamo, Built in 1718 Postcard Alternative Title The Alamo Postcard Subject Missions--United States Forts Description A postcard depicting the Alamo Mission in San Antonio, Texas. The Alamo is best known as the site of the Battle of the Alamo, where Texian soldiers were defeated by the Mexican Army during the Texas Revolution. The Alamo was first constructed in 1744 for use as a Spanish mission for the religious education of Native Americans until 1793. This postcard is part of a collection of postcards kept by Lucile Campbell, a schoolteacher in Sanford, Florida, for 30 years. In 1931, she took advantage of a special rate for teachers and sailed to Europe, where she traveled for several months and is thought to have acquired many of these postcards. During the 1940-1941 school year, Campbell taught at Sanford Grammar School. Before her retirement in 1970, she taught at many other area schools, including the Oviedo School, Westside Grammar School, and Pinecrest Elementary School. Campbell used these postcards as aids in her classrooms to teach advanced subjects, such as Shakespearean drama. The collection, along with her other teaching aids, papers, and photographs, was later found at Sanford Grammar School after it became the University of Central Florida's Public History Center. Campbell's postcard collection and photographs provide insight into the life of a respected Florida educator. Type Still Image Source Original 3 x 5 inch color postcard: ACC# SM-00-243, file folder 1 (U.S. blanks), box 10A, Lucile (Mary Lucile) Campbell Collection, <a href="http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">UCF Public History Center</a>, Sanford, Florida. Requires <a href="http://www.adobe.com/products/reader.html" target="_blank">Adobe Acrobat Reader</a> Is Part Of File folder 1 (U.S. blanks), box 10A, Lucile (Mary Lucile) Campbell Collection, <a href="http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">UCF Public History Center</a>, Sanford, Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/151" target="_blank">Lucile Campbell Collection</a>, Student Museum and UCF Public History Center Collection, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original 3 x 5 inch color postcard. Coverage The Alamo, San Antonio, Texas Contributor Campbell, Lucile Date Created ca. 1718-1978 Date Copyrighted ca. 1718-1978 Format image/jpg Extent 186 KB Medium 3 x 5 inch color postcard Language eng Mediator History Teacher Geography Teacher Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by the <a href="http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">UCF Public History Center</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project Aphasia Project Curator Raffel, Sara Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">UCF Public History Center/Student Museum</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.thealamo.org/history/index.html" target="_blank">History</a>." The Alamo. http://www.thealamo.org/history/index.html. Alamo Mission in San Antonio American Flag Battle of the Alamo Bourbon Flag Confederate Flag Flag of Mexico Flag of Texas Flag of the United States flags fortress fortresses forts Lone Star Flag Misión San Antonio de Valero missions museums Old Glory Red, White and Blue Roman Catholicism Roman Catholics San Antonio Missions World Heritage Site San Antonio, Texas Spanish Star-Spangled Banner Stars and Stripes Texas Revolution The Alamo https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/6a5cf09f5d676440171ec6200156f23b.jpg 9b4788a9b86f82546a7963be11293b77 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Orlando Gay Chorus Collection Alternative Title Gay Chorus Collection Is Part Of Orlando Gay Chorus Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"> </div> Subject Orlando (Fla.) Music--Florida Dance--United States Gay culture--United States Description The Orlando Gay Chorus (OGC) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit arts and humanitarian organization, and part of the Gay and Lesbian Association (GALA) of Choruses. Founded on Valentines Day 1990, OGC is not only one of the largest mixed gay choirs in the United States at over 100 members, but they also boast four smaller ensembles that perform annual concerts, cabarets, and a host of community events, such as Come Out With Pride, Orlando Museum of Art’s Festival of Trees, and World AIDS Day memorial services. In 2017, the group performed at over 105 events, including 15 performances for the first anniversary of the Pulse Nightclub tragedy. Members come from all walks of life and all sexual and gender orientations, including straight allies. OGC lives by the motto “Singing the World to a Better Place” and strives to use music to change attitudes and build a stronger community. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Under the Mistletoe Alternative Title Orlando Gay Chorus Presents "Under the Mistletoe" Subject Orlando (Fla.) Music--Florida Dance--United States Description A poster for the Orlando Gay Chorus concert, “Under the Mistletoe”. The event was held at the Knowles Memorial Chapel at Rollins College, located at 1000 Holt Avenue in Winter Park, Florida, on December 16 and 17, 1995. The show was directed by Aubrey Connelly. The poster is simple and clean, boasting a white background with a sprig of cartoon mistletoe set inside a red and green diamond. Featured artwork includes the OGC logo. The Orlando Gay Chorus is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit arts and humanitarian organization part of GALA Choruses. Founded on Valentines Day 1990, OGC is not only one of the largest mixed gay choirs in the United States at over 100 members, but they also boast four smaller ensembles that perform annual concerts, cabarets, and a whole host of community events like Come Out With Pride, Orlando Museum of Art’s Festival of Trees, and World Aids Day memorial services. In 2017, the group performed at over 105 events, including 15 performances for the first anniversary of the Pulse Nightclub tragedy. Members come from all walks of life and all sexual and gender orientations, including straight allies. OGC lives by the motto “Singing the World to a Better Place” and strives to use music to change attitudes and build a stronger community. Type Still Image Source Original color poster: University of Central Florida Special Collections, Orlando, Florida. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/206" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus Collection</a>, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES. Coverage Knowles Memorial Chapel, Rollins College, Winter Park, Florida Creator <a href="https://www.orlandogaychorus.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus</a> Publisher <a href="https://www.orlandogaychorus.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus</a> Date Created ca. 1995-12-16 Date Copyrighted ca. 1995-12-16 Format image/jpg Extent 8.17 MB Medium 1 poster Language eng Mediator History Teacher Dance Teacher Music Teacher Art Teacher Provenance Originally created and published by the <a href="https://www.orlandogaychorus.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus</a>. Rights Holder <a href="https://www.orlandogaychorus.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus</a> Accrual Method Donation Curator O'Neill, Carys Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository University of Central Florida Special Collections External Reference Unknown. "About OGC: History." Orlando Gay Chorus. 2018. Accessed April 10, 2018. https://orlandogaychorus.org/history/. Ahlquist, Karen. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62281651" target="_blank">Chorus and Community</a>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2006. Boedeker, Hal. "<a href="http://www.orlandosentinel.com/features/os-orlando-gay-chorus-25-years-20150611-story.html" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus marks 25 years</a>." Orlando Sentinel, October 18, 2016. Accessed October 18, 2018. http://www.orlandosentinel.com/features/os-orlando-gay-chorus-25-years-20150611-story.html. Aubrey Connelly concert GLBT GLBTQ+ homosexuality Knowles Memorial Chapel LGBT LGBTQ+ music orlando Orlando Gay Chorus performance Rollins College Under the Mistletoe https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/aaaee2b78565668d3c39dd2966a41fe7.pdf 0685e1914b4bf69d64fcf24001fd8ab7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Orlando Gay Chorus Collection Alternative Title Gay Chorus Collection Is Part Of Orlando Gay Chorus Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"> </div> Subject Orlando (Fla.) Music--Florida Dance--United States Gay culture--United States Description The Orlando Gay Chorus (OGC) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit arts and humanitarian organization, and part of the Gay and Lesbian Association (GALA) of Choruses. Founded on Valentines Day 1990, OGC is not only one of the largest mixed gay choirs in the United States at over 100 members, but they also boast four smaller ensembles that perform annual concerts, cabarets, and a host of community events, such as Come Out With Pride, Orlando Museum of Art’s Festival of Trees, and World AIDS Day memorial services. In 2017, the group performed at over 105 events, including 15 performances for the first anniversary of the Pulse Nightclub tragedy. Members come from all walks of life and all sexual and gender orientations, including straight allies. OGC lives by the motto “Singing the World to a Better Place” and strives to use music to change attitudes and build a stronger community. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Under the Mistletoe, December 16 & 17, 1995 Alternative Title Under the Mistletoe, Knowles Memorial Chapel, Rollins College Subject Winter Park (Fla.) Music--Florida Dance--United States Gay culture--United States Description A program for the Orlando Gay Chorus' concert, "Under the Mistletoe", on December 16 &amp 17, 1995, at the Knowles Memorial Chapel at Rollins College in Winter Park, Florida. The program includes short biographies on the Music Director Aubrey Connelly and the Accompanist Christopher M. Fecteau, program notes, an outline of the show's itinerary, a list of chorus members and contributors, and a brief history of GALA Choruses. The Orlando Gay Chorus (OGC) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit arts and humanitarian organization, and part of the Gay and Lesbian Association (GALA) of Choruses. Founded on Valentines Day 1990, OGC is not only one of the largest mixed gay choirs in the United States at over 100 members, but they also boast four smaller ensembles that perform annual concerts, cabarets, and a host of community events, such as Come Out With Pride, Orlando Museum of Art’s Festival of Trees, and World AIDS Day memorial services. In 2017, the group performed at over 105 events, including 15 performances for the first anniversary of the Pulse Nightclub tragedy. Members come from all walks of life and all sexual and gender orientations, including straight allies. OGC lives by the motto “Singing the World to a Better Place” and strives to use music to change attitudes and build a stronger community. Type Text Source Original 24-page black and white program with a colored front and back cover, Special Collections and University Archives, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/206" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus Collection</a>, LGBTQ+ Collection, RICHES. Coverage Knowles Memorial Chapel, Rollins College, Winter Park, Florida Creator <a href="https://orlandogaychorus.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus</a> Publisher <a href="https://orlandogaychorus.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus</a> Date Created ca. 1995-12-16 Date Issued 1995-12-16 Date Copyrighted 1995-12-16 Format application/pdf Extent 59.5 MB Medium 24-page black and white program with a colored front and back cover Language eng Mediator History Teacher Dance Teacher Music Teacher Art Teacher Provenance Originally created and published by the <a href="https://orlandogaychorus.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus</a>. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by <a href="https://orlandogaychorus.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Curator Rodriguez, Sharon Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository University of Central Florida Special Collections External Reference Ahlquist, Karen. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62281651" target="_blank">Chorus and Community</a>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2006. Boedeker, Hal. "<a href="http://www.orlandosentinel.com/features/os-orlando-gay-chorus-25-year"></a> Aubrey Connelly Carol of The Bells Christmas Comes Anew Christmas Fantasy Christopher M. Fecteau Cool Yule Do You Hear What I Hear Finlandia Fum, Fum, Fum GALA Choruses GLBT Hallelujah Chorus Hanerot Halalu Hard Candy Christmas I Heard the Bells I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus Jubilate Deo Knowles Memorial Chapel LGBT LGBTQ+ Light Up the Night Lo, How A Rose E'er Blooming OGC Orlando Gay Chorus Paul R. Ericson Memorial Fund Rollins College Silent Night The Christmas Song Under the Mistletoe We Need a Little Christmas Whisper Whisper https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/e75fcb7cd775b0dcfcba454c1fb3b725.pdf cc35d3d81a6fa9a71cacfde6b9edfcf8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Lucile Campbell Collection Alternative Title Campbell Collection Subject Sanford (Fla.) Teachers--Florida Educators--Florida Description This collection features postcards kept by Lucile Campbell, a schoolteacher in Sanford, Florida, for 30 years. Campbell collected postcards from her travels around the world and used them as teaching aids in her classrooms. In 1931, she took advantage of a special rate for teachers and sailed to Europe, where she traveled for several months and is thought to have acquired many of these postcards. Contributor Campbell, Lucille <a href="http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">UCF Public History Center/Student Museum</a> Language eng Type Collection Coverage Sanford, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Raffel, Sara Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">UCF Public History Center/Student Museum</a> Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format 1 black and white postcard Physical Dimensions 3 x 5 inches Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Under the Tower Postcard Alternative Title Cathedral of Our Lady Postcard Subject Churches--Europe Cathedrals--Europe Description A postcard depicting a view of the City of Antwerp, Belgium. The tallest building in the postcard is the Cathedral of Our Lady, a Roman Catholic cathedral founded in 1521. This postcard is part of a collection of postcards kept by Lucile Campbell, a schoolteacher in Sanford, Florida, for 30 years. In 1931, she took advantage of a special rate for teachers and sailed to Europe, where she traveled for several months and is thought to have acquired many of these postcards. During the 1940-1941 school year, Campbell taught at Sanford Grammar School. Before her retirement in 1970, she taught at many other area schools, including the Oviedo School, Westside Grammar School, and Pinecrest Elementary School. Campbell used these postcards as aids in her classrooms to teach advanced subjects, such as Shakespearean drama. The collection, along with her other teaching aids, papers, and photographs, was later found at Sanford Grammar School after it became the University of Central Florida's Public History Center. Campbell's postcard collection and photographs provide insight into the life of a respected Florida educator. Type Still Image Source Original 3 x 5 inch black and white postcard: ACC# SM-00-243, file folder 1A (non-U.S. blanks), box 10A, Lucile (Mary Lucile) Campbell Collection, <a href="http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">UCF Public History Center</a>, Sanford, Florida. Requires <a href="http://www.adobe.com/products/reader.html" target="_blank">Adobe Acrobat Reader</a> Is Part Of File folder 1A (non-U.S. blanks), box 10A, Lucile (Mary Lucile) Campbell Collection, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/151" target="_blank">Lucile Campbell Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original 3 x 5 inch black and white postcard. Coverage Cathedral of Our Lady, Antwerp, Antwerp Province, Belgium Publisher Buschmann, J.-E. Contributor Campbell, Lucile Date Created ca. 1931 Format application/pdf Extent 322 KB Medium 3 x 5 inch black and white postcard Language eng fre Mediator History Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally published by J.-E. Buschmann. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by the <a href="http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">UCF Public History Center</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project Aphasia Project Curator Raffel, Sara Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">UCF Public History Center/Student Museum</a> External Reference Rynck, Patrick de, and Fiona Elliott. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/63283966" target="_blank">The Cathedral of Our Lady in Antwerp</a>. Ghent: Ludion, 2005. Antwerp, Antwerp Province, Belgium Cathedral of Our Lady cathedrals church churches Roman Catholicism Roman Catholics https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/28413adeef381b1c73a29b4565de0474.jpg f0b67d974b524cd942c7ff213268e2b1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Orlando Collection Description The Orlando area was originally occupied by the Creek and Seminole tribes. In 1838, Fort Gatlin was erected on the shores of Lake Gatlin, just a few miles south of present-day Downtown Orlando. Centered around Church Street, Orlando became a city in 1884. Originally a cattle town, Orlando grew into a major citrus growing center by the 1920s. The city continued to grow during the Great Depression with aid from the Work Progress Administration (WPA). During World War II, Orlando became a major military center as well, with the development of the McCoy Air Force Base and Pinecastle Air Force Base, and with the addition of the Naval Training Center (NTC) Orlando in 1968. Downtown Orlando declined in the 1960s and 1970s. Redevelopment began in the 1970s and continued into the 1980s, with projects such as the Church Street Station entertainment complex. In 1998, a building boom began and continued through the 2000s. Contributor Cook, Thomas Cepero, Nancy Lynn Cepero, Laura Lynn Alternative Title Orlando Collection Subject Orlando (Fla.) Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/46" target="_blank">Orange County Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Orlando, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference Antequino, Stephanie Gaub, and Tana Mosier Porter. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/783150094" target="_blank">Lost Orlando</a>. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Pub, 2012. Rajtar, Steve. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70911136" target="_blank">A Guide to Historic Orlando</a>. Charleston, SC: History Press, 2006. "<a href="http://sanfordhistory.tripod.com/Links/wtour.pdf" target="_blank">Downtown Orlando Historic District Walking Tour</a>." City of Orlando. http://sanfordhistory.tripod.com/Links/wtour.pdf. Has Format <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/69" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra Collection</a>, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/106" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered Collection</a>, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/126" target="_blank">Downtown Orlando Information Center Collection</a>, Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/110" target="_blank">Orlando Public Library Collection</a>, Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/111" target="_blank">Orlando Regions Bank Collection</a>, Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Undertaker's Memorandum for Amos Arrington Alternative Title Undertaker's Memorandum, Arrington Subject Orlando (Fla.) Undertakers and undertaking--United States Description An undertaker's memorandum for Amos Arrington (1892-1894), who passed away on August 11, 1894. Arrington was an African-American child who was just under two years old when he died. His address is listed as Middle Street, which was likely in the Orlando, Florida, where the Carey Hand Funeral Home was located. Arrington's physician was A. L. Prince. His cause of death was listed as marasmus, which is a severe malnutrition characterized by energy deficiency. Arrington was buried in Orlando, but the memorandum does not specify at which cemetery. The Carey Hand Funeral Home, originally located at 39 West Pine Street, was founded by Elijah Hand in 1885. Hand was the first known embalmer in Orlando. In 1907, his son, Carey Hand, inherited the funeral home. He passed away in 1947 and his wife sold the business the following year. In 1969, the Carey Hand Funeral Home merged with Cox-Parker Funeral Homes. Now called the Carey-Hand Cox Parker Funeral Home, the home is located at 1350 West Fairbanks Avenue in Winter Park, Florida. Type Text Source Original memoranda, 1894: "Book 002: Carey Hand Funeral Home records, July 16, 1894 to December 31, 1896." Call number RA622 .C36, Carey Hand Funeral Home Records, <a href="http://library.ucf.edu/about/departments/special-collections-university-archives/" target="_blank">Special Collections & University Archives</a>, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida. Is Part Of <a href="http://library.ucf.edu/about/departments/special-collections-university-archives/" target="_blank">Special Collections & University Archives</a>, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida. <a href="http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/CFM/id/141856" target="_blank">Book 002: Carey Hand Funeral Home records, July 16, 1894 to December 31, 1896</a>, Central Florida Memory. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/CFM/id/141856. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/20" target="_blank">Orlando Collection</a>, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Original memoranda, 1894: "Book 002: Carey Hand Funeral Home records, July 16, 1894 to December 31, 1896." Has Format Digital reproduction of original memoranda, 1894: "<a href="http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/CFM/id/141712" target="_blank">Book 002: Carey Hand Funeral Home records, July 16, 1894 to December 31, 1896</a>." Tag number DP0003993, Carey Hand Funeral Home Records, Central Florida Memory. Coverage Carey Hand Funeral Home, Downtown Orlando, Florida Date Created ca. 1894-08-11 Date Copyrighted 2004-04-13 Format image/jpg Extent 239 KB Medium 1-page handwritten memoranda Language eng Mediator History Teacher Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by <a href="http://library.ucf.edu/about/departments/special-collections-university-archives/" target="_blank">University of Central Florida, Special Collections & University Archives</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="http://www.cfmemory.org/" target="_blank">Central Florida Memory</a> <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://library.ucf.edu/about/departments/special-collections-university-archives/" target="_blank">University of Central Florida, Special Collections and University Archives</a> External Reference "<a href="http://library.ucf.edu/SpecialCollections/Exhibits/CareyHandExhibit.php" target="_blank">The Carey Hand Funeral Home Records</a>." Special Collections & University Archives, University of Central Florida Libraries, University of Central Florida. http://library.ucf.edu/SpecialCollections/Exhibits/CareyHandExhibit.php. A. L. Prince African Americans Amos Arrington babies Carey Hand Carey Hand Funaral Home children deaths Downtown Orlando Elijah Hand embalmers funeral homes infants malnutrition marasmus morticians orlando Prince, A. L. undertakers undertaking https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/c433f05155a19bf23e7256f7361afc1f.jpg 393e3286d369d6f6d57481733558fff9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Orlando Collection Description The Orlando area was originally occupied by the Creek and Seminole tribes. In 1838, Fort Gatlin was erected on the shores of Lake Gatlin, just a few miles south of present-day Downtown Orlando. Centered around Church Street, Orlando became a city in 1884. Originally a cattle town, Orlando grew into a major citrus growing center by the 1920s. The city continued to grow during the Great Depression with aid from the Work Progress Administration (WPA). During World War II, Orlando became a major military center as well, with the development of the McCoy Air Force Base and Pinecastle Air Force Base, and with the addition of the Naval Training Center (NTC) Orlando in 1968. Downtown Orlando declined in the 1960s and 1970s. Redevelopment began in the 1970s and continued into the 1980s, with projects such as the Church Street Station entertainment complex. In 1998, a building boom began and continued through the 2000s. Contributor Cook, Thomas Cepero, Nancy Lynn Cepero, Laura Lynn Alternative Title Orlando Collection Subject Orlando (Fla.) Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/46" target="_blank">Orange County Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Orlando, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference Antequino, Stephanie Gaub, and Tana Mosier Porter. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/783150094" target="_blank">Lost Orlando</a>. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Pub, 2012. Rajtar, Steve. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70911136" target="_blank">A Guide to Historic Orlando</a>. Charleston, SC: History Press, 2006. "<a href="http://sanfordhistory.tripod.com/Links/wtour.pdf" target="_blank">Downtown Orlando Historic District Walking Tour</a>." City of Orlando. http://sanfordhistory.tripod.com/Links/wtour.pdf. Has Format <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/69" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra Collection</a>, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/106" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered Collection</a>, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/126" target="_blank">Downtown Orlando Information Center Collection</a>, Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/110" target="_blank">Orlando Public Library Collection</a>, Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/111" target="_blank">Orlando Regions Bank Collection</a>, Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1-page memoranda Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Undertaker's Memorandum for Isaac Chapman Alternative Title Undertaker's Memorandum, Chapman Subject Orlando (Fla.) Undertakers and undertaking--United States Description An undertaker's memorandum for Isaac Chapman (1792-1894), who passed away on August 30, 1894. Chapman was an African American who died at the age of 102 years and six months. His cause of death was listed as old age and cholera morbus. Chapman was buried in Orlando, Florida, but the memorandum does not specify at which cemetery. The African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church paid for his funeral expenses. The Carey Hand Funeral Home, originally located at 39 West Pine Street, was founded by Elijah Hand in 1885. Hand was the first known embalmer in Orlando. In 1907, his son, Carey Hand, inherited the funeral home. He passed away in 1947 and his wife sold the business the following year. In 1969, the Carey Hand Funeral Home merged with Cox-Parker Funeral Homes. Now called the Carey-Hand Cox Parker Funeral Home, the home is located at 1350 West Fairbanks Avenue in Winter Park, Florida. Type Text Source Original memoranda, 1894: "Book 002: Carey Hand Funeral Home records, July 16, 1894 to December 31, 1896." Call number RA622 .C36, Carey Hand Funeral Home Records, <a href="http://library.ucf.edu/about/departments/special-collections-university-archives/" target="_blank">Special Collections & University Archives</a>, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida. Is Part Of <a href="http://library.ucf.edu/about/departments/special-collections-university-archives/" target="_blank">Special Collections & University Archives</a>, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida. <a href="http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/CFM/id/141856" target="_blank">Book 002: Carey Hand Funeral Home records, July 16, 1894 to December 31, 1896</a>, Central Florida Memory. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/CFM/id/141856. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/20" target="_blank">Orlando Collection</a>, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Original memoranda, 1894: "Book 002: Carey Hand Funeral Home records, July 16, 1894 to December 31, 1896." Has Format Digital reproduction of original memoranda, 1894: "<a href="http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/CFM/id/141716" target="_blank">Book 002: Carey Hand Funeral Home records, July 16, 1894 to December 31, 1896</a>." Tag number DP0003993, Carey Hand Funeral Home Records, Central Florida Memory. Coverage Carey Hand Funeral Home, Downtown Orlando, Florida Date Created ca. 1894-08-30 Date Copyrighted 2004-04-13 Format image/jpg Extent 227 KB Medium 1-page handwritten memoranda Language eng Mediator History Teacher Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by <a href="http://library.ucf.edu/about/departments/special-collections-university-archives/" target="_blank">University of Central Florida, Special Collections & University Archives</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="http://www.cfmemory.org/" target="_blank">Central Florida Memory</a> <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://library.ucf.edu/about/departments/special-collections-university-archives/" target="_blank">University of Central Florida, Special Collections and University Archives</a> External Reference "<a href="http://library.ucf.edu/SpecialCollections/Exhibits/CareyHandExhibit.php" target="_blank">The Carey Hand Funeral Home Records</a>." Special Collections & University Archives, University of Central Florida Libraries, University of Central Florida. http://library.ucf.edu/SpecialCollections/Exhibits/CareyHandExhibit.php. African Methodist Episcopal Church AME church Carey Hand Carey Hand Funaral Home church churches Downtown Orlando Elijah Hand embalmers embalming funeral homes Isaac Chapman morticians orlando undertakers undertaking https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/988eb1e0e5153915ea16e0a7fbe223be.jpg 4245e351492acd3443b14ac0832602be Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Orlando Collection Description The Orlando area was originally occupied by the Creek and Seminole tribes. In 1838, Fort Gatlin was erected on the shores of Lake Gatlin, just a few miles south of present-day Downtown Orlando. Centered around Church Street, Orlando became a city in 1884. Originally a cattle town, Orlando grew into a major citrus growing center by the 1920s. The city continued to grow during the Great Depression with aid from the Work Progress Administration (WPA). During World War II, Orlando became a major military center as well, with the development of the McCoy Air Force Base and Pinecastle Air Force Base, and with the addition of the Naval Training Center (NTC) Orlando in 1968. Downtown Orlando declined in the 1960s and 1970s. Redevelopment began in the 1970s and continued into the 1980s, with projects such as the Church Street Station entertainment complex. In 1998, a building boom began and continued through the 2000s. Contributor Cook, Thomas Cepero, Nancy Lynn Cepero, Laura Lynn Alternative Title Orlando Collection Subject Orlando (Fla.) Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/46" target="_blank">Orange County Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Orlando, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference Antequino, Stephanie Gaub, and Tana Mosier Porter. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/783150094" target="_blank">Lost Orlando</a>. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Pub, 2012. Rajtar, Steve. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70911136" target="_blank">A Guide to Historic Orlando</a>. Charleston, SC: History Press, 2006. "<a href="http://sanfordhistory.tripod.com/Links/wtour.pdf" target="_blank">Downtown Orlando Historic District Walking Tour</a>." City of Orlando. http://sanfordhistory.tripod.com/Links/wtour.pdf. Has Format <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/69" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra Collection</a>, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/106" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered Collection</a>, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/126" target="_blank">Downtown Orlando Information Center Collection</a>, Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/110" target="_blank">Orlando Public Library Collection</a>, Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/111" target="_blank">Orlando Regions Bank Collection</a>, Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1-page memoranda Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Undertaker's Memorandum for Josephine L. Schultz Alternative Title Undertaker's Memorandum for Josephine L. Schultz Subject Orlando (Fla.) Undertakers and undertaking--United States Description An undertaker's memorandum for Josephine L. Schultz (ca. 1854-1894), who passed away on October 22, 1894. Schultz was a female from Winter Park, Florida, who died at the age of 44. Her cause of death was listed as consumption, which is now more commonly known as tuberculosis. Schultz was buried in Orlando, but the memorandum does not specify at which cemetery. The Carey Hand Funeral Home, originally located at 39 West Pine Street, was founded by Elijah Hand in 1885. Hand was the first known embalmer in Orlando. In 1907, his son, Carey Hand, inherited the funeral home. He passed away in 1947 and his wife sold the business the following year. In 1969, the Carey Hand Funeral Home merged with Cox-Parker Funeral Homes. Now called the Carey-Hand Cox Parker Funeral Home, the home is located at 1350 West Fairbanks Avenue in Winter Park, Florida. Type Text Source Original memoranda, 1894: "Book 002: Carey Hand Funeral Home records, July 16, 1894 to December 31, 1896." Call number RA622 .C36, Carey Hand Funeral Home Records, <a href="http://library.ucf.edu/about/departments/special-collections-university-archives/" target="_blank">Special Collections & University Archives</a>, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida. Is Part Of <a href="http://library.ucf.edu/about/departments/special-collections-university-archives/" target="_blank">Special Collections & University Archives</a>, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida. <a href="http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/CFM/id/141856" target="_blank">Book 002: Carey Hand Funeral Home records, July 16, 1894 to December 31, 1896</a>, Central Florida Memory. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/CFM/id/141856. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/20" target="_blank">Orlando Collection</a>, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Original memoranda, 1894: "Book 002: Carey Hand Funeral Home records, July 16, 1894 to December 31, 1896." Has Format Digital reproduction of original memoranda, 1894: "<a href="http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/CFM/id/141727" target="_blank">Book 002: Carey Hand Funeral Home records, July 16, 1894 to December 31, 1896</a>." Tag number DP0003993, Carey Hand Funeral Home Records, Central Florida Memory. Coverage Carey Hand Funeral Home, Downtown Orlando, Florida Date Created ca. 1894-10-22 Date Copyrighted 2004-04-13 Format image/jpg Extent 231 KB Medium 1-page handwritten memoranda Language eng Mediator History Teacher Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by <a href="http://library.ucf.edu/about/departments/special-collections-university-archives/" target="_blank">University of Central Florida, Special Collections & University Archives</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="http://www.cfmemory.org/" target="_blank">Central Florida Memory</a> <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://library.ucf.edu/about/departments/special-collections-university-archives/" target="_blank">University of Central Florida, Special Collections and University Archives</a> External Reference "<a href="http://library.ucf.edu/SpecialCollections/Exhibits/CareyHandExhibit.php" target="_blank">The Carey Hand Funeral Home Records</a>." Special Collections & University Archives, University of Central Florida Libraries, University of Central Florida. http://library.ucf.edu/SpecialCollections/Exhibits/CareyHandExhibit.php. A. Henkel Carey Hand Carey Hand Funaral Home consumption Downtown Orlando Elijah Hand embalmers embalming funeral homes Josephine L. Schultz morticians MTB orlando phthisis phthisis pulmonalis TB tuberculosis undertaker's memoranda undertakers undertaking Winter Park https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/805224ca0f692e423fdcd596d8b99ab1.JPG 988010b67cb3e036771026b357c7b97c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Weeki Wachee Collection Alternative Title Weeki Wachee Collection Description Along with a group of investors, Newton Perry opened Weeki Wachee Springs to the public in October of 1947. At the time, roadside attractions were becoming popular stops along Florida roadways. The attraction consisted of an amalgamation of vendors, an orchid garden, a river boat tour, as well as the star attraction: a mermaid show that took place in an underwater theater. Eventually, the May Museum of the Tropics, an "abandoned Seminole village", a show called “Birds of Prey”, and a petting zoo were added. After peaking in the 1950s and 1960s, attendance began to decline as theme parks and highways changed the dynamics of Florida's tourism. The State of Florida took over the attraction as a state park in 2008. Since then, the park has focused on appealing to a modern audience while preserving its history. Subject Weeki Wachee (Fla.) Weeki Wachee Springs (Fla.) Tourism--Florida Springs--Florida Parks--Florida Contributor Schumacher, Elmer "Sparky" Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/63" target="_blank">Hernando County Collection</a>, RICHES. Language eng Type Collection Spatial Coverage Weeki Wachee Springs, Spring Hill, Florida Curator Schwandt, Rebecca Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://weekiwachee.com/about-us/history-of-weeki-wachee-springs.html" target="_blank">History of Weeki Wachee Springs</a>." Weeki Wachee Springs State Park. http://weekiwachee.com/about-us/history-of-weeki-wachee-springs.html. Pelland, Maryan, and Dan Pelland. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67516850" target="_blank">Weeki Wachee Springs</a>. Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2005. Vickers, Lu, and Bonnie Georgiadis. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/780478262" target="_blank">Weeki Wachee Mermaids: Thirty Years of Underwater Photography</a>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2012. Contributing Project Rebecca Schwandt's Thesis Project Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Underwater Air Station Alternative Title Three Swimmers at an Underwater Air Station Subject Weeki Wachee Springs (Fla.) Tourism--Florida Springs--Florida Parks--Florida Mermaids--Florida Underwater photography Perry, Newton, 1908-1987 Underwater cinematography--Equipment and supplies Description Photograph of one man and two women free diving underwater. An air supply tank labeled "Air Station No. 3 - 24 Ft" rests on the floor. The photograph was taken some time between 1950 and 1970 Newton "Newt" Perry was born in Valdosta, Georgia in 1908, and moved with his family to Ocala, Florida in 1922. He was a member of the swimming and diving teams at the University of Florida. Perry earned the nickname "The Human Fish" for his performances of underwater stunts in advertising clips and film shorts, and acted as a swim double for actors in movies and TV shows, including Johnny Weissmuller as "Tarzan." Perry also advised filmmakers filming underwater scenes at Silver Springs, Wakulla Springs, and Weeki Wachee Springs, and developed a system for breathing underwater using an air compressor and hose, which was used in the 1948 film "Mr. Peabody and the Mermaid" and during Weeki Wachee Springs' mermaid shows. Perry worked as a lifeguard, public school principal, coach, swimming and scuba diving instructor, and Ocala city pool manager. He opened Perry's Swim School in 1955, and taught more than 120,000 individuals to swim during his career. Perry was inducted into the Florida Sports Hall of Fame in 1981. Perry's daughter Delee Perry took over Perry's Swim School following her father's death in 1987, and it was still in operation as of 2020. Along with a group of investors, Newton Perry opened Weeki Wachee Springs to the public in October of 1947, and used his experiences working at Silver Springs and Wakulla Springs to develop the original concepts for its underwater theater and mermaid shows. Perry sold his stake in Weeki Wachee Springs in 1950. After peaking in the 1950s and 1960s, attendance began to decline as theme parks and highways changed the dynamics of Florida's tourism. The State of Florida took over the attraction as a state park in 2008. Since then, the park has focused on appealing to a modern audience while preserving its history. Type Still Image Source Original photograph of underwater air station, ca. 1950-1970: Personal Collection of Delee Perry. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/63" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Weeki Wachee Collection</a>, RICHES. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original photograph of underwater air station, ca. 1950-1970. Coverage Weeki Wachee Springs State Park, Weeki Wachee, Florida Creator Perry, Newton Publisher <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> Date Created ca. 1950-1970 Date Issued ca. 1950-1970 Date Copyrighted ca. 1950-1970 Format image/jpeg Extent 8.89 MB Mediator History Teacher Theater Teacher Provenance Originally created by Newton "Newt" Perry, owned by Delee Perry, and published by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a>. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by Delee Perry and is provided here by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project Florida Humanities Council Community Grant Program and Friends of Weeki Wachee Springs State Park Rebecca Schwandt's Thesis Project Curator Kephart, Anna Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository Personal Collection of Delee Perry External Reference Florida Department of State. Division of Historical Resources. "<a href="https://dos.myflorida.com/historical/preservation/national-register/national-preservation-month-2020/weeki-wachee-springs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Weeki Wachee Springs</a>." https://dos.myflorida.com/historical/preservation/national-register/national-preservation-month-2020/weeki-wachee-springs/. Accessed May 15, 2020. Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Florida State Parks. "<a href="https://www.floridastateparks.org/learn/history-weeki-wachee" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">History of Weeki Wachee</a>." https://www.floridastateparks.org/learn/history-weeki-wachee. Accessed May 15, 2020. Rizzo, Marian. "<a href="https://www.ocala.com/article/LK/20130814/News/604145183/OS" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">'Human Fish' Had a Life Filled With Aquatic Exploits</a>." Ocala Star Banner. August 14, 2013. https://www.ocala.com/article/LK/20130814/News/604145183/OS. Accessed May 15, 2020. Schwandt, Rebecca. "<a href="https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/6189" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Revisiting Roadside Attractions: A 'Deep Dive' into Florida's Weeki Wachee Springs</a>." Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 (6189), 2018. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/6189. Turtle, Howard. "Kansas Citians Stage Shows in Deep Water in Florida." Kansas City Star. March 7, 1948. Air station Delee Perry diving Florida tourism mermaids natural springs Newton "Newt" Perry parks Rebecca Schwandt roadside attractions roadside tourism swimming tourist attractions underwater filmmaking underwater photography Weeki Wachee Springs State Park https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/cf280cab2ba2c7017b7e0ad82f65906a.jpg 78be25f869693dec08110409f3bc51a2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Weeki Wachee Collection Alternative Title Weeki Wachee Collection Description Along with a group of investors, Newton Perry opened Weeki Wachee Springs to the public in October of 1947. At the time, roadside attractions were becoming popular stops along Florida roadways. The attraction consisted of an amalgamation of vendors, an orchid garden, a river boat tour, as well as the star attraction: a mermaid show that took place in an underwater theater. Eventually, the May Museum of the Tropics, an "abandoned Seminole village", a show called “Birds of Prey”, and a petting zoo were added. After peaking in the 1950s and 1960s, attendance began to decline as theme parks and highways changed the dynamics of Florida's tourism. The State of Florida took over the attraction as a state park in 2008. Since then, the park has focused on appealing to a modern audience while preserving its history. Subject Weeki Wachee (Fla.) Weeki Wachee Springs (Fla.) Tourism--Florida Springs--Florida Parks--Florida Contributor Schumacher, Elmer "Sparky" Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/63" target="_blank">Hernando County Collection</a>, RICHES. Language eng Type Collection Spatial Coverage Weeki Wachee Springs, Spring Hill, Florida Curator Schwandt, Rebecca Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://weekiwachee.com/about-us/history-of-weeki-wachee-springs.html" target="_blank">History of Weeki Wachee Springs</a>." Weeki Wachee Springs State Park. http://weekiwachee.com/about-us/history-of-weeki-wachee-springs.html. Pelland, Maryan, and Dan Pelland. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67516850" target="_blank">Weeki Wachee Springs</a>. Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2005. Vickers, Lu, and Bonnie Georgiadis. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/780478262" target="_blank">Weeki Wachee Mermaids: Thirty Years of Underwater Photography</a>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2012. Contributing Project Rebecca Schwandt's Thesis Project Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Underwater Diver in Diving Suit Alternative Title Underwater Diver Subject Weeki Wachee Springs (Fla.) Tourism--Florida Springs--Florida Parks--Florida Mermaids--Florida Motion pictures--Production and direction Underwater photography Florida--In motion pictures Diving Diving suits Perry, Newton, 1908-1987 Underwater cinematography--Equipment and supplies Description Photograph of underwater diver in diving suit with a sunken treasure chest, some time between 1950 and1970. The photograph may be either from Weeki Wachee Springs State Park or from Newton "Newt" Perry's career as an underwater filmmaker. Newton "Newt" Perry was born in Valdosta, Georgia in 1908, and moved with his family to Ocala, Florida in 1922. He was a member of the swimming and diving teams at the University of Florida. Perry earned the nickname "The Human Fish" for his performances of underwater stunts in advertising clips and film shorts, and acted as a swim double for actors in movies and TV shows, including Johnny Weissmuller as "Tarzan." Perry also advised filmmakers filming underwater scenes at Silver Springs, Wakulla Springs, and Weeki Wachee Springs, and developed a system for breathing underwater using an air compressor and hose, which was used in the 1948 film "Mr. Peabody and the Mermaid" and during Weeki Wachee Springs' mermaid shows. Perry worked as a lifeguard, public school principal, coach, swimming and scuba diving instructor, and Ocala city pool manager. He opened Perry's Swim School in 1955, and taught more than 120,000 individuals to swim during his career. Perry was inducted into the Florida Sports Hall of Fame in 1981. Perry's daughter Delee Perry took over Perry's Swim School following her father's death in 1987, and it was still in operation as of 2020. Along with a group of investors, Newton Perry opened Weeki Wachee Springs to the public in October of 1947, and used his experiences working at Silver Springs and Wakulla Springs to develop the original concepts for its underwater theater and mermaid shows. Perry sold his stake in Weeki Wachee Springs in 1950. After peaking in the 1950s and 1960s, attendance began to decline as theme parks and highways changed the dynamics of Florida's tourism. The State of Florida took over the attraction as a state park in 2008. Since then, the park has focused on appealing to a modern audience while preserving its history. Type Still Image Source Original photograph of underwater diver in diving suit, ca. 1950-1970: Personal Collection of Delee Perry. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/63" target="_blank">Weeki Wachee Collection</a>, RICHES. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original photograph of underwater diver in diving suit, ca. 1950-1970. Coverage Weeki Wachee Springs State Park, Weeki Wachee, Florida Creator Perry, Newton Publisher <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> Date Created ca. 1950-1970 Date Issued ca. 1950-1970 Date Copyrighted ca. 1950-1970 Format image/jpeg Extent 1.47 MB Mediator History Teacher Humanities Teacher Theater Teacher Provenance Originally created by Newton "Newt" Perry, owned by Delee Perry, and published by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a>. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by Delee Perry and is provided here by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project Rebecca Schwandt's Thesis Project Curator Kephart, Anna Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository Personal Collection of Delee Perry External Reference Florida Department of State. Division of Historical Resources. "<a href="https://dos.myflorida.com/historical/preservation/national-register/national-preservation-month-2020/weeki-wachee-springs/" target="_blank">Weeki Wachee Springs</a>." https://dos.myflorida.com/historical/preservation/national-register/national-preservation-month-2020/weeki-wachee-springs/. Accessed May 15, 2020. Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Florida State Parks. "<a href="https://www.floridastateparks.org/learn/history-weeki-wachee" target="_blank">History of Weeki Wachee</a>." https://www.floridastateparks.org/learn/history-weeki-wachee. Accessed May 15, 2020. Rizzo, Marian. "<a href="https://www.ocala.com/article/LK/20130814/News/604145183/OS" target="_blank">'Human Fish' Had a Life Filled With Aquatic Exploits</a>." Ocala Star Banner. August 14, 2013. https://www.ocala.com/article/LK/20130814/News/604145183/OS. Accessed May 15, 2020. Schwandt, Rebecca. "<a href="https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/6189" target="_blank">Revisiting Roadside Attractions: A 'Deep Dive' into Florida's Weeki Wachee Springs</a>." Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 (6189), 2018. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/6189. Turtle, Howard. "Kansas Citians Stage Shows in Deep Water in Florida." Kansas City Star. March 7, 1948. Delee Perry diving diving suits Florida tourism mermaids natural springs Newton "Newt" Perry parks Rebecca Schwandt roadside attractions roadside tourism swimming tourist attractions treasure chest underwater filmmaking underwater photography Weeki Wachee Springs State Park https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/38f7c3f6c6d1e272aeb1a92df9c52234.JPG dbce454548866daf897569cdbabdbc06 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Weeki Wachee Collection Alternative Title Weeki Wachee Collection Description Along with a group of investors, Newton Perry opened Weeki Wachee Springs to the public in October of 1947. At the time, roadside attractions were becoming popular stops along Florida roadways. The attraction consisted of an amalgamation of vendors, an orchid garden, a river boat tour, as well as the star attraction: a mermaid show that took place in an underwater theater. Eventually, the May Museum of the Tropics, an "abandoned Seminole village", a show called “Birds of Prey”, and a petting zoo were added. After peaking in the 1950s and 1960s, attendance began to decline as theme parks and highways changed the dynamics of Florida's tourism. The State of Florida took over the attraction as a state park in 2008. Since then, the park has focused on appealing to a modern audience while preserving its history. Subject Weeki Wachee (Fla.) Weeki Wachee Springs (Fla.) Tourism--Florida Springs--Florida Parks--Florida Contributor Schumacher, Elmer "Sparky" Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/63" target="_blank">Hernando County Collection</a>, RICHES. Language eng Type Collection Spatial Coverage Weeki Wachee Springs, Spring Hill, Florida Curator Schwandt, Rebecca Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://weekiwachee.com/about-us/history-of-weeki-wachee-springs.html" target="_blank">History of Weeki Wachee Springs</a>." Weeki Wachee Springs State Park. http://weekiwachee.com/about-us/history-of-weeki-wachee-springs.html. Pelland, Maryan, and Dan Pelland. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67516850" target="_blank">Weeki Wachee Springs</a>. Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2005. Vickers, Lu, and Bonnie Georgiadis. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/780478262" target="_blank">Weeki Wachee Mermaids: Thirty Years of Underwater Photography</a>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2012. Contributing Project Rebecca Schwandt's Thesis Project Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Underwater Filming Tank Alternative Title Filming Tank Subject Weeki Wachee Springs (Fla.) Tourism--Florida Springs--Florida Parks--Florida Mermaids--Florida Motion pictures--Production and direction Underwater photography Florida--In motion pictures Perry, Newton, 1908-1987 Underwater cinematography--Equipment and supplies Description Photograph of four men preparing to enter an underwater filming tank. Two of the men hold cameras. Newton "Newt" Perry was born in Valdosta, Georgia in 1908, and moved with his family to Ocala, Florida in 1922. He was a member of the swimming and diving teams at the University of Florida. Perry earned the nickname "The Human Fish" for his performances of underwater stunts in advertising clips and film shorts, and acted as a swim double for actors in movies and TV shows, including Johnny Weissmuller as "Tarzan." Perry also advised filmmakers filming underwater scenes at Silver Springs, Wakulla Springs, and Weeki Wachee Springs, and developed a system for breathing underwater using an air compressor and hose, which was used in the 1948 film "Mr. Peabody and the Mermaid" and during Weeki Wachee Springs' mermaid shows. Perry worked as a lifeguard, public school principal, coach, swimming and scuba diving instructor, and Ocala city pool manager. He opened Perry's Swim School in 1955, and taught more than 120,000 individuals to swim during his career. Perry was inducted into the Florida Sports Hall of Fame in 1981. Perry's daughter Delee Perry took over Perry's Swim School following her father's death in 1987, and it was still in operation as of 2020. Along with a group of investors, Newton Perry opened Weeki Wachee Springs to the public in October of 1947, and used his experiences working at Silver Springs and Wakulla Springs to develop the original concepts for its underwater theater and mermaid shows. Perry sold his stake in Weeki Wachee Springs in 1950. After peaking in the 1950s and 1960s, attendance began to decline as theme parks and highways changed the dynamics of Florida's tourism. The State of Florida took over the attraction as a state park in 2008. Since then, the park has focused on appealing to a modern audience while preserving its history. Type Still Image Source Original photograph of underwater filming tank, ca. 1950-1970: Personal Collection of Delee Perry. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/63" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Weeki Wachee Collection</a>, RICHES. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original photograph of underwater filming tank, ca. 1950-1970. Coverage Weeki Wachee Springs State Park, Weeki Wachee, Florida Creator Perry, Newton Publisher <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> Date Created ca. 1950-1970 Date Issued ca. 1950-1970 Date Copyrighted ca. 1950-1970 Format image/jpeg Extent 1.77 MB Mediator History Teacher Theater Teacher Provenance Originally created by Newton "Newt" Perry, owned by Delee Perry, and published by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a>. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by Delee Perry and is provided here by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project Florida Humanities Council Community Grant Program and Friends of Weeki Wachee Springs State Park Rebecca Schwandt's Thesis Project Curator Kephart, Anna Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository Personal Collection of Delee Perry External Reference Florida Department of State. Division of Historical Resources. "<a href="https://dos.myflorida.com/historical/preservation/national-register/national-preservation-month-2020/weeki-wachee-springs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Weeki Wachee Springs</a>." https://dos.myflorida.com/historical/preservation/national-register/national-preservation-month-2020/weeki-wachee-springs/. Accessed May 15, 2020. Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Florida State Parks. "<a href="https://www.floridastateparks.org/learn/history-weeki-wachee" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">History of Weeki Wachee</a>." https://www.floridastateparks.org/learn/history-weeki-wachee. Accessed May 15, 2020. Rizzo, Marian. "<a href="https://www.ocala.com/article/LK/20130814/News/604145183/OS" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">'Human Fish' Had a Life Filled With Aquatic Exploits</a>." Ocala Star Banner. August 14, 2013. https://www.ocala.com/article/LK/20130814/News/604145183/OS. Accessed May 15, 2020. Schwandt, Rebecca. "<a href="https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/6189" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Revisiting Roadside Attractions: A 'Deep Dive' into Florida's Weeki Wachee Springs</a>." Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 (6189), 2018. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/6189. Turtle, Howard. "Kansas Citians Stage Shows in Deep Water in Florida." Kansas City Star. March 7, 1948. Delee Perry diving Florida tourism mermaids natural springs Newton "Newt" Perry parks Rebecca Schwandt roadside attractions roadside tourism swimming tourist attractions underwater filmmaking underwater photography Weeki Wachee Springs State Park https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/00a72a0727466ac6d830e8d35919db80.jpg 1132fdf87fce9c5b6e02dc7c54b98890 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Weeki Wachee Collection Alternative Title Weeki Wachee Collection Description Along with a group of investors, Newton Perry opened Weeki Wachee Springs to the public in October of 1947. At the time, roadside attractions were becoming popular stops along Florida roadways. The attraction consisted of an amalgamation of vendors, an orchid garden, a river boat tour, as well as the star attraction: a mermaid show that took place in an underwater theater. Eventually, the May Museum of the Tropics, an "abandoned Seminole village", a show called “Birds of Prey”, and a petting zoo were added. After peaking in the 1950s and 1960s, attendance began to decline as theme parks and highways changed the dynamics of Florida's tourism. The State of Florida took over the attraction as a state park in 2008. Since then, the park has focused on appealing to a modern audience while preserving its history. Subject Weeki Wachee (Fla.) Weeki Wachee Springs (Fla.) Tourism--Florida Springs--Florida Parks--Florida Contributor Schumacher, Elmer "Sparky" Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/63" target="_blank">Hernando County Collection</a>, RICHES. Language eng Type Collection Spatial Coverage Weeki Wachee Springs, Spring Hill, Florida Curator Schwandt, Rebecca Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://weekiwachee.com/about-us/history-of-weeki-wachee-springs.html" target="_blank">History of Weeki Wachee Springs</a>." Weeki Wachee Springs State Park. http://weekiwachee.com/about-us/history-of-weeki-wachee-springs.html. Pelland, Maryan, and Dan Pelland. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67516850" target="_blank">Weeki Wachee Springs</a>. Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2005. Vickers, Lu, and Bonnie Georgiadis. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/780478262" target="_blank">Weeki Wachee Mermaids: Thirty Years of Underwater Photography</a>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2012. Contributing Project Rebecca Schwandt's Thesis Project Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Underwater Filming Tank Designed by Newton "Newt" Perry Alternative Title Underwater Filming Tank Subject Weeki Wachee Springs (Fla.) Tourism--Florida Springs--Florida Parks--Florida Mermaids--Florida Motion pictures--Production and direction Underwater photography Florida--In motion pictures Perry, Newton, 1908-1987 Underwater cinematography--Equipment and supplies Description Photograph of an underwater filming tank created by Newton "Newt" Perry between 1950 and 1970. This photograph may be either from Weeki Wachee Springs State Park or from Newton "Newt" Perry's career as an underwater filmmaker. Newton "Newt" Perry was born in Valdosta, Georgia in 1908, and moved with his family to Ocala, Florida in 1922. He was a member of the swimming and diving teams at the University of Florida. Perry earned the nickname "The Human Fish" for his performances of underwater stunts in advertising clips and film shorts, and acted as a swim double for actors in movies and TV shows, including Johnny Weissmuller as "Tarzan." Perry also advised filmmakers filming underwater scenes at Silver Springs, Wakulla Springs, and Weeki Wachee Springs, and developed a system for breathing underwater using an air compressor and hose, which was used in the 1948 film "Mr. Peabody and the Mermaid" and during Weeki Wachee Springs' mermaid shows. Perry worked as a lifeguard, public school principal, coach, swimming and scuba diving instructor, and Ocala city pool manager. He opened Perry's Swim School in 1955, and taught more than 120,000 individuals to swim during his career. Perry was inducted into the Florida Sports Hall of Fame in 1981. Perry's daughter Delee Perry took over Perry's Swim School following her father's death in 1987, and it was still in operation as of 2020. Along with a group of investors, Newton Perry opened Weeki Wachee Springs to the public in October of 1947, and used his experiences working at Silver Springs and Wakulla Springs to develop the original concepts for its underwater theater and mermaid shows. Perry sold his stake in Weeki Wachee Springs in 1950. After peaking in the 1950s and 1960s, attendance began to decline as theme parks and highways changed the dynamics of Florida's tourism. The State of Florida took over the attraction as a state park in 2008. Since then, the park has focused on appealing to a modern audience while preserving its history. Type Still Image Source Original photograph of underwater filming tank, ca. 1950-1970: Personal Collection of Delee Perry. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/63" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Weeki Wachee Collection</a>, RICHES. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original photograph of underwater filming tank, ca. 1950-1970. Coverage Weeki Wachee Springs State Park, Weeki Wachee, Florida Creator Perry, Newton Publisher <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> Date Created ca. 1950-1970 Date Issued ca. 1950-1970 Date Copyrighted ca. 1950-1970 Format image/jpeg Extent 1.68 MB Mediator History Teacher Humanities Teacher Theater Teacher Provenance Originally created by Newton "Newt" Perry, owned by Delee Perry, and published by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a>. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by Delee Perry and is provided here by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project Florida Humanities Council Community Grant Program and Friends of Weeki Wachee Springs State Park Rebecca Schwandt's Thesis Project Curator Kephart, Anna Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository Personal Collection of Delee Perry External Reference Florida Department of State. Division of Historical Resources. "<a href="https://dos.myflorida.com/historical/preservation/national-register/national-preservation-month-2020/weeki-wachee-springs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Weeki Wachee Springs</a>." https://dos.myflorida.com/historical/preservation/national-register/national-preservation-month-2020/weeki-wachee-springs/. Accessed May 15, 2020. Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Florida State Parks. "<a href="https://www.floridastateparks.org/learn/history-weeki-wachee" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">History of Weeki Wachee</a>." https://www.floridastateparks.org/learn/history-weeki-wachee. Accessed May 15, 2020. Rizzo, Marian. "<a href="https://www.ocala.com/article/LK/20130814/News/604145183/OS" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">'Human Fish' Had a Life Filled With Aquatic Exploits</a>." Ocala Star Banner. August 14, 2013. https://www.ocala.com/article/LK/20130814/News/604145183/OS. Accessed May 15, 2020. Schwandt, Rebecca. "<a href="https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/6189" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Revisiting Roadside Attractions: A 'Deep Dive' into Florida's Weeki Wachee Springs</a>." Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 (6189), 2018. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/6189. Turtle, Howard. "Kansas Citians Stage Shows in Deep Water in Florida." Kansas City Star. March 7, 1948. Delee Perry diving Florida tourism mermaids natural springs Newton "Newt" Perry parks Rebecca Schwandt roadside attractions roadside tourism swimming tourist attractions underwater filmmaking underwater photography Weeki Wachee Springs State Park https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/d25b5ddb282dd9c9aec5056c68a9990b.pdf 0f8d00f30c3f1cfaf279643e5f0a5c43 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Florida Space Coast History Collection Alternative Title Space Coast Collection Subject National Aeronautics and Space Administration (U.S.) NASA Description Collection of images, documents, and other archival items donated by the Florida Space Coast History Project. Contributor <a href="http://srealserver.eecs.ucf.edu/chronopoints/" target="_blank">Chronopoints</a> Fowler, Calvin "Cal" D. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Cape Canaveral, Florida John F. Kennedy Space Center, Merritt Island, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://virtualheritage.ist.ucf.edu/cchp/" target="_blank">Florida Space Coast History Project</a> Curator Michlowitz, Robert Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/history/mercury/mercury-overview.htm">Project Mercury Overview</a>." John F. Kennedy Space Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/history/mercury/mercury-overview.htm. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format 1 black and white photographic print Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Underwater Testing Materials for the Skylab Heat Shield Alternative Title Underwater Testing Materials for Skylab Heat Shield Subject Marshall Space Flight Center National Aeronautics and Space Administration (U.S.) NASA Skylab Program Description Workers creating underwater testing materials for the Skylab heat shield at Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. After the nearly catastrophic launch of the Skylab, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) worked to solve the problems created by the troubled launch. As part of that work, employees workers at Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, created a net to simulate deployment underwater of the proposed heat shield. As Project Apollo was winding down and the final three missions (Apollo 18, Apollo 19, and Apollo 20) were canceled, NASA looked for ways to repurpose launch vehicles and other equipment. Out of this, Skylab and three space science missions were born. Skylab was born out a concept first proposed by famed rocket designer Wernher von Braun (1912-1977), to use an unused upper stage fuel tank and convert it to an orbital laboratory. This was NASA's budget being slashed. With the tank becoming the basis of the space station, NAS) added solar arrays, a docking adapter, and a space observatory. The Skylab missions were constituted of one mission to put the station in space (Skylab 1), using a modified and last Saturn V to launch, and three crewed missions (Skylab 2, Skylab 3, and Skylab 4) to occupy the lab and perform science, using the smaller Saturn IB booster to launch the three astronaut crews. When launched on May 14, 1973, the station encountered problems immediately. A micrometeoroid shield prematurely deployed and tore off one of the two main solar arrays. NASA engineers went to work and were able to save Skylab and the three crewed missions. Each of the subsequent missions set what were then endurance records for living in space and conducted substantial space science experiments. NASA tried to keep Skylab in orbit after Skylab 4 (SL-4) and until the Space Shuttle could boost its orbit, but with a decaying orbit it crashed on July 11, 1979. Type Text Source Original black and white photographic print, May 19, 1973: Larry Summers Collection. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/148" target="_blank">Florida Space Coast History Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original black and white photographic print, May 19, 1973. Coverage Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama Contributor <a href="http://srealserver.eecs.ucf.edu/chronopoints/" target="_blank">Chronopoints</a> Date Created 1973-05-19 Format application/pdf Extent 200 KB Medium 1 black and white photographic print Language eng Mediator History Teacher Civics/Government Teacher Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by Larry Summers and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="http://virtualheritage.ist.ucf.edu/cchp/" target="_blank">Florida Space Coast History Project</a> Curator Michlowitz, Robert Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.nasa.gov/missions/shuttle/f_skylab1.html" target="_blank">Skylab, Birth of the Modern Space Station: Part I - The History of Sky | NASA</a>." National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Accessed August 12. http://www.nasa.gov/missions/shuttle/f_skylab1.html. Belew, Leland F. 1977. "Our First Space Station - Chapter 2." SP-400 NASA- Skylab, Our First Space Station. <a href="http://history.nasa.gov/SP-400/ch2.htm">http://history.nasa.gov/SP-400/ch2.htm</a>. Howell, Elizabeth. 2013. "Skylab: First U.S. Space Station." Space.com. February 1. http://www.space.com/19607-skylab.html. Heat Shield Huntsville, Alabama Marshall Space Flight Center NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration simulation Skylab Skylab 2 https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/39b529e07aca871135b8aa22877f390f.pdf 425c7ea0b13affdffbeb9fbd6a1d32ab Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Friends of Lake Apopka Collection Alternative Title FOLA Collection Subject Lake Apopka (Fla.) Water quality--Florida Pollution--Florida Description The Friends of Lake Apopka (FOLA) is a citizen advocacy group with the mission of restoring Lake Apopka in Orange County and Lake County, Florida. Due to poor farming practices along its shores, Lake Apopka has become one of the largest polluted lakes in Florida. This collection features various archival items related to the restoration of the lake. Contributor <a href="http://www.fola.org/" target="_blank">Friends of Lake Apopka</a> Language eng Type Collection Coverage Lake Apopka, Florida Florida Game and Fresh Water Commission, Tallahassee, Florida Oakland, Florida Orlando, Florida Saint Johns River, Florida Winter Garden, Florida Winter Haven, Florida Zellwood, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://www.fola.org/" target="_blank">Friends of Lake Apopka</a> Curator Cepero, Laura King, Joshua Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.oaktownusa.com/Pages/Preserve/index" target="_blank">Oakland Nature Preserve</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.fola.org/" target="_blank">Our Mission & Purpose</a>." Friends of Lake Apopka. http://www.fola.org/. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1 newspaper article Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Undesirable Factors Cited in Report of 'The Big Pond', Lake Apopka; 1962-1964 Alternative Title Undesirable Factors Cited in Report of Lake Apopka Subject Lake Apopka (Fla.) Winter Garden (Fla.) Water quality--Florida Pesticides--United States Fishing--Florida Insecticides--United States Pollution--Florida Description A newspaper article discussing a Florida State Board of Health report regarding the condition of Lake Apopka, Florida. The report examines various contributions to the pollution of the lake and makes recommendations towards the cleanup process. Type Text Source Photocopy of original newspaper article: "Undesirable Factors Cited in Report of 'The Big Pond', Lake Apopka; 1962-1964": Binder 1964, drawer 1938-1987, Friends of Lake Apopka Archives, Ginn Museum, <a href="http://www.oaktownusa.com/Pages/Preserve/index" target="_blank">Oakland Nature Preserve</a>, Oakland, Florida. Requires <a href="http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/" target="_blank"> Adobe Flash Player</a> Is Part Of Binder 1964, drawer 1938-1987, Friends of Lake Apopka Archives, Ginn Museum, <a href="http://www.oaktownusa.com/Pages/Preserve/index" target="_blank">Oakland Nature Preserve</a>, Oakland, Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/153" target="_blank">Oakland Nature Preserve Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of photocopied newspaper article: "Undesirable Factors Cited in Report of 'The Big Pond', Lake Apopka; 1962-1964." Coverage Lake Apopka, Florida Winter Garden, Florida Date Created ca. 1964-06-31 Date Issued ca. 1964-06-31 Date Copyrighted ca. 1964-06-31 Format application/pdf Extent 445 KB Medium 1 newspaper article Language eng Mediator History Teacher Science Teacher Geography Teacher Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by the <a href="http://www.fola.org/" target="_blank">Friends of Lake Apopka</a> and is provided here by RICHES of Central Florida for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="http://www.fola.org/" target="_blank">Friends of Lake Apopka</a> Curator King, Joshua Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.oaktownusa.com/Pages/Preserve/index" target="_blank">Oakland Nature Preserve</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.protectingourwater.org/watersheds/map/ocklawaha/" target="_blank">Learn About Your Watershed: Ocklawaha River Watershed</a>." Florida's Water: Ours to Protect, Florida Department of Environmental Protection. Accessed June 12, 2015. http://www.protectingourwater.org/watersheds/map/ocklawaha/. agricultural pollution agriculture Bureau of Sanitary Engineering citrus citrus industry City of Winter Garden David B. Lee DDT dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane draining farmer farming fertilizer fish fishing Florida Inland Sportsfishing Host Florida State Board of Health Free of 1962-1963 freeze hyacinth insecticide irrigation lake Lake Apopka Lake Apopka Chapter Orange County Health Department oxygen packing Percy D. Blunt pesticide pollution processing research Robert W. Sherman SBH sewage sewage treatment plant spray waste water water conservation water quality William R. Pomeroy Winter Garden https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/4d411e9ddaaeff1da47bb4c3240451f7.jpg f7c0094dcf592daee21ffc83847dcb2b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Veterans Legacy Program Collection Alternative Title VLP Collection Subject Veterans--Florida Description In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Is Part Of Veterans Legacy Program Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"><a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Unit Diary Alternative Title Muster Roll, United States Marine Corps Subject Veterans--Florida Korean War, 1950-1953 Description A unit diary for the United States Marine Corps in April of 1951. The muster roll describes the journey that Elmer B. Denico Jr. (1928-2002) took to get to Korea. Transferring in San Francisco, Denico sailed on the USS General Mann (TAP-112), a troop transport ship, to Yokohama, Japan, and from there to Korea, where he arrived in April of 1951. Elmer B. Denico Jr. was born on February 17, 1928, in Fairfield, Maine, to Elmer B. Denico and Ezilda (Ezelda) Denico. He joined the United States Marine Corps on January 28, 1948. He served for nearly twenty years, retiring in 1967, after serving in both the Korean and Vietnam Wars. When he retired, he had reached the rank of Staff Sergeant. He passed away in Polk City, Florida, on March 29, 2002, and is memorialized in Florida National Cemetery in Bushnell, Florida. In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Type Text Source Digital reproduction of original muster roll. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/210" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Collection</a> Coverage San Francisco, California Creator United States Marine Corps Publisher United States Marine Corps Date Created 1951-04-19 Format image/jpg Extent 1.33 MB Medium 1 muster roll Language eng Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally created and published by the United States Marine Corps. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: • reproduce the work in print or digital form • create derivative works • perform the work publicly • display the work • distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. This resource is provided here by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105">Section 5</a> of <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Donation Curator Ortiz, Samuel Cravero, Geoffrey Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a> <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a> Source Repository <a href="https://www.archives.gov/">National Archives and Records Administration</a> External Reference Abney, Barb. "<a href="https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/" target="_blank">VA Selects UCF Historians to Archive Stories of Deceased Veterans Veterans</a>." UCF Today, March 13, 2017. Accessed August 9, 2017. https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/. Edwards, Paul M. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/963866454" target="_blank">The Korean War</a>. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2006. Bushnell Elmer B. Denico Jr. Florida National Cemetery Korea Korean War, 1950-1953 military history military service muster roll national cemeteries, American National Cemetery Administration San Francisco, California unit diary United States Marine Corps USS General Mann (TAP-112) veterans Veterans Administration Veterans Legacy Program https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/771c36637ff6f634670588aa4e69e506.pdf 74412aeafcc761ccc8ebaa51efd579b9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Orlando Gay Chorus Collection Alternative Title Gay Chorus Collection Is Part Of Orlando Gay Chorus Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"> </div> Subject Orlando (Fla.) Music--Florida Dance--United States Gay culture--United States Description The Orlando Gay Chorus (OGC) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit arts and humanitarian organization, and part of the Gay and Lesbian Association (GALA) of Choruses. Founded on Valentines Day 1990, OGC is not only one of the largest mixed gay choirs in the United States at over 100 members, but they also boast four smaller ensembles that perform annual concerts, cabarets, and a host of community events, such as Come Out With Pride, Orlando Museum of Art’s Festival of Trees, and World AIDS Day memorial services. In 2017, the group performed at over 105 events, including 15 performances for the first anniversary of the Pulse Nightclub tragedy. Members come from all walks of life and all sexual and gender orientations, including straight allies. OGC lives by the motto “Singing the World to a Better Place” and strives to use music to change attitudes and build a stronger community. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title United In Pride, June 15, 1991 Alternative Title United In Pride: Orlando Gay Chorus and Tampa Bay Gay Men's Chorus Together In Concert, Beacham Theater Subject Orlando (Fla.) Music--Florida Dance--United States Gay culture--United States Description A program for the Orlando Gay Chorus' collaboration concert with the Tampa Bay Gay Men's Chorus, "United in Pride", on June 15, 1991, at the Beacham Theatre. The program includes brief biographies of Music Directors Dr. Charles Callahan and Kenneth D. Williams, and Accompanist Terry E. Thomas, a brief history of the Orlando Gay Chorus and the Tampa Bay Gay Men's Chorus, program notes, an outline of the show's itinerary, how to join the chorus, a description of GALA choruses, an events calendar, a list of the chorus members, how to become a contributor, and a checklist of concert etiquette. It also contains a "weekly specials" menu from the Parliament House Orlando. This was the first program to include advertisements and a donors' list. The Orlando Gay Chorus (OGC) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit arts and humanitarian organization, and part of the Gay and Lesbian Association (GALA) of Choruses. Founded on Valentines Day 1990, OGC is not only one of the largest mixed gay choirs in the United States at over 100 members, but they also boast four smaller ensembles that perform annual concerts, cabarets, and a host of community events, such as Come Out With Pride, Orlando Museum of Art’s Festival of Trees, and World AIDS Day memorial services. In 2017, the group performed at over 105 events, including 15 performances for the first anniversary of the Pulse Nightclub tragedy. Members come from all walks of life and all sexual and gender orientations, including straight allies. OGC lives by the motto “Singing the World to a Better Place” and strives to use music to change attitudes and build a stronger community. Type Text Source Original 20-page program, Special Collections and University Archives, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/206" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus Collection</a>, LGBTQ+ Collection, RICHES. Coverage Beacham Theatre, Orlando, Florida Creator <a href="https://orlandogaychorus.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus</a> Publisher <a href="https://orlandogaychorus.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus</a> Date Created ca. 1991-06-15 Date Issued 1991-06-15 Date Copyrighted 1991-06-15 Format application/pdf Extent 42.6 MB Medium 20-page program Language eng Mediator History Teacher Dance Teacher Music Teacher Art Teacher Provenance Originally created and published by the <a href="https://orlandogaychorus.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus</a>. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by <a href="https://orlandogaychorus.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Curator Rodriguez, Sharon Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository University of Central Florida Special Collections External Reference Ahlquist, Karen. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62281651" target="_blank">Chorus and Community</a>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2006. Boedeker, Hal. "<a href="http://www.orlandosentinel.com/features/os-orlando-gay-chorus-25-years-20150611-story.html" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus marks 25 years</a>." Orlando Sentinel, October 18, 2016. Accessed September 18, 2018. http://www.orlandosentinel.com/features/os-orlando-gay-chorus-25-years-20150611-story.html. <a target="_blank">About OGC: History</a>." Orlando Gay Chorus. 2018. Accessed September 18, 2018. https://orlandogaychorus.org/history/. A Catch AIDS Outreach Beacham Theatre Cantique de Jean Racine Charles Callahan Deep River Der Herr Segne Euch Die Nacht diversity Duetto buffo de per due gatti Empty Chairs at Empty Tables Everybody Says Don't GALA Choruses Gay and Lesbian Association of Choruses GLBT Joshua Fit de Battle of Jericho Keep It Gay Kenion A. "Ken" Thompson, II Kenneth D. Williams LGBT LGBTQ+ Love Don't Need a Reason Michael David Morning Glow OGC Open Wide Your Eyes Orlando Gay Chorus Ron W. Smith Schlummerlied Set Down Servant! Stouthearted Men Suddenly, Seymour Tampa Bay Gay Men's Chorus Tentin' Tonight The Rainbow Connection The Rose The Sailor of My Dreams Together in Concert Two Brothers We Kiss in a Shadow What Shall We Do With a Drunken Sailor https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/0395180fff8275ee1da9a4be9e5346e6.jpg eb4c5b9aba02dc8522e4eb35c774e620 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Orlando Gay Chorus Collection Alternative Title Gay Chorus Collection Is Part Of Orlando Gay Chorus Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"> </div> Subject Orlando (Fla.) Music--Florida Dance--United States Gay culture--United States Description The Orlando Gay Chorus (OGC) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit arts and humanitarian organization, and part of the Gay and Lesbian Association (GALA) of Choruses. Founded on Valentines Day 1990, OGC is not only one of the largest mixed gay choirs in the United States at over 100 members, but they also boast four smaller ensembles that perform annual concerts, cabarets, and a host of community events, such as Come Out With Pride, Orlando Museum of Art’s Festival of Trees, and World AIDS Day memorial services. In 2017, the group performed at over 105 events, including 15 performances for the first anniversary of the Pulse Nightclub tragedy. Members come from all walks of life and all sexual and gender orientations, including straight allies. OGC lives by the motto “Singing the World to a Better Place” and strives to use music to change attitudes and build a stronger community. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title United in Pride, Together in Concert Alternative Title Orlando Gay Chorus Presents "United in Pride, Together in Concert" Subject Orlando (Fla.) Music--Florida Dance--United States Description A poster for the Orlando Gay Chorus (OGC) concert, “United in Pride, Together in Concert.” A joint concert with the Tampa Bay Gay Men's Chorus, the event was held at the Beacham Theater, located at 46 North Orange Avenue, in Orlando, Florida, on June 15, 1991. Tickets were $15 in advance and at the door. The poster has an off-white background with a pink title and the names of each chorus in basic spotlights. Featured artwork includes the logo of the OGC and the Beacham Theater. The Orlando Gay Chorus is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit arts and humanitarian organization part of GALA Choruses. Founded on Valentines Day 1990, OGC is not only one of the largest mixed gay choirs in the United States at over 100 members, but they also boast four smaller ensembles that perform annual concerts, cabarets, and a whole host of community events like Come Out With Pride, Orlando Museum of Art’s Festival of Trees, and World Aids Day memorial services. In 2017, the group performed at over 105 events, including 15 performances for the first anniversary of the Pulse Nightclub tragedy. Members come from all walks of life and all sexual and gender orientations, including straight allies. OGC lives by the motto “Singing the World to a Better Place” and strives to use music to change attitudes and build a stronger community. Type Still Image Source Original color poster: University of Central Florida Special Collections, Orlando, Florida. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/206" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus Collection</a>, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES. Coverage The Beacham Theater, Orlando, Florida Creator <a href="https://www.orlandogaychorus.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus</a> Publisher <a href="https://www.orlandogaychorus.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus</a> Date Created ca. 1991-06-15 Date Copyrighted ca. 1991-06-15 Format image/jpg Extent 5.27 MB Medium 1 poster Language eng Mediator History Teacher Dance Teacher Music Teacher Art Teacher Provenance Originally created and published by the <a href="https://www.orlandogaychorus.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus</a>. Rights Holder <a href="https://www.orlandogaychorus.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus</a> Accrual Method Donation Curator O'Neill, Carys Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository University of Central Florida Special Collections External Reference Unknown. "About OGC: History." Orlando Gay Chorus. 2018. Accessed April 10, 2018. https://orlandogaychorus.org/history/. Ahlquist, Karen. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62281651" target="_blank">Chorus and Community</a>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2006. Boedeker, Hal. "<a href="http://www.orlandosentinel.com/features/os-orlando-gay-chorus-25-years-20150611-story.html" target="_blank">Orlando Gay Chorus marks 25 years</a>." Orlando Sentinel, October 18, 2016. Accessed October 18, 2018. http://www.orlandosentinel.com/features/os-orlando-gay-chorus-25-years-20150611-story.html. Beacham Theater chorus concert GLBT GLBTQ+ homosexuality LGBT LGBTQ+ music orlando Orlando Gay Chorus performance Tampa Bay Gay Men's Chorus United in Pride, Together in Concert https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/020c44b3a9e4f1bca3820ad4d2cca738.pdf e5cf4f25c4ff2b0068fb858e0a772390 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Roger Hipel Collection Alternative Title Hipel Collection Subject St. Cloud, (Fla.) Description A collection of postcards from the private collection kept by Roger Hipel of St. Cloud, Florida. Language eng Accrual Method Donation Curator Williams, Rachel Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title United Spanish War Veterans Building Postcard Alternative Title USWV Building Postcard Subject St. Cloud, (Fla.) Spanish War Veterans Description A postcard of the United Spanish War Veterans' brick building in St. Cloud, Florida. A man is sitting in a chair against the outside pillar of the building. The building was originally built in 1910 for the city's First National Bank, but failed in 1917 when it became the People's Bank. The United Spanish War Veterans took over the building in 1934. In 1970, the building became home to the Golden Age Club. Today the building is the home of the city's Chamber of Commerce and is a historical museum. Handwritten on the bottom of the postcard is "UNITED SPANISH WAR VETERANS ST. CLOUD FLA. M1400". This postcard is part of a private collection kept by Roger Hipel of St. Cloud, Florida. Type Still Image Source Original 5 x 3 black and white postcard: Private Collection of Roger Hipel. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/228" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Roger Hipel Collection</a>, St. Cloud Collection, Osceola County Collection, RICHES. Coverage St. Cloud, Florida Creator L.L. Cook Co. Publisher L.L. Cook Co. Format application/pdf Extent 3.46 MB Medium 5 x 3 inch black and white postcard Language eng Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally created and published by L.L. Cook Co. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: • reproduce the work in print or digital form • create derivative works • perform the work publicly • display the work • distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. This resource is provided here by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105">Section 5</a> of <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Donation Curator Williams, Rachel Source Repository Private Collection of Roger Hipel External Reference Taylor, George Lansing Jr., "Former First National Bank St. Cloud, FL," Historical Architecture Main Gallery, University of North Florida, Accessed January 28, 2020, https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/historical_architecture_main/5101/. postcard Roger Hipel St. Cloud United Spanish War Veterans USWV USWV building https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/4aba08bc12c6b1f45b82c413435d5450.jpg e733ca6f50b912b81c5640951c8f074a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Veterans Legacy Program Collection Alternative Title VLP Collection Subject Veterans--Florida Description In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Is Part Of Veterans Legacy Program Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"><a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title United States Army Base No. 117, LaFauche, France Alternative Title US Army Base No. 117, LaFauche, France Subject World War, 1914-1918 Veterans--Florida Description United States Army Base No. 117 in LaFauche, Haute-Marne, France. The hospital was used to specifically treat psychiatric ailments, such as shell shock. Shell shock, known today as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), was a complex diagnosis relating to psychological war-related trauma. Originally, it was thought that a physical explosion from a shell caused the disorder, but as many cases of shell shock came in, it became clear that the disorder was the result of a range of traumatic emotional experiences. A notable soldier who served at the hospital was Jane "Jennie" Margaret Gadde (1888-1963). Gadde was born on August 17, 1888, in Ludington, Michigan. The second oldest of four sisters, she was born to immigrant parents, Nels and Carrie Gadde. The family lived in Ironwood, Michigan, where Gadde’s father worked as a foreman and her mother raised her and her sisters. The family moved in 1905 to Sanborn, Wisconsin. Gadde went to school at the Ferris Institute in Big Rapids, Michigan, and earned a degree in shorthand in 1907. She then worked as a stenographer for a building contractor. After a few years, Gadde changed professions, training as a nurse at the Illinois Training School for Nurses, where she graduated in 1915. She enlisted in the United States Army Nursing Corps in October of 1918. She trained at the United States Army Camp Base Hospital at Camp Mead, Maryland, where she was assigned to a psychiatric unit. She embarked from the United States to France in November 1918, serving as a nurse for roughly eight months in a psychiatric unit. She returned to the United States in August 1919, and was honorably discharged from service shortly thereafter. She returned to Chicago after the war, working in the Cook County Public Hospital until 1942. She enlisted again as a nurse in the Nursing Corps during World War II. She worked at Gorgas Hospital in the Panama Canal Zone until 1947, returning home and again being honorably discharged. After the war, Gadde moved to St. Petersburg, Florida, and volunteered for the Delano American Legion Post #122. She was also involved with the Panama Canal Society in Florida in the 1950s. Gadde passed away in September 1963, and is buried in the Bay Pines National Cemetery. In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for K-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Type Still Image Source Digital reproduction of original black and white photograph. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/210" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Collection</a> Coverage LaFauche, France Creator United States Army Publisher United States Army Date Created ca. 1918 Format image/jpg Extent 1.30 MB Medium 1 black and white photograph Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally created and published by the United States Army Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: • reproduce the work in print or digital form • create derivative works • perform the work publicly • display the work • distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. This resource is provided here by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105">Section 5</a> of <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Donation Curator Stoddard, James Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a> Source Repository National Library of Medicine External Reference Abney, Barb. "<a href="https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/" target="_blank">VA Selects UCF Historians to Archive Stories of Deceased Veterans Veterans</a>." UCF Today, March 13, 2017. Accessed August 9, 2017. https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/. Tuchman, Barbara W., and Robert K. Massie. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881458391" target="_blank">The Guns of August: The Outbreak of World War I</a>. 2014. army base Army Nursing Corps Jane “Jennie” Margaret Gadde LaFauche military history military service United States Army US Army veterans Veterans Legacy Program World War I World War, 1914-1918 WWI https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/9c50793ef13a0b9f2f49852c52594561.jpg 7f699cc8f198a16361e6ccaa311f5449 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Veterans Legacy Program Collection Alternative Title VLP Collection Subject Veterans--Florida Description In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Is Part Of Veterans Legacy Program Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"><a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title United States Army Register of Enlistments, 1912 Alternative Title United States Army Enlistments Register, 1912 Subject World War, 1914-1918 Veterans--Florida Description The United States Army Register of Enlistments for 1912. The first page includes the register number of the recruit, their name, the month and day of their enlistment, their enlistment location, the officer who enlisted them, place of birth, age, occupation and description. The second page includes the soldiers’ assigned regiment and company, their previous enlistments and dates of service and remarks. A notable enrollee is John Borris, who enlisted at Fort Hancock, New Jersey, as part of the 136th Company on February 26, 1912. Born on February 3, 1891 in Johnson City, Pennsylvania, Borris served as part of Company C 1st Ammunition Train of the First Division during the First World War in 1917 and 1918. After his initial discharge in 1919, he returned to the United States Army in 1921 as part of the 7th Coast Artillery before his second and final discharge in 1924. After his service, he married Irene Nehf, with whom he had two sons, Roger and David. The family lived in Chicago, Illinois, and Phoenix, Arizona. Borris and his wife moved to Lakeland, Florida, in 1988. Borris died on June 11, 1994 and is buried in the Florida National Cemetery in Bushnell, Florida. In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Type Text Source Digital reproduction of the original United States Army Register of Enlistments, 1912. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/210" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Collection</a> Coverage Fort Hancock, New Jersey Creator <a href="https://www.army.mil/" target="_blank">United States Army</a> Publisher <a href="https://www.army.mil/" target="_blank">United States Army</a> Date Created ca. 1912-02 Format image/jpg Extent 3.07 MB Medium 1 register of enlistments Language eng Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally created and published by the <a href="https://www.army.mil/" target="_blank">United States Army</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: • reproduce the work in print or digital form • create derivative works • perform the work publicly • display the work • distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. This resource is provided here by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105">Section 5</a> of <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Donation Curator Connolly, Lehman Cravero, Geoffrey Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a> <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/"> Ancestry.com</a> <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a> Source Repository <a href="https://www.archives.gov/" target="_blank">National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.</a> External Reference Abney, Barb. "<a href="https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/" target="_blank">VA Selects UCF Historians to Archive Stories of Deceased Veterans Veterans</a>." UCF Today, March 13, 2017. Accessed August 9, 2017. https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/. Tuchman, Barbara W., and Robert K. Massie. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881458391" target="_blank">The Guns of August: The Outbreak of World War I</a>. 2014. 136th Company 7th Coast Artillery American Expeditionary Forces Bushnell Florida National Cemetery Fort Hancock, New Jersey John Borris Johnson City, Pennsylvania Meuse-Argonne Offensive military history military service national cemeteries, American National Cemetery Administration United States Army veterans Veterans Administration Veterans Legacy Program World War I World War, 1914-1918 WWI https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/eb9ec4b8ef7066c2f0ec9aefd9ec7eb3.jpg 59986632bec09a0e42241a02b3c0c855 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Veterans Legacy Program Collection Alternative Title VLP Collection Subject Veterans--Florida Description In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Is Part Of Veterans Legacy Program Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"><a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title United States Military Academy, West Point, Yearbook Alternative Title United States Military Academy Yearbook Subject World War, 1939-1945 Veterans--Florida Description A page from the United States Military Academy at West Point's 1942 yearbook. Three cadets are featured on the page. A notable soldier listed is Robert Clark Kates (1918-1996). Born on March 6, 1918, in Newark, New Jersey, Kates served a long career in the United States Army. He graduated from the United State Military Academy at West Point in 1942 and became an officer in the United States Coast Artillery Corps. In 1953, after obtaining a law degree from Georgetown University, Kates transferred to the Judge Advocate General’s Corps (JAG). After his service, Kates taught at the University of Georgia before moving to Nassau, Florida. He died on April 29, 1966, and is buried in the Florida National Cemetery in Bushnell, Florida. In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Type Still Image Source Digital reproduction of original yearbook page. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/210" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Collection</a> Coverage United States Military Academy, West Point, New York Creator <a href="https://www.dol.gov/">United States Military Academy, West Point</a> Publisher <a href="https://www.dol.gov/">United States Military Academy, West Point</a> Date Created ca. 1942 Format image/jpg Extent 71.1 KB Medium 1 yearbook page Language eng Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally created and published by the <a href="https://www.dol.gov/">United States Military Academy, West Point</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: • reproduce the work in print or digital form • create derivative works • perform the work publicly • display the work • distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. This resource is provided here by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105">Section 5</a> of <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Donation Curator Campbell, Tyler Cravero, Geoffrey Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a> <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a> Source Repository <a href="https://www.dol.gov/">United States Military Academy, West Point</a> External Reference Abney, Barb. "<a href="https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/" target="_blank">VA Selects UCF Historians to Archive Stories of Deceased Veterans Veterans</a>." UCF Today, March 13, 2017. Accessed August 9, 2017. https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/. Black, Jeremy. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/834223370" target="_blank">World War Two: A Military History</a>. London [u.a]: Routledge, 2003. Bushnell Florida National Cemetery Linwood Fogg Jordan military history military service national cemeteries, American National Cemetery Administration Robert Clark Kates Ulysses Grant Jones Jr. United States Military Academy at West Point veterans Veterans Administration Veterans Legacy Program World War II yearbooks https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/e919b6e576d2a74d00a9c46c35007796.jpg e894870ea6105ee66ae795f04c59506d https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/6f0cec688b76ac41d9199da3a1e7473e.jpg 3b774a85c9150ae29723a2348cd941ee Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Veterans Legacy Program Collection Alternative Title VLP Collection Subject Veterans--Florida Description In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Is Part Of Veterans Legacy Program Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"><a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title United States of America Petition for Citizenship and Naturalization Card Alternative Title Naturalization Petition and Card Subject World War, 1914-1918 Veterans--Florida Description The United States of America Petition for Citizenship and Naturalization Card for William Kirlew. The form includes the name, residence, occupation, race, place of birth, marital status and children, last foreign residence, date of immigration, an affidavit witness and signature. William Kirlew (1898-1991) enlisted in the United States Army while a student at Virginia Union University during the 1917-1918 school year. He registered on May 29, 1918. Born on October 22, 1898, in Darliston, Jamaica, Kirlew immigrated to the United States in 1912. He joined the United States Army on May 29, 1918, serving in the 51st Depot Brigade. After the war ended, Kirlew migrated to New York, where in 1933, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. Eventually, Kirlew settled in South Florida where he died on July 3, 1991. He is buried in the Florida National Cemetery in Bushnell, Florida. In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Type Text Source Digital reproduction of original naturalization petition and card, November 29, 1932 and May 15, 1933. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/210" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Collection</a> Coverage New York, New York Creator <a href="http://www.nysd.uscourts.gov/" target="_blank">United States District Court, Southern District of New York</a> Publisher <a href="http://www.nysd.uscourts.gov/" target="_blank">United States District Court, Southern District of New York</a> Contributor Kirlew, William Date Created 1932-11-29 1933-05-15 Format image/jpg Extent 765 KB 123 KB Medium 1 petition for citizenship and 1 naturalization card Language eng Mediator History Teacher Civics/Government Teacher Provenance Originally created and published by <a href="http://www.nysd.uscourts.gov/" target="_blank">United States District Court, Southern District of New York</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: • reproduce the work in print or digital form • create derivative works • perform the work publicly • display the work • distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. This resource is provided here by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105">Section 5</a> of <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Donation Curator Connolly, Lehman Cravero, Geoffrey Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a> <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/"> Ancestry.com</a> <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a> Source Repository <a href="https://www.archives.gov//">National Archives and Records Administration</a> External Reference Abney, Barb. "<a href="https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/" target="_blank">VA Selects UCF Historians to Archive Stories of Deceased Veterans Veterans</a>." UCF Today, March 13, 2017. Accessed August 9, 2017. https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/. Bushnell Florida National Cemetery Harlem, New York military history military service national cemeteries, American National Cemetery Administration naturalization application naturalization card petition for citizenship veterans Veterans Administration Veterans Legacy Program William Emanuel Kirlew World War I World War, 1914-1918 https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/3fdace1ed6cd102a93b1bd1277d30e63.jpg 00af02c4b33de9c40f3269d03da90db9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Veterans Legacy Program Collection Alternative Title VLP Collection Subject Veterans--Florida Description In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Is Part Of Veterans Legacy Program Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"><a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title United States of America Petition for Citizenship and Naturalization Card Alternative Title Naturalization Petition and Card Subject World War, 1914-1918 Veterans--Florida Description The United States of America Petition for Citizenship and Naturalization Card for Fred O. Kalinchuk (1896-1994). The form includes the name, residence, occupation, race, place of birth, marital status and children, last foreign residence, date of immigration, an affidavit witness and signature. Born in Russia on November 21, 1896, Kalinchuk immigrated to the United States on April 12, 1913. He enlisted in the United States Army on May 28, 1918. Soon after joining the Army, he became a naturalized United States citizen while stationed in Georgia. Kalinchuk fought in France during World War I, including in the Oise-Aisne offensive. He was wounded during that time and was awarded the Purple Heart. After his military service, Kalinchuk worked as a patternmaker and started a family in Cleveland. He later moved to Florida and passed away in Citrus, Florida, on December 7, 1966. He is buried at Florida National Cemetery in Bushnell, Florida, with his son, Walter Kallin, who served in World War II. In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Type Text Source Digital reproduction of the original petition for naturalization. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/210" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Collection</a> Coverage Camp Gordon, Georgia Creator Kalinchuk, Fred Ongfey <a href="https://www.dol.gov/">United States Department of Labor</a> Publisher <a href="https://www.dol.gov/">United States Department of Labor</a> Date Created 1918-07-09 Format image/jpg Extent 1.14 MB Medium 1 petition for naturalization Language eng Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally created by Fred Ongfey Kalinchuk and published by the <a href="https://www.dol.gov/">United States Department of Labor</a>. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: • reproduce the work in print or digital form • create derivative works • perform the work publicly • display the work • distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. This resource is provided here by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105">Section 5</a> of <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Donation Curator Connolly, Lehman Cravero, Geoffrey Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a> <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/"> Ancestry.com</a> <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a> Source Repository <a href="https://www.archives.gov/">National Archives and Records Administration</a> External Reference Abney, Barb. "<a href="https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/" target="_blank">VA Selects UCF Historians to Archive Stories of Deceased Veterans Veterans</a>." UCF Today, March 13, 2017. Accessed August 9, 2017. https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/. Tuchman, Barbara W., and Robert K. Massie. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881458391" target="_blank">The Guns of August: The Outbreak of World War I</a>. 2014. Bushnell Camp Gordon, Georgia Florida National Cemetery Fred O. Kalinchuk immigration military history military service national cemeteries, American National Cemetery Administration petition for naturalization Russian immigrants United States Army United States Department of Labor veterans Veterans Administration Veterans Legacy Program World War I World War, 1914-1918 WWI https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/652be63f0e8d6d23363261cd4ad2d669.pdf 7756281f34234eb73114979b20ee6115 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Oviedo Historical Society Collection Alternative Title Oviedo Historical Society Collection Subject Oviedo (Fla). Description The Oviedo Historical Society Collection encompasses historical artifacts donated for digitization at the Oviedo Historical Society's History Harvest in the Spring semester of 2015. The Oviedo Historical Society was organized in November 1973 by a group of citizens. The society is a 501(3) non-profit organization. Its purpose is to help preserve the community identity of Oviedo by collecting and disseminating knowledge about local history, serve as a repository for documents and artifacts relating to Oviedo history, promote the preservation and marking of historic sites and buildings in the Oviedo area and foster interest in local, state, national, and world history. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/128" target="_blank">Oviedo Collection</a>, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Oviedo, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://oviedohs.com/" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society</a> <a href="http://history.cah.ucf.edu/staff.php?id=304" target="_blank">Dr. Connie L. Lester</a>'s Introduction to Public History course, Spring 2015 Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://oviedohs.com/" target="_blank">Oviedo Historical Society</a>." Oviedo Historical Society, Inc. http://oviedohs.com/. Adicks, Richard, and Donna M. Neely. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5890131" target="_blank">Oviedo, Biography of a Town</a>. S.l: s.n.], 1979. Robison, Jim. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/796757419" target="_blank">Around Oviedo</a>. 2012. "<a href="http://www.cityofoviedo.net/node/68" target="_blank">History</a>." City of Oviedo, Florida. http://www.cityofoviedo.net/node/68. "<a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/audio/Ep41-Oviedo.mp3" target="_blank">RICHES Podcast Documentaries, Episode 41: Oviedo, with Dr. Richard Adicks</a>." RICHES of Central Florida. http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/audio/Ep41-Oviedo.mp3. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1 ticket Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Universal Orlando Resort Grad Bash Ticket, 2009 Alternative Title Universal Grad Bash Ticket Subject Orlando (Fla.) Universal Studios Florida (Orlando, Fla. : Amusement park) Oviedo (Fla.) Schools High schools--Florida Description A ticket for Oviedo High School's Grad Bash for the Class of 2009, held at the Universal Orlando Resort, located at 6000 Universal Boulevard in Orlando, Florida. Oviedo High School is a Seminole County Public School located in Oviedo, Florida. Originally called the Oviedo School, the institution was first established in 1922 as a K-12 school. In 1948, the secondary grades separated from the elementary school. The upper grade levels formed Oviedo High School and moved to the campus at 601 King Street. Oviedo High School is notable for The Lion's Tale, the award-winning school newspaper recognized by various national and state scholastic press associations of its high ratings from the Governor's A+ Plan for Education of and its successful athletics programs. Type Text Source Original ticket: <a href="https://www.universalorlando.com/Home.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Universal Studios Orlando</a>, Orlando, Florida, April 28, 2009: Private Collection of Sarah Thorncroft. Requires <a href="http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Adobe Flash Player</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/147" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oviedo Historical Society Collection</a>, Oviedo Collection, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original ticket: <a href="https://www.universalorlando.com/Home.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Universal Studios Orlando</a>, Orlando, Florida, April 28, 2009. Coverage Oviedo High School, Oviedo, Florida Universal Orlando Resort, Orlando, Florida Creator <a href="https://www.universalorlando.com/Home.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Universal Studios Orlando</a> Contributor Thorncroft, Sarah Date Created 2009-04-28 Format application/pdf Extent 301 KB Medium 1 ticket Language eng Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally created by <a href="https://www.universalorlando.com/Home.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Universal Studios Orlando</a>. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by Sarah Thorncroft and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="http://oviedohs.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oviedo Historical Society</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository Private Collection of Sarah Thorncroft External Reference "<a href="http://www.oviedo.scps.k12.fl.us/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oviedo High School</a>." Oviedo High School, Seminole County Public Schools. http://www.oviedo.scps.k12.fl.us/. "<a href="http://www.ohsr.net/about-oviedo-high-school" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">About Oviedo High School</a>." Oviedo High School Reunions. http://www.ohsr.net/about-oviedo-high-school. Robison, Jim. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/796757419" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Around Oviedo</a>. 2012. education high school OHS orlando Oviedo Oviedo High School school Universal Boulevard Universal Orlando Resort Universal Studios Florida https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/326c42e4fbd59dbb9cbbcef2b9d4b6ea.jpg b055cd234cc895d8a221b2d44c864e1f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Orlando Collection Description The Orlando area was originally occupied by the Creek and Seminole tribes. In 1838, Fort Gatlin was erected on the shores of Lake Gatlin, just a few miles south of present-day Downtown Orlando. Centered around Church Street, Orlando became a city in 1884. Originally a cattle town, Orlando grew into a major citrus growing center by the 1920s. The city continued to grow during the Great Depression with aid from the Work Progress Administration (WPA). During World War II, Orlando became a major military center as well, with the development of the McCoy Air Force Base and Pinecastle Air Force Base, and with the addition of the Naval Training Center (NTC) Orlando in 1968. Downtown Orlando declined in the 1960s and 1970s. Redevelopment began in the 1970s and continued into the 1980s, with projects such as the Church Street Station entertainment complex. In 1998, a building boom began and continued through the 2000s. Contributor Cook, Thomas Cepero, Nancy Lynn Cepero, Laura Lynn Alternative Title Orlando Collection Subject Orlando (Fla.) Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/46" target="_blank">Orange County Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Orlando, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference Antequino, Stephanie Gaub, and Tana Mosier Porter. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/783150094" target="_blank">Lost Orlando</a>. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Pub, 2012. Rajtar, Steve. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70911136" target="_blank">A Guide to Historic Orlando</a>. Charleston, SC: History Press, 2006. "<a href="http://sanfordhistory.tripod.com/Links/wtour.pdf" target="_blank">Downtown Orlando Historic District Walking Tour</a>." City of Orlando. http://sanfordhistory.tripod.com/Links/wtour.pdf. Has Format <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/69" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra Collection</a>, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/106" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered Collection</a>, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/126" target="_blank">Downtown Orlando Information Center Collection</a>, Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/110" target="_blank">Orlando Public Library Collection</a>, Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/111" target="_blank">Orlando Regions Bank Collection</a>, Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Universal Studios Florida, 1997 Alternative Title Universal Studios Subject Orlando (Fla.) Theme parks Description Universal Studios Florida, located at 6000 Universal Boulevard in Orlando, Florida, in 1997. Universal Studios Florida, a movie and television-theme amusement park, opened on June 7,1990. Design began in 1982, with plans to include a working studio. However, the project was put on hold until 1986. The park originally featured several themed areas: "In Production" (Front Lot and Production Central), "Now Shooting" (New York), "On Location" (San Francisco and Amity), and "The World of CineMagic Center" (Expo Center). In 1998, Universal began expanding its property to include Islands of Adventure. Type Still Image Source Original color photograph, 1997: Private Collection of Nancy Lynn Cepero. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/20" target="_blank">Orlando Collection</a>, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original color photograph, 1997. Coverage Universal Studios Florida, Orlando, Florida Contributor Cepero, Nancy Lynn Date Created ca. 1997-12 Format image/jpg Extent 124 KB Medium 1 color photograph Language eng Mediator History Teacher Geography Teacher Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by Nancy Lynn Cepero and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="https://www.universalorlando.com/Theme_Parks/Universal_Studios_Orlando/universal_studios_florida.aspx" target="_blank">Universal Studios Florida</a>." Universal Studios Florida. https://www.universalorlando.com/Theme_Parks/Universal_Studios_Orlando/universal_studios_florida.aspx. "<a href="http://www.orlandovacation.com/universal-studios/articles/universal-theme-park-history/" target="_blank">History of Universal Orlando</a>." OrlandoVacation.com. http://www.orlandovacation.com/universal-studios/articles/universal-theme-park-history/. Transcript UNIVERSAL STUDIOS orlando theme parks Universal Studios Florida https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/0560c4acb9184a6928d020c8b78e136a.jpg 2027c95d0a01d54392eb574d25249662 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Orlando Collection Description The Orlando area was originally occupied by the Creek and Seminole tribes. In 1838, Fort Gatlin was erected on the shores of Lake Gatlin, just a few miles south of present-day Downtown Orlando. Centered around Church Street, Orlando became a city in 1884. Originally a cattle town, Orlando grew into a major citrus growing center by the 1920s. The city continued to grow during the Great Depression with aid from the Work Progress Administration (WPA). During World War II, Orlando became a major military center as well, with the development of the McCoy Air Force Base and Pinecastle Air Force Base, and with the addition of the Naval Training Center (NTC) Orlando in 1968. Downtown Orlando declined in the 1960s and 1970s. Redevelopment began in the 1970s and continued into the 1980s, with projects such as the Church Street Station entertainment complex. In 1998, a building boom began and continued through the 2000s. Contributor Cook, Thomas Cepero, Nancy Lynn Cepero, Laura Lynn Alternative Title Orlando Collection Subject Orlando (Fla.) Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/46" target="_blank">Orange County Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Orlando, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference Antequino, Stephanie Gaub, and Tana Mosier Porter. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/783150094" target="_blank">Lost Orlando</a>. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Pub, 2012. Rajtar, Steve. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70911136" target="_blank">A Guide to Historic Orlando</a>. Charleston, SC: History Press, 2006. "<a href="http://sanfordhistory.tripod.com/Links/wtour.pdf" target="_blank">Downtown Orlando Historic District Walking Tour</a>." City of Orlando. http://sanfordhistory.tripod.com/Links/wtour.pdf. Has Format <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/69" target="_blank">Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra Collection</a>, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/106" target="_blank">Orlando Remembered Collection</a>, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/126" target="_blank">Downtown Orlando Information Center Collection</a>, Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/110" target="_blank">Orlando Public Library Collection</a>, Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/111" target="_blank">Orlando Regions Bank Collection</a>, Orlando Remembered Collection, Orlando Collection, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Universal's Islands of Adventure, 2001 Alternative Title Universal's Islands of Adventure Subject Orlando (Fla.) Theme parks Description Universal's Islands of Adventure, located at 6000 Universal Boulevard in Orlando, Florida, in 2001. The Incredible Hulk roller coaster can be seen to the right of the photograph. Part of Universal Studios Florida, the theme park opened on May 28, 1999. The idea for Islands of Adventure were first conceived in 1991. By 1993, plans were being announced. Construction began in 1997. Type Still Image Source Original color photograph, 2001: Private Collection of Nancy Lynn Cepero. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/20" target="_blank">Orlando Collection</a>, Orange County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original color photograph, 2001. Coverage Universal's Islands Of Adventure, Orlando, Florida Contributor Cepero, Nancy Lynn Date Created ca. 2001-12 Format image/jpg Extent 132 KB Medium 1 color photograph Mediator History Teacher Geography Teacher Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by Nancy Lynn Cepero and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="https://www.universalorlando.com/Theme-Parks/Islands-of-Adventure.aspx" target="_blank">Universal's Islands of Adventure </a>." Universal Studios Florida. https://www.universalorlando.com/Theme-Parks/Islands-of-Adventure.aspx. "<a href="http://www.orlandovacation.com/universal-studios/articles/universal-theme-park-history/" target="_blank">History of Universal Orlando</a>." OrlandoVacation.com. http://www.orlandovacation.com/universal-studios/articles/universal-theme-park-history/. Islands of Adventure orlando roller coasters The Incredible Hulk theme parks Universal Boulevard Universal Studios Florida https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/d08e7e0f80b36b2f595651e2622ca701.jpg 43418f03e8d37788cd621ce8faf53733 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Seminole County Public Schools Collection Alternative Title SCPS Collection Subject Seminole County (Fla.) Schools High schools--Florida Elementary schools Grammar schools Middle schools--Florida Education--Florida Teachers--Florida Educators--Florida Description Collection of digital images, documents, and other records depicting the educational history of Seminole County, Florida. Items from this collection are donated by the Student Museum and UCF Public History Center. The Student Museum has collaborated with the University of Central Florida and established the UCF Public History Center (PHC). All of the Student Museum's collections are presently housed at the PHC. The goal of the PHC is to promote access to history through ground-breaking research connecting local to global, provide cutting-edge hands-on educational programs for students and visitors, and to engage the community in contributing to and learning from history. Contributor <a href="http://www.scps.k12.fl.us/studentmuseum/Home.aspx" target="_blank">Student Museum</a> <a href="http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">UCF Public History Center</a> Has Part <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/31" target="_blank">Student Museum and UCF Public History Center Collection</a>, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/44" target="_blank">Seminole County Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Cameron City, Sanford, Florida Crooms Academy, Goldsoboro, Sanford, Florida Chuluota Primary School, Chuluota, Florida East Side Primary School, Sanford, Florida Forest City School, Forest City, Altamonte Springs, Florida Fort Reed, Sanford, Florida Gabriella Colored School, Gabriella, Oviedo, Florida Geneva Colored School, Geneva, Florida Geneva Elementary, Geneva, Florida Georgetown, Sanford, Florida Goldsboro Primary School, Goldsboro, Sanford, Florida Hungerford School, Florida Kolokee, Geneva, Florida Lake Howell High School, Winter Park, Florida Lake Mary School, Lake Mary, Florida Lake Monroe Colored School, Lake Monroe, Sanford, Florida Longwood School, Longwood, Florida Lyman High School, Longwood, Florida Lyman Elementary School, Longwood, Florida Midway, Sanford, Florida Osceola School, Osceola, Geneva, Florida Oviedo Colored School, Curryville, Oviedo, Florida Oviedo High School, Oviedo, Florida Oviedo School, Oviedo, Florida Paola, Florida Sanford Grammar School, Sanford, Florida Sanford High School, Sanford, Florida Sanford Junior High School, Sanford, Florida Sanford Middle School, Sanford, Florida Sanford Primary School, Sanford, Florida Seminole County Public Schools, Sanford, Florida Seminole High School, Sanford, Florida South Side Primary School, Sanford, Florida Student Museum, Sanford, Florida UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida Wagner Colored School, Florida Westside Grammar Elementary School, Sanford, Florida West Side Primary School, Sanford, Florida Wilson School, Altamonte Springs, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">Public History Center/Student Museum</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">Public History Center</a>." Public History Center, University of Central Florida. http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/. "<a href="http://www.scps.k12.fl.us/studentmuseum/Home.aspx" target="_blank">Student Museum</a>." Seminole County Public Schools. http://www.scps.k12.fl.us/studentmuseum/Home.aspx. Accrual Method Donation Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format 1 black and white photograph Physical Dimensions 5.5 x 4 inch Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title University of Central Florida College Representative at Oviedo High School Description University of Central Florida (UCF) college representative speaking to Oviedo High School seniors during the 1985-1986 school year. The students photographed are Danielle Draper, Sherrie Coleman, Eric Flynn, Lynne Weiss, Chris Cammack, Erik Vick, Steve White, and Mike Chester. Oviedo High School is a Seminole County Public School located in Oviedo, Florida. Originally called the Oviedo School, the institution was first established in 1922 as a K-12 school. In 1948, the secondary grades separated from the elementary school. The upper grade levels formed Oviedo High School and moved to the campus at 601 King Street. Oviedo High School is notable for The Lion's Tale, the award-winning school newspaper recognized by various national and state scholastic press associations; its high ratings from the Governor's A+ Plan for Education; and its successful athletics programs. Date Created ca. 1985-1986 Coverage Oviedo High School, Oviedo, Florida Source Original black and white photograph by Oviedian Staff of 1986. Source Repository <a href="http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Public History Center/Student Museum</a> Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by <a href="http://www.oviedo.scps.k12.fl.us/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oviedo High School</a> and is provided here by <a title="RICHES of Central Florida" href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Transcript Seniors Danielle Draper, Sherrie Coleman, Eric Flynn, Lynne Weiss, Chris Cammack, Erik Vick, Steve White, and Mike Chester listen intently to the college representative from UCF. Alternative Title UCF Representative at Oviedo High Subject Oviedo (Fla.) University of Central Florida High schools--Florida Schools Students--Florida High school seniors--United States Universities and colleges--Florida Colleges Abstract Oviedo High School “Oviedian” yearbook photo of senior students in class listening to UCF representative Publisher Oviedian Date Copyrighted 1986 Date Issued 1986 Has Format 5.5 x 4 inch print reproduction of original black and white photograph by Oviedian Staff of 1986: Oviedian 1986, (Oviedo, FL: Oviedo High School, 1986): Seminole County Public Schools Collection, <a href="http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCF Public History Center</a>, Sanford, Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of 5.5 x 4 inch print reproduction of original black and white photograph by Oviedian Staff of 1986. Is Part Of Oviedian 1986, (Oviedo, FL: Oviedo High School, 1986): Seminole County Public Schools Collection, <a href="http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCF Public History Center</a>, Sanford, Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/73" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Seminole County Public Schools Collection</a>, Student Museum and UCF Public History Center Collection, Sanford Collection, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Referenced By Oviedian 1986. Format image/jpg Extent 474 KB Medium 5.5 x 4 inch black and white photograph Language eng Type Still Image Accrual Method Donation Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally published by the Oviedian. Contributing Project <a href="http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCF Public History Center</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.oviedo.scps.k12.fl.us/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oviedo High School</a>." Oviedo High School, Seminole County Public Schools. http://www.oviedo.scps.k12.fl.us/. "<a href="http://www.ohsr.net/about-oviedo-high-school" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">About Oviedo High School</a>." Oviedo High School Reunions. http://www.ohsr.net/about-oviedo-high-school. Robison, Jim. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/796757419" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Around Oviedo</a>. 2012. Creator Oviedian Staff of 1986 Cammack, Chris Chester, Mike Coleman, Sherrie college college representative Draper, Danielle Flynn, Eric high school King Street OHS Oviedian Oviedo Oviedo High School school senior student UCF university University of Central Florida Vick, Erik Weiss, Lynne White, Steve https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/96ccd15c9f9342505bf1027816436d92.tif b67997822cc0bdfad011301e06820c05 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format Photo Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title University of Central Florida's Spirit Splash 2002 Description Spirit Splash is a UCF homecoming tradition that began in 1995 with a pep rally around the Millican Hall Reflection Pond where student body president Miguel Torregrossa was thrown into the pond and other students followed by running in. Today Spirit Splash is an extremely popular event in which thousands of students run into the reflection pond to show their school spirit and fight over the themed rubber ducks that volunteers throw into the crowds. This photo shows a volunteer at the 2002 Spirit Splash throwing rubber ducks into the crowd. Date Created 2002 Coverage University of Central Florida Spatial Coverage 4000 Central Florida Blvd, Orlando, FL 32816 Source Repository UCF Special Collections and Archives Rights Holder UCF Libraries https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/795836670e94e6f6a98a2fbcdc4d5898.jpg ac2c9aa459a15124d26e94a829abb464 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Florida-France Soldier Stories Project Collection Alternative Title Florida-France Soldier Stories Project Subject Cemeteries--Europe Veterans--Florida World War II, 1939-1945 Army Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RICHES</a>. <a href="https://projects.cah.ucf.edu/fl-francesoldierstories/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Florida-France Soldier Stories Project</a>. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Epinal American Cemetery and Memorial, Dinozé, France Contributing Project Florida-France Soldier Stories Project Curator Barnes, Mark Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://history.wisc.edu/epinal_project.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Epinal Project- by Students of History 357: The Second World War</a>." University of Wisconsin-Madison. http://history.wisc.edu/epinal_project.htm (accessed January 3, 2015). Description The Florida-France Soldier Storiesproject seeks to tell the stories of the Florida soldiers buried in the American Battle Monuments Commission cemeteries in France. Our goal is to honor and commemorate the brave individuals who gave their lives supporting the Allied forces, liberating France, and defeating Germany in the Second World War. Simultaneously, our goal is to teach the students who participate in this research project about the history of France and Florida during World War II, about the history of individual servicemen, and about how to implement historical research methods in their work. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1 yearbook page Physical Dimensions Unknown Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title University of Florida Class of 1941 Description A page from the 1941 edition of The Seminole, the yearbook for the University of Florida (UF) in Gainesville, Florida. A notable individual shown on this page is Captain Aquilla A. Calhoun, Jr., a native of Panama City, Florida. Upon his graduation, Capt. Calhoun enlisted as a second lieutenant in the U.S. Army Reserves. Upon his enlistment, he entered the 92nd Field Artillery's 2nd Armored Division in Fort Benning, Georgia. His unit gained the nickname the Brave Cannons, which has stuck throughout the 92nd Field Artillery's career. With the intensification of World War II, the Allied began to execute the Omaha Beach Normandy Invasion in June of 1944. After the invasion, Capt. Calhoun made his way to Northern France, where he played a vital role in the liberation of Bresles, a commune in the Picardie region of France. Capt. Calhoun died during his service in France and is currently buried at the Epinal American Cemetery and Memorial in Dinozé, France. Calhoun is one of 85 Florida residents interned at Epinal. His death led to the creation of a tribute site and memorial in his honor in Bristles. Date Created ca. 1941 Coverage University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida Source Digital reproduction of original yearbook page: <a href="http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00022765/00032" target="_blank">The Seminole</a> (Gainesville, FL: Senior Class of the University of Florida, 1941), <a href="http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00022765/00032/69j" target="_blank">page 69</a>: George A. Smathers Libraries, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. Source Repository <a href="http://cms.uflib.ufl.edu/" target="_blank">University of Florida, George A. Smathers Libraries</a> Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by the <a href="http://www.ufl.edu/" target="_blank">University of Florida</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Subject Gainesville (Fla.) Colleges Universities University of Florida Alternative Title UF Class of 1941 Publisher <a href="http://www.ufl.edu/" target="_blank">University of Florida</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/172" target="_blank">Epinal American Cemetery Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Format image/jpg Extent 2.76 MB Medium 1 yearbook page Language eng Type Text Accrual Method Donation Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally published by the <a href="http://www.ufl.edu/" target="_blank">University of Florida</a>. Contributing Project Epinal Cemetery Project Curator Berrios, Melissa Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="http://ufdc.ufl.edu/" target="_blank">University of Florida Digital Collections</a> <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference David, Powell. "<a href="http://www.bravecannons.org/History/red_devil.html" target="_blank">Unit History: The 1/92nd Field Artillery Association - Vietnam</a>." Brave Cannons. Accessed March 21, 2016. http://www.bravecannons.org/History/red_devil.html. "<a href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/39103540/?terms=Calhoun" target="_blank">To Receive Degree from U. of Florida</a>." The Panama City News-Herald, January 18, 1942. https://www.newspapers.com/image/39103540/?terms=Calhoun. "<a href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/39092405/?terms=Calhoun" target="_blank">Miss Lillian Luke Becomes Bride of Lt. A. A. Calhoun In Lovely Eufaula Ceremony</a>." The Panama City News-Herald, January 18, 1942. https://www.newspapers.com/image/39092405/?terms=Calhoun. A. A. Calhoun Aquilla A. Calhoun, Jr. Charles W. Wincey colleges David M. Withers Floyd L. Eubanks Francis Anthony Zych Frank George Yinshanis Gainesville Guyton Williams James Nathaniel Young John Edward Wilson Louis Erwin Winchester Mike Calhoun Oscar Earnest Wynn Ralph e. Williams Robert William Young The Seminole Tillman Wilson Zeigler UF universities university University of Florida Vincent Raymond Zdanzukas William Heyward Messer https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/cb87f3ec758a4aac9e52026a0b6a2011.jpg 31286ec4bf2e80bc0280facbe2b2276d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Florida-France Soldier Stories Project Collection Alternative Title Florida-France Soldier Stories Project Subject Cemeteries--Europe Veterans--Florida World War II, 1939-1945 Army Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RICHES</a>. <a href="https://projects.cah.ucf.edu/fl-francesoldierstories/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Florida-France Soldier Stories Project</a>. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Epinal American Cemetery and Memorial, Dinozé, France Contributing Project Florida-France Soldier Stories Project Curator Barnes, Mark Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://history.wisc.edu/epinal_project.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Epinal Project- by Students of History 357: The Second World War</a>." University of Wisconsin-Madison. http://history.wisc.edu/epinal_project.htm (accessed January 3, 2015). Description The Florida-France Soldier Storiesproject seeks to tell the stories of the Florida soldiers buried in the American Battle Monuments Commission cemeteries in France. Our goal is to honor and commemorate the brave individuals who gave their lives supporting the Allied forces, liberating France, and defeating Germany in the Second World War. Simultaneously, our goal is to teach the students who participate in this research project about the history of France and Florida during World War II, about the history of individual servicemen, and about how to implement historical research methods in their work. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format 1 yearbook page Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title University of Florida's Freshman Class, 1942 Alternative Title UF's Freshman Class, 1942 Subject Gainesville (Fla.) University of Florida Description A page from the 1942 edition of The Seminole, the yearbook for the University of Florida (UF) in Gainesville, Florida. A notable individual shown on this page was Samuel T. Williams (1922-1945), who is the first person in the third row. A native of Eustis, Williams served as a Private First Class (PFC) in the U.S. Army during World War II. He died during his service in France and is currently buried at the Epinal American Cemetery and Memorial in Dinozé, France. He is one of 85 Florida residents interned at Epinal. Williams was born in 1922. He enlisted in the Army on October 24, 1942, while attending UF. Williams was assigned to the 291st Infantry Regiment of the 75th Infantry Division. Williams' division arrived in Britain in November of 1944. They took part in a number of major battles, including the Battle of the Bulge in 1944 and 1945 and the Battle of Colmar Pocket in 1945. Williams died in combat around the Alsace-Lorraine region on February 3, 1945. Type Text Source Digital reproduction of original yearbook page: <a href="http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00022765/00033" target="_blank">The Seminole</a> (Gainesville, FL: Senior Class of the University of Florida, 1942): George A. Smathers Libraries, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/172" target="_blank">Epinal American Cemetery Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. <a href="http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00022765/00033" target="_blank">The Seminole</a> (Gainesville, FL: Senior Class of the University of Florida, 1942): George A. Smathers Libraries, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. Coverage University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida Publisher <a href="http://www.ufl.edu/" target="_blank">University of Florida</a> Date Created ca. 1942 Date Copyrighted 1942 Format image/jpg Extent 187 KB Medium 1 yearbook page Language eng Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally published by the <a href="http://www.ufl.edu/" target="_blank">University of Florida</a>. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by the <a href="http://www.ufl.edu/" target="_blank">University of Florida</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Contributing Project Epinal Project Curator Barnes, Mark Digital Collection <a href="http://ufdc.ufl.edu/" target="_blank">University of Florida Digital Collections</a> <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://cms.uflib.ufl.edu/" target="_blank">University of Florida, George A. Smathers Libraries</a> External Reference "<a href="http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00022765/00033/112j" target="_blank">The Seminole</a>." University of Florida Digital Collections, George A. Smathers Libraries, University of Florida. http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00022765/00033/112j. "<a href="http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=williams&GSfn=samuel&GSmn=t&GSbyrel=all&GSdyrel=all&GScntry=7&GSob=n&GRid=56376369&df=all&" target="_blank">PFC Samuel T Williams</a>." Find A Grave. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=williams&GSfn=samuel&GSmn=t&GSbyrel=all&GSdyrel=all&GScntry=7&GSob=n&GRid=56376369&df=all&. "<a href="http://www.archives.gov/research/military/ww2/army-casualties/florida.html" target="_blank">World War II Honor List of Dead and Missing Army and Army Air Forces Personnel from: Florida</a>." National Archives and Record Administration. http://www.archives.gov/research/military/ww2/army-casualties/florida.html (accessed October 20, 2015). "<a href="https://aad.archives.gov/aad/record-detail.jsp?dt=929&mtch=1&cat=TS14&tf=F&sc=25005,25022,25006,25025,25007,25020,25028,25023&bc=,sl,fd&txt_25005=14077340&op_25005=0&nfo_25005=V,8,1900&rpp=10&pg=1&rid=111061" target="_blank">Electronic Army Serial Number Merged File, ca. 1938 - 1946 (Reserve Corps Records)</a>." National Archives and Record Administration. https://aad.archives.gov/aad/record-detail.jsp?dt=929&mtch=1&cat=TS14&tf=F&sc=25005,25022,25006,25025,25007,25020,25028,25023&bc=,sl,fd&txt_25005=14077340&op_25005=0&nfo_25005=V,8,1900&rpp=10&pg=1&rid=111061 (accessed October 18, 2015). Albert Alonzo Woodburn Bill Howard Zack Charles Aquilla Williams Charles Winston Whitehead, Jr. colleges David Duane Wilcox Eugene Lamar Williams Frank Forrest Whitton Frank Wheeler Wiley Fred Herbert Winkler freshman freshmen Gainesville Herbert Coleman Wright James blake Wilson James G. Worth John Albert Woerpel John Voges Wible Johns Cullen Wright Richard Doyle Wykoff Robert Bolt Woolbright Robert Jean Chaille Samuel T. Williams Simeon Francis Wooten, Jr. The Seminole Thomas H. Wood Thomas Hamilton Wicker, Jr. Thomas Maclyn Wohl Truman DuBois Wilson UF universities university University of Florida https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/535c4dba776d7bbf3aeefeb178544206.jpg b3b7b745d223951baa35030442513e37 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Veterans Legacy Program Collection Alternative Title VLP Collection Subject Veterans--Florida Description In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Is Part Of Veterans Legacy Program Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"><a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Unknown Soldier Selection Ceremony Alternative Title USS Canberra Subject Unknown military personnel Canberra (Cruiser) Description The Korean War Unknown Soldier joins the two candidates from World War II aboard the USS Canberra. The Tomb of the Unknowns, which is also known as the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, is a monument dedicated to United States service members who have died without their remains being identified. As the only active-duty Navy enlisted recipient of the Medal of Honor in 1958, William R. Charette was granted the final decision in selecting which particular Unknown Soldier from World War II would be interned at the Arlington National Cemetery tomb in Washington D.C. William R. Charette was born on March 29, 1932, and enlisted in the United States Navy on January 10, 1951. He was assigned to the 7th Marine Infantry Regiment of the Fleet Marine Forces Pacific, where he was deployed to the Korean Peninsula. He was nominated for the Navy Cross for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty in action against enemy aggressor forces, repeatedly exposing himself to enemy fire, sustaining multiple injuries, and evacuating and treating numerous members of his and adjacent friendly forces. His award was later upgraded to the Medal of Honor and presented to him by President Eisenhower at a ceremony held in the Oval Office on January 12, 1954. Charette’s later career was spent in the Submarine and Hospital services, including service aboard the USS Quillback, USS Triton, USS Daniel Webster and USS Simon Bolivar. He began living in Florida while stationed at the Orlando Naval Hospital and Orlando Recruit Dispensary. He retired to Lake Whales, Florida in 1977 after 26 years of service, and passed away on March 18, 2012. He was preceded in death by one son, and succeeded by three daughters, and one son. On March 22, 2012, Charette was buried in with his son in Florida National Cemetery in Bushnell, Florida. His wife of fifty-eight years, Louise Fraiser Charette, passed away on March 26, 2016 at the age of 81 and joined the two at their burial site. In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Type Still Image Source Digital reproduction of original black and white photograph. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/210" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Collection</a> Creator United States Navy Publisher Naval Historical Center Date Created 1958-05-26 Format image/jpg Extent 107 KB Medium 1 black and white photograph Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally created by the United States Navy and published by the Naval Historical Center. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: • reproduce the work in print or digital form • create derivative works • perform the work publicly • display the work • distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. This resource is provided here by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105">Section 5</a> of <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Donation Curator Connolly, Lehman Cravero, Geoffrey Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a> <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/"> Ancestry.com</a> <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a> Source Repository <a href="https://www.archives.gov/"> National Archives and Records Administration</a> External Reference Abney, Barb. "<a href="https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/" target="_blank">VA Selects UCF Historians to Archive Stories of Deceased Veterans Veterans</a>." UCF Today, March 13, 2017. Accessed August 9, 2017. https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/. Black, Jeremy. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/834223370" target="_blank">World War Two: A Military History</a>. London [u.a]: Routledge, 2003. Arlington National Cemetery Arlington, Virginia Bushnell cold war Florida National Cemetery Hospital Corpsman Korean War, 1950-1953 military history military service national cemeteries, American National Cemetery Administration Norfolk Naval Base Norfolk, Virginia Tomb of the Unknown Soldier United States Navy USS Canberra veterans Veterans Administration Veterans Legacy Program William R. Charette https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/a467cc014f7f8fbb4e345074abe499ba.pdf 0b0cdf586dc3f03d6c00ee2028b17b69 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Lucile Campbell Collection Alternative Title Campbell Collection Subject Sanford (Fla.) Teachers--Florida Educators--Florida Description This collection features postcards kept by Lucile Campbell, a schoolteacher in Sanford, Florida, for 30 years. Campbell collected postcards from her travels around the world and used them as teaching aids in her classrooms. In 1931, she took advantage of a special rate for teachers and sailed to Europe, where she traveled for several months and is thought to have acquired many of these postcards. Contributor Campbell, Lucille <a href="http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">UCF Public History Center/Student Museum</a> Language eng Type Collection Coverage Sanford, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Raffel, Sara Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">UCF Public History Center/Student Museum</a> Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format 1 color postcard Physical Dimensions 3 x 5 inches Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Unloading Bananas From Ship Side Postcard Alternative Title Unloading Bananas Postcard Subject Bananas Shipping--United States Description A postcard depicting workers and conveyors moving bananas from the shop to the refrigerator car in New Orleans, Louisiana. From the early 20th century through the mid 1960s, Standard Fruit Company and United Fruit Company made New Orleans the shipping site for 20 to 25 percent of all bananas imported into the United States. This postcard is part of a collection of postcards kept by Lucile Campbell, a schoolteacher in Sanford, Florida, for 30 years. In 1931, she took advantage of a special rate for teachers and sailed to Europe, where she traveled for several months and is thought to have acquired many of these postcards. During the 1940-1941 school year, Campbell taught at Sanford Grammar School. Before her retirement in 1970, she taught at many other area schools, including the Oviedo School, Westside Grammar School, and Pinecrest Elementary School. Campbell used these postcards as aids in her classrooms to teach advanced subjects, such as Shakespearean drama. The collection, along with her other teaching aids, papers, and photographs, was later found at Sanford Grammar School after it became the University of Central Florida's Public History Center. Campbell's postcard collection and photographs provide insight into the life of a respected Florida educator. Type Still Image Source Original 3 x 5 inch color postcard: ACC# SM-00-243, file folder 1 (U.S. blanks), box 10A, Lucile (Mary Lucile) Campbell Collection, <a href="http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">UCF Public History Center</a>, Sanford, Florida. Requires <a href="http://www.adobe.com/products/reader.html" target="_blank">Adobe Acrobat Reader</a> Is Part Of File folder 1 (U.S. blanks), box 10A, Lucile (Mary Lucile) Campbell Collection, <a href="http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">UCF Public History Center</a>, Sanford, Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/151" target="_blank">Lucile Campbell Collection</a>, Student Museum and UCF Public History Center Collection, Seminole County Collection, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original 3 x 5 inch color postcard. Coverage New Orleans, Louisiana Creator Hirschwitz, A. Publisher Curt Teich and Company Contributor Campbell, Lucile Date Created ca. 1944-08-23 Date Copyrighted ca. 1944-08-23 Format application/pdf Extent 379 KB Medium 3 x 5 inch color postcard Language eng Mediator History Teacher Economics Teacher Provenance Originally created by A. Hirschwitz and published by Curt Teich and Company. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by the <a href="http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">UCF Public History Center</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project Aphasia Project Curator Raffel, Sara Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">UCF Public History Center/Student Museum</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.neworleanspubliclibrary.org/~nopl/exhibits/gateway/banana.htm" target="_blank">Bananas ca. 1910</a>." New Orleans Public Library. http://www.neworleanspubliclibrary.org/~nopl/exhibits/gateway/banana.htm. bananas conveyors docks New Orleans, Louisiana shipping https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/c46d0a1b47e45e648234b9b3e0ac253d.jpg 7cec7a5ad491d366b0252f91d2f3b37d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Art Legends of Orange County Collection Alternative Title Art Legends Collection Subject Art--Southern States Artists--Florida Contributor <a href="http://www.polasek.org/" target="_blank">Albin Polasek Museum & Sculpture Gardens</a> <a href="http://www.orangecountyfl.net/" target="_blank">Orange County Commission Chambers</a> <a href="http://www.cityoforlando.net/arts/" target="_blank">City of Orlando Gallery</a> <a href="http://www.orlandoslice.com/group/cityartsfactory" target="_blank">CityArts Factory</a> <a href="http://artandhistory.org/" target="_blank">Art & History Museums - Maitland</a> <a href="http://www.rollins.edu/cornell-fine-arts-museum/" target="_blank">Cornell Fine Arts Museum</a> <a href="http://www.crealde.org/" target="_blank">Crealdé School of Art</a> <a href="https://thehistorycenter.org/" target="_blank">Orange County Regional History Center</a> <a href="http://www.omart.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Museum of Art</a> <a href="http://gallery.cah.ucf.edu/">University of Central Florida Art Gallery</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Eldora, Florida Gainesville, Florida Lake Wales, Florida Maitland, Florida Orlando, Florida Sanford, Florida Winter Park, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://www.artlegendsoc.org/" target="_blank">Art Legends of Orange County</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.artlegendsoc.org/" target="_blank">Art Legends of Orange County</a>." Art Legends of Orange County. http://www.artlegendsoc.org/. Description Although visual art had been explored in Central Florida, Orange County’s visual arts community truly came alive during the years of 1932-1982, thanks to the vision of 20 distinguished artists and arts leaders. Their influence not only helped build a solid foundation for the local art community but some of Orange County’s local Art Legends significantly influenced modern American Art. To recognize the leadership and celebrate the accomplishments of these arts visionaries, arts administrators from 11 Orange County museums and galleries joined forces and shared collections to create the Art Legends of Orange County initiative. This community-wide collaboration runs throughout the 2015-2016 arts season and includes more than 15 exhibitions and events. Art Legends of Orange County celebrates 20 distinguished artists and patrons who helped build Orange County’s vibrant cultural landscape. Art Legends of Orange County full exhibition schedule and link to virtual exhibition available at <a href="http://www.ArtLegendsOC.org" target="_blank">www.ArtLegendsOC.org</a>. Visit RICHES™ of Central Florida at <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/exhibits/show/artlegends">https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/exhibits/show/artlegends</a> for virtual exhibition. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format 1 oil painting Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Untitled (Tondo) by Doris "Doc" Marie Leeper Alternative Title Untitled (Tondo) by Leeper Subject Leeper, Doris, 1929-2000 Artists--Florida Art--Southern States Painters--Southern States Painting--Florida Description Untitled (Tondo), an oil on masonite painting created by Doris Marie Leeper around 1960. Known to many as "Doc," Leeper was a trailblazing abstract painter and sculptor based in Eldora, Florida near New Smyrna Beach. Originally from North Carolina, Leeper found an artistic oasis in Central Florida. The region provided her with the space to buy a house and work in relative isolation, but also augmented her interest in natural preservation. Today, the Doris Leeper Spruce Creek Preserve remains a testament to her environmental dedication. Leeper’s impact on Central Florida also became apparent through her support for institutions; for example, she was a founder of the Atlantic Center for the Arts in New Smyrna Beach. Leeper’s local legacy manifests itself most profoundly through her artistic production. Her bold lines, strong color palette, and propensity for clean lines aesthetically aligned her with minimalism. Leeper’s painting evolved from representational to non-objective over time. She embraced a language of abstraction more typical of the prevailing New York art world in the 1960 and 1970s, as opposed to the dominant aesthetic in Florida during the same time period. She showed her work locally and regionally with regularity. Her work was celebrated by significant solo exhibitions at the Hunter Museum of American Art in Chattanooga, Tennessee, and the Mint Museum of Art in Charlotte, North Carolina. The process of mining local histories yields the legacies of talented artists who have often been discarded from mainstream narratives. When one engages deeper with Leeper’s work, it is not difficult to conclude that her myriad two- and three-dimensional works are worthy of not only a local, but a national story. Type Still Image Source Original oil painting: Leeper, Doris Marie. Untitled (Tondo): item 1995.13, <a href="http://artandhistory.org/maitland-history-museum/" target="_blank">Cornell Fine Arts Museum</a>, Winter Park, Florida. Is Part Of <a href="http://artandhistory.org/maitland-history-museum/" target="_blank">Cornell Fine Arts Museum</a>, Winter Park, Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/155" target="_blank">Art Legends of Orange County Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original oil painting: Leeper, Doris Marie. Untitled (Tondo). Coverage Eldora, Florida New Smyrna Beach, Florida Creator Leeper, Doris "Doc" Marie Date Created ca. 1960 Date Copyrighted ca. 1960 Format image/jpg Extent 278 KB Medium 1 oil painting Language eng Mediator History Teacher Humanities Teacher Visual Arts Teacher Provenance Originally created by Doris "Doc" Marie Leeper. Donated to the <a href="http://artandhistory.org/maitland-history-museum/" target="_blank">Cornell Fine Arts Museum</a> by Dyer Moss in 1961. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by Doris "Doc" Marie Leeper and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="http://www.artlegendsoc.org/" target="_blank">Art Legends of Orange County</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://artandhistory.org/maitland-history-museum/" target="_blank">Cornell Fine Arts Museum</a> External Reference "<a href="http://dos.myflorida.com/cultural/programs/florida-artists-hall-of-fame/doris-leeper/" target="_blank">Doris Leeper: SCULPTOR, PAINTER</a>." Division of Cultural Affairs, Florida of Department of States. http://dos.myflorida.com/cultural/programs/florida-artists-hall-of-fame/doris-leeper/. Moore, Roger. "<a href="http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2000-04-12/news/0004120103_1_smyrna-beach-new-smyrna-leeper" target="_blank">Doris Leeper Was A `Force For The Arts':The Atlantic Center For The Arts Was Among The Volusia Woman's Many Creations</a>." The Orlando Sentinel, April 12, 2000. http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2000-04-12/news/0004120103_1_smyrna-beach-new-smyrna-leeper. abstract art art artist Doris "Doc" Marie Leeper Dyer Moss oil painting painter painting Untitled (Tondo) https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/bf69dffe86e1ea808f3e3efa00eb71a3.jpg 7852e0fa92f65d9ea0772290761c1736 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Art Legends of Orange County Collection Alternative Title Art Legends Collection Subject Art--Southern States Artists--Florida Contributor <a href="http://www.polasek.org/" target="_blank">Albin Polasek Museum & Sculpture Gardens</a> <a href="http://www.orangecountyfl.net/" target="_blank">Orange County Commission Chambers</a> <a href="http://www.cityoforlando.net/arts/" target="_blank">City of Orlando Gallery</a> <a href="http://www.orlandoslice.com/group/cityartsfactory" target="_blank">CityArts Factory</a> <a href="http://artandhistory.org/" target="_blank">Art & History Museums - Maitland</a> <a href="http://www.rollins.edu/cornell-fine-arts-museum/" target="_blank">Cornell Fine Arts Museum</a> <a href="http://www.crealde.org/" target="_blank">Crealdé School of Art</a> <a href="https://thehistorycenter.org/" target="_blank">Orange County Regional History Center</a> <a href="http://www.omart.org/" target="_blank">Orlando Museum of Art</a> <a href="http://gallery.cah.ucf.edu/">University of Central Florida Art Gallery</a> Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a>. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Eldora, Florida Gainesville, Florida Lake Wales, Florida Maitland, Florida Orlando, Florida Sanford, Florida Winter Park, Florida Contributing Project <a href="http://www.artlegendsoc.org/" target="_blank">Art Legends of Orange County</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://www.artlegendsoc.org/" target="_blank">Art Legends of Orange County</a>." Art Legends of Orange County. http://www.artlegendsoc.org/. Description Although visual art had been explored in Central Florida, Orange County’s visual arts community truly came alive during the years of 1932-1982, thanks to the vision of 20 distinguished artists and arts leaders. Their influence not only helped build a solid foundation for the local art community but some of Orange County’s local Art Legends significantly influenced modern American Art. To recognize the leadership and celebrate the accomplishments of these arts visionaries, arts administrators from 11 Orange County museums and galleries joined forces and shared collections to create the Art Legends of Orange County initiative. This community-wide collaboration runs throughout the 2015-2016 arts season and includes more than 15 exhibitions and events. Art Legends of Orange County celebrates 20 distinguished artists and patrons who helped build Orange County’s vibrant cultural landscape. Art Legends of Orange County full exhibition schedule and link to virtual exhibition available at <a href="http://www.ArtLegendsOC.org" target="_blank">www.ArtLegendsOC.org</a>. Visit RICHES™ of Central Florida at <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/exhibits/show/artlegends">https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/exhibits/show/artlegends</a> for virtual exhibition. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format 1 oil painting Physical Dimensions 42 x 36 inches Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Untitled by Maury Hurt Alternative Title Untitled by Hurt Subject Hurt, Maury, 1934- Hurt, James, 1934- Artists--Florida Art--Southern States Painters--Southern States Painting--Florida Description Untitled, an oil painting by Orlando native Maury Hurt (1934-2013), who graduated from the University of Florida with a design degree in 1956. Hurt continued to work in the graphic arts fields for several years after serving a short tour in the U.S. Army before abandoning the profession to become a full-time painter. From a studio at the Art & History Museums’s Maitland Art Center, Hurt’s work centered on primitive and archaic themes often focusing on the relationship of humans, animals, and early prehistoric life. Hurst, along with Bill Orr, was instrumental in leading the movement to save the Art Center from developers in the 1960s. His legacy lies in his masterful work and is mentorship of artists across Central Florida. Type Still Image Source Original 42 x 36 inch oil painting: Hurt, Maury. Untitled: <a href="http://artandhistory.org/" target="_blank">Art & History Museums - Maitland</a>, Maitland, Florida. Is Part Of <a href="http://artandhistory.org/" target="_blank">Art & History Museums - Maitland</a>, Maitland, Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/155" target="_blank">Art Legends of Orange County Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original 42 x 36 inch oil painting: Hurt, Maury. Untitled. Coverage Orlando, Florida University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida Maitland Art Center, Maitland, Florida Creator Hurt, Maury Date Created ca. 1934-2013 Format image/jpg Extent 119 KB Medium 42 x 36 inch oil painting Language eng Mediator History Teacher Humanities Teacher Visual Arts Teacher Provenance Originally created by Maury Hurt. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by <a href="http://artandhistory.org/" target="_blank">Art & History Museums - Maitland</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project <a href="http://www.artlegendsoc.org/" target="_blank">Art Legends of Orange County</a> Curator Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://artandhistory.org/" target="_blank">Art & History Museums - Maitland</a> External Reference Schlueb, Mark. "<a href="http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2013-03-25/news/os-maury-hurt-obituary-20130325_1_graphic-artist-orlando-museum-michael-mennello" target="_blank">James Maury Hurt: Local painter who mentored other artists</a>." The Orlando Sentinel, March 25, 2013. http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2013-03-25/news/os-maury-hurt-obituary-20130325_1_graphic-artist-orlando-museum-michael-mennello. art artist James Maury Hurt Maury Hurt painter painting https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/045f6c19144409e091adccaaf4da500e.jpg 60dd1134ec6b025df9c83dac4ee3088a Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title UPC Campus Club Greek 1982 Kappa Delta Description Members of the sorority Kappa Delta are celebrating after winning both a spirit award, and sports award during 1982 Greek Week.   Greek Week is a non-profit venture, in which greek organizations raise money and donate. In 1982, Greek week took place from March 14th to the 19th on the University of Central Florida campus. The theme for the 1982 Greek week was “Greeks Go Undercover”, a week long event that includes a variety of games and races. Creator Unknown Source "Central Florida Future, Vol. 14 No. 26, March 19, 1982" (1982). Central Florida Future. Book 462.  Date Created March 1982 Rights Special Collections & University Archives at the University of Central Florida, Florida Source Repository University Photograph Collection IV. Campus Life - Clubs - Greeks, 1969-circa 2001 https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/9d0ff29145b263b7a7fc556fda20455e.jpg 6449c63be61947e62f022647d4ea5c62 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title UPC Campus Club Greek Tau Beta Sigma, Kappa Kappa Psi Description Historical Background Information: FTU sorority and fraternity Tau Beta Sigma and Kappa Kappa Psi gathered together to capture a photograph of members of each Greek organization creating a number “1” symbol amongst each other. Creator Tom Netsel Date Unknown Rights Special Collections & University Archives at the University of Central Florida, Florida Has Format Photograph Source Repository University Photograph Collection https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/43e174b99d23662e95bcd4cc12d81a2f.pdf bb71070434a3e5e019b0705690a645f1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Lucile Campbell Collection Alternative Title Campbell Collection Subject Sanford (Fla.) Teachers--Florida Educators--Florida Description This collection features postcards kept by Lucile Campbell, a schoolteacher in Sanford, Florida, for 30 years. Campbell collected postcards from her travels around the world and used them as teaching aids in her classrooms. In 1931, she took advantage of a special rate for teachers and sailed to Europe, where she traveled for several months and is thought to have acquired many of these postcards. Contributor Campbell, Lucille <a href="http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">UCF Public History Center/Student Museum</a> Language eng Type Collection Coverage Sanford, Florida Curator Cepero, Laura Raffel, Sara Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">UCF Public History Center/Student Museum</a> Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format 1 color postcard Physical Dimensions 3 x 5 inches Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Upper Falls, Glen Nevis Postcard Alternative Title Steall Falls Postcard Subject Waterfalls Description A postcard depicting Steall Falls, one of the three highest waterfalls in Scotland, which runs through Glen Nevis in Fort William, Highland, Scotland. This postcard is part of a collection of postcards kept by Lucile Campbell, a schoolteacher in Sanford, Florida, for 30 years. In 1931, she took advantage of a special rate for teachers and sailed to Europe, where she traveled for several months and is thought to have acquired many of these postcards. During the 1940-1941 school year, Campbell taught at Sanford Grammar School. Before her retirement in 1970, she taught at many other area schools, including the Oviedo School, Westside Grammar School, and Pinecrest Elementary School. Campbell used these postcards as aids in her classrooms to teach advanced subjects, such as Shakespearean drama. The collection, along with her other teaching aids, papers, and photographs, was later found at Sanford Grammar School after it became the University of Central Florida's Public History Center. Campbell's postcard collection and photographs provide insight into the life of a respected Florida educator. Type Still Image Source Original 5 x 3 inch black and white photographic postcard: ACC# SM-00-243, file folder 1A (non-U.S. blanks), box 10A, Lucile (Mary Lucile) Campbell Collection, <a href="http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">UCF Public History Center</a>, Sanford, Florida. Requires <a href="http://www.adobe.com/products/reader.html" target="_blank">Adobe Acrobat Reader</a> Is Part Of File folder 1A (non-U.S. blanks), box 10A, Lucile (Mary Lucile) Campbell Collection, UCF Public History Center, Sanford, Florida. <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/collections/show/151" target="_blank">Lucile Campbell Collection</a>, RICHES of Central Florida. Is Format Of Digital reproduction of original 5 x 3 inch black and white photographic postcard. Coverage Steall Falls, Fort William, Highland, Scotland, United Kingdom Publisher Miller and Lang, Ltd. Contributor Campbell, Lucile Date Created ca. 1931 Format application/pdf Extent 284 KB Medium 5 x 3 inch black and white photographic postcard Language eng Mediator History Teacher Geography Teacher Provenance Originally published by Miller and Lang, Ltd. Rights Holder Copyright to this resource is held by the <a href="http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">UCF Public History Center</a> and is provided here by <a href="http://riches.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">RICHES of Central Florida</a> for educational purposes only. Accrual Method Donation Contributing Project Aphasia Project Curator Raffel, Sara Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank">RICHES MI</a> Source Repository <a href="http://www.publichistorycenter.cah.ucf.edu/" target="_blank">UCF Public History Center/Student Museum</a> External Reference Great Britain. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/315606978" target="_blank">Glen Nevis, Lower Falls - Steall: Fort William and Lochaber</a>. Edinburgh: Forestry Commission, 1988. Fort William, Highland, Scotland, United Kingdom glen glen Nevis Steall Falls waterfalls https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/4dd17add3159e0771a841bd2272b80e6.png 8c988f57706d5b92e967c68fd7afbf84 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Florida-France Soldier Stories Project Collection Alternative Title Florida-France Soldier Stories Project Subject Cemeteries--Europe Veterans--Florida World War II, 1939-1945 Army Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RICHES</a>. <a href="https://projects.cah.ucf.edu/fl-francesoldierstories/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Florida-France Soldier Stories Project</a>. Language eng Type Collection Coverage Epinal American Cemetery and Memorial, Dinozé, France Contributing Project Florida-France Soldier Stories Project Curator Barnes, Mark Cepero, Laura Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/map/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RICHES MI</a> External Reference "<a href="http://history.wisc.edu/epinal_project.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Epinal Project- by Students of History 357: The Second World War</a>." University of Wisconsin-Madison. http://history.wisc.edu/epinal_project.htm (accessed January 3, 2015). Description The Florida-France Soldier Storiesproject seeks to tell the stories of the Florida soldiers buried in the American Battle Monuments Commission cemeteries in France. Our goal is to honor and commemorate the brave individuals who gave their lives supporting the Allied forces, liberating France, and defeating Germany in the Second World War. Simultaneously, our goal is to teach the students who participate in this research project about the history of France and Florida during World War II, about the history of individual servicemen, and about how to implement historical research methods in their work. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format photograph Physical Dimensions 1191 x 1001 Sergeant John F. “Jack” Aylward Jr. died in World War two. He was a part of the Headquarters Company within the 6th Armored Division. He is an individual who died serving during a major U.S. war who has been otherwise forgotten. Aylward Jr. is originally from Marion county Florida. He is interred at the Epinal cemetery in Lorraine, France. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title US Army 6th Armored Division Shoulder Sleeve Insignia Sergeant John F. “Jack” Aylward Jr. Description This is the US Army 6th Armored Division Shoulder Sleeve Insignia that Sergeant John F. “Jack” Aylward Jr. would have worn when he died in World War two. He was a part of the Headquarters Company within the 6th Armored Division. He is an individual who died serving during a major U.S. war who has been otherwise forgotten. Aylward Jr. is originally from Marion county Florida. He is interred at the Epinal cemetery in Lorraine, France. Source Repository https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Armored_Division_(United_States)#/media/File:6th_US_Armored_Division_SSI.svg Sergeant John F. “Jack” Aylward Jr. died in World War two. He was a part of the Headquarters Company within the 6th Armored Division. He is an individual who died serving during a major U.S. war who has been otherwise forgotten. Aylward Jr. is originally from Marion county Florida. He is interred at the Epinal cemetery in Lorraine, France. https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/801aef07140fef2a554b2b9cb1227257.jpg 70bc1c15245241cf5c64fa9299a4cee4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Veterans Legacy Program Collection Alternative Title VLP Collection Subject Veterans--Florida Description In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Is Part Of Veterans Legacy Program Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"><a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title USS Deliver (ARS-23) Alternative Title U.S.S. Deliver (ARS-23) Subject World War, 1939-1945 Veterans--Florida Description The USS Deliver (ARS-23) departing from the Navy Yard, Mare Island, on March 25, 1946. The mission of the USS Deliver after World War II was an occupation and China service in the Far East. In July 1946, the USS Deliver was assigned to Joint Task Force 1, Task Unit 1.2.7 Target Vessel Group - Salvage Units for Operation Crossroads the atomic bomb tests at Bikini Atoll. A notable soldier who served on the USS Deliver was Ralph Edward King (1920-1995). Born on May 2, 1920, in Sanford, Florida, King enlisted in the United States Navy on March 14, 1939. He was assigned to the Dobbin-class destroyer USS Whitney in Pearl Harbor by 1940. Approximately ninety percent of the crew were on board when the Japanese attacked on December 7, 1941. In January 1943, King and the USS Whitney were deployed into World War II. The Whitney returned to Pearl Harbor in January 1946, and sometime between then and October of the same year, King was transferred to the USS Deliver, a Diver Class Rescue and Salvage Ship. At the time of his discharge, King held the rank of Engineman Chief Petty Officer. He spent time as a Chief Engineer for the Merchant Marines. After leaving the Navy, King returned to Sanford and married his wife, Norma. In 1956, he moved to Lutz, Florida, where he would live out the rest of his days. King passed away on May 17, 1995, at the age of 75. He is memorialized at the Florida National Cemetery in Bushnell, Florida. In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Type Still Image Source Digital reproduction of original black and white photograph. Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/210" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Collection</a> Coverage Mare Island Naval Shipyard, Mare Island, California Creator United States Navy Publisher United States Navy Date Created 1946-03-25 Format image/jpg Extent 6.64 KB Medium 1 black and white photograph Mediator History Teacher Provenance Originally created and published by the United States Navy. Rights Holder This resource is not subject to copyright in the United States and there are no copyright restrictions on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of the work. Anyone may, without restriction under U.S. copyright laws: • reproduce the work in print or digital form • create derivative works • perform the work publicly • display the work • distribute copies or digitally transfer the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. This resource is provided here by <a href="https://riches.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES</a> for educational purposes only. For more information on copyright, please refer to <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105">Section 5</a> of <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html">Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code</a>. Accrual Method Donation Curator Connolly, Lehman Cravero, Geoffrey Digital Collection <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a> <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a> Source Repository <a href="https://www.archives.gov/">National Archives and Records Administration</a> External Reference Abney, Barb. "<a href="https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/" target="_blank">VA Selects UCF Historians to Archive Stories of Deceased Veterans Veterans</a>." UCF Today, March 13, 2017. Accessed August 9, 2017. https://today.ucf.edu/va-selects-ucf-historians-archive-stories-deceased-veterans/. Black, Jeremy. <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/834223370" target="_blank">World War Two: A Military History</a>. London [u.a]: Routledge, 2003. Bushnell Florida National Cemetery military history military service national cemeteries, American National Cemetery Administration Ralph Edward King U.S.S. Deliver United States Navy USS Deliver veterans Veterans Administration Veterans Legacy Program World War II World War, 1939-145 WWII https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/files/original/31f7927a11f7160d23cf185cb7e7a53e.jpg 7d7ac839032ccc8560088b050c0d5218 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title Veterans Legacy Program Collection Alternative Title VLP Collection Subject Veterans--Florida Description In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Is Part Of Veterans Legacy Program Collection, RICHES Program Type Collection Digital Collection <div class="element-text"><a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/">RICHES MI</a></div> <div class="element-text"><a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title USS Floridian Subject World War, 1914-1918 Veterans--Florida Description In 2017, the University of Central Florida was one of three universities selected to launch the National Cemetery Administration’s <a href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/">Veterans Legacy Program Project</a>. The program engaged a team of scholars to make the life stories of veterans buried in the Florida National Cemetery available to the public. The project engages UCF students in research and writing and fosters collaboration between students, faculty and local Central Florida schools to produce interactive curriculum for k-12 students. The corresponding website exhibit uses RICHES Mosaic Interface to create a digital archive of related data. The public can use the project-developed augmented-reality app at more than 100 gravesites at the Florida National Cemetery, where they can access the UCF student-authored biographies of veterans. Type Still Image Is Part Of <a href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/collections/show/210" target="_blank">Veterans Legacy Program Collection</a> Language eng Mediator History Teacher Accrual Method Donation